09 mba bl lect company law
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HOW DO I ORGANIZE MY BUSINESS ?
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Forms of Business Ownership
Forms of Business Ownership
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MAJOR FORMS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
PARTNERSHIP
COMPANY
Forms of OwnershipPercent of Businesses
Corporation20.2%
Partnership7.9%
Sole Proprietorship
71.9%
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, p.471.
Forms of OwnershipPercent of Sales
Corporation86.6%
Partnership8.8%
Sole Proprietorship
4.7%
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, p.471.
Forms of OwnershipPercent of Income
Corporation68.1%
Partnership16.7%
Sole Proprietorship
15.2%
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, p.471.
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF OWNERSHIP FORM
LIABILITY EXPOSURESTART-UP CAPITAL REQUIREMENTSTAX CONSIDERATIONSCONTROLBUSINESS GOALSCOST & EASE OF
FORMATION
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ADVANTAGES OF THE SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP FORM
SIMPLE TO CREATELEAST COSTLY FORM TO BEGINPROFIT INCENTIVETOTAL DECISION MAKING AUTHORITYNO SPECIAL LEGAL RESTRICTIONSEASY TO DISCONTINUE
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DISADVANTAGES OF THE SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP FORM
UNLIMITED PERSONAL LIABILITY
LIMITED SKILLS AND CAPABILITIES
FEELINGS OF ISOLATION
LIMITED ACCESS TO CAPITAL
LACK OF CONTINUITY
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ADVANTAGES OF THE PARTNERSHIP FORM
EASY TO ESTABLISH
COMPLEMENTARY SKILLS OF PARTNERS
DIVISION OF PROFITS
LARGER POOL OF CAPITAL
ABILITY TO ATTRACT LIMITED NUMBER OF PARTNERS
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ADVANTAGES OF THE PARTNERSHIP FORM
LITTLE GOVERNMENT REGULATION
FLEXIBILITY
TAXATION
ADVANTAGE
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DISADVANTAGES OF THE PARTNERSHIP FORM
UNLIMITED LIABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE PARTNER
CAPITAL ACCUMULATION
DIFFICULTY IN DISPOSING OF PARTNERSHIP INTEREST
LACK OF CONTINUITY
POTENTIAL FOR PERSONALITY AND AUTHORITY CONFLICTS
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HOPE YOU ARE WORKING ON YOUR READING ASSIGNMENTS
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COMPANIES ACT,1956
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NATURE OF A COMPANY
REGISTRATION OF A COMPANY
CHAPTER 15
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ILLEGAL BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
SEC 11 OF THE COMPANIES ACT,1956 (p 834) DECLARES THAT
NO PARTNERSHIP OR ASSOCIATION CONSISTING OF MORE THAN 20 PERSONS ( 10 IN THE CASE OF A BANKING BUSINESS) SHALL BE FORMED FOR CARRYING ON ANY BUSINESS FOR PROFIT FOR ITSELF OR ITS MEMBERS, UNLESS REGISTERED AS A COMPANY .
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WHAT IS A COMPANY ? A COMPANY IS AN ARTIFICIAL
PERSON OR A LEGAL ENTITY CREATED BY LAW HAVING THE RIGHT OF OWNING PROPERTY AND MAKING CONTRACTS IN ITS OWN NAME , SUCH AS L & T , TISCO etc.
OTHER EXAMPLES OF LEGAL PERSONS ARE A REGISTERED SOCIETY , SUCH AS BITS , OR A REGISTERED TRADE UNION ,
SUCH AS INTUC .
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COMPANY : A SEPARATE LEGAL PERSON OR ENTITY
COMPANY IS A LEGAL PERSON / ENTITY.
IT HAS A SEPARATE EXISTENCE FROM THE PERSONS WHO COME TOGETHER TO FORM THE COMPANY.
IT HAS FULL CAPACITY TO ENTER INTO TRANSACTIONS IN ITS OWN NAME.
IT CAN SUE & BE SUED IN ITS OWN NAME.
IT OWNS ITS OWN PROPERTY.
IT HAS PERPETUAL SUCCESSION .
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COMPANY : A SEPARATE LEGAL PERSON : Example
The case is dated 1897 (1p723). Solomon was a bootmaker. He sold the assets of his business to a company Solomon & Co Ltd. of which he was virtually the sole shareholder. He continued to trade as a bootmaker in his own name and went bust. His creditors tried to sieze the assets of the business (now owned by Solomon & Co Ltd). The decision of the court was that Solomon & Co Ltd formed a separate legal entity from Mr Solomon. Mr Solomon's debts were not the debts of Solomon & Co. Ltd. The rule is that a properly formed limited liability company is a legal entity in its own right.
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CONCEPT OF INCORPORATION
“… IF ONE WAS TO ISOLATE A SINGLE FACTOR WHICH HAS LED TO THE INCREASE AND IMPORTANCE OF COMPANIES SINCE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY , IT WOULD BE THE RECOGNITION OF THE CONCEPT OF A SEPARATE INDEPENDENT LEGAL ENTITY AND THE RESULTING LIMITATION OF LIABILITY ”
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ADVANTAGES OF THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANYLIMITED LIABILITY OF ITS MEMBERS
TRANSFERABLE OWNERSHIP
ABILITY TO CONTINUE INDEFINITELY
SEPARATION OF OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
ABILITY TO ATTRACT LARGE CAPITAL AND PROFESSIONAL MANAGERS
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DISADVANTAGES OF THE CORPORATION
COST AND TIME OF INCORPORATING
DOUBLE TAXATION
POTENTIAL FOR DIMINISHED MANAGERIAL INCENTIVES
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATORY “RED TAPE”
POTENTIAL LOSS OF CONTROL BY FOUNDER(S)
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THE CORPORATE VEIL
A COMPANY IS RUN BY ITS HIRED PROFESSIONAL MANAGERS AND NOT BY ITS MEMBERS OR OWNERS
THIS CREATES THE PROBLEM OF THE CORPORATE VEIL AROUND THE ACTIONS OF ITS MEMBERS OR OWNERS
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CORPORATE VEILUSE OF CORPORATION AS A FACADE FOR CONTROLLING SHAREHOLDERS’ OTHER FINANCIAL AFFAIRS
FRAUD, OR OTHER INJUSTICE FOR PERSONAL GAIN IN NAME OF COMPANY
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GOODBYE CORPORATE VEIL
UNDER THE COMPANY LAW , COURTS CAN CATCH ALL GROUP COMPANIES AND SIGNIFICANT SHAREHOLDERS, IF REQUIRED.
IF NECESSARY, THE CORPORATE VEIL MAY BE LIFTED AND SHAREHOLDERS , DIRECTORS AND MANAGERS BECOME PERSONALLY LIABLE.
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CORPORATE VEIL“PIERCING CORPORATE VEIL”PERSONAL LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON
MEMBERS OR SHAREHOLDERSCIRCUMSTANCES CONSIDERED :
UNDER CAPITALIZATIONFAILURE TO OBSERVE FORMALITIESNONPAYMENT OF DIVIDENDSSIPHONING OF FUNDS BY
CONTROLLING SHAREHOLDERNONFUNCTIONING OF OTHER
OFFICERS OR DIRECTORS
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REGISTRATION AND INCORPORATION
A COMPANY IS BORN OR INCORPORATED BY REGISTERING THE COMPANY WITH THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES AND OBTAINING A CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION.
THE CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION BRINGS A COMPANY INTO EXISTENCE
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REGISTRATION AND INCORPORATION
REGISTRATION OF A COMPANY IS OBTAINED BY FILING AN APPLICATION WITH THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS WITH THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES:
1. MEMORANDUM OF
ASSOCIATION
2. ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
(IF REQUIRED)
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REGISTRATION AND INCORPORATION
3. A COPY OF THE AGREEMENT WITH THE PERSON WHO WILL BE THE MD OR THE MANAGER OF THE COMPANY
4. A DECLARATION THAT ALL REQUIREMENTS OF THE COMPANIES ACT,1956 HAVE BEEN COMPLIED WITH
IF DOCUMENTS ARE SATISFACTORY, REGISTRAR ISSUES THE CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
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KINDS OF COMPANIES
Pages 829 - 834
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TYPES OF COMPANIES COMPANIES CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN SEVERAL WAYS :
1. LIMITED LIABILITY AND UNLIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES: THOUGH LIMITED LIABILITY OF A
COMPANY’S MEMBERS IS NORMALLY DESIRED , THERE ARE UNLIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES FORMED FOR SPECIAL REASONS.
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UNLIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES
UNLIMITED COMPANIES NEED NOT HAVE SHARE CAPITAL , CAN REDUCE CAPITAL AT WILL ,AND MEMBERS CANNOT BE SUED DIRECTLY FOR THE COMPANY’S DEBTS OR LIABILITIES.
UNLIMITED COMPANIES NEED ARTICLES OF ASSOCITION FOR REGISTRATION.
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LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES LIABILITY OF MEMBERS IN A COMPANY
MAY BE LIMITED IN TWO WAYS : 1. LIMITED BY GUARANTEE: SUCH COMPANIES ARE CALLED GUARANTEE COMPANIES. 2. LIMITED BY SHARES : NORMALLY , MAJORITY OF THE COMPANIES LIMIT THE LIABILITY OF
THEIR MEMBERS OR OWNERS BY SHARES.
SUCH COMPANIES ARE CALLED LIMITED COMPANIES.
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LIMITED COMPANIESLIMITED COMPANIES ARE OF TWO
TYPES:2.PUBLIC LIMITED AND PRIVATE
LIMITED COMPANIES : A PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY IS ONE
WHICH IS ALLOWED TO RAISE ITS CAPITAL FROM THE PUBLIC THROUGH A PUBLIC ISSUE OF SHARES, AND THUS WHOSE OWNERS OR SHAREHOLDERS ARE MEMBERS OF PUBLIC AT LARGE. EXAMPLES: EIL, ABNL ,TISCO, BAJAJ AUTO, SBI, INFOSYS, NTPC etc.
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LIMITED COMPANIES A PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY IS
RESTRICTED TO A MAXIMUM OF 50 MEMBERS AND IS NOT ALLOWED TO MAKE A PUBLIC ISSUE. ALSO ,
THERE IS A RESTRICTION ON RIGHT OF TRANSFER OF SHARES SO AS TO MAINTAIN A MAXIMUM OF 50 MEMBERS.
EXAMPLE : DCPL , Holtec Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
BOTH GUARANTEE COMPANIES AND PRIVATE COMPANIES MUST HAVE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION FOR INCORPORATION.
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LIMITED COMPANIES
CERTIFICATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF BUSINESS : (Sec 149 , pp 727-728)A PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY CAN
COMMENCE ITS BUSINESS ON INCORPORATION ,
BUT , A PUBLIC LTD CO HAS TO FIRST COMPLETE A PUBLIC ISSUE OF ITS SHARES, AND LIST THEM ON A STOCK EXCHANGE, TO OBTAIN THE CERTIFICATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF BUSINESS FROM THE REGISTRAR.
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KINDS OF COMPANIES3. GOVERNMENT AND NON- GOVERNMENT COMPANIES :A COMPANY IN WHICH CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT OR STATE GOVERNMENTS HOLD 51 % OR MORE OF SHARES IS CALLED A GOVERNMENT COMPANY.
EXAMPLES : SAIL , ONGC , NTPC , BHEL etc.
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4. HOLDING AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
WHEN ONE COMPANY HAS CONTROL OVER ANOTHER COMPANY , THE CONTROLLING COMPANY IS CALLED THE HOLDING COMPANY , AND THE CONTROLLED COMPANY IS CALLED THE SUBSIDIARY COMPANY.
EXAMPLE : MRPL IS THE SUBSIDIARY COMPANY OF ONGC. ONGC HOLDS MORE THAN 80 % OF MRPL’S SHARES AND CONTROLS THE APPOINTMENT OF MAJORITY OF THE DIRECTORS OF MRPL .
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5. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMPANIES
A FOREIGN COMPANY IS ACOMPANY WHICH IS INCORPORATED OUTSIDE INDIA ,BUT WHICH HAS A PLACE OFBUSINESS IN INDIA.
EXAMPLE : MICROSOFT AND INTEL ARE FOREIGN COMPANIESIN INDIA .
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MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
Pages 728-735
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MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION THE FIRST STEP IN THE
FORMATION OF A COMPANY IS TO PREPARE A DOCUMENT CALLED THE MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION.
THE MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION IS THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMPANY, and defines its structure or organization.
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MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATIONTHE MEMORANDUM IS DIVIDED INTO
THE FOLLOWING 5 CLAUSES :1.NAME CLAUSE2.REGISTERED OFFICE CLAUSE3.OBJECT CLAUSE4.LIABILITY CLAUSE , AND5.CAPITAL CLAUSE
THEN IT IS SUBSRIBED BY THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS.
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MINIMUM CAPITAL FOR A COMPANY
What is the minimum authorised capital for a company?
The minimum authorised capital for Private Limited Company – Rs.1,00,000/-
For Public Limited Company
Rs.5,00,000/-
For the use of some key words as part of name, the minimum authorised capital is given in the table below:
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Required minimum authorised capital For the use of some key words as part of name :1. Corporation 5 Crores 2. International, Globe, Universal, Continental, Inter-Continental, Asiatic, Asia, being the first word of the name 1 Crore 3. If any of the words at (2) above is used within the name (with or without brackets) 50 Lakhs 4. Hidustan, India, Bharat, being the first word of the name 50 Lakhs 5. If any of the words at (4) above is used within the name (with or without brackets) 5 Lakhs 6. Industries/ Udyog 1 Crore 7. Enterprises, Products, Business,
Manufacturing 10 Lakhs
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‘ULTRA VIRES’ RULE
THIS IS A RULE OF LAW . ‘ULTRA VIRES’ MEANS ‘BEYOND THE POWERS OF’.FOR EXAMPLE : TAKING AWAY THE PERSONAL PROPERTY OF SOMEONE FOR NO REASON IS ULTRA VIRES THE GOVERNMENT , i.e. BEYOND THE POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
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‘ ULTRA VIRES ’ RULETHOSE VESTED WITH STATUTORY POWERS ARE ONLY ABLE TO DO THOSE THINGS THAT LAW HAS ALLOWED THEM TO DO BY STATUTE.FOR EXAMPLE, DOING ONLY THOSE THINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN REGISTERED IN THE
‘ OBJECTS CLAUSE ‘ OF THE MEMORANDUM.
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OBJECTS & ULTRA VIRES RULE AN ACT BY A COMPANY OUTSIDE
THE SCOPE DEFINED BY THE OBJECTS CLAUSE IS ULTRA VIRES OR BEYOND THE POWERS OF THE COMPANY.
EXAMPLE : Ashbury Railway Carriage & Wagon Co V Riche , 34 , p 729
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ALTERATION OF MEMORANDUM
FOR ALTERING AN ALREADY REGISTERED MEMORANDUM , THE FOLLOWING PERMISSIONS ARE REQUIRED :
1. NAME CLAUSE – SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDERS , AND APPROVAL OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT . (In case of changing an undesirable name, only an ordinary resolution & approval rqd.)
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ALTERATION OF MEMORANDUM
2. REGISTERED OFFICE - SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDERS, AND SANCTION OF COMPANY LAW BOARD
( CLB ) .
3. OBJECTS CLAUSE - SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDERS .
4 & 5 . LIABILITY AND CAPITAL CLAUSES : SANCTION OF HIGH COURT FOR REDUCTION OF CAPITAL AFTER SPECIAL RESOLUTION IS PASSED .
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ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
ARTICLES ARE INTERNAL REGULATIONS AND BY-LAWS.
SCHEDULE 1 OF THE COMPANIES ACT,1956 SETS OUT TABLES OF MODEL FORMS OF ARTICLES FOR DIFFERENT COMPANIES.
TABLE A IS APPLICABLE TO COMPANIES LIMITED BY SHARES,WHICH CAN BE ADOPTED.
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ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION (AA)
THE AA ARE A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE COMPANY AND ITS MEMBERS THAT THEY SHALL ABIDE BY THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF INTERNAL MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY SPECIFIED IN THE AA. THEY SPECIFY THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE MEMBERS AND DIRECTORS.THE PROVISIONS OF THE AA MUST NOT BE IN CONFLICT WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE MA. IN CASE SUCH A CONFLICT ARISES, THE MA WILL PREVAIL.
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ALTERATION OF ARTICLES
A COMPANY CAN ALTER ITS ARTICLES AT ANY TIME WITH THE AUTHORITY OF A SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF ITS SHAREHOLDERS , AND BY FILING AN APPLICATION WITH THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES.
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CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICEMEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION (MA) AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF A COMPANY ARE PUBLIC DOCUMENTS AND CONSTITUTE A CONSTRUCTIVE OR POSITIVE NOTICE TO THE MEMBERS OF THE COMPANY AS WELL AS THE PUBLIC.ANYBODY WHO DEALS WITH THE COMPANY CANNOT TAKE A DEFENCE THAT HE WAS IGNORANT OF THEIR CONTENT AND THE RULES OF THE CORPORATE .
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PROSPECTUS & PROMOTERS
pp 737-743
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PROSPECTUS
ANY DOCUMENT WHICH INVITES OFFERS FROM PUBLIC FOR SUBSCRIPTION OR PURCHASE OF SHARES OR DEBENTURES, OR ANY DEPOSITS FROM PUBLIC IS CALLED A PROSPECTUS.
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ABRIDGED PROSPECTUS
APPLICATION FORMS FOR SHARES OR DEBENTURES CANNOT BE ISSUED UNLESS THEY ARE ACCOMPANIED BY A MEMORANDUM CONTAINING SALIENT FEATURES OF A PROSPECTUS AS PRESCRIBED.
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PROSPECTUS
THE PROSPECTUS MUST BE ISSUED TO THE PUBLIC.THIS MEANS THERE MUST BE SOME PUBLICITY,HOWEVER MODEST.
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CONTENTS OF PROSPECTUS
DETAILS AS TO
SHARES
MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL
MINIMUM SUBSCRIPTION
UNDERWRITING
PRELIMINARY EXPENSE
MATERIAL CONTRACT etc
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PROSPECTUS
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
FOR OMISSIONS
FOR MISREPRESENTATION
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PROMOTERS A PROMOTER IS A PERSON WHO BRINGS ABOUT THE INCORPORATION AND ORGANIZATION OF A COMPANY.
A PERSON WHO ACTS IN A MINISTERIAL CAPACITY IS NOT A PROMOTER.
FIDUCIARY RELATION OF PROMOTER WITH THE COMPANY
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