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School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์ ดร. นิพนธ์ เกตจุ้อย Dr.-Ing. (Renewable Energy Technology)
รองผู้อ านวยการฝ่ายวิจัย หัวหน้าหน่วยวิจัยเทคโนโลยีระบบเซลลแ์สงอาทิตย์และมาตราฐานการทดสอบ วิทยาลัยพลังงานทดแทน มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร
การออกแบบ เทคนิคการติดตั้งและการดูแลบ ารงุรักษาระบบโซล่าร์รูฟท็อป
Green Technology for Sustainable Development ณ โรงแรมแอมบาสซาเดอร์ซิตี้ จอมเทียน พัทยา ชลบุร ีวันที่ 22 สิงหาคม 2557
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
หัวข้อน าเสนอ
เทคโนโลยเีซลล์แสงอาทิตย ์• เทคโนโลยีเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ • การเลือกใช้งานแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์
การออกแบบระบบโซล่าร์รูฟท็อป • ข้อควรค านึงในการเลือกพื้นที่ติดตั้ง • ความรู้พื้นฐานในการออกแบบ • มาตรฐานที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการออกแบบและข้อควรระวังในการออกแบบ
เทคนิคการติดตั้งและการดูแลบ ารุงรักษา • เทคนิคการติดตั้ง • การดูแลบ ารุงรักษา
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
เทคโนโลยีเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
PV cell type
Crystalline silicon
Thin film
Polycrystalline
Monocrystalline
Amorphous
Copper-indium diselenide
(CIS)
Cadmium-telluride (CdTe)
Dye cells
Microcrystalline and
micromorphous
Hybrid HIT cells
ชนิดของเซลลแ์สงอาทติย ์
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Monocrystalline silicon cells
Production: Czochralski process (CZ)
Efficiency: 15%-18%
Form: round, semi-square, square
Size: 100 mm x 100 mm, 125 mm x 125 mm, or diameter 100, 125,
150 mm
Thickness: 0.3 mm
Structure: homogeneous
Colour: dark blue to black (with AR), grey (without AR)
Cell manufacturers: Astro Power, BP Solar, CellSiCo, Eurosolare,
GPV, Helios, Isofoton, RWE Schott Solar, Sharp, Shell Solar, Solartec, Telekom-STV
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Characteristic of Mono-crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells
Material: Mono-crystalline silicon
Method of Si Growth: Czochralski process
Structure: P-N junction
Cell forms: Bulk
Thickness: 350 µm
Efficiency(%): 15-24(Bulk)
Produce cell in large area: No
Flexible cell: No for Bulk
Power decrease in initial period: No
Healing ability: No
Radiation resistance: good
Used in high temperature area: Yes less than 200 C
Manufacturing process: A lot of process/complicate
Reliability: Very high
Life time: 20-25 years
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Energy used for build cell: Very high
Spectral response: 600-1000 nm
Weight: Heavy for bulk
Temperature Coefficients (Pmax): -0.5%/C
Environment effect: Low
Available in market: Yes
Price: High
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Top: Cell structure of
Mono-crystalline
silicon photovoltaic
cell
Bottom: Structure of
Mono-crystalline
silicon
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Monocrystalline PV module
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Polycrystalline silicon cells
Production: Ingot casting
Efficiency: 13%-16% (with AR)
Form: square
Size: 100 mm x 100 mm, 125 mm x 125 mm, 150 mm x 150 mm
Thickness: 0.3 mm
Structure: crystals of various orientations are formed during block
casting
Colour: blue (with AR), silver grey (without AR)
Cell manufacturers: BP Solar, Eurosolare, ErSol, GPV, Kyocera,
Photowatt, Q-Cells, RWE Schott Solar, Sharp, Shell Solar, Sunways
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Characteristic of Multi-crystalline and polycrystalline
silicon photovoltaic cells
Material: Multi-crystalline/polycrystalline silicon
Method of Si Growth: Various ways
Structure: P-N junction
Cell forms: Bulk
Thickness: 350 µm
Efficiency(%): 10-17
Produce cell in large area: No
Flexible cell: No for Bulk cell
Power decrease in initial period: No
Healing ability: No
Radiation resistance: Good
Used in high temperature area: Yes less than 200 C
Manufacturing process: Lass than mono-crystalline
Reliability: High
Life time: 20-25 years
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Energy used for build cell: High
Spectral response: 600-1000 nm
Weight: Heavy for bulk / medium for thin-film
Temperature Coefficients (Pmmp): -0.5%/ C
Environment effect: Low
Available in market: Yes
Price: Medium-pretty high
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Top: Cell structure of
Multi-crystalline and
polycrystalline silicon
photovoltaic cell
Bottom: Molecular
structure of Multi-
crystalline and
polycrystalline silicon
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Anti-reflection coating on crystalline silicon cells In order to make sure that as much light as possible enters the cell,
an anti-reflection (AR) layer is applied to it to minimize light reflection
at the surface
AR layer accounts for the blue or dark-blue coloring obtained by the
originally grey crystalline wafer.
AR costing it is possible to obtain different coloring by varying the
thickness of the layer.
Green, gold, brown and purple color can be produce. However, the
enhanced optical impressions is compromised by reduced cell
efficiency.
It is possible to do without AR and to leave the wafers in their original silver-grey.
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Amorphous silicon cells Production: Amorphous (formless) silicon does not form a regular
crystal structure but an irregular network.
Efficiency: 5-8% module efficiency (stabilized condition)
Form: freely selectable
Size: standard module max. 0.77 m x 2.44 m, special module max.
2 m x 3 m
Thickness: 1-3 mm substrate material (non-hardened
glass, plastic, metal) with approx. 0.001 mm
amorphous silicon coating
Structure: homogeneous structure
Colour: red-brown to black
Cell manufacturers: Bangkok Solar, Kaneka, RWE Schott Solar, Sanyo, Solar Cells, Uni-Solar
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Characteristic of Amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells
Material: Amorphous silicon
Method of Si Growth: CVD,PCVD, and other ways
Structure: P-I-N single/multi junction
Cell forms: Thin-film
Thickness: A few u m
Efficiency(%): 5-9(single junction)
8-15(multi junction)
Produce cell in large area: Yes
Flexible cell: Yes for flexible substrate
Power decrease in initial period: Yes
Healing ability: No
Radiation resistance: Medium-pretty good
Used in high temperature area: Yes less than150C
Manufacturing process: Many process/complicate
Reliability: Medium-pretty high
Life time: 15-20 years
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Energy used for build cell: Pretty low-medium
Spectral response: 350-700 nm (single junction)
up to design (multi-junction)
Weight: Light-medium
Temperature Coefficients (Pmmp): -0.2%/ C
Environment effect: Low
Available in market: Yes (12% market share)
Price: Pretty cheap-medium
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Top: Molecular structure of
Amorphous silicon
Bottom: Comparison of
Amorphous silicon molecular
structure and crystalline
silicon molecular structure
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Cell structure of Single Junction Amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Copper indium diselenide cells (CIS) Production: The active semiconductor material with CIS solar cells
is copper indium diselenide.
Efficiency: 7.5-9.5% module efficiency
Form: freely selectable
Size: max. 1.20 m x 0.60 m
Thickness: 3 mm substrate material (non-hardened glass) with
0.003 mm coating
Structure: homogeneous structure
Colour: black
Cell manufacturers: Shell Solar, Würth Solar, Global Solar
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Characteristic of CIS/CIGS Photovoltaic cells
Material: CdS/CuInSe2, CdS/CuInGsSe2
Method of CIS Growth: CVD, and other ways
Structure: P-N junction
Cell forms: Thin-film
Thickness: A few u m/Thin-film
Efficiency(%): 10-18(Thin-film)
Produce cell in large area: Yes
Flexible cell: Yes for flexible substrate
Power decrease in initial period: No
Healing ability: No
Radiation resistance: Good
Used in high temperature area: Yes less than
200 C
Manufacturing process: Many process/complicate
Reliability: High
Life time: 15-25 years
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Energy used for build cell: Pretty low-medium
Spectral response: 400-1200 nm
Weight: Light-medium
Temperature Coefficients (Pmmp): -0.36 to-
0.6%/ C
Environment effect: Pretty high-high
Available in market: Yes (< 1 % market share)
Price: Pretty low-medium
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Cell structure of CIS/CIGS
Photovoltaic cells
Cell structure of CIS/CIGS
Photovoltaic cells when look
from microscope
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Cadmium telluride cells (CdTe) Production: CdTe solar cells are manufacturer on a glass substrate
with a transparent conductor layer usually indium tin
oxide (ITO) as the front contact.
Efficiency: 6-9% module efficiency
Form: freely selectable
Size: max. 1.20 m x 0.60 m
Thickness: 3 mm substrate material (non-hardened glass) with
0.008 mm coating
Structure: homogeneous structure
Colour: reflective black-green to back
Cell manufacturers: First Solar
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Characteristic of CdTe photovoltaic cells
Material: CdS/CdTe
Method of CdTe Growth: CVD, and other ways
Structure: P-N junction
Cell forms: Thin-film
Thickness: A few u m/Thin-film
Efficiency(%): 10-15(Thin-film)
Produce cell in large area: Yes
Flexible cell: Yes for flexible substrate
Power decrease in initial period: No
Healing ability: No
Radiation resistance: Good
Used in high temperature area: Yes less
than200 C
Manufacturing process: Many
process/complicate Reliability: High
Life time: 15-25 years
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Energy used for build cell: Pretty low-medium
Spectral response: 400-900 nm
Weight: Light-medium
Temperature Coefficients (Pmmp): -0.25%/ C
Environment effect: Pretty high-high
Available in market: Yes (< 1 % market share)
Price: Pretty low-medium
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Cell structure of CdTe photovoltaic cells
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Hybrid cells: HIT solar cells Production: HIT solar cell is a combination of a conventional
crystalline and a thin-film solar cell. HIT (Hetero-
junction with Intrinsic Thin layer) refer to the structure of
these hybrid solar cells.
Efficiency: 17.3%
Form: square (chamfered)
Size: max. 104 mm x 104 mm
Thickness: 0.2 mm
Structure: homogeneous structure
Colour: dark blue to almost black
Cell manufacturers: Sanyo
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Characteristic of Hybrid silicon photovoltaic cells
Material: Amorphous/crystalline silicon
Method of Si Growth: Combination of crystalline
silicon and amorphous method
Structure: P-I-N / P-N multi junction and P-I-N-I-N for
(HIT) cell
Cell forms: Bulk/Thin-film
Thickness: 200-350 u m/Bulk a few u m/Thin-film
Efficiency(%): 15-25(Amorphous/Single crystalline)
12-20(Amorphous/Multi- crystalline)
10-18(Amorphous/polycrystalline)
8-15(Amorphous/Microcrystalline)
16-22(HIT)
Produce cell in large area: Yes for Thin-film
Flexible cell: Yes for flexible substrate
Power decrease in initial period: No
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Cell structure of Hybrid Silicon
Photovoltaic cells
(Amorphous/Single crystalline) and
(Amorphous/Multi- crystalline)
Cell structure of Hybrid Silicon
Photovoltaic cells
(Amorphous/polycrystalline) and
(Amorphous/Microcrystalline)
a-si P-I-N
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Comparison of solar cell types
Solar cell Cell efficiency
(laboratory)
cell
Cell efficiency
(production)
cell
Module efficiency
(series production)
module
Monocrystalline silicon
Polycrystalline silicon Ribbon silicon
Crystalline thin film silicon
Amorphous silicona
Micromorphous silicona
Hybrid HIT solar cell
CIS, CIGS
Cadmium telluride
III-V semiconductor
Dye-sensitized cell
24.7%
19.8%
19.7% 19.2% 13.0% 12.0% 20.1% 18.8% 16.4%
35.8%b
12.0%
18.0%
16.0%
14.0%
9.5% 10.5%
10.7%
17.3% 14.0% 10.0% 27.4% 7.0%
14.0%
13.0%
13.0% 7.9% 7.5% 9.1% 15.2%
10.0%
9.0%
27.0%
5.0%
a in stabilized state b measured with concentrated irradiance c small production runs
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
PV efficiency & area Module area Rule of thumb: 1kWp approximately 10 m2 PV area
Source: Planning and installing photovoltaic systems
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
คุณสมบตัขิองแผงเซลลช์นิดต่างๆ (Crystalline silicon) Characteristic (mono c-Si) (multi c-Si) (EFG) (HIT)
1. The figure of PV cells
2. Material mono c-Si multi c-Si multi c-Si c-Si / a-Si
3. Structure P-N P-N P-N P-I-N-I-N
4. Efficiency(%) 15-24 13-18 13-16 17-24
5. Reliability Very high High High High
6. Life time (years) 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25
7. Energy for cell building Very high high Petty high Petty high
8. Spectral response 500-1100 nm 500-1100 nm 500-1100 nm 350-1100 nm
9. Temp coeff. -0.5 %/˚C 0.5 %/˚C 0.5 %/˚C 0.3 %/˚C
10. Environmental impact Low Low Low Low
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Characteristic (a-Si) (a-Si / μc-Si) (CdTe) (CIS/CIGS)
1. The figure of PV cells
2. Material a-Si a-Si / μc-Si CdTe CIS/CIGS
3. Structure P-I-N P-I-N/P-I-N P-N P-N
4. Efficiency(%) 5-7 8-11 8-11 7-11
5. Reliability Medium pretty high Medium Medium
6. Life time (years) 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20
7. Energy for cell building Pretty low Pretty low Pretty low Pretty low
8. Spectral response 350-700 nm 350-1100 nm 350-800 nm 400-1100 nm
9. Temp coeff. -0.2 %/˚C -0.3 %/˚C -0.25 %/˚C -0.45 %/˚C
10. Environmental impact Low Low pretty high pretty high
คุณสมบตัขิองแผงเซลลช์นิดต่างๆ (Thin film)
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
เซลลแ์สงอาทติยม์อีายยุาวนานแคไ่หน
แผงเซลล์แสงอาทติยซ์ึ่งตดิตัง้อยู่ทีส่ถานีผลติไฟฟ้าพลงัแสงอาทติย ์บา้นเด่นไมซุ้ง จงัหวดัตาก ของการไฟฟ้าสว่นภมูภิาค ตดิตัง้มาแลว้กวา่ 28 ปี (2529) ปจัจุบนัยงัใชง้านไดอ้ยู ่
แผงเซลลใ์หม ่
แผงเซลลเ์ก่า
สขีองเซลลไ์มไ่ดเ้ปลีย่น แต่เป็นสขีอง EVA
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
แผงเซลลท์ีแ่ตกจากการกระท าของคน ไมไ่ดเ้กดิจาก การเสือ่มสภาพ หรอืเสยีหายดว้ยเอง
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Hot spot เซลลเ์ส่ือมสภาพเน่ืองจากอณุหภมิูเซลลท่ี์สงู
แผงเซลลท่ี์เส่ือมสภาพ มีฟองอากาศภายในแผง สีเซลลเ์ปล่ียนไปจากเดิม
แผงเซลล์แสงอาทติย์ซึ่งตดิตัง้อยู่ที่สถานีผลิตไฟฟ้าพลังแสงอาทิตย์สันก าแพง จังหวัดเชยีงใหม ่ของการไฟฟ้าฝา่ยผลติ ตดิตัง้มาแลว้กวา่ 25 ปี พบวา่เริม่มบีางแผงเริม่เสือ่มสภาพ
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
แผงเซลลแ์สงอาทติยซ์ึง่ตดิตัง้อยู่ที่ Technical University of Berlin ตดิตัง้ทดสอบมาแลว้กวา่ 25 ปี พบวา่เริม่มบีางแผงเริม่เสือ่มสภาพ
แผงเซลลท์ีเ่สือ่มสภาพเนื่องจากความชืน้ กระจกแตก
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
การออกแบบระบบโซล่าร์รูฟท็อป
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Solar cells and modules IEC 61215 Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval IEC 61646 Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval IEC 61730-1 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 1: Requirements for construction. IEC 61730-2 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 2: Requirements for testing
Standards
PV systems IEC 62446 Grid connected photovoltaic systems - Minimum requirements for system documentation, commissioning tests and inspection IEC 61724 Photovoltaic system performance monitoring - Guidelines for measurement, data exchange and analysis IEC 61727 Photovoltaic (PV) systems - Characteristics of the utility interface IEC 61829 Ed. 1.0 b:1995 Crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) array - On-site measurement of I-V characteristics BS EN 61173 Overvoltage protection for photovoltaic (PV) power generating systems
Balance of System IEC 62093 Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic systems - Design qualification natural environments IEC 62109-1 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems - Part 1: General requirements IEC 62109-2 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems - Part 2: Particular requirements for inverters IEC 61683 Photovoltaic systems - Power conditioners - Procedure for measuring efficiency
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Source of photo: KEMREX CO. LTD, location SSD Project
ต าแหน่งที่เหมาะสมในการตดิตั้ง Solar Rooftop
South
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Shading
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Grid connected PV system design : Inverter sizing Principle for power sizing of inverter
PPV = power from PV generator PinvDC = power of DC inverter Power range: 0.7PPV < PInvDC < 1.2PPV
“Remark: In practical power from PV generator taking into account thermal coefficient loss in PV module its self and resistive loss in wiring. Then the power before inverter input is drop from PV power peak installed”
For low irradiance region: PInvDC < PPV provide higher efficiency For high irradiance region: PInvDC > PPV provide higher efficiency
Source: Planning and installing photovoltaic systems: A guide for installer, architects and engineers
PV generator Inverter
~Public grid
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Low irradiance region (central or northern Europe and northern states in US): PInvDC<PPV provide higher efficiency With this concept the lower power of DC inverter than the PV generator power are choosing because of low irradiance in average. The irradiances above 600 W/m2 occur relatively rarely in Europe. Most of irradiances classes are about 50-600 W/m2 range. In order to make better use of lower irradiance values, it is often sensible to undersize the inverter. The efficiency of inverter increases rapidly to value above 90% when the irradiance increases.
• High irradiance region: PInvDC>PPV provide higher efficiency In high irradiance areas (southern US, Austria, South Africa and Thailand) undersize of the inverter does not give the same increase in energy yield and is not as beneficial. The oversized of inverter, the rate of increase in the low irradiance range is much flatter, good efficiency is attained only with corresponding higher irradiance values.
Grid connected PV system design : Inverter sizing Irradiance classes and different characteristic curves of inverter
Source: Planning and installing photovoltaic systems: A guide for installer, architects and engineers
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Source: SERT
Distribution of solar irradiance in Thailand
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0-5
0
50-1
00
100-1
50
150-2
00
200-2
50
250-3
00
300-3
50
350-4
00
400-4
50
450-5
00
500-5
50
550-6
00
600-6
50
650-7
00
700-7
50
750-8
00
800-8
50
850-9
00
900-9
50
950-1
,000
1,0
00-1
,050
1,0
50-1
,100
1,1
00-1
,150
1,1
50-1
,200
> 1
,200
Irradiance Classes in W/m2
En
erg
y C
on
ten
t (%
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f ir
rad
ian
ce (
%)
Energy content frequency
• The distribution of solar irradiance in Thailand refer the data from SERT metrology station measured during 2005 – 2009. • The data confirm that Thailand is high irradiance region. The energy content of irradiance of 350 – 1,000 W/m2 is over 80% of overall energy content of annual solar radiation (energy content during 6.00 – 18.00).
Inverter operation range
Frequency of irradiance occur during day only 12% of irradiance below 50 W/m2. 88% of irradiance is good condition for inverter operation.
Max. eff. Of inverter range 55% of Irr. Frequency 80% of energy content
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
The maximum voltage should be higher than Voc at -10 °C The MPPT range should be the widest possible and cover Vpm at 70 °C to Vpm at -10 °C
Grid connected PV system design : Inverter sizing Principle for voltage sizing of inverter
Source: Planning and installing photovoltaic systems: A guide for installer, architects and engineers
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
ปัจจัยที่ควรค ำนึงถึงในกำรผลิตไฟฟำ้เซลล์แสงอำทิตย์ • ขั้นตอนกำรสร้ำงโรงไฟฟ้ำ (กำรออกแบบ เลือกอุปกรณ์ และติดตั้ง) - ตัวชี้วัดคือผลกำรประเมินสมรรถนะทำงเทคนิคของโรงไฟฟ้ำ (Performance Ratio) • ขั้นตอนกำรเดินโรงไฟฟ้ำ (O&M) - กำรเดินระบบโดยมีกำรดูแล และบ ำรุงรักษำโรงไฟฟ้ำอย่ำงถูกต้อง และสม่ ำเสมอช่วยให้ Performance Ratio ของระบบสูงตลอดเวลำ
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
สมรรถนะของระบบเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์
อ้ำงอิงจำก IEC 61724: Photovoltaic system performance monitoring - Guidelines for measurement, data exchange and analysis และ International Energy Agency, Implement on Photovoltaic Power Systems operational Performance of PV Systems and Subsystems (IEA PVPS Task 2) ซึ่งได้ก ำหนดให้มีกำรวิเครำะห์ตัวแปรต่ำงๆ ดังต่อไปนี้
การประเมินสมรรถนะทางเทคนิค
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
ค่าพารามิเตอร์ต่างๆ ที่มีผลต่อการประเมิน • พลังงานไฟฟ้าที่ผลิตได้จากแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ในทางทฤษฏี (Reference Yield; Yr)
• พลังงานไฟฟ้าที่ผลิตได้จากแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ (Array Yield; Ya)
• พลังงานไฟฟ้าที่ใช้งานจริงที่ผลิตได้จากแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ (Final Yield; Yf)
• พลังงานสูญเสียบนแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ (Capture Losses; Lc)
• พลังงานสูญเสียในระบบเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ (System Losses; Ls)
• สมรรถนะของระบบเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ (Performance Ratio; PR)
• ประสิทธิภาพของแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ (Array Efficiency; ηa )
• ประสิทธิภาพของระบบเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ (Total Efficiency; ηPV)
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
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PV Array Power Condition
GRID
Yr = Hi/GSTC
Ya = Ea/P0 Lc = Yr-Ya
Ls = Ya-Yf ηa = Ea/Hi·Aa ηPV= EPV/Hi·Aa
Yf = EPV/P0
PR = Yf/Yr
Module Mismatch Losses Incidence effect Module Quality Loss Wiring Ohmic Loss Array Soiling loss
Wiring Ohmic Loss
Inverter Loss during operation (efficiency) Inverter Loss over nominal inv power Inverter Loss due to power threshold Inverter Loss over nominal inv voltage Inverter Loss due to voltage threshold
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
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• Irradiance data: accuracy better than 5 % • Ambient air temperature: accuracy better than 1 K • PV module temperature : accuracy better than 1 K • Voltage and Current: accuracy better than 1 % • Power : accuracy better than 2 % • wind speed: accuracy better than 0.5 m/s for wind speeds ≤ 5 m/s, and better than 10 % for wind speeds greater than 5 m/s
Important Parameter for PV System Evaluation
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Performance Ratio data from 170 grid-connected PV systems in IEA country. 35% in range of 0.725 – 0.775
Source: IEA PVPS Task 2
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Long term performance study at SERT
Grid connected inverter G-304
a-Si
1
Data logger
p-Si
2
HIT
3
a-Si// µ c-Si
4
Pyranometer
PV array
GT (W/m2)
VDC (V)
IDC (A)
TINV ( C)
VAC(V)
IAC (A)
RTD 100
Grid
Power meter
IDC (A)
IAC(A)
VAC(V), IAC(A), PAC(W), PF
CT
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
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Year A B C
2005 0.88 0.77 0.81
2006 0.79 0.71 0.74
2007 0.81 0.76 0.79
2008 0.75 0.72 0.75
2009 0.81 0.74 0.77
Average 0.88 0.77 0.81
Average Annual Array Performance Ratio (PR)
Source: SERT
Temperature is main influence on array PR
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
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Parameter A B C
Yr (kWh/kWp•d) 5.19 5.19 5.19
YA (kWh/kWp•d) 4.91 4.34 4.61
Yf (kWh/kWp•d) 4.15 3.79 4.00
Lc (kWh/kWp•d) 0.28 0.85 0.58
Ls (kWh/kWp•d) 0.76 0.55 0.61
PR 0.80 0.73 0.77
Average Annual PV System Performance
Source: SERT
5 year average data
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
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Long term array yield (Ya) monitoring of different PV technology
Source: SERT
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Jul 0
5
Sep
05
Nov 0
5
Feb
06
Apr 0
6
Jun
06
Aug
06
Oct 0
6
Dec 0
6
Feb
07
Apr 0
7
Jun
07
Aug
07
Oct 0
7
Dec 0
7
Feb
08
Apr 0
8
Aug
08
Oct 0
8
Dec 0
8
Mar 0
9
May 0
9
Aug
09
Oct 0
9
Dec 0
9
Radi
atio
n - M
onth
(kW
h/m
2 • m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
YA
(kW
h/kW
p • m
)
YA(a-Si) YA (p-Si) YA (HIT) Radiation
A B C
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
.
So
lar
rad
iati
on
(k
Wh
/m2d
ay
)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Monthly average of daily horizontal solar radiation at Loburi
• On a yearly average basis 2002 solar radiation data is lower at 4.89 kWh/m2.day • Maximum data are in 2003 and 2008 at 5.19 kWh/m2.day • Average solar radiation data during 2002 – 2008 is 5.07 kWh/m2.day
Different of solar radiation in each year depending on climate condition Source: DEDE
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
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Month 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Jan -3.48 4.73 -7.95 0.60 5.07 -2.23 3.26
Feb -6.97 -3.14 2.85 5.78 -1.22 3.81 -1.11
Mar -7.95 -1.97 1.80 -2.07 4.81 -0.96 6.33
Apr -4.27 6.17 -1.69 -4.22 2.50 -3.55 5.07
May -2.69 3.94 1.87 0.52 -1.21 -3.46 1.03
Jun 4.43 -2.33 -11.70 -5.06 4.91 6.57 3.19
Jul -10.43 5.24 0.89 -3.92 -3.04 4.36 6.90
Aug -11.15 7.57 2.22 -5.29 -3.51 -0.31 10.47
Sep -6.49 -3.51 3.48 -3.93 3.46 5.66 1.32
Oct 5.08 3.22 -2.90 3.33 6.10 -13.30 -1.53
Nov 5.56 7.83 -2.53 -3.30 -2.54 -2.48 -2.54
Dec -2.00 2.17 -0.33 1.18 -0.32 2.23 -2.93
Ave -3.39 2.48 -1.18 -1.38 1.30 -0.36 2.52
Percent difference compare with the average data during 7 year data
Difference of horizontal solar radiation during at Loburi Month 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Ave
Jan 4.74 5.14 4.52 4.94 5.16 4.80 5.07 4.91
Feb 4.73 4.92 5.22 5.37 5.02 5.27 5.02 5.08
Mar 5.05 5.38 5.58 5.37 5.75 5.43 5.83 5.49
Apr 5.58 6.19 5.73 5.58 5.98 5.62 6.13 5.83
May 5.30 5.66 5.55 5.47 5.38 5.26 5.50 5.44
Jun 5.41 5.06 4.58 4.92 5.44 5.52 5.35 5.18
Jul 4.51 5.30 5.08 4.84 4.88 5.25 5.38 5.03
Aug 4.17 5.04 4.79 4.44 4.53 4.68 5.18 4.69
Sep 4.36 4.50 4.83 4.48 4.83 4.93 4.73 4.66
Oct 5.16 5.07 4.77 5.08 5.21 4.26 4.84 4.91
Nov 5.03 5.14 4.65 4.61 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.77
Dec 4.70 4.90 4.78 4.86 4.78 4.91 4.66 4.80
Ave 4.89 5.19 5.01 5.00 5.13 5.05 5.19 5.07
Monthly average of daily solar radiation - Lower than 7 year average value + Higher than 7 year average value
Source: DEDE
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Average
Yr [kWh/kW.a] 1787 1895 1827 1824 1873 1842 1896 1849
Yf (PR 0.80) [kWh/kW.a] 1429 1516 1462 1459 1499 1474 1517 1479
Yf (PR 0.75) [kWh/kW.a] 1340 1421 1371 1368 1405 1382 1422 1387
Yf (PR 0.70) [kWh/kW.a] 1251 1327 1279 1277 1311 1290 1327 1294
Influence of Performance Ratio (PR) on Final Energy Yield (Yf)
PR: 0.80 vs 0.75 ---> 6.25% diff. Yf PR: 0.80 vs 0.70 ---> 12.50% diff. Yf
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
เทคนิคการติดตั้งและการดูแลบ ารุงรักษา
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
PV module roof installation
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Mounting Technique
Source: Lock Solar Company
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Mounting Technique
Source: Lock Solar Company
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
รูปแบบกำรติดตั้งระบบผลิตไฟฟ้ำด้วยเซลล์แสงอำทิตย์บนหลังคำ
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• Recommendation on PV module installation
1. Module weight (load)
2. Module orientation
3. Distance between each staring
4. Earth ground protection
• Recommendation on Inverter installation
1. Installation location: avoid rain, humidity
2. Installation under shade avoid from the radiation
3. Good ventilation
4. Installation insect protection equipment
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
1. Mounting inspection
2. Connection, junction box inspection
3. Shading on PV module inspection, dust & bird drop
removal
• PV module maintenance
• Inverter maintenance
1. Connection inspection
2. Observe the indication display
3. Insect nest removal
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Dust effect on PV energy loss
ฝุ่นสะสมบนแผงเซลล์แสงอำทิตย์
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Dust effect on PV energy loss
Source: SERT
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
3/1
1:6
3/1
1:8
3/1
1:1
1
3/1
1:1
3
3/1
1:1
6
3/1
2:6
3/1
2:9
3/1
2:1
1
3/1
2:1
3
3/1
2:1
6
3/1
3:6
3/1
3:9
3/1
3:1
1
3/1
3:1
4
3/1
3:1
6
3/1
4:7
3/1
4:9
3/1
4:1
1
3/1
4:1
4
3/1
4:1
6
3/1
5:7
3/1
5:9
3/1
5:1
2
3/1
5:1
4
3/1
5:1
6
3/1
6:7
3/1
6:1
0
3/1
6:1
2
3/1
6:1
4
3/1
6:1
7
3/1
7:8
3/1
7:1
0
3/1
7:1
2
3/1
7:1
5
3/1
7:1
7
3/1
8:8
3/1
8:1
0
3/1
8:1
3
3/1
8:1
5
3/1
8:1
8
3/1
9:8
3/1
9:1
1
3/1
9:1
3
3/1
9:1
5
3/2
0:6
3/2
0:8
3/2
0:1
1
3/2
0:1
3
3/2
0:1
6
3/2
1:6
3/2
1:9
3/2
1:1
1
3/2
1:1
3
3/2
1:1
6
3/2
2:6
3/2
2:9
3/2
2:1
1
3/2
2:1
3
3/2
2:1
6
3/2
3:6
3/2
3:9
3/2
3:1
1
3/2
3:1
4
3/2
3:1
6
3/2
4:6
3/2
4:9
3/2
4:1
1
3/2
4:1
4
3/2
4:1
6
Date / Time
So
lar
irra
dia
nc(
kW
/m2̂
)
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
PV
arr
ay p
ow
er
(kW
)
Solar irradiance Clean module power Dirty module power
Comparison of power production of two 60 kW PV system at same location (SERT) Measuring period 11/03/10 – 24/03/10
Experiment condition • Clean PV module of both system in the beginning, leave both system for one month, clean one 60 kW system • Clean module power: cleaning one time/week • Dirty module power: no cleaning about one month
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
11/03/201012/03/201013/03/201014/03/201015/03/201016/03/201017/03/201018/03/201019/03/201020/03/201021/03/201022/03/201023/03/201024/03/2010 Average
Date
PV
arr
ay e
ne
rgy (
kW
h)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
So
lar
rad
iatio
n (kW
h/m
2̂)
Clean array energy Dirty array energy Solar radiation
Source: SERT
Comparison of energy production of two 60 kW PV system at same location (SERT) Measuring period 11/03/10 – 24/03/10
Clean PV array produced energy higher than dirty PV array about 4-10% different (6% in average from this experiment). “sufficient regular cleaning need in PV power system”
Dust effect on PV energy loss
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
• PV system maintenance
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
PV modules cleaning
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
System commissioning-PV string inspection
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
System commissioning-PV string inspection
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
We design…We build…We
inspect…We take care …We
test…We are Solar Man
Thank you - Khob Khun Krub
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Photovoltaic System & Standard Testing Research Division
School of Renewable Energy Technology, Naresuan University
Tel. & Fax. 055-963180, 055-963182 Website: http://www.sert.nu.ac.th
OUR ACTIVITY ON PV SYSTEM WORK
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