05 lifting capacity
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2005 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved56
Lifting Capacity
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Yield Point, lb/100 sq ft
K
V i s c o s i
t y ,
e q u
i v a
l e n
t c p
5 cp10 cp
15 cp
20 cp
25 cp30 cp
35 cp
40 cp
P V
Lifting Capacity
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Lifting Capacity
Example 5-3 in the book with the14 ppg mud (1680 kg/m 3), andannular velocity of 98 fpm (29.9
m/min)PV = 100 60 = 40YP = 60 40 = 20 (10)n = 0.7365
Calculate the K value
Lifting Capacity
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Lifting Capacity
Calculate the K value)(511 )1( YP PV K n
cp K 310)2040(511 )7365.01(
Lifting Capacity
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Yield Point, lb/100 sq ft
K
V i s c o s i
t y ,
e q u
i v a
l e n
t c p
5 cp10 cp
15 cp
20 cp
25 cp30 cp
35 cp
40 cp
P V
Lifting Capacity
310
Lifting Capacity
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Lifting Capacity
Calculate the CCI
000,400
v K CCI f
1.1000,400
9831014CCI
Lifting Capacity
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Lifting Capacity
Class problemHole size = 8 (222mm) Dp = 4 (114mm)
MW = 9.8 ppg (1180 kg/m 3)Q = 275 gpm (1.04 m 3/min)Plastic Viscosity = 14
Yield Point = 12 (6)Calculate the Carrying CapacityIndex or CCI
Lifting Capacity
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Lifting Capacity
Calculate the annular velocity
225.24
ph DD
Qv
m/min36.5or fpm6.1195.475.8
2755.2422
v
Lifting Capacity
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Lifting Capacity
DetermineK
from the graph
Lifting Capacity
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Yield Point, lb/100 sq ft
K V
i s c o s i
t y ,
e q u
i v a
l e n
t c p
5 cp10 cp
15 cp
20 cp
25 cp30 cp
35 cp
40 cp
P V
Lifting Capacity
12
14
276
Lifting Capacity
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Lifting Capacity
Or you can calculate the K value
)(511)1(
YP PV K n
cpK 276)1214(511 )6211.01(
YP PV YP PV
n2
log32.3
6211.01214
12142log32.3
n
Lifting Capacity
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Lifting Capacity
Calculate the CCI
May need more viscosity orannular velocity
000,400
v K CCI f
81.0000,400
6.1192768.9CCI
Directional Wells
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Directional Wells
Hole cleaning in avertical well is afunction of
Annular velocityParticle diameterMud viscosity, andMud density
71.0
4.06.0
6.1
6.346f e
f P ps
d V
Directional Wells
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Directional Wells
If the annular velocity of the drillingfluid exceeds the settling velocity ofthe particle, the particle will be
carried out of the holeIf not, the particle must be groundsmaller until the settling velocity islower than the annular velocity
V p = V f V s
Directional Wells
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Directional Wells
In a directional well,the particle velocityis still a function ofthe velocity of thefluid and settlingvelocity but they areno longer directly
opposingThe particle willseek the low side of
the hole
Directional Wells
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Directional Wells
A cuttings bedwill form on thelow side of the
hole unless theannularvelocity is highenough toerode thecuttings bed
ShakerWellbore
Cuttings
Mud
Cuttings Bed
Directional Wells
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D ect o a We s
After a cuttings bed is formed, thefluid in the annulus will have toerode the cuttings bed in order to
carry the cuttings up the holeThe bed will continue to grownarrowing the annular space and
causing an increase in the annularvelocity until the rate of erosionequals the rate of deposition
Directional Wells
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Experiments were conducted inthe laboratory to determine howmud viscosity, flow regime and
annular velocity affects holecleaning in a directional wellThree drilling fluids were used.
The first was water, which has avery low viscosity and is alwaysin turbulent flow
Directional Wells
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The second fluid was a lightlygelled mud with a low viscosity.The viscosity was low enough so
that the fluid was in turbulent floweven at lower annular velocitiesThe third fluid was a higher
viscosity mud. Even at high flowrates, the flow was still laminar
Directional Wells
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Water PV = 1 YP = 0, always turbulentMud PV = 3 YP = 2 (1), alwaysturbulentMud PV = 19 YP = 17 (8), alwayslaminar
Results
0 and 10Wells with inclinations between 0 and10 behave the same as vertical wells
Directional Wells
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Increasing annular velocity andviscosity will improve hole cleaning
71.0
4.06.0
6.1
6.346f e
f P ps
d V
Directional Wells
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0
10
20
30
40
0 20 40 60 80Inclination, degrees
C u
t t i n g s
C o n c e n
t r a t i o n
Turb. Water 115'/min Turb. Mud 115'/min Lam. Mud 115'/min
Lam. Mud 172'/min Turb. Mud 229'/min Lam. Mud 229'/min
Laminar Mud PV= 19 YP= 17
Turbulent Mud PV= 3 YP= 2Turbulent Water PV= 1 YP= 0
Directional Wells
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10 to 30 At velocitiesless than 120fpm (37
m/min), thecuttings willsettle to thelow side ofthe hole andslide downthe wellbore
ShakerWellbore
Cuttings
Mud
Directional Wells
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Within a shortdistance, theywill again endup in the highervelocity portionsof the annulusand be carriedup the hole
ShakerWellbore
Cuttings
Mud
Directional Wells
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The hole cleaning capacity of themud at this inclination is not asefficient as vertical wells
At annular velocities above 120 fpm(37 m/min), the cuttings are not ableto form a bed on the low side of thehole, but rather are carried up thewellbore along the low side in slugs ordunes
Directional Wells
40
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0
10
20
30
0 20 40 60 80
Inclination, degrees
C u
t t i n g s
C o n c e n
t r a
t i o n
Turb. Water 115'/min Turb. Mud 115'/min Lam . Mud 115'/min
Lam. Mud 172'/min Turb. Mud 229'/min Lam. Mud 229'/min
Laminar Mud PV= 19 YP= 17
Turbulent Mud PV= 3 YP= 2
Turbulent Water PV= 1 YP= 0
At flow rates in excess of 180 fpm (55m/min), the cuttings are carried smoothlyalong the low side of the hole
Directional Wells
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30 to 60Hole cleaning is the most critical atinclinations between 30 and 60 withthe inclinations between 40 and 50being the most difficult A cuttings bed forms at 40 with anannular velocity less than 150 fpm (46m/min) At 50, a bed would form at annularvelocities of 180 fpm (55 m/min)
Directional Wells
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Not only can acuttings bedform rapidly attheseinclinations, butthe cuttings slidedown thewellbore on thelow side of the
hole when thepump is turnedoff
ShakerWellbore
Cuttings
Mud
Cuttings Bed
Slumped Cuttings Bed
Directional Wells
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In directional wells with inclinationsless than 40, the cuttings will fall tothe bottom of the hole
Poor hole cleaning will be evidencedby fill on bottom
Directional Wells
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In high inclination or horizontal wells,the cuttings will fall to a maximuminclination
Poor hole cleaning will be evidencedby excessive drag while pulling thebottomhole assembly through thesection where the cuttings quit fallingWhile tripping in the hole, bridges willbe encountered in this section
Directional Wells
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60 o to 90 o Above an inclination of 60, cuttings beddevelopment does not get any worse A cuttings bed will build up reducing the
annular area which increases the annularvelocity As the annular velocity increases, thedrilling fluid will erode the bed faster At some point, an equilibrium will bereached between the deposition anderosion of the cuttings bed
Directional Wells
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Annular velocity Annular velocity is the variable thatwill affect hole cleaning the most
Increasing the viscosity may actuallyreduce hole cleaning at lower flowrates
At higher flow rates, viscosity makesless of a difference
0
10
20
30
40
0 20 40 60 80Inclination, degrees
C u
t t i n g s
C o n c e n
t r a t
i o n
Turb. Water 115'/min Turb. Mud 115'/min Lam. Mud 115'/min
Lam. Mud 172'/min Turb. Mud 229'/min Lam. Mud 229'/min
Laminar Mud PV= 19 YP= 17Turbulent Mud PV= 3 YP= 2Turbulent Water PV= 1 YP= 0
Directional Wells
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Fluids in turbulent flow have relatively flatvelocity profiles; whereas, the laminarvelocity profile is much more pointedIn laminar flow, there can be a significant
difference between the velocity of the fluidin the center of the annular space ascompared to the velocity near the pipe andhole walls
Laminar Turbulent
Directional Wells
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Pipe movementDrill pipe movement is an important holecleaning consideration in directional wells
Both rotation and reciprocation willincrease the hole cleaning capacity in adirectional wellWhen reciprocating the drill pipe, theannular velocity around the tool jointincreases aiding hole cleaning
Directional Wells
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As an example, if the annular velocity ina 4 1/2 (114mm) by 8 1/2 inch (216mm)annulus is 120 fpm (36.6 m/min), then theannular velocity around 6 1/4 inch(159mm) tool joints would be 208 fpm(63.4 m/min) or a 73 percent increase
Directional Wells
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Rotation will also aid hole cleaningWhile drilling with a steerable systemin the oriented mode (slide mode), thedrag in a horizontal well increased After the connection was made,rotation was resumed and the drag inthe well decreasedIn this case, the increased drag wasdue to a cuttings buildup in the well
Directional Wells
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As in vertical wells, washoutswill impair hole cleaningThe annular velocity in awashout will be reduced makinghole cleaning more difficult
Directional Wells
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If the washout is at an inclination of
35 to 55, the cuttings accumulationcan slide down the hole when thepump is turned offHole cleaning in formations that aresensitive to hole erosion can bedifficultThe high annular velocities requiredto clean a directional well canenlarge the hole causing a reductionin annular velocity
Directional Wells
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However, it should beremembered that the formationof a cuttings bed will reduce holesize causing an increase inannular velocity anyway, whichcan still lead to erosion
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