03 sherry viticulture

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Sherry ViticultureSherry Viticulture

VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURESouthernSouthernSouthernSouthern----mostmostmostmost Wine Wine Wine Wine RegionRegionRegionRegion

in Continental in Continental in Continental in Continental EuropeEuropeEuropeEurope

VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURESouthernSouthernSouthernSouthern----mostmostmostmost Wine Wine Wine Wine RegionRegionRegionRegion

in Continental in Continental in Continental in Continental EuropeEuropeEuropeEurope

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••••ROTA

7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 hectareshectareshectareshectares, in 9 , in 9 , in 9 , in 9 municipalitiesmunicipalitiesmunicipalitiesmunicipalities

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••••ROTA

MainMainMainMain climaticclimaticclimaticclimatic factorsfactorsfactorsfactors

MildMildMildMild winterswinterswinterswinters (4(4(4(4ººººCCCC) ) ) ) andandandand veryveryveryvery hot hot hot hot summerssummerssummerssummers (40(40(40(40ººººCCCC).).).).MildMildMildMild winterswinterswinterswinters (4(4(4(4ººººCCCC) ) ) ) andandandand veryveryveryvery hot hot hot hot summerssummerssummerssummers (40(40(40(40ººººCCCC).).).).

620 litres 620 litres 620 litres 620 litres perperperper mmmm2 2 2 2 average average average average annualannualannualannual rainfallrainfallrainfallrainfall....620 litres 620 litres 620 litres 620 litres perperperper mmmm2 2 2 2 average average average average annualannualannualannual rainfallrainfallrainfallrainfall....

Average 300 Average 300 Average 300 Average 300 daysdaysdaysdays ofofofof sunshinesunshinesunshinesunshine perperperper yearyearyearyear....Average 300 Average 300 Average 300 Average 300 daysdaysdaysdays ofofofof sunshinesunshinesunshinesunshine perperperper yearyearyearyear....

TwoTwoTwoTwo predominantpredominantpredominantpredominant windswindswindswinds: poniente (: poniente (: poniente (: poniente (westwestwestwest), ), ), ), freshfreshfreshfreshandandandand humidhumidhumidhumid; ; ; ; andandandand levante (levante (levante (levante (easteasteasteast), ), ), ), warmwarmwarmwarm andandandand dry.dry.dry.dry.

TwoTwoTwoTwo predominantpredominantpredominantpredominant windswindswindswinds: poniente (: poniente (: poniente (: poniente (westwestwestwest), ), ), ), freshfreshfreshfreshandandandand humidhumidhumidhumid; ; ; ; andandandand levante (levante (levante (levante (easteasteasteast), ), ), ), warmwarmwarmwarm andandandand dry.dry.dry.dry.

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The The The The landscapelandscapelandscapelandscape ofofofof the the the the ““““Marco de JerezMarco de JerezMarco de JerezMarco de Jerez””””

Wide Wide Wide Wide horizonshorizonshorizonshorizons withwithwithwith gentlegentlegentlegentle slopesslopesslopesslopes (10(10(10(10----15% 15% 15% 15% gradientgradientgradientgradient), made ), made ), made ), made ofofofof a a a a whitewhitewhitewhite chalkychalkychalkychalky soilsoilsoilsoil: albariza: albariza: albariza: albariza

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QualityQualityQualityQuality factorsfactorsfactorsfactors ofofofof a a a a vineyardvineyardvineyardvineyard

The different “pagos” are classified according to theirlocation and related factors:

� Type of soil.

� Altitude.

� Exposure to sun andwinds.

� Proximity to the sea.

jerez jerez jerez jerez zonazonazonazona

jerez jerez jerez jerez zonazonazonazona

jerez jerez jerez jerez superiorsuperiorsuperiorsuperior

jerez jerez jerez jerez superiorsuperiorsuperiorsuperior

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The The The The ““““pagospagospagospagos””””

BalbainaLos Tercios

BalbainaLos Tercios

66 %66 %66 %66 %

Jerez de la Frontera

El Puerto de Santa María

Sanlúcar de Barrameda

Trebujena

Chipiona

Rota

Chiclana de la Frontera

Puerto real

Lebrija

AlmocadénAñinaBalbaínaBurujenaCarrascalCuartilloGibalbínMacharnudoTabajeteTizónTorrox

AlmocadénAñinaBalbaínaBurujenaCarrascalCuartilloGibalbínMacharnudoTabajeteTizónTorrox

CallejuelaHornilloEl MaestreMahinaMedidoraMiraflorasMunivePastrana

CallejuelaHornilloEl MaestreMahinaMedidoraMiraflorasMunivePastrana

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The The The The ““““albarizaalbarizaalbarizaalbariza”””” soilsoilsoilsoil

� White soil (alba=white), made from the sedimentation of marine diatoms.

� Very chalky: high content ofcalcium carbonate, with 25% to40% limestone.

� Poor in both organic material (1.3% to 1.5%) and nitrogen.

� Highly porous – helps retainmoisture.

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OtherOtherOtherOther typestypestypestypes ofofofof soilsoilsoilsoil

ArenasArenasArenasArenasArenasArenasArenasArenas- Located in the coastal areas.

- Composition: sand, clay and less than 20% limestone.

BarrosBarrosBarrosBarrosBarrosBarrosBarrosBarros- Located mainly in the valleys.

- Clay, sand, limestone and decomposed organic matter.

- Darker colour. More fertile.

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AuthorisedAuthorisedAuthorisedAuthorised grape grape grape grape varietiesvarietiesvarietiesvarieties

moscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelpalominopalominopalominopalominopalominopalominopalominopalominopedro pedro pedro pedro pedro pedro pedro pedro ximximximximximximximximééééééééneznezneznezneznezneznez

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Palomino Fino Palomino Fino Palomino Fino Palomino Fino –––– thethethethe Sherry grape Sherry grape Sherry grape Sherry grape varietyvarietyvarietyvariety

� Large bunches.

� Medium-sized fruit.

� Pale green colour.

� Colourless juice.

� Average sugar content 11º Bme.

� Average total acidity 3.7 g/l.

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The palomino grapeThe palomino grapeThe palomino grapeThe palomino grape

0,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,5

1,01,01,01,01,01,01,01,0

1,51,51,51,51,51,51,51,5

2,02,02,02,02,02,02,02,0

2222,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5

3,03,03,03,03,03,03,03,0

Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low levellevellevellevellevellevellevellevel ofofofofofofofof MMMMMMMMááááááááliclicliclicliclicliclic AcidAcidAcidAcidAcidAcidAcidAcid (gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)

Colombard

Colombard

Chardonnay

Chardonnay

Garrido fino

Garrido fino

Moscatel Malaga

Moscatel Malaga

Moscatel morisco

Moscatel morisco

Palomino fino

Palomino fino

Pedro Ximénez

Pedro Ximénez

Riesling

Riesling

Sauvignon blanc

Sauvignon blanc

Traminer

Traminer

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Palomino de JerezPalomino de JerezPalomino de JerezPalomino de Jerez

� Traditional sub-variety, less usednowadays.

� Slightly higher sugar content(average 11.1º Baumé) andacidity (4 g/l.)

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Pedro Pedro Pedro Pedro XimXimXimXimééééneznezneznez

� Used for sweet wines, due to itshigher sugar content – average 12.8º Baumé.

� Acidity – 4.5 g/l.

� Thin skin, which facilitates“soleo” (sun-drying) process.

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MoscatelMoscatelMoscatelMoscatel

� Mainly planted in coastal(arenas) areas of the D.O.

� Traditionally used for sweetwines.

� Average sugar content – 11.7ºBaumé.

� Acidity – 4.1 g/l.

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PlantingPlantingPlantingPlanting processprocessprocessprocess

AugustAugustAugustAugust: preparation of the soil (oxygenation andfertilisation).

NovemberNovemberNovemberNovember: levelling of the soil.

DecemberDecemberDecemberDecember: marking out the vineyard.

JanuaryJanuaryJanuaryJanuary: planting the rootstocks.

SeptemberSeptemberSeptemberSeptember: grafting on the grape variety.

Resting period of minimum 3 years.

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PreparationPreparationPreparationPreparation ofofofof te te te te soilsoilsoilsoil

11““““AgostadoAgostadoAgostadoAgostado”””” – 70 to 80 cm. ploughing, in order to help oxygenate the soil.

22FertilisationFertilisationFertilisationFertilisation (organic).

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Layout Layout Layout Layout ofofofof a a a a newnewnewnew vineyardvineyardvineyardvineyard

�� RowsRows runrun horizontal horizontal toto the the slopeslope..

�� 3,500 3,500 toto 4,000 4,000 vinesvines perper hectarehectare........

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Layout Layout Layout Layout ofofofof a a a a newnewnewnew vineyardvineyardvineyardvineyard

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PlantingPlantingPlantingPlanting ofofofof the the the the rootstockrootstockrootstockrootstock

� December / January, in order tobenefit from rainy season.

� Hand-planting.

� Selection of the most suitablerootstocks, based on:

- compatibility with local varieties.

- resistence to phylloxera, nematodes, limestone soil, drought, humidity, salinity.

- capacity to develop roots.

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The The The The graftinggraftinggraftinggrafting

JanuaryJanuaryJanuaryJanuary / August/ August/ August/ August

development of the rootsock

August / August / August / August / SeptemberSeptemberSeptemberSeptember

grafting of the palomino buds

August / August / August / August / SeptemberSeptemberSeptemberSeptember

grafting of the palomino buds

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The The The The firstfirstfirstfirst yearyearyearyear

Spring Spring Spring Spring ofofofof yearyearyearyear 1:1:1:1:developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment ofofofof the the the the budbudbudbud

Grafted area covered untilspring to protect it from the

cold.

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44444444thththththththth yearyearyearyearyearyearyearyear

EstablishingEstablishingEstablishingEstablishing anananan adultadultadultadult vinevinevinevine

22222222ndndndndndndndnd yearyearyearyearyearyearyearyear 33333333rdrdrdrdrdrdrdrd yearyearyearyearyearyearyearyear

Limited grape production during the

establishment of the plant (until 4th year)

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Stock Stock Stock Stock graftinggraftinggraftinggrafting ((((““““en espigaen espigaen espigaen espiga””””))))

Alternative grafting method forvines with unsuccessful bud-grafting(end of winter – year 1).

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pulgar pulgar pulgar pulgar year1year1year1year1 vara vara vara vara

TraditionalTraditionalTraditionalTraditional pruningpruningpruningpruning methodmethodmethodmethod: : : : ““““vara y pulgarvara y pulgarvara y pulgarvara y pulgar””””

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VaraVaraVaraVara yearyearyearyear 2222 pulgarpulgarpulgarpulgar

TraditionalTraditionalTraditionalTraditional pruningpruningpruningpruning methodmethodmethodmethod: : : : ““““vara y pulgarvara y pulgarvara y pulgarvara y pulgar””””

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EneroEneroEneroEnero

Nov.Nov.Nov.Nov.

SeptiembreSeptiembreSeptiembreSeptiembre JulioJulioJulioJulio

MayoMayoMayoMayo

MarzoMarzoMarzoMarzoEneroEneroEneroEnero

Nov.Nov.Nov.Nov.

SeptiembreSeptiembreSeptiembreSeptiembre JulioJulioJulioJulio

MayoMayoMayoMayo

MarzoMarzoMarzoMarzo

AnnualAnnualAnnualAnnual cyclecyclecyclecycle

JanuaryJanuaryJanuaryJanuary

pruning

fertilisation

“desbragado”

Nov.Nov.Nov.Nov.fall of the leaves

“aserpiado”ripening

SeptemberSeptemberSeptemberSeptember

harvest

JulyJulyJulyJuly

“envero”

tilling

training ofplants towires

MayMayMayMayflowering

“castra” /“recastra”

treatments

MarchMarchMarchMarch

bud

tilling nitrogen

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CultivationCultivationCultivationCultivation

� A method to maximise use ofthe rainfall – the “aserpiadoaserpiadoaserpiadoaserpiado”.

• Progressive reduction of the use of pesticides� integratedproduction techniques.

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A A maturemature plantplant......

SomeSomeSomeSome basicbasicbasicbasic numbersnumbersnumbersnumbers

... ... ... ... is in use for 30 to 35 yearsat full production.

... ... ... ... develops 7 to 9 bunches in the “vara”.

... ... ... ... produces approximately 3 kilograms of grapes.

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SomeSomeSomeSome basicbasicbasicbasic numbersnumbersnumbersnumbers (2)(2)(2)(2)

A A vineyardvineyard in in productionproduction......

... ... ... ... has 3,500 to 4,000 vines perhectare.

... ... ... ... total production is limited to11.428 kgs. per hectare.

... ... ... ... requires as many as 46 different tasks per year.

... ... ... ... allows a limited level ofmechanisation.

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RapidRapid harvestingharvesting isis necessarynecessary

The The The The harvestharvestharvestharvest � Early ripening of the grapes - September.

� Average sugar levels 11 to 12.5º Baumé.

� 50% hand-picked.

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ViticultureViticultureViticultureViticulture –––– the the the the keykeykeykey basicbasicbasicbasic ideasideasideasideasViticultureViticultureViticultureViticulture –––– the the the the keykeykeykey basicbasicbasicbasic ideasideasideasideas

� La Viticultura del Jerez, La Viticultura del Jerez, La Viticultura del Jerez, La Viticultura del Jerez, by Alberto García de Luján (Spanish)

� Specific viticultural conditions: soil & climate.� Specific viticultural conditions: soil & climate.

� Three authorised white grape varieties. � Three authorised white grape varieties.

� Palomino: the main Sherry grape.� Palomino: the main Sherry grape.

� Labour-intensive viticulture.� Labour-intensive viticulture.

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