曲式分析 form and analysis. 主題與變奏 sectional variations; continuous variations a...
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曲式分析
Form and Analysis
主題與變奏 Sectional variations; Continuous variations A theme: elements (fixed and variable)
Handel suite No. 51. Key: E2. Mode: major3. Form: simple continuous binary4. Length5. Basic tonal structure & Precise harmonic sequence∥: I V-I/ of V : : ∥ I V-I :∥
6. Tempo7. Melody8. Bass9. Texture: homophonic, mostly four-part chordal style
主題與變奏 Sectional variation A theme: elements
Handel suite No. 5 Ornamental, Double 1 eighth to sixteenth Simplifying, Double 2 Figural, Double 3, 4
主題與變奏 Sectional variations
Bach: Goldberg Variations, Aria Contrapuntal
Imitative Canonic Fugal Additive
Characteristic Vari. 7, a gigue Vari. 19, minuet Vari. 16, French overture
主題與變奏 Form in Sectional variations
Form of the theme Two-reprise form
Form of each variation Form remain unchanged After 19th century, an independent development on s
ome motive or other distinct feature of the theme Development of a theme
Finale: most brilliant; da capo; fugue; coda; developmental coda
Benjamin Britten
Young People’s Guide to Orchestra (Variation and Fugue
on a theme by Henry Purcell
主題與變奏 Shape in Sectional variations
Rhythmic crescendo: note in smaller and smaller value
Grouping: 1, 2:sixteenth; 3, 4: triplet; 5, balancing the theme
Schematic order: Goldberg variation Every third variation is a canon, 10 groups A characteristic vari. on one keyboard Brilliant variation written in manner of an etude, or t
echnical study, for two keyboards A canon
Harpsichord
主題與變奏 Shape in Sectional variations
Other Schematic orders: Haydn, Britten, Beethoven
Schematic order aided by Increasing complexity: Haydn: Quartet, op. 76, no. 3
主題與變奏 Modification of Sectional variations
On two theme Rondo A B A’ C A” Isolated modification
Beethoven: Eroica Uses both strict and free variations Theme preceded by an intro. Melody is not introduced until third vari. Gradual in
crease complexity; rhythmic crescendo;
主題與變奏 Summary
“Sectional” the theme and each variation is a complete little piece in itself. Usually there will a distinct stop between variation
“strict” variations keep the form of the theme and, normally, the key and length as fixed elements.
No variation is necessary limited to only one category.
連續型變奏 Continuous variation Historical note: from 17th c.
Ground bass: ostinato bass; ostinato harmonies
Chaconne; passacaglia Bach's Violin Chaconne in d YouTube - Heifet
z Bach Chaconne Purcell: Dido’s lament 1, 2, 3, 4 Romanesca:
Ground-Bass Characteristics1. Melody normally in the lowest voice, is repeated
2. Ornamentation of the bass melody may or may not be introduced
3. Short, a single phrase, no more than 8 bars
4. Not transposed to different pitch
5. Support other voices: a changing fabric above
6. The supporting voices often change cadence at a different point from the bass
連續型變奏 Handel:
Suite nr 7: Passacaille Listen
1. A theme, a single phrase,
2. Distinct melody and bass line, not necessary fixed elemnets of the successive variations. Rather, the precise harmonic sequence constitutes the fixed element. Slight changes occur.
3. Follow each other without a perceptive break, insuring a continuous flow
4. Any of the types of sectional variations are likely to occur, but emphasis is on those homophonic texture
連續型變奏 Shape in continuous variations
Short with many variations. Extremely important
Shape: give a unifying impression to the movement as a whole. More coherent than in sectional form.
J. S. Bach Passacaglia in C-Minor: Analysis p. 88
連續型變奏 J. S. Bach Passacaglia in C-Minor: Analysi
s p. 88
Twenty variations Three parts
1. Part one (1-12): gradual increasing intensity and excitement. Rhythmic crescendo toward vari. 6, vari. 9 introduces a new and vigorous motive which leads to brilliant run in vari. 10.
2. Part two (13-15): decrease in volume, less and less complex
3. Part three (16-20): return of the ground bass, finale a double fugue
Ground-Bass Special applications
Ostinato figure Free ground bass Soprano ostinato
連續型變奏 Summary
1. Variations on a ground bass
2. Variations on ostinato harmonies
Different Application of Ground Bass
1. Ostinato figure
2. Free ground bass
3. Soprano ostinato
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