era of awakening renaissance- rebirth/ both a philosophical and artistic movement and the era when...
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Italian Renaissance
Era of Awakening Renaissance- rebirth/ both a philosophical and
artistic movement and the era when the movement flourished.
Greek and Roman literature and life Wanted to bring the past in harmony with
Christian teachings Emphasis on the power of human reason and
developed.
Italian Renaissance
Renaissance Began in Italy, Ruins of Roman Empire reminded
Italians of the Roman Empire/ Roman glory days Crusades brought the Byzantine civilization to
Italy and the rest of Europe (Byzantine civilization preserved Greek and Roman learning.) Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome and Venice grew rich with trade and industry.
Citizens educated, wealthy merchants and bankers.
Became rulers of city-states, Mantua- (city-state) Isabella d ‘Este filled her palace with paintings and sculptures by the finest Renaissance artist.
Italian Renaissance
Humanities: Italian scholars turned to classical Greek and
Roman literature to study grammar, history , poetry and rhetoric.
Humanists- people who specialized in these. Emphasized education Many Humanists were Catholic and remained
Catholic and focused on Christian teachings
Italian Renaissance
Italian Renaissance Writers Francesco Petrarch- lived from 1304-1374
scholar and teacher….Wrote sonnets to Laura, an imaginary ideal woman, (greatest love poems in literature)
Niccolo Machiavelli- Florentine diplomat and historian, lived from 1469-1527. ( wrote essay The Prince)
Italian Renaissance
Spread of Ideas: Alps, had passages, ideas spread from Italy to
the rest of Europe, The Danube, Rhine, and Rhone Rivers as well.
Renaissance ideas, carried by northern Europeans who studied in Italy.
Increase in commerce established a new wealth
New Universities were formed in the Netherlands, France, and England.
Renaissance also spread because of the printing press.
Italian Renaissance
Spread of Ideas Johannes Gutenberg- from Germany, first
European to use movable type to print books. Used his printing press to print copies of the Bible.
Printing Press also helped spread humanist ideas.
Italian Renaissance
Northern Renaissance Writers Desiderius Erasmus- most influential humanist
of Northern Europe, Dutch scholar, believed that ideas of Christianity and of classical civilization could be harmonized.
Famous book he wrote- the Praise of Folly Northern Humanists were interested in the
early Christian period as well as early Greek and Roman culture.
Italian Renaissance
Northern Renaissance Writers Thomas More- an English humanist and buddy
of Erasmus. Published Utopia (ideal place or society) male citizens were all equal.
King Henry VIII executed Thomas More because More didn’t recognize that the king was the supreme head of state. Church was
English literature during the Renaissance reached its peak in the late 1500s
William Shakespeare able to transform well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces.
Hamlet, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet.
Northern Renaissance Writers
In Flanders a group of painters developed their own distinct style.
Flemish school, these painters are credited with perfecting certain techniques of painting in oil on canvas.
Jan and Hubert van Eyck
Italian Renaissance
Protestant Reformation: Era of Reform:
Erasmus criticism over the church and the practices spread to other humanists
Their claims led to the reform movement that split the church in western Europe. (Reformation)
Northern humanists believed that the church seemed more interested in its income than in saving souls.
Few priests engaged in vice and misconduct instead of encouraging spiritual and moral behavior.
Northern humanists focused on personal faith and spirituality.
Italian Renaissance
Protestant Reformation: First split took place in Germany Germany was not unified nation Germany was made up with 300 independent
states. Pope Leo X was continuing the rebuilding of
St. Peter’s Basilica. Johann Tetzel was sent by the Vatican to raise
funds in the northern German states. Asked people to buy indulgences- or pardons
from punishment for sin.
Italian Renaissance
Protestant Reformation: Upset northern humanists, who wanted church
to become more spiritual Martin Luther
Monk, he didn’t agree with the church Beliefs that later became Lutheranism Taught that ceremonies and good deeds made no
difference in saving a sinner. Only way you could receive salvation is through the grace of God.
Idea was called justification by grace through faith. 1517 Luther challenged Tetzel posted the 95
Theses, or statements about indulgences on a church door.
Italian Renaissance
Protestant Reformation: 1520 openly disagreed with the church
doctrines Bible was the sole religious authority Popes and bishops couldn’t tell you what to
believe. Ceremonies could not make up for sins and
that priests had no special role in helping people to salvation.
God viewed all people of faith equally Luther used the printing press to spread his
ideas. 1521 Luther was excommunicated from the
church by Pope Leo X
Italian Renaissance
Protestant Reformation: Luther appeared before the Imperial Diet in
the Holy Roman Empire The meeting took place at the city of Worms
(vohrmz) Ordered him to stop printing his ideas and
declared him an outlaw. Frederick the Wise the Elector of Saxon took
Luther and hide him. Translated the bible into German (Luther)
Italian Renaissance
Spread of Protestant : German rulers established the Lutheran
church in their states. Rise of Sects
1520-1530s new religious groups appeared in Germany and Switzerland.
Groups known as sects. (didn’t form organized churches)
Italian Renaissance
Anglican Church King Henry VII caused the break between England
and the Roman Catholic Church Break was a political move that didn’t have to do
with religious beliefs. Pope granted Henry the title Defender of the Faith Break took place when Henry wanted a divorce
from his wife, Catherine of Aragon She didn’t have a male son/ had a daughter
named Mary He wanted to marry Anne Boley Pope Clement VII didn’t allow the divorce
Italian Renaissance
Anglican Church Henry withdrew England from the Church Parliament passed a series of laws that
created the Church of England, King as its head.
Henry marries 6 times before he has Edward VI
Italian Renaissance
Calvinism Huldrych Zwingli (tsving-lee) from Switzerland
shared many ideas like Martin Luther. Died during the Catholic and Protestants
battle. His worked was carried on by French
Protestant John Calvin. 1536 published a complete and clear set of
religious beliefs. “ The Institutes of Christian Religion.”
This was no a code that would unite Calvinists and strengthened them.
Bible most important.
Italian Renaissance
Calvinism Believed in Predestination- Idea that at the beginning of time
God had decided who would be saved. 1536 Calvin moved to the city of Geneva. Geneva became a theocracy- a government ruled by religious
leaders who claimed God’s authority. Calvinism began to spread in France. People were called Huguenots- people who converted to
Calvinism in France. 1562 many Calvinist fought in a series of bloody civil wars with
the Catholics. Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes-proclamation gave the
Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights. Many moved to Poland, Netherlands, Scotland Later they would form into Puritanism. Played a vital role in
England and in North American colonies.
Italian Renaissance
Catholic Reformation Catholic Church took time to recognize that Protestants
posed a serious threat. 1530s Catholic Church started a major reform effort
known as the Counter-Reformation. Began as an attempt to return the church to an emphasis
on spiritual matters. Allowed the church to make its doctrines more clear. Was a campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism.
Pope Paul III (1534-1549) worked to revive a spiritual outlook in the Catholic Church.
Spanish authority had been putting accused heretics on trial.
Catholic church didn’t want to punish Protestants. Focused on keeping Catholics within the Church.
Church
Council of Tent: 1545 Pope Paul summoned church leaders to
the city of Trent. The Council of Trent met during three different
periods. Between 1545-1563 Acted to end the abuses that surrounded the
sale of indulgences and to tighten discipline within the clergy.
Supported Catholic beliefs that the Protestants rejected. Need for ceremonies, deepened on priest, because God granted forgiveness only through the church. Every person had free will.
Italian Renaissance
Council of Tent: Catholic religious orders reformed their rules,
and new religious orders formed. Society of Jesus, Jesuits
Ignatius de Loyola- founded the Jesuits in 1534.
Pope Paul III recognized the Jesuits as the official order of the Catholic Church.
Doing goods needs would get you salvation. Followers took vows of chastity, poverty, and
obedience to the pope. Became like a military body.
Questions:
Why did Catholic leaders feel the need to launch the Counter-Reformation?
Were the results of the Counter-Reformation era largely positive or negative?
What reforms did the Catholic Church institute during the Counter-Reformation?
How did the views of John Calvin differ from those of the Catholic Church?
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