Ю. А. Шичалина: Древнегреческий язык. Начальный курс
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W7
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W) %$4 .$JK-$"BK" ( " 2 - / # . K " ) 4 ) . # $ . / ' @+' ,+$--
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W -µl/� -µin
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5.$#$+" BK *D@"B /JD#$%L & ( 2 ' P " . / " . $ - � .
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20
Infinitivus praesentis activi
:.Q/./%/- .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ $4%/-.),) J$+),$ )*2$JD-
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/B""% Q)2BK 2 / 3 +/R$. Imperativus praesentis activi )*2$JD"%-
&' )% )&.)-K .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ & ()B)CL0 &)"@/./%"+L.K3
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22
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ueH /B"%L
mKileH @$-$%L, @)&%$-+'%L (+(&.
praebeo)
¦c¼ ' (+(&. ego) (.4. H,")=5)
qlpH ,)-)2/%L (.4. qnpJ_) �Ë %K
µ¯ (9 D"G0!)&. D4$!+.) ." (+(&. ne)
¥i� -&",@$
i¶�, µ�Z, Ýn )@/., )@.$, )@.)
�·fi��, �·fiµ�Z, �·fgn ()= �· + fi +
i¶�, µ�Z, Ýn) ./4%), ./#%)
µsfi��, µsfiµ�Z, µsfgn (9 D"G0!)&.
D4$!+.) ./4%), ./#%)
iy "&+/
i� (adv.) 3)2)N) (+(&. bene)
Ç vq\J_, �� &#$&%L"
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
IJKµLJMNMOM, PQMRSLT, OUJ VWXLJ YµZJ V[\ OUJ µW]^LJ. (_ `$.. 2,9)
µnsµ�niË� ()B./%L
¥fi\]�� voc. pl. *2$%L'
Ç ~m���, �� %2D@
§µzn =!. .$N
Ç µm�w��, �� &%2$@$./"
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
��Z�wgn�� a�~ail ~ZÒ µiaÙ am~�n �d\ln µgnil �Z�wgn��.
(?"@$+". -)&42"&.K6 4 ,+$&$)
23
��d��� cÙ� Î� [nw����� ~ZÒ �Íq� Î� ]l\dnw������
(A%2".' 5"+/4)6 !'%./RK, ('%K6 $.%/Q).)
§ �Z�wgn��, �� >"-$ �d��� &%2$@$%L
a�~a� 2)P@$%L � 4$4
µiaÙ + acc. ()&+" Ç [nw�����, �� #"+)-"4
Ç am~��, �� 2)P@"./" �Íq� &($&$%L
�d\ln &.)-$! Ç ]l\dnw�����, �� #"+)-"4)+0*"R
µgn� (2"*K-$%L, )&%$-$%L&'
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%": Ç \mc��, Ç ng�� �mn��. !$@"P.K" Q)2BK ("-
2"-"@/%".
II. !2)&(2',$6%" ,+$,)+ ]g�� - /JÖ'-/%"+L.)B .$4+).".//, $
,+$,)+ µZnwdn� - ()-"+/%"+L.)B. !)+D#"..K" Q)2BK ("2"-"-
@/%".
III. !"2"(/N/%" / ("2"-"@/%": W. �g�� a»n �mn�n. 2. ���ai�i aº a�� ]�\�� \mc¡. 3. ��\�� ]�\�n �Zlfi�ga�. 4. ��Ì i� µZn-
wdniln. 5. �mn��� µÌ ]i�cmna�n. 6. �·~ i� �ZlfiËil� a»n ]�-\�n. 7. ��\�l ]�\�l� �l�ai�mna�n. 8. Ø a�� ]�\�� \mc�� ��\\d-
~l� ¢\_�n ]g�il. 9. hy ]�\��� ³�iai, �l�aiËiai a��� ]�\�l�. W0.
�g�i ¥iÒ a�Õ� a�� ]�\�� �mn���.
24
2"?) 2
?DC"&%-/%"+L.K" II &4+)."./':
ci��cm�. Imperfectum activi &) &+)-
,)-KB (2/2$C"./"B; tn, t�Zn.
Genetivus - QD.4R// ."&),+$&)-$..),) )(2"@"+"./' ((2)@)+P.). Dativus possessivus. ?DC"&%-/%"+L.K" *"J $2%/4+' 4$4 /B"..$' #$&%L &4$JD"-B),). Y·am� = ipse; Z·a�� / %.@. = eius / %.@. !2"@+),/ ¦n, iy�, ¦~.
$5F9F8 4VAFD8DC8. Oxytona
?DC"&%-/%"+L.K" & )&%2KB D@$2"./"B .$ ("2-)B &+)," )%
4).R$ (oxytona) - 2)@/%"+L.)B / @$%"+L.)B ($@"P$3 "@. / B.. #.
/B"0% (()@)*.) $2%/4+0) )*+"#"..)" D@$2"./". 5 4$#"&%-" )*-
2$JR$ 2$&&B)%2/B &4+)."./" &DC"&%-/%"+L.),) ci��cm� =$5-
+$!$+$#:
!$@"P Singularis Pluralis
Nominativus Ç ci��cm� �¨ ci��c��
Genetivus a�� ci��c�� azn ci��czn
Dativus aº ci��cº a��� ci��c���
Accusativus a»n ci��cmn a�Õ� ci��c�Ë�
Vocativus (�) ci��cg (�)! ci��c��!
*Y8D3 79CA3G358A6DE8 :5F9FGF 4VAFD8DC;
5 ,2"#"&4)B 'JK4" "&%L (2/+$,$%"+L.K" I-II &4+., I-III &4+., II
&4+. / III &4+.
!2/+$,$%"+L.K" ( " 2 - ) , ) � - % ) 2 ) , ) & 4 + ) . " . / ' �
T%) (2/+$,$%"+L.K" 3 - 3 ) 4 ) . # $ . / 6 . :3 &+)-$2.$' Q)2B$
&+"@D0C$': ¥cZwm�, ¥cZw¯, ¥cZwmn � /"4"A)7, /"4"A(?, /"4"-
A$$. =DP&4)6 / &2"@./6 2)@ &4+).'0%&' () -%)2)BD, $ P".-
&4/6 () ("2-)BD &4+)."./0.
I (2/+$,$%"+L.KB - % ) 2 ) , ) & 4 + ) . " . / ' )%.)&'%&'
(2/+$,$%"+L.K", /B"0C/" )*CD0 Q)2BD @+' BDP&4),) / P".-
25
&4),) 2)@$ .$ -�� / Q)2BD &2"@.",) 2)@$ .$ -�n. H./ .$JK-$0%-
&' (2/+$,$%"+L.KB/ 2 - 3 ) 4 ) . # $ . / 6 . ×)+LN/.&%-) /J ./3
'-+'0%&' &+)P.KB/ /+/ &)@"2P$% (2/&%$-4D. :3 &+)-$2.$'
Q)2B$ &+"@D0C$': [fl~��, [fl~�n %$D4(9$!%E7((?), %$D4(9$!%"$; ~Z���]m��� D+"!"%".%E7((?), D+"!"%".%"$; ]�mnlµ��, ]�mnlµ�n
G+(,"4(=05%E7((?), G+(,"4(=05%"$.
=DP&4)6 / &2"@./6 2)@ (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 I-II &4+. / -&" %2/
2)@$ (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 II &4+. &4+).'0%&' %)#.) %$4 P", 4$4 &))%-
-"%&%-D0C/" /B () %/(D D@$2"./' &DC"&%-/%"+L.K" II &4+.
(.$(2/B"2, Æ\�c�� 5(+E7 &4+).'"%&' 4$4 ]�\��, $ ¥cZwm� /"4"-
A)7 4$4 ci��cm� / %.@.).
Imperfectum (M-augmentum)
KN2'3*'1+. BCD)' $6'5'%):
:B("2Q"4% � (2)N"@N"" (/&%)2/#"&4)") -2"B', )*)J.$-
#$0C"" ."J$4).#"..)" @"6&%-/" - (2)N+)B. H.) )*2$JD"%&' )%
)&.)-K .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ & ()B)CL0 -%)2/#.K3 )4).#$./6.
V%/ )4).#$./' -B"&%" & &)"@/./%"+L.KB/ ,+$&.KB/ )*2$JD0%
&+"@D0C/6 .$*)2 - % ) 2 / # . K 3 ) 4 ) . # $ . / 6 $ 4 % / - . ) , )
J $ + ) , $ :
U/R) Singularis Pluralis
W -�-n -�-µin
2 -i-� -i-ai
3 -i(n)W -�-n
O3)3#D'%)'
!2/ )*2$J)-$.// /B("2Q"4%$ 42)B" )4).#$./6 /&()+LJD-
"%&' %$4P" ( 2 / 2 $C " . / " (augmentum). 5 @$..)B D2)4" BK
2$&&B)%2/B & + ) , ) - ) " ( 2 / 2 $C " . / " (augmentum sylla-
bicum, /+/ i-augmentum). ?+),)-)" (2/2$C"./" &%$-/%&' ("-
2"@ )&.)-)6, .$#/.$0C"6&' & &),+$&.),):
�ZlfiË� � ¦�Z�fi��n.
W O$4 .$JK-$"B)" n (2/&%$-.)", @)*$-+'"B)", 4),@$ &+"@D0C""
&+)-) .$#/.$"%&' & ,+$&.),).
26
Imperfectum activi (augmentum syllabicum)
<$&&B)%2/B &(2'P"./" ,+$,)+$ �Zlfi� - imperfectum activi:
Singularis Pluralis
W ¦-�Z�fi�-�n ? 9".D)&E9(+ ¦-�ZlfiË-�-µin 5E 9".D)&E9(+)
2 ¦-�Z�fi�-i� &E 9".D)&E9(+ ¦-�ZlfiË-i-ai 9E 9".D)&E9(+)
3 ¦-�Z�fi�-i(n) "% 9".D)&E9(+ ¦-�Z�fi�-�n "%) 9".D)&E9(+)
NB O$4 4$4 - Q)2B$3 W, 2, 3 +/R$ "@. #. / 3 +/R$ B.. #. ()&+"@./6 &+),
42$%)4, $ D@$2"./" - +/#.K3 Q)2B$3 ,+$,)+$ &%2"B/%&' 4 .$#$+D &+)-$,
%) ).) J@"&L ("2"N+) .$ %2"%/6 &+), )% 4).R$. 5 Q)2B$3 W / 2 +/R$
B.. #. D@$2"./" &%)/% .$ 3 &+)," )% 4).R$.
723:9'%)' -"#-,"# wE56 6 impf.
U/R) Singularis Pluralis
W tn tµin
2 t�wZ tai
3 tn t�Zn
7)%+#1$)$
W. H(2"@"+"./" B)P"% &%)'%L / ()&+" )(2"@"+'"B),) &+)-$, .)
%),@$ ("2"@ ./B @)+P". ( ) - % ) 2 ' % L & ' $2%/4+L ($%2/*D%/--
.$' ()J/R/'):
Ç _��� x Zyg pMHipyg = Ç azn ci��czn _��� C)=%B =$5+$-
!$+B#$9.
2. >$%"+L.K6 ($@"P B)P"% -K2$P$%L (2/.$@+"P.)&%L (dativus
possessivus):
ZJz_ sMJz_ {rKg nZ�� G",) )5$+) /4(5E (*D4-. 0 G","9 GE+)
/4(5E, +$%. deis erant templa).
3. <)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"P B)P"% D4$JK-$%L .$ -K@"+"./" #$&%/ /J
R"+),) (2)@/%"+L.K6 2$J@"+/%"+L.K6 � genetivus partitivus):
��\\�Ò µÛn azn wizn 5%",)$ )= G","9.
4. !"2"@ /B"."B, .$3)@'C/B&' - &)&%$-" &4$JD"B),), $2%/4+L
." &%$-/%&':
Ç Þ�Z~\`� {g k]qJ_ azn ci��czn a$4('+ GE+ !40,"5 =$5-
+$!$+B#$9.
27
5. H(2"@"+/%"+L.)" B"&%)/B"./" Z·am� .(5 /JB".'"%&' %)P"
() II &4+)."./0. 5 4)&-"..K3 ($@"P$3 ).) B)P"% -K()+.'%L
QD.4R// B"&%)/B"./' 3 +/R$:
piÕ� Z·am� .(5 ;$9., .)
Ç _��� Z·a�� $," C)=%B.
6. !2"@+), ¦n 9 (,!$?) D()%2"*+'"%&' %)+L4) & @$%"+L.KB ($@"-
P)B:
Qg Z| �·�Zn| 9 %$G$ (+$%. in caelo).
7. !2"@+), iy� 9 ('0!(?) D()%2"*+'"%&' %)+L4) & -/./%"+L.KB
($@"P)B:
Mh_ Zfg �·�Znng 9 %$G" (+$%. in caelum).
8. !2"@+), ¦~ )=, "& (+$%. ex) D()%2"*+'"%&' %)+L4) & 2)@/-
%"+L.KB ($@"P)B:
³\�in Qd ��\\yg �mnHg ".9"G"C!(+ "& 5%",)/ &40!"9. !"2"@ ,+$&.KB (2"@+), (2/./B$"% -/@ ¦�:
Q} ¥c�J[ )= D"+?.
9. ?2$-./%"+L.K" (2"@+)P"./' --)@'%&' &)0J)B � (��i�):
~_ (�rmMi) ³\ic�n '(' "%) ,"9"4)+) (+$%. ut dicebant).
&893VA<, S9UG j8YA8S8A6�8:
Ø azn Á\\snl~zn wizn ¥�lwµ»� �·~ Æ\�c�� tn. ���� Á\\snl-
~��� wi��� t�Zn ~Z\�Ò nZ��. ��\\�Ò µÛn azn wizn ¦_lmai��n, Î�
�¨ ¥�lf�Ò ³\ic�n, ¦n aº �·�Znº, ��\\�Ò fÛ ¦n a��� ��aZµ��� Ú ¦n
a��� ¥c����. �¨ ci��c�Ò ¦wi�d�i��n a�Õ� wi�Ë�. �¨ cÙ� wi�Ò
a�Õ� ¥c��Õ� ¦]Ë\Zaa�n.
Þ�Z~\`� tn ]�\�� azn ci��czn. Ø _��� Z·a�� µi�a»� tn
��\\zn �mn�n Ê��i� ~ZÒ Ç _��� Ç azn ci��czn. Ø µÛn Þ�Z~-
\`� Z·a�Õ� ³\�in ¦~ ��\\zn �mn�n, �¨ fÛ ci��c�Ò Z·aº ¦���-
ai��n.
±\\Ù piË�, Ç �ZaÌ� Z·a��¾ ���\\�Ë��, ³]s, ��mn��� ³�Z�-
�i�, � �¨g, ¦n aº _�¡. Â_\g��µin, � wi��, a»n ~Z\»n ~ZÒ ¥cZw»n
w�µ»n Z·a��. ��\\d~l� Z·a»n ¦wZ�µdqiai, Ê��i� ~ZÒ ¦cÜ Z·-
a»� ¦wZ˵Zq�n Z·amn. vnsa»� µÛn tn, n�n fÛ ¥iÒ _l�ai�ga� ¦n aº
µZ~�º �·�Znº�. � }ZÒ piÕ� Z·a»� [cil a»n �¨»n iy� a»n �·�Znmn.
W 1.%/#.K6 ,"2)6, - +$%/.&4)6 %2$@/R// � 8"24D+"&.
28
J'1$)1#
�qqLgIdn_ (¯, mn) ,2"#"&4/6
Ç sMn_, �� ×), (*),) (.4. &$"+",)?,
D"+)&$)=5)
Ç �iIsµn_, �� #/&+) (.4. (4)*-
5$&)'()
�q]pJ_ (s, �n) ."B.),)#/&+".-
.K6, B$+K6 (.4. "+),(4/)? �
9+(.&B %$5%",)/)
tn, t�Zn ). ($, )) *K+ ($, )), )./
*K+/
dKqn_ (¯, mn) 42$&/-K6, (2"-
42$&.K6
Ç gKn_, �� 32$B
mJqqJ] (Z�, d) B.),/"
_l�ai� (.4. _���) P/%L
�, ��i� 4$4
Ç �JIan_, �� ("-"R
¦n + dat. (,!$?) -
Ç J`iKgn_, �� ."*) (.4. b4(%)
Ç mJZKµn_, �� 2"4$ (.4. 3$."D"-
&(5)?)
à /+/
Ç �pin_, �� ()+" (+(&. ager) (.4.
(,4"%"5)
Ç pMHipn_, �� J"B+"@"+"R (.4.
a$"4,)7)
wi�Z�i� ()#/%$%L; D3$P/-$%L
(.4. &$4(D)?)
]�\daa� &%)2)P/%L, )32$.'%L
(.4. D4"*)+('&)'()
Ç Þ�Z~\`� (Þ�Z~\g���) 8"2$4+
K`Zn_ (¯, m) ). ().$, ).)) (+(&.
is, ille, hic); &$B (&$B$, &$B))
(+(&. ipse) (.4. (9&"5(&, (9&"-
5"G)+B)
µMrZn_ (¯, mn) ()+.K6
\� 2$J-'JK-$%L, )&-)*)P@$%L
(.4. (%(+)=)
¦~, ¦� + gen. /J (& � " 94$5$%)) (+(&.
e, ex)
Ç �Za¯� (�Za�m�) )%"R (+(&. pa-
ter)
³]s ,)-)2/+, &4$J$+ (3 +. "@.#.,
+(&. inquit)
�d��� &%2$@$%L, %"2("%L (+(&.
patior)
Ç N�n_, �� &K.
_\g�� &B)%2"%L
�pKsn_ (¯, mn) @)*2K6, ()2'-
@)#.K6 (.4. c,(*)?)
Ç sNµn_, �� @D3, BDP"&%-) (+(&.
animus)
wZ�µdq� + acc. D@/-+'%L&', -)&-
3/C$%L&'
wnsam� (¯, mn) &B"2%.K6
n�n .K.", &"6#$& (+(&. nunc)
µKdin_ (d, mn) *)+LN)6, @)+-
,/6
[c� -"&%/ (+(&. ag�)
iy� + acc. ('0!(?) -
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
dU RLeXWJ, PQMRSLT, ][TfMOM gJ hifTj. (`)+. 3, _)
�k lfemOUn OLo pMLo k gVRMVOWn. (>'. 23, 35)
a» \�l�mn -(2)#"B Ç }Ë�l��, �� 8)&()@L
Ç ¥fi\]m�, �� *2$% Ç ��l�am�, �� ß2/&%)&
�Z��� 2$@)-$%L&'! ¦~\i~am�, ¯, mn /J*2$..K6
29
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
h·\�csa»� Ç vi»� §µzn �dna�ai, n�n ~ZÒ ¥iÒ� (5)J,+$& -"-
#"2./)
���Ò ��g�il °µn�� aº viº. (!)&+"@)-$./" D%2"./)
i·\�csam� (¯, mn) *+$,)&+)-".-
.K6
�dna�ai -&",@$
��� %"*"
§µzn =!. .$N Ç °µn��, �� ("&.L
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%" ($2$++"+L.): W. Ç _��� / Ç �¨m�. 2. Æ\�c�� ¥�lwµm� / ¥cZw»� ]�\��.
II. !"2"-"@/%": �d��il� � _l�aiË�µin � wi�Z�iËil � ]�\daaiai (2
Q)2BK) � wZ�µdq� � ³\ic�n (2 Q)2BK) � µdnwZni � ¦µdnwZni �
µÌ �Z��mna�n � ³��i�i � ¦]iËciai � �· ]iËciai � µÌ ]iËciai �
�·~ ¥iÒ i� ¦µdnwZni�.
III. H(2"@"+/%" J.$#"./" (2"@+),)- / ("2"-"@/%": ¦n aº ¥c�º �
¦~ azn ��aZµzn � iy� a�Õ� nZ�Ë� � ¦n aº ¥�lwµº aº azn wizn �
¦~ a�� ¥�lwµ�� a�� azn ¥cZwzn ¥�lfzn.
IV. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ J.$#"./" &+)-$ Z·am�:
W. ��\\d~l� �mn��� ³�iai¾ ¥\\Ù ]g�iai Z·a�Ë�. 2. ���� wi��� t�Zn ��\\�Ò nZ��¾ �¨ ci��c�Ò ¦wi�d�i��n a�Õ� wi�Õ� ¦n a��� nZ��� Z·azn. 3. �¨ fÛ wi�Ò Z·a�Ò �·~ t�Zn ¦n Z·a���, ¥\\ ¦n
aº �·�Znº.
V. !"2"-"@/%": W. �¨ ng�l wZ�µZqmna�n ~ZÒ wi�Z�i�mna�n a�Õ� ¥cZw�Ë�. 2.à�i ¥iÒ ¥cZw»n w�µmn. 3. Ø ]�\�� Z·a�� tn ¥cZ-
w»� Ê��i� �Za¯�. 4. Ø �ZaÌ� a»n �¨»n ³\�in ¦~ ��\\zn �mn�n.
30
2"?) 3
?DC"&%-/%"+L.K" / (2/+$,$%"+L.K" II &4+)."./': f��\��, [nw�����.
Accusativus cum infinitivo (2/ ~i\iË�. Accusativus temporis. !2"@+),/ �i��, [ni�, �Z�d; &)0JK ¦�i�, áal, Ê�ai.
$5F9F8 4VAFD8DC8. Properispomena, proparoxytona.
I) II &4+. )%.)&'%&' %$4P" /B".$ & )*+"#"..KB D@$2"./"B
.$ -%)2)B )% 4).R$ &+)," (properispomena) / & )&%2KB D@$2"./-
"B .$ %2"%L"B )% 4).R$ &+)," (proparoxytona). 9$(2/B"2, f��-
\��, [nw�����.
!2/ &4+).".// &+)- %/($ properispomena / proparoxytona -
4)&-"..K3 ($@"P$3 (2)/&3)@'% )(2"@"+"..K" /JB"."./' -
D@$2"./'3. X)2BK 2)@/%"+L.),) / @$%"+L.),) ($@"P"6 "@.#. /
2)@/%"+L.),), @$%"+L.),) / -/./%"+L.),) ($@"P"6 B..#. /B"0%
@)+,/" )4).#$./'. 5 &))%-"%&%-// & )*C/B/ (2$-/+$B/ @2"--
.",2"#"&4),) D@$2"./' - &+)-$3 properispomena - T%/3 Q)2B$3
)*+"#"..)" D@$2"./" B".'"%&' .$ )&%2)", $ - &+)-$3 pro-
paroxytona )&%2)" D@$2"./" ("2"3)@/% .$ -%)2)6 &+), )% 4).R$.
<$&&B)%2/B &4+)."./" &+)- f��\�� 4(G / [nw����� -$+"9$':
!$@"P Singularis Pluralis
Nominativus Ç f��\�� 4(G �¨ f��\�l 4(GE
Genetivus a�� f�Ë\�� 4(G( azn! f�Ë\�n 4(G"9
Dativus aº f�Ë\¡ 4(G0 a��� f�Ë\�l� 4(G(5
Accusativus a»n f��\�n [9)C0]4(G( a�Õ� f�Ë\��� [9)C0]4(G"9
Vocativus (�) f��\i " 4(G! (�)! f��\�l! " 4(GE!
!$@"P Singularis Pluralis
Nominativus Ç [nw����� �¨! [nw����l
Genetivus a�� ¥nw�¼��� azn! ¥nw�¼��n
Dativus aº ¥nw�¼�¡ a��� ¥nw�¼��l�
Accusativus a»n [nw����n a�Õ� ¥nw�¼����
Vocativus (�) [nw���i (�)! [nw����l!
3W
NB 5 W-)B / 2-)B &4+)."./'3 )4).#$./' nom. pl. -�l / -Zl &#/%$0%&' ()
)%.)N"./0 4 D@$2"./0 4 2 $ % 4 / B / .
!2/+$,$%"+L.K" ¥nf�i��� /4(G4E7 / [c�l�� - BDP&4)B 2)@"
&4+).'0%&' $.$+),/#.) &))%-"%&%-D0C/B () %/(D D@$2"./'
&DC"&%-/%"+L.KB.
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��m� + A... 4, (2)%/- (+(&. ad)
[\\�� (s, �) @2D,)6 ($', )") (+(&.
alius)
[\\�ai - @2D,)6 2$J
Ç Y·ci�Z�, �� 1-,/6 (5)*)-$-
.')7 #(4B z+)!E)
�\�Ë�l�� (Ô, �n) *),$%K6 ($', )")
µgcl�a�� (s, �n) -"+/#$6N/6,
$', )" (+(&. maximus)
Ç ws�Z��m�, �� c)42)-/C"
a» min\KZJg, �� )-R$; 5%. -.
B"+4/6 2),$%K6 &4)%
Ç �aZwµm�, �� &%)6+)
Ç ¦nlZ�am�, �� ,)@
Ç ~m����, �� .$-)J
~ZwZ��� #/&%/%L
µl~�m� (�, mn) B$+".L4/6 ($', )")
(.4. 5)'4".'"D)
��n (D".&D"=)&)9%") /%$4
Ç fm\��, �� 3/%2)&%L, (+(&.
dolus)
Ç ±\]i���, �� 1+Q"6 (4$'( 9 c4-
'(!)))
�°a�, �°a�� %$4, %$4/B )*2$J)B
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
{| }~f �i}Wn µLi ]fKmOUn V[\ OU SLfOTLJ µLi gR[SfWJ gmOeJ.
(3*. __, 30)
�LVeµ[��O� Q� �J^f�XLn �[iOUJ V[\ L�O�n gV OLo �fOLi gm-
^e�O� V[\ gV OLo XLOKfTLi XeJ�O�� (_ 2"4. __, 28)
Ç q�cm�, �� '2B), /,)
µ�� gen. )% ¦c¼ '
��s�am� (¯, mn) ()+"J.K6, *+$,)6
a» ]��a��n, �� ,2DJ, *2"B'
¦\Z]�m� (d, mn) +",4/6
f�~lµdq� /&(K%K-$%L
äZ�amn acc. sg &$B),) &"*'
Ç [�a��, �� 3+"*
¦�w�� "&%L
a» ��a¯�l�n, �� #$N$
��n� (/%L
40
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
��Z��i, áal aÙ �·�dnlZ ��nZcd\\iaZl aå cå¾ �Z��i, áal aÙ
¦��cilZ ��c���iËil �·�Zn���� (14$Q/&%, /4)& 4)
�Z��i ¿cl�n æ���, ~ZÒ wi�_dfl�a�n. �Z��i ³µk��i _dai, ~ZÒ
¥~Zad]\i~ai � (?"@$+". -)&42"&.K6 6 ,+$&$)
�·�dnl�� (�n) ."*"&.K6
¢��� ,)2$
��nZcd\\iaZl pers. 3, sg. 2$@D"%-
&' -B"&%"
wi�_dfl�a�� (�n) (2)3)@/BK6
×),)B
aå cå dat. sg. J"B+"
³µk���� (�n) )@DN"-+"..K6
¦��cil�� (�n) J"B.)6
Ç _da��, �� 4)+0#"" 2$&%"./",
4D(/.$
��c���i� (+'&$%L -B"&%"
¥~Zad]\i~a�� (�n) .")($+/BK6
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%": a» µZ~�»n µgcZ��n; a» µgcl�a�n fz��n.
II. !"2"-"@/%": W. �Ù a�� ]�\�� fz�Z ~Z\Ù ~ZÒ \Zµ��d ¦�aln. 2. �Ù ³�cZ aÙ azn ��µµd��n ¥nf�i�Z ~ZÒ wZ�µd�ld ¦�aln. 3.
�º �\����¡ ci��cº ��\\�Ò aZ���� iy�ln. 4. Þ�Z~\`� ��\\d ai ~ZÒ filnÙ ³��Zaain. 5. ¸c�lZ ws��Z ��aÛ a�Õ� azn ci��czn ¥c��Õ� ³_\Z�ain. 6. �mµ�� azn wizn a�Õ� ni~��Õ� ¦~g\i�in iy� a»n �d�aZ��n ~ZaZ_Z�niln. 7. Þ�Z~\`� �· a»n }g�_i��n ]iËcil, ¥\\Ù a» ]�_i�»n ws���n ¦~ a�� �Z�ad��� ¥nZ]g�il. 8.
Ø µgcl�a�� wim�, áai aÙ a�� �¨�� ³�cZ _\g�il, Z·a»n wZ�µdqil. 9. �°a� flÙ aÙ ~Z\Ù ³�cZ Ç ¥nf�i��� iy� a»n �·�Zn»n ¥nZ_Z�nil.
4W
2"?) 5
!$&&/-.K6 J$+),: indicativus / infiniti-vus praesentis.
!2/@$%)#.K" (2"@+)P"./' (áal, Î�, ac-cusativus cum infinitivo). :.Q/./%/- (2/ ,+$,)+$3 %/($ ���a�g��. Dati-vus mensurae. !2"@+), ç�m + genetivus
Praesens indicativi passivi
5 ,2"#"&4)B 'JK4" -"&LB$ 2$&(2)&%2$.". ( $ & & / - . K 6
(&%2$@$%"+L.K6) J$+),. >+' )*2$J)-$./' .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./
&%2$@$%"+L.),) J$+),$ /JÖ'-/%"+L.),) .$4+)."./' /&()+LJD-
0%&' )&.)-$ .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ / ( " 2 - / # . K " B " @ / ) -
( $ & & / - . K " ) 4 ) . # $ . / ' W & &))%-"%&%-D0C/B/ &)"@/./-
%"+L.KB/ ,+$&.KB/. !2/ &)"@/.".// %"B$%/#"&4/3 ,+$&.K3 /
)4).#$./6 )*2$JD"%&' &+"@D0C/6 .$*)2 (2$4%/#"&4/3 ( " 2 -
- / # . K 3 B " @ / ) ( $ & & / - . K 3 ) 4 ) . # $ . / 6 :
U/R) Singularis Pluralis
W -�-µZl -m-µiwZ
2 - (-il)2 -i-�wi
3 -i-aZl -�-naZl
<$&&B)%2/B &(2'P"./" ,+$,)+$ �Zlfi� - praesens indicati-
vi passivi:
Singularis Pluralis
W �ZlfiË-�-µZl ? 9".D)&E9(F.B �Zlfi�-m-µiwZ 5E 9".D)&E9($5.?
2 �ZlfiË- &E 9".D)&E9($AB.? �ZlfiË-i-�wi 9E 9".D)&E9($&$.B
3 �ZlfiË-i-aZl "% 9".D)&E9($&.? �ZlfiË-�-naZl "%) 9".D)&E9(F&.?
W O$4/":
U/R) Singularis Pluralis
W -µZl -µiwZ
2 -�Zl -�wi
3 -aZl -naZl
2 :J -i-�Zl. ="P@D ,+$&.KB/ � -K($@$"%, $ ,+$&.K" &+/-$0%&'.
42
Infinitivus praesentis passivi
:.Q/./%/- .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ ($&&/-.),) J$+),$ )*2$JD-
"%&' (2/*$-+"./"B )4).#$./' -�wZl & ()B)CL0 &)"@/./%"+L-
.),) ,+$&.),) -i- 4 )&.)-" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./: �ZlfiË-i-�wZl
9".D)&E9(&B.?.
7)%+#1$)$
W. !2/@$%)#.K" /JÖ' &./%"+ L.K" (2"@+)P"./' --)@'%&'
&)0J$B/ áal, Î�:
n�µ�q���ln (\gc���ln), �ZI (~_) fsµl���cm� QrZI azn ¥nw�¼-
��n .-)&(F& (,"9"4?&), -&" "% &9"4$# +F!$7.
2. H*)2)% a c c u s a t i v u s c u m i n f i n i t i v o (&B. D2)4 3) D()%-
2"*+'"%&' %$4P" (2/ ,+$,)+$3 &) J.$#"./"B ,"9"4)&B, D"+(,(&B
(dicendi, putandi) / ("2"-)@/%&' .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 (2/@$%)#.KB
/JÖ'&./%"+L.KB:
n�µ�q���ln (\gc���ln) K`Zng M�gKI aLµIJNipfg azn ¥nw�¼-
��n .-)&(F& (,"9"4?&), -&" "% &9"4$# +F!$7.
3. !2/ ,+$,)+$3 &) J.$#"./"B &4$G"9(%)?, D4)%0C!$%)?, 4$4 / -
2D&&4)B 'JK4", D()%2"*+'"%&' /.Q/./%/- :
miJZilmJµKI a�Õ� ¥nw�¼���� kNqtZZMIg 5$%? D4)%0C!(-
F& "/4(%?&B +F!$7.
4. >$%"+L.K6 ($@"P (2/ &2$-./%"+L.)6 &%"("./ (2/+$,$%"+L-
.K3 / .$2"#/6, (2/ )*)2)%$3 &) J.$#"./"B &2$-."./' /B""%
J.$#"./" B"2K (dativus mensurae) / )%-"#$"% .$ -)(2)& %(.'"+B'"?:
��\\Jz_ fÛ ¦nlZ�aJz_ °�ai��n %( 5%"," +$& D"=C$.
5. !2/ ,+$,)+" - ($&&/-.)B J$+)," @"6&%-D0C"" +/R) -K2$-
P$"%&' 2)@/%"+L.KB ($@"P)B & (2"@+),)B ç�m (genetivus
auctoris):
\gciZKI �mf Zyg ¥�lfyg ,"9"4)&.? D$9#(5), D$9#E ,"9"4?&
(+$%. a po�tis, R"24)-.)&+. "&q D$9#$9q).
R9FY858�
±cZw»� ]�\�� tn a��� ¥nw�¼��l� ~ZÒ Ç ���µswiË�. �i�Ò Z·-
a�� \gciaZl ç�» azn ¥�lfzn, Î� fsµl���cm� ¦�al azn ai ¥nw�¼-
��n ~ZÒ [\\�n qÍ�n. �¨ ±wsnZ��l n�µ�q���ln Z·a»n a��� ¥n-
43
w�¼��l� \Zµ��Ù fz�Z �Z�g�iln. �gcl�a�n fÛ fz��n tn a»
���W.
à\ici cÙ� ���µswiË�¾ �· f�~Zlmn ¦�al a»n azn ¥nw�¼��n
_��n ¥iÒ iµnZl ~Z~mn. èµi�� µÛn cd�, � [nw����l, ¥nZc~dqi�wi
¦n ��s\Z��l� _l�aiËiln¾ §µi�� fg, �¨ wi��, _�¡ µZ~Z��¡ ai��mµi-
wZ. è�» azn µÛn [\\�n wizn �¨ [nw����l �é�� ]�\daa�naZl.
±\\ ¦cÜ ���a�g��µZl a�Õ� ¥nw�¼���� ³al µÐ\\�n ]�\daailn Ú
��mai��n.
���µswiÕ� ��n ¦�wZ��iaZl ç�» azn wizn, ~ZÒ piÕ� ~i\iËil
Z·a»n ��»� a»n }ZË~Z��n fi�µiËi�wZl. �gcil ��»� Z·amn¾ �Õ
n�n ~�\dq , áal a»n µgcl�a�n wi»n ¥alµdqil�. ��Ì fÛ �°a�� ¥iÒ
~�\dqi�wZl a�Õ� ~Z~�Ë�. à�ilaZ piÕ� a»n ¥ia»n �gµ�il ��»�
a»n ¦�w�mn. è�» fÛ a�� ¥ia�� a» ê�Z�2 Z·a�� ¦�w�iaZl. �Ë~a��
fÛ �d\ln Z·�dniaZl.
��\\��� fÛ ¦nlZ�a��� °�ai��n Ç Þ�Z~\`� �Íqil a»n azn ¥n-
w�¼��n ]�\�n ~ZÒ ]�niËil a»n ¥iamn. ���µswiÕ� fÛ ~ZÒ piÕ�
��nZ\\daa�naZl.
J'1$)1#
ç�m + gen. -K2$P$"% @"6&%-D0-
C"" +/R) (2/ ($&&/-.)B J$-
+)," (+$%. a, ab; R"24)-.)&+. "&)
Î� (&2. áal) #%)
Ç fsµl���cm�, �� %-)2"R
a» qº�n, �� P/-)%.)" (.4. =""+",)?)
Ç ±wsnZ���, �� $Q/.'./.;
$Q/.&4/6
n�µ�q� &#/%$%L, ()+$,$%L
f�~Zl�� (Ô, �n) &(2$-"@+/-K6
($', )") (2$-"@.K6 ($', )")
iµnZl /.Q/./%/- ,+$,)+$ GE&B
(+$%. esse)
~Z~m� (¯, mn) (+)3)6, J+)6
çµi�� -K
¥nZc~dq� (2/.DP@$%L
a» ��¯\Zl�n, �� ("C"2$
§µi�� BK
µZ~d�l�� (Ó, �n) &#$&%+/-K6
ag��� 2$@)-$%L
�é��, µ¯�� "C" ."
a�g�� ()-)2$#/-$%L (.4. &4"D)'))
���-a�g�� ()*DP@$%L, &4+)-
.'%L, ())C2'%L
¦�wZ��� .".$-/@"%L
Ç }ZË~Z���, �� I$-4$J
fi�µiË� &-'JK-$%L, &4)-K-$%L
~�\dq� .$4$JK-$%L
¥-alµdq� *"&#"&%/%L, ." ()#/-
%$%L
³�ilaZ J$%"B, ()%)B
Ç ¥iam�, �� )2"+
W ),).L 2 ("#".L
44
�gµ�� ()&K+$%L
Ç ¦�w�m�, �� (&2. ¦�wZ���) -2$,,
-2$P@"*.K6
¦�w�� "&%L
nË~a�� .)#L0 (+$%. noctu)
Z·�dn� D-"+/#/-$%L (+$%.
augeo)
°�ai��n ()J@.""
]�ni� D*/-$%L
��nZ\\daa� (2/B/2'%L
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
diSRL\ PJ[�R�XLimeJ, ]�RL\ XMfeX[OLomeJ (XMfeX[O�LimeJ),
RMXfL\ V[^[fT�LJO[e V[\ V�SL\ PVLNLimeJ, JMVfL\ g}MTfLJO[e�
(>'. 7, 22)
a�]\m� (¯, mn) &+"()6 ~ZwZ��q� )#/C$%L
¥nZ_\g�� (2)J2"-$%L ~�]m� (¯, mn) ,+D3)6!
��\m� (¯, mn) 32)B)6 ¥~�Ë� &+KN$%L!
�i�l�Zag� 3)@/%L ni~�m� (d, mn) B"2%-K6
\i��m� (d, mn) (2)4$P"..K6! ¦ci��� -&%$-$%L!
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
�aZ��»� çk��aZl (çkm�aZl) �¯µi��n, ~ZÒ ~m�µ�� ëcldqiaZl
� (V4J$()&%/+$2/6 5)J@-/P"./')
Ç �aZ��m�, �� 42"&% Ç ~m�µ��, �� B/2
çkm� ()@./B$%L, -)J@-/,$%L ëcldq� )&-'C$%L
�¯µi��n &",)@.'
823#9%'%):
I. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./" Q)2B /
4).&%2D4R/6 ($&&/-.),) J$+),$: ¥nZ]g�i�wZl � çµi�� µÐ\\�n wZ�µdqi�wi Ú §µi�� � [c�naZl iy� a» µgcZ��n � _\d�a ç�» a�� ¦nZna��� � a»n �µ~�n ~ZwZ���µin � �¨ nZ�Ò ~ZwZ���naZl � ç�» ��\\zn wZ�µdq � fz�Z ç�» a�� ]�\�� \Zµ_dniaZl � ¥nZc~dqi�wi ]iËciln � µÌ ¥nZc~dqiai Z·a»n ¦~_Z�niln � Ç ws�Z��»� Z·a�� Z·�dniaZl � �é�� ~�\�mµiwZ � ��Ì n�n a�Õ� ¦�w��Õ� ¥alµdqi�wZl ~ZÒ ~�\dqi�wZl.
II. !"2"-"@/%": W. ���µswiÕ� ç�» azn ±wsnZ��n wi�Z�iËiaZl¾ Ç wi»� \Zµ����� f¼��l� ag��iaZl. 2. ��\\Ù azn ±wsnZ��n ³�-
45
cZ ~ZÒ ç�» azn n�n ¥nw�¼��n wZ�µdqiaZl. 3. è� ¦n��n ��\-
\Ù µÛn \gciaZl, Æ\�cZ fÛ ��daaiaZl. 4. ��µ�q�µin a»n azn ¥cZwzn _��n a��� nmµ�l� ]�\daai�wZl. 5. ���� nmµ�l� ~i\i�m-
µiwZ ~Z~Ù ³�cZ ~ZÒ ]iËciln ~ZÒ ~�\Ëiln. 6. ��g�il a�Õ� nm-
µ��� µÌ ¥alµdqi�wZl.
46
2"?) 6
!$&&/-.K6 / B"@/$+L.K6 J$+),/: prae-sens (indicativus, infinitivus, impertai-vus) / imperfectum.
Infinitivus (2/ ,+$,)+$3 %/($ ¦wg\�. Da-tivus sociativus (2/ µd��µZl, flZ\g-c�µZl; accusativus (2/ ¥µËn�µZl, ]�\daa�µZl. !2"@+),/ ¦��, �Ën.
Praesens indicativi medii (passivi)
5 ,2"#"&4)B 'JK4" ()B/B) @"6&%-/%"+L.),) / &%2$@$%"+L-
.),) J$+),)- &DC"&%-D"% "C" / &2"@./6 (B"@/$+L.K6) J$+),,
4)%)2K6 )J.$#$"%, #%) &D*Ö"4% (2)/J-)@/% @"6&%-/' - &-)/3
/.%"2"&$3, @+' &"*'. 5 .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ / /B("2Q"4%" Q)2-
BK &2"@.",) J$+),$ &)-($@$0% & Q)2B$B/ ($&&/-.),) J$+),$,
)*2$JD' %$4 .$JK-$"BK6 B"@/)($ & &/-.K6 J$+),. H%+/#/%L
B"@/$+L.)" J.$#"./" Q)2BK )% ($&&/-.),) B)P.) +/NL ()
4).%"4&%D. O$4/B )*2$J)B, /JD#"..K" - (2)N+)B D2)4" Q)2BK
($&&/-.),) J$+),$ /B"0% "C" / B"@/$+L.)" J.$#"./":
Singularis
W �ZlfiË-�-µZl ? 9".D)&E9(F !+? .$G? (.$G$)
2 �ZlfiË- &E 9".D)&E9($AB !+? .$G? (.$G$)
3 �ZlfiË-i-aZl "% 9".D)&E9($& !+? .$G? (.$G$)
Pluralis
W �Zlfi�-m-µiwZ 5E 9".D)&E9($5 !+? .$G? (.$G$)
2 �ZlfiË-i-�wi 9E 9".D)&E9($&$ !+? .$G? (.$G$)
3 �ZlfiË-�-naZl "%) 9".D)&E9(F& !+? .$G? (.$G$)
Infinitivus
�ZlfiË-i-�wZl 9".D)&E9(&B !+? .$G? (.$G$)
Imperativus praesentis medii (passivi)
X)2BK ()-"+/%"+L.),) .$4+)."./' B"@/)($&&/-.),) J$+)-
,$ )*2$JD0%&' )% )&.)-K .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ & ()B)CL0 &("-
R/$+L.K3 )4).#$./6:
47
U/R) Singularis Pluralis
2 -�� -i-�wiW
3 -g-�w� -g-�w�n2
!2)&(2',$"B - imperativus praesentis medii (passivi) ,+$,)+
�Zlfi�:
Singularis
2 �ZlfiË-�� -)&(/%K-$6 .$G$; D0.&B &$G? 9".D)&E9(F&
3 �Zlfi�-g-�w� (D&%L "% 9".D)&E9($& .$G$; D0.&B $," 9".D)&E9(F&
Pluralis
2 �ZlfiË-i-�wi -)&(/%K-$6%" .$G$; D0.&B 9(. 9".D)&E9(F&
3 �Zlfi�-g-�w�n (D&%L "%) 9".D)&E9(F& .$G$ D0.&B )/ 9".D)&E9(F&
Imperfectum medii (passivi) (augmentum syllabicum)
I$4 / -&" /&%)2/#"&4/" -2"B".$, imperfectum medii (passivi)
)*2$JD"%&' & ()B)CL0 -%)2/#.K3 )4).#$./63, 4)%)2K" (2/
&)#"%$.// & &)"@/./%"+L.KB ,+$&.KB )*2$JD0% &+"@D0CD0
&/&%"BD - %)2/#.K3 )4).#$./6 ($& &/-.),) J $+) , $ :
U/R) Singularis Pluralis
W -m-µsn -m-µiwZ
2 -��4 -i-�wi
3 -i-a� -�-na�
W H4).#$./" 2 +. B..#. imperat. praes. medii (passivi) &)-($@$"% & &)-
)%-"%&%-D0C"6 Q)2B)6 /.@/4$%/-$. H%."&%/ &+)-) & %$4/B )4).#$./-
"B 4 4).42"%.)BD .$4+)."./0 B)P.) +/NL - J$-/&/B)&%/ )% 4).%"4-
&%$! 2 5)JB)P.) / )4).#$./" -g-�w��Zn. 3 O$4/3:
U/R) Sg. Pl.
W -µsn -µiwZ
2 -�� -�wi
3 -a� -na�
4 :J -i-��; � B"P@D ,+$&.KB/ -K($@$"%, $ i / � &+/-$0%&' - ��.
48
9DP.) ()B./%L, #%) ,+$,)+K, .$#/.$0C/"&' & &),+$&.),), -
/&%)2/#"&4/3 -2"B".$3 ()+D#$0% &+),)-)" (2/2$C"./":
Singularis
W ¦-�Zlfi�-m-µsn ? 9".D)&E9(+ !+? .$G? (.$G$); ? 9".D)&E9(+.?
2 ¦-�ZlfiË-�� &E 9".D)&E9(+ !+? .$G? (.$G$); &E 9".D)&E9(+.?
3 ¦-�ZlfiË-i-a� "% 9".D)&E9(+ !+? .$G? (.$G$); "% 9".D)&E9(+.?
Pluralis
W ¦-�Zlfi�-m-µiwZ 5E 9".D)&E9(+) !+? .$G? (.$G$); 5E 9".D)&E9(+).B
2 ¦-�ZlfiË-i-�wi 9E 9".D)&E9(+) !+? .$G? (.$G$); 9E 9".D)&E9(+).B
3 ¦-�ZlfiË-�-na� "%) 9".D)&E9(+) !+? .$G? (.$G$); "%) 9".D)&E9(+).B
7)%+#1$)$
W. !2/ ,+$,)+$3 &) J.$#"./"B C$+(%)?, 4$4 / - 2D&&4)B 'JK4",
D()%2"*+'"%&' /.Q/./%/- :
QslqMI �µogMIg a»n wdnZa�n /"-$& D4$!"&94(&)&B ("&4(-
=)&B) .5$4&B.
2. >$%"+L.K6 ($@"P B)P"% )*)J.$#$%L &D*Ö"4%, & 4)%)2KB
(2)/&3)@/% @"6&%-/" (*)2L*$, )*C"./" / %.@.) ()@+"P$C",).
O$4$' QD.4R/' @$%"+L.),) ($@"P$ .$JK-$"%&' dativus sociativus:
µd�i�wZl Z| �ln�aZË�� .4(C(&B.? . 3)%"&(94"5;
flZ\gci�wZl Z| }lg� 4(=,"9(4)9(&B . -0C$.&4(%#$5.
3. 8+$,)+K - B"@/)($&&/-.)B J$+)," B),D% D(2$-+'%L -/./ -
% "+ L.KB ($@"P)B:
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]�\daai�wZl Zf ws��Jg ".&$4$,(&B.? =9$4?.
4. !2"@+), ¦�Ò &)#"%$"%&' & 2$J+/#.KB/ ($@"P$B/ / /B""%
2$J.))*2$J.K" J.$#"./':
Qmb Z| �a�µ�� (Qmb ZJ[ �a�µ�JN) ¿�ailn D4)'4$D+?&B '" 9/"!0;
Qmb Z| ¥nf�i�� w�µ| wZ�µdqiln 0!)9+?&B.? 50C$.&9$%%"-50 !0/0;
Qmb Zfg wdnZaJg �gµ�iln D".E+(&B %( .5$4&B.
49
5. !2"@+), �Ën . -&",@$ %2"*D"% (2/ &"*" @ $% " + L.) ,) ($@"P$:
r^g Z·aJz_ ]iËciln G$C(&B . %)5) (+(&. cum).
%C56 /9C3SDE
è�» ��n ±wsnZ��n ¦wi�Z�iËia� ~ZÒ vs�iË�. �ZaÌ� Z·a��
tn YyciË�. Â�iÒ fÛ Ç vs�iÕ� niZn��~�� tn, �¨ ±wsnZ��l µd\Z
¦�lgq�na� ç� ¥c���� a��dnn��. ��n�� cÙ� amai ~Ë�l�� tn a��
�mna��. �Ù fÛ _Z��\ilZ Z·a�� tn ¦n }n���ºW. ÂnaZ�wZ ¦_lmai�i
~ZÒ Ç �ln¼aZ���� ¦n aº \Z_���nw¡¾ ��a�� fÛ tn Z·aº azn ¦nZn-
a��n ag~nZ.
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ä�ad ai niZn��~�l ~ZÒ ä�aÙ �Z�wgn�l. ²ai fÛ iy�_Z�n���ln iy� am
�\���n, Ç YyciÕ� _Z�l\iË�¾ �d\ln, � ³]s,� ¦~i\i�mµsn ag~nZ
azn ±wsnZ��n ¦�Ò wdnZa�n �gµ�iln. ±\\ �·~ ¦�ZlfiËi�wi, �
ag~nZ, ¦�Ò a» ¥��wnì�~iln, ~ZÒ ¿\l� Ãfs ¦�liqmµiwZ. vs�iÕ�
��n ¦wg\il ~ZÒ Z·a»� iy�_Z�niln ~ZÒ a»n �ln¼aZ���n ]�niËiln.
è�» ��\\zn Ãfs, � �¨g, ¦wZ�µdq�� ¦�Ò aº ¥nf�i�¡ w�µº. �g�i
[�Z ~ZÒ a»n ng�n íw\�n.
�º }�sal~º a��dnn¡ tn w�cdas�2 ±�ldfns. Þ ��n �Z�wg-
n��, áai _\g�il a»n ~Z\»n �gn�n, ¦wg\il Z·aº ¥µËniln a»n wdnZ-
a�n ~ZÒ \dw�� flZ\gciaZl Z·aº. �·fi��, � ³]s, � f�nZam� ¦�al
a»n �ln¼aZ���n [ni� á�\�n ~ZÒ fm\�� ¥µËni�wZl. �dµ_Zni
[�Z �Z�Ù ±�ldfns� \�n�n µZ~�»n ~ZÒ ¿�ai a» \�n�n ¦�Ò aº a��
\Z_���nw�� �a�µ�¡. ��\daa�� a» ]�_i�»n ws���n, µd��� a���
á�\�l�, � �gni. hy�g��i�wi �Õn Z·aº, � äaZ���l, ~ZÒ �i�wi�wi
Z·aº. �sfiÒ� iy�i��g�w� [w�µ��.
Ø fÛ vs�iË�¾ Äf�µZl, � ³]s,� áal �°a� �Z��q �gn�l�. ��n
�¡qg�w�n ¦n Æ\�c¡ ��mn¡ �¨ äaZ���l. à�ilaZ iy�g���naZl, ~ZÒ Ç
vs�iÕ� i� µd�iaZl aº �ln�aZË�¡ ~ZÒ ]�niËil Z·amn. Þ fÛ ±�l-
dfns ]iËcil �Õn a��� ±wsnZ��l�.
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50
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ä�ad &"BL (+(&. septem)
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+ dat. "C" B)P"% )J.$#$%L
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µmn�n %)+L4) a» i·Zccg\l�n, �� *+$,)-"&%/"
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.$' .$ «8)&()@/, -)JJ-$3�», ,+$& 7)
�Ë %K iµ pers. 2 sg. %K "&%L ("&/)
µ�� gen. sg. B".', B)6 Zy��Ën�µZl &%K@/%L&'
823#9%'%):
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�i�w�µZl. H*2$JD6%" /.Q/./%/-K T%),) ,+$,)+$ - $4%/-.)B /
B"@/)($&&/-.)B J$+),".
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J$+),$) ,+$,)+ ]�\daa�.
III. H(2"@"+/%" Q)2BK ,+$,)+)- / ("2"-"@/%": flZ\gc�naZl �
¦µZ�mµsn � ¦�ilwmµiwZ � îf � ¦�g��iaZl � µd�i�wi � ¦µd�i�wi
� �Z��q�� � ¦�Z��q��.
IV. !"2"-"@/%" 4$4 Q)2BK ($&&/-.),) / B"@/$+L.),) J$+),$:
¥µËn�naZl � ]�\daa � �ilwg�w�n � ¦ag���na� � a�g�iaZl.
V. !"2"-"@/%": W. ���� nmµ�l� ��g�il �i�wi�wZl. 2. �·~ ¥iÒ ai��mµiwZ \Zµ����� f¼��l�¾ ¥\\Ù ��Ì ~ZÒ ¦�Ò µl~���� îfi-
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ÞfmµiwZ, áal [\\�l� ¥nw�¼��l� ¦�Z��qi�wi. 6. �Ë\Zaai a�Õ� ]�\���, ]�\daa�� a�Õ� ¦�w��Ë�. 7. à��i�wi iy� a» µgcZ��n, �
�gn�l. 8. Ø �d�aZ��� ¦]�\daaia� ç� ¥c���� ws����. 9. Þ�Z-
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iln.
52
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R89:F8 4VAFD8DC8. @C7 D3 K purum
H3+)1"F. Q'%$1)0 3,5
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Accusativus a¯n ad�
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&4),) /+/ &2"@.",) 2)@$, B".'"%&' .$ %D()" (2/ &)"@/.".// $2%/4+' &
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O'36,' $1",%'%)'. BCD)' $6'5'%):
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Paroxytona, oxytona
7&+/ .$ 4).R" &+)-$ Z .$3)@/%&' - ()+)P".// ()&+" ,+$&-
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53
rum) / &)32$.'"%&' -) -&"3 ($@"P$3. M/&%$' $+LQ$, 4$4 (2$-/-
+), *K-$"% @)+,)6.
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)&%2KB D@$2"./"B .$ 42$%4)B (2"@()&+"@."B &+)," (%/( par -
o xyto na):
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Nom. § §µg�Z! !$%B Z¨!§µg�Zl !%)
Gen. a`� §µg�Z� !%? azn!§µi�zn !%$7
Dat. aå §µg�� !%F aZ��!§µg�Zl� !%?5
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NB <)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"P B.)P"&%-"..),) #/&+$ $ED'$+6)+'"F%&G
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7&+/ (2"@()&+"@./6 D@$2.K6 &+), @)+),, %) - /B"./%"+L-
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#"..KB:
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Nom. § �¼�Z! .&4(%( Z¨! �z�Zl .&4(%E
Gen. a`� �¼�Z� .&4(%E azn! ���zn .&4(%
Dat. aå �¼�� .&4(%$ aZ��! �¼�Zl� .&4(%(5
Acc. aÌn �¼�Zn .&4(%0 aÙ�! �¼�Z� [9)C0] .&4(%E
NB H4).#$./" -Zl /B"./%"+L.),) ($@"P$ B.)P"&%-"..),) #/&+$ ()
)%.)N"./0 4 D@$2"./0 � 42$%4)".
?4+)."./" &+)- & )&.)-)6 .$ Z purum & ()&%)'..KB D@$2"-
./"B .$ 4)."#.)B &+)," (%/( o x y t o n a ) /B""% %" P" )&)*"..)-
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Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § flZ]��d! 4(=+)-)$ Z¨! flZ]��Z� 4(=+)-)?
Gen. a`� flZ]��� 4(=+)-)? azn! flZ]��zn 4(=+)-)7
Dat. aå flZ]��ï 4(=+)-)F aZ��! flZ]��Z�� 4(=+)-)?5
Acc. aÌn flZ]��dn [9)C0]
4(=+)-)$
a�! flZ]��d� [9)C0]
4(=+)-)?
54
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glK, ng�n 5"+"!"7 (-(?, -"$).
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"&+/ "BD (2"@N"&%-D0% i, l, �. 5 )&%$+L.K3 &+D#$'3 T%/ (2/+$-
,$%"+L.K" )4$.#/-$0%&' .$ s.
5 &-)"B &4+).".// )./ - )&.)-.)B ()-%)2'0% &))%-"%&%-
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)(2"@"+"..K" )&)*"..)&%/:
W. !2/+$,$%"+L.K" I &4+. ." ("2".)&'% D@$2"./" .$ ()&+"@./6
&+), - Q)2B" gen. pl.
2. 9$#$+L.)6 Q)2B)6 (2/+$,$%"+L.),) '-+'"%&' Q)2B$ nom.
sg. BDP&4),) 2)@$. A@$2"./", ()@#/.''&L J$4).$B, &%2"-
B/%&' &)32$./%L&' .$ %)B P" &+),", ,@" ).) &%)'+) - .$-
#$+L.)6 Q)2B".
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<$&&B)%2/B &4+)."./" (2/+$,$%"+L.),) f�~Zl��, Z, �n
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m f n m f n
Nom. f�~Zl�� fl~Z�Z! f�~Zl�n f�~Zl�l f�~ZlZl! f�~ZlZ
Gen. fl~Z��� fl~Z�Z� fl~Z��� fl~Z��n
Dat. fl~Z�¡ fl~Z�� fl~Z�¡ fl~Z��l� fl~Z�Zl� fl~Z��l�
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NB >/Q%).,/ -�l / -Zl .$ $*&)+0%.)B 4).R" () )%.)N"./0 4 D@$2"-
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55
Singularis Pluralis
m f n m f n
N. ¥nZc~Z��� ¥nZc~Z�Z! ¥nZc~Z��n ¥nZc~Z��l ¥nZc~Z�Zl! ¥nZc~Z�Z
G. ¥nZc~Z��� ¥nZc~Z�Z� ¥nZc~Z��� ¥nZc~Z��n
D. ¥nZc~Z�¡ ¥nZc~Z�� ¥nZc~Z�¡ ¥nZc~Z��l� ¥nZc~Z�Zl� ¥nZc~Z��l�
A. ¥nZc~Z��n ¥nZc~Z�Zn ¥nZc~Z��n ¥nZc~Z���� ¥nZc~Z�Z� ¥nZc~Z�Z
R9C93X8DC8 : 79C453:F>DET GA3GFA3T
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#"&4/3 -2"B". (2/2$C"./" &%$-/%&' B"P@D (2/&%$-4)6 / 4)2."B:
iy�_d\\� %(D(!(F � iy�l_Z\\�n ? %(D(!(+.
!"2"@ (2/2$C"./"B (2/&%$-4$ -K&%D($"% - &-)"B ."/JB"-
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(2"@+),)B - ()J/R// ("2"@ .$#$+L.KB ,+$&.KB, ." /B"0C/B
,D&%),) (2/@K3$./':
Qd_d\\� 9EG4(.E9(F Q}g_Z\\�n ? 9EG4(.E9(+
rNµ_d\\� .G4(.E9(F rNgg_Z\\�n ? .G4(.E9(+
Qµ_d\\� 9G4(.E9(F Qgg_Z\\�n ? 9G4(.E9(+ Qp~\i�� =(D)4(F Qgg~\il�n ? =(D)4(+.
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-K($@$"%:
QmI_d\\� %(G4(.E9(F Qmg_Z\\�n ? %(G4(.E9(+
�mJ_d\\� "&G4(.E9(F �mg_Z\\�n ? "&G4(.E9(+.
:&4+0#"./" &)&%$-+'0% (2/&%$-4/ �i�l- / ���-:
mMiI_d\\� G4".(F 9"'40, mMiIg_Z\\�n ? G4".(+ 9"'40,
miJ_d\\� G4".(F 9D$4$! miJg_Z\\�n ? G4".(+ 9D$4$!.
7)%+#1$)$
W. ?/.%$4&/#"&4/6 )*)2)% nominativus cum infinitivo D()%2"*-
+'"%&' - J$-/&/B)&%/ )% ,+$,)+)- &) J.$#"./"B ,"9"4)&B, !0-
5(&B, 4),@$ )./ /B"0% ($&&/-.D0 Q)2BD: \gc�µZl, n�µ�q�µZl.
9$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 T%)% )*)2)% ("2"-)@/%&' (2/@$%)#.KB (2"@-
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56
� qK\oiIgsJ_ ¦\gcMZJ \Zµ��»n uipJg a�� eZlfd\�� M�gKI a"9"4)+), -&" +(G)4)%& � H&" 9$+)'"+$D%"$ &9"4$%)$ 6$!(+(.
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+)-, )*)J.$#$0C/3 D@$+"./", )%@"+"./", )&-)*)P@"./", (2"-
42$C"./" / %. @., D()%2"*+'"%&' 2)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"P - )%@"+/-
%"+L.)6 QD.4R// � genetivus separationis:
Ø ��n�� a»n eZ�fZ\�n Qd�qNM aJ[ nm�aJN 3)%". D4$D?&-
.&9"9(+ 9"=94(y$%)F 6$!(+( (*D4-$+L.): 0!$4C)9(+ 6$!(+( "& 9"=-
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3. <)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"P, (2"@&%$-+'0C/6 &)*)6 +),/#"&4)"
()@+"P$C"" (2/ &DC"&%-/%"+L.)B, )*)J.$#$0C"B @"6&%-/",
.$JK-$"%&' 2)@/%"+L.KB &D*Ö"4%$ (genetivus subiectivus):
³�c�n aJ[ eZlfd\JN &9"4$%)$ 6$!(+( (%) "&%L 6$!(+ ."&9"4)+).
4. >$%"+L.K6 ($@"P, D4$JK-$0C/6 .$ ),2$./#"./" -K&4$JK-$-
./' 4$4)6-+/*) )*+$&%L0, .$JK-$"%&' @$%"+L.KB ),2$./#"./'
(dativus limitationis):
Ø eZ�fZ\�� ¦µ�il��P azn [\\�n ¥nw�¼��n aIlkMiMg 6$-
!(+ "&+)-(+.? "& !40,)/ +F!$7 5(.&$4.&9"5.
5. !2"@+), µiad & 2)@/%"+L.KB ($@"P)B /B""% J.$#"./" &)--
B"&%.)&%/ («&»), $ & -/./%"+L.KB ($@"P)B � J.$#"./" «()&+"»,
D4$JK-$' .$ ()&+"@)-$%"+L.)&%L &)*K%/6 /+/ (2"@B"%)-:
µMZ� µZ~��g ���i�Kg D".+$ !"+,"," D0&$A$.&9)?.
!8S3A
Ø \Z_Ë�lnw�� ¦\gcia� \Zµ��»n ³�c�n a�� eZlfd\�� iµnZl.
µ�il��� µÛn azn [\\�n ¥nw�¼��n flg]i�in, flÙ fÛ aÌn wZ�-
µZ��Zn ��]�Zn a��� wi��� áµ�l�� iµnZl ¦n�µ�qia�.
ðn µÛn Ç eZ�fZ\�� ¦~ a`� ±wsnZ�Z� �¼�Z�. Ø fÛ ��n�� Z·-
a»n ~ZÒ ñ~Z��n a»n �¨»n Z·a�� ¦~¼\�i a�� nm�a��. ��\\Ù� §µg-
�Z� Ç �Za¯� ai ~ZÒ Ç �¨»� _�� ¦ni~\i��na�. Â�iÒ fÛ Ç eZ�fZ\��
aº a��dnn¡ �i�wi�wZl �·~ ¦_�Ë\ia�, aÌn ¦\i�wi��Zn ng¡ fm\¡
¦����qia�.
�dw�� cÙ� Ç �ZaÌ� ~ZÒ Ç �¨»� wZ�µd�lZ �ai�Ù �Z�i�~iËZ-
q�n. à�ilaZ �ga�naZl ¦n µg�¡ a�� �·�Zn�� ~ZÒ a�� �mna��. Ø
�ZaÌ� ��ni_�Ë\i�i aº Ï~d�¡ µÌ [cZn �\s�ldqiln aå a�� §\���
57
]�_i�ï _��. Â�iÒ fÛ Ç �¨»� Z·aº �·~ ¦�i�wia�, fli\Ëia� aÙ �ai�Ù
Z·a��, ~ZÒ Z·a»� iy����ail iy� a»n �mna�n. Ø fÛ �ZaÌ� µd\Z ¦~-
�\¯aaiaZl aå wg� ~ZÒ µgµ]iaZl a�Ë� ai wi�Õ� ~ZÒ aÙ� wiÙ� ¦�
¥fl~��. Y·a»� fÛ µiaÙ µZ~�Ùn ���i�Zn î~il iy� aÌn �l~i\�Zn.
J'1$)1#
Ç eZ�fZ\��, �� >"@$+
§ QµmMIi]K, Z� )(K%.)&%L, J.$-
./" (.4. H5D)4)-$.')7)
flZ-]g�� )%+/#$%L&'
§ rJk]K, Z� BD@2)&%L (.4. �"*)?,
*)+"."*)? � +FG"9B ' 50!4"-
.&))
�l��, Z, �n ()@)*.K6
§ e�iK, Z� J"B+', &%2$.$
Ç ñ~Z���, �� :4$2
Ç nm�a��, �� -)J-2$C"./" (.4.
%".&(+B,)?)
§ �µliK, Z� @".L
§ \]K, Z� &/+$, .$&/+/"
¦c-~\i�� J$4+0#$%L, J$(/2$%L
_�Ë\�µZl 3)%"%L
����q� @)&%$-+'%L
����q�µZl @)&%$-+'%L &"*"
§ QqMNsMi]K, Z� &-)*)@$
�~i�dq� ,)%)-/%L
�Z�Z-�~i�dq� &.$2'P$%L, ()@-
,)%$-+/-$%L
a» �ai�mn, �� 42K+)
�ga�µZl +"%$%L
µg���, s, �n &2"@./6 (+(&. me-
dius)
a» µg��n, �� &"2"@/.$
��µ-_��\iË� &)-"%)-$%L
[cZn &+/N4)B, )#".L
�\s�ldq� (+dat.) (2/*+/P$%L&'
Ç î\l��, �� &)+.R" (.4. ,$+)7,
,$+)"&$4(D)?)
flZ-\� )&-)*)P@$%L, 2$J-'JK-
-$%L
���a� ($@$%L
iy�-���a� ($@$%L -) #%)-+/*),
-($@$%L
�\¯aa� */%L, ()2$P$%L
¦~�\¯aa� (D,$%L
§ slK, Z� J2"+/C" (.4. &$(&4)
µgµ]�µZl (2)4+/.$%L
§ sMt, Ð� *),/.' (P. 2. )% wim�)
§ �-aId]K, Z� ."&(2$-"@+/-)&%L
(.4. f�~Zl��)
µiad (+ acc.) ()&+";
(+ gen.) c
§ mJiM]K, Z� (D%"N"&%-/"
î~� (praes. 9 =%(-$%)) perfect.)
*K%L J@"&L, (2/3)@/%L
§ �l~i\�Z, Z� ?/R/+/'
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
I� �n gJ O� X[fLimT� µLi µWJLJ, PRR~ JoJ XLRR� µ�RRLJ gJ
O� PXLimT� µLi, µMO~ SW�Li V[\ OfWµLi O�J m�OKfT[J V[OMf}��M-
m^M. (`)+. 2, _2)
58
§ �Z�����Z, Z� (2/&D%&%-/" Ç a�mµ��, �� %2"("%
§ ¥�����Z, Z� )%&D%&%-/" § ��as��Z, Z� &($&"./"!
Ç ]m_��, �� &%2$3 ~Zai�cdq�µZl &)-"2N$%L
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
��]�Z! �w��!
��Z��i, �Z�Ð� a`� ¢na�� �sµi��n¾ �Z��i, ¥�Ð� a`� ¥��Z�Z�
\Ëa��n � (:4)& 2 $4$Q/&%$ M"&%.)BD I2"&%D)
§ ��]�Z, Z� (2"BD@2)&%L
Æ�wm�, ¯ mn (2'B)6, (2$-/+L-
.K6 (.4. "4&"D$!, "4*",4(*)?)
§ �Z�d, Ð� 2$@)&%L
¢na�� adv. ()/&%/."
a» �sµi��n, �� J.$4, J.$B"./"
§ ¥�d, Ð� (2)4+'%/"
¥��Z���, Z, �n @2"-./6
a» \Ëa��n, �� /&4D(+"./"
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%" ($2$++"+L.): Ç wim� / § wid.
II. !2)&4+).'6%": § �\����Z �¼�Z.
III. !"2"-"@/%" / )(2"@"+/%" - 4$P@)B &+D#$" .$#$+L.D0 Q)2-
BD &+)-$: _�� � _�¡ � fz�Z � §µg�� � f�~ZlZ � fl~Z�Z � ǵ��Z �
��]d.
IV. !"2"-"@/%": W. Þ eZlfd\�� ¦µ�il��Z wZ�µZ��Z iµnZl ¦n�µ�-
qia�. 2. �Õn aº �¨º iy� aÌn azn ±wsnZ��n �¼�Zn �gai�wZl ¦_�Ë\ia�. 3. Þ a`� ¦\i�wi��Z� §µg�Z Z·a»n µd\Z ³ai��in. 4. �Zµ��Ù tn § a�� �mna�� wgZ. 5. �iaÙ µZ~�Ùn ���i�Zn vs-
�iÕ� �Õn a��� äaZ���l� aº \Z_���nw¡ �\s�ldqil. 6. Þ a�� �l-
n�aZË��� _�Z ]�_i�Ù iµnZl \gciaZl. 7. ±�ldfns ��]�� ~ZÒ fm-
\¡ a»n ¥nf�i��n �gn�n �Íqil. 8. �dw�� �Õn Z·aº ¦~ azn _Z�l-\i��n ]iËcil.
59
2"?) 8
I &4+)."./": &DC"&%-/%"+L.K" / (2/+$-,$%"+L.K" .$ -s, -s�. !2/%'P$%"+L-.K" B"&%)/B"./'; participium prae-sentis medii-passivi; 4)+/#"&%-"..)" (2/2$C"./".
�g�n ¦�a�n, ¦µmn ¦�aln: -K2$P"./" )*'J$..)&%/, J$@$./'. Genetivus (2/ (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 ([�l��); á\��.
R89:F8 4VAFD8DC8. @C7 D3 S
7&+/ &DC"&%-/%"+L.)" /+/ (2/+$,$%"+L.)" ("2-),) &4+)."-
./' )4$.#/-$"%&' - /B. (. "@. #. .$ s, %) ).$ &)32$.'"%&' -) -&"3
($@"P$3 "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$. 5) B.)P"&%-"..)B #/&+" &4+)-
."./" &)-"2N"..) $.$+),/#.) ($2$@/,B" & #/&%)6 $+LQ)6 -
)&.)-".
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § ag�ns! ).'0..&9" Z¨! ag�nZl ).'0..&9(
Gen. a`� ag�ns� ).'0..&9( azn! ai�nzn ).'0..&9
Dat. aå ag�n ).'0..&90 aZ��! ag�nZl� ).'0..&9(5
Acc. aÌn ag�nsn [9)C0] ).'0..&9"
aÙ�! ag�nZ� [9)C0] ).'0..&9(
R9C5;W358A6DE8 Y845FCY8DC;
!2/%'P$%"+L.K" B"&%)/B"./' - @2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4"
&4+).'0%&' () )*2$JRD (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 I�II &4+)."./'. :B"-
0%&' &+"@D0C/" Q)2BK:
¦µm�, ¦µ¯, ¦µmn 5"7, 5"?, 5"$;
�m�, �¯, �mn &9"7, &9"?, &9"$;
§µgai���, §µiag�Z, §µgai��n %(A, %(A(, %(A$; çµgai���, çµiag�Z, çµgai��n 9(A, 9(A(, 9(A$.
R9C>345C8 D345F;X8GF :98Y8DC Y8SC3A6DF-7344C:DFGF j3AFG3
!2/#$&%/" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) J$-
+),$ (participium praesentis medii-passivi) )*2$JD"%&' )% )&.)-K
60
.$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ (2/*$-+"./"B &)"@/./%"+L.),) ,+$&.),)
-�-, &DQQ/4&$ -µin- / 2)@)-K3 )4).#$./6 -��, -s, -�n:
�Zlfi�-m-µin-�� 9".D)&E9(Fy)7 .$G?, 9".D)&E9($5E7;
�Zlfi�-�-µgn-s 9".D)&E9(Fy(? .$G?, 9".D)&E9($5(?;
�Zlfi�-m-µin-�n 9".D)&E9(Fy$$ .$G?, 9".D)&E9($5"$.
?4+).'0%&' T%/ (2/#$&%/' () )*2$JRD (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 I �
II &4+)."./'.
)FAC>845:8DDF8 79C93X8DC8
7&+/ ,+$,)+ .$#/.$"%&' & ,+$&.),) J-D4$, %) (2/ )*2$J)-$-
.// /&%)2/#"&4/3 -2"B". (2/2$C"./" -K2$P$"%&' - D@+/."-
.// .$#$+L.),) ,+$&.),) )&.)-K. O$4)" (2/2$C"./" .$JK-$"%-
&' 4)+/#"&%-"..KB. !2/#"B:
Z / i D@+/.'0%&' - s
[��� � t���n, ¦�wZ���µZl � ò�wZl�mµsn,
� D@+/.'"%&' - �
�\�q� � �\lq�n,
ó D@+/.'"%&' - ô
¨f�Ë� � õf���n,
ö D@+/.'"%&' - ÷
ç_��q� � °_�lq�n.
5 @/Q%).,$3 D@+/.'"%&' ("2-K6 4)B().".%, (2/#"B 6)%$
&%$.)-/%&' ()@(/&.)6:
Z·�dn� � sé�Zn�n
Z½�� � ø��n,
�y~�q� � ù~lq�n.
7)%+#1$)c
W. <)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"P (2/ ,+$,)+" GE&B 3 +/R$ "@. #. &+DP/%
@+' -K2$P"./' &-)6&%-, 4$#"&%- /+/ )*'J$..)&%"6 / .$JK-$"%&'
genetivus characteristicus:
ngHg QrZ]g 5"+"!E5 .9"7.&9$%%", .+$!0$& (+$%. adulescenti-
um est).
9): ¦µmn, �mn ¦�aln H&" 5"$, &9"$ (+$%. meum, tuum est).
6W
2. !2/ (2/+$,$%"+L.)B [�l�� !".&"7%E7 &%$-/%&' 2)@/%"+L.K6
($@"P:
�}In_ ¦�al ayg µic��aHg alµyg !".&")% 9$+)-(7A)/ D"-$.&$7
,wAFVF 93jSF93
Ân aå viaaZ\�� t��g ��ai �s\iË�. Þ fÛ a`� fl~Zl��Ëns� Z·-
a�� ]¯µs fl¯��ia� á\sn aÌn �¼�Zn. Â�iÒ ��n Ç cdµ�� tn Z·-
a�� � �¨»� fÛ Z·a�� tn °�ai��n Ç ±�l\\iË� � t�Zn ~ZÒ �¨ wi�Ò ~ZÒ
Z¨ wiZÒ ¦n aå ä��aå. �mns fÛ à�l�, § a`� flZ]��Ð� wid, �· �Z-
�`n, áal ç�» azn wizn ò�wZ��ia�. �Zµ��Ù ��n tn § ä��a¯.
±�m\\�n cÙ� ~Z\Ù� ©fÙ� øfi ~ZÒ �°a�� sé�Zni aÌn §f�n¯n.
ú�wl�n fÛ �¨ wi�Ò ¥µ_����Zn a��]¯n, Î� ��g�il Z·a���.
ànwZ ��n § à�l� flÙ a`� wË�Z� iy�_d\\il ������nW µ`\�n
iy� aÌn �y~�Zn ~ZÒ \gcil¾ ��å ~Z\\��a �. Y·a�~Z fÛ c�cniaZl fil-
nÌ flZ]��d. ±]��f�as cd�¾ �µmn, � ³]s, � a» fz�mn ¦�aln�. Þ
fÛ ±wsnо ��· �¯ ¦�aln § f��id, ¥\\ ¦µÌn iµnZl Z·aÌn \gc�,
áal �· µmn�n § ¦µÌ µ��]Ì ~Z\¯ ¦�aln, ¥\\Ù ~ZÒ ¥nf�i��� Ç ¦µ»�
w�µm��. Ä�Z fÛ Æ�clq�µgns¾ ��· f�~ZlZl, � ³]s, � Z¨ çµgai�Zl
cnzµZ� iy�ln¾ �·fiÒ� cÙ� �°a�� [�lm� ¦�al azn µic��a�n alµzn,
Î� § a�� µic��a�� wi�� cZµia¯. Þµgai��n [�Z ¦�aÒn [��iln,
çµgai��n fÛ ~ZÒ azn [\\�n ng�n wizn [��i�wZl ~ZÒ �i�wi-
�wZl�. ànwZ piÕ� Æ�clqmµin�� ~i\iËil aÙ� wiÙ� §���dqiln ~ZÒ
�gµ�il Z·aÙ� ��»� a»n ��ldµ�� ~Z\»n �¨mn. Y¨ fÛ wiZÒ ç�» a��
azn wizn ¥ccg\�� ¥cmµinZl �ga�naZl ��»� aÌn ���l~Ìn �¼�Zn.
7'%+'%T):
}Z~»n ]g����l ~Z��»n �¨ ~Z~�Ò ]�\�l.
J'1$)1#
[��� (2$-/%L, .$#$+L&%-)-$%L
(.4. 5"%(4/)? (9+(.&B "!%","))
§ aIdKIJrogL, s� &(2$-"@+/-
-)&%L (.4. f�~Zl��)
§ k�µL, s� B)+-$, &+$-$ (+(&.
fama)
fl-g���µZl (iy�-, ¦�-, ¥�-) (2)-
3)@/%L (--, -K-, D-)
á\��, s, �n -"&L, R"+K6
§ �JiZ�, `� (2$J@./4
µmn��, s, �n "@/.K6, "@/.&%-".-
.K6 (.4. 5"%"&"%%E7)
W acc. sg. &2"@.",) 2)@$ )% ������� ="+"&"7
62
§ flZ]��d, Ð� 2$J+/#/", 2$J@)2,
&()2 (.4. flZ]g��)
�Z�-i�nZl (2/&D%&%-)-$%L (+(&.
adesse)
§ �a�, `� ("&.' (.4. "!()
ûf� ("%L
§ �aJg�, `� .$&+$P@"./"
¥µ_�m�l��, Ô, �n *"&&B"2%.K6
(.4. c594".)7, (5G4"=)?)
§ ZiJk�, `� (/C$ (.4. !).&4"*)?)
³nwZ %$B; %),@$
§ wË�Z, Ô� @-"2L
_d\\�; iy�- _d\\� *2)&$%L;
-*2$&K-$%L (.4. G(++).&)'()
a» µ`\�n, �� '*+)4)
§ �y~�Z, Ô� @)B, 4)B.$%$ (.4.
�µ~��)
~d\\l�a��, s, �n (2"42$&."6N/6
(.4. ~Z\m�)
Z·a�~Z %)%#$&
c�cn�µZl -)J./4$%L, 2)P@$%L&'
Qµn_, ¯, mn B)6 (+(&. meus)
§ ±wsnÐ, Ð� 1Q/.$
rn_, ¯, mn %-)6
§ f��id, Ð� ()@$2)4
�· µmn�n � ¥\\Ù ~Z� ." %)+L4)
� .) /
§ µJik�, `� Q)2B$, 42$&)%$ (.4.
5"4*"+",)?, 5$&(5"4*"=()
Æ�c�q�µZl ,."-$%L&'
�µlZMiJ_, Ô, �n .$N
§ pg�µL, s� B."./", BK&+L
[�l��, Ô, �n @)&%)6.K6
§ ZIµ�, s� #"&%L, ()#"&%L
�µlZMiJ_, Ô, �n .$N
§���dq� *K%L &()4)6.KB,
B)+#$%L
Ç [cci\��, �� -"&%./4, $.,"+ (.4.
(%,$+)
���l~m�, ¯, mn %2)'.&4/6
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
�}}e�MJ Q� Y �LfO� OZJ P�Nµ�J Y RM}Lµ�JK X�m][. (>'. 22, _) �e�f]MOL Q� µ�RRLJ k RW}Ln XMf\ [vOLo, V[\ miJ�f]LJOL �]RLe
XLRRL\ PVLNMeJ V[\ ^Mf[XMNMm^[e... (>'. 5, _5)
|vQM\n mOf[OMiWµMJLn gµXR�VMO[e O[�n OLo �TLi Xf[}µ[OMT-
[en� (2 :)5. 2, 4)
¦cc�q� (2/*+/P$%L&' Ç ¢�\��, �� .$2)@!
§ ä��a¯, `� (2$J@./4 wi�Z�iË� /&R"+'%L!
[q�µ��, �n *"&4-$&.K6 (3+"*) �a�ZaiË� )%(2$-+'%L&' .$ -)6.D
a» �d��Z !$&3$! ¦µ�\g~� -(+"%$%L
��ng���µZl &3)@/%L&'! § ��ZcµZai�Z, Z� J$.'%/"
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
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~�ni� (14$Q/&%, /4)& 6)
��Z��i, § �a¯\s a`� �Z�win�Z�¾ �Z��i, § �Ë\s a`� ��as��-
Z�� (14$Q/&%, /4)& W0)
63
§ a��]¯, `� (/C$ § �a¯\s, s� &%)+*
a» µdnnZ (%$.'+.) B$..$! § �Z�win�Z, Z� @"-&%-)!
Ç, § fldf����, �� (2""B./4 § �Ë\s, s� @-"2L, -)2)%$
§ a��]¯, `� .$&+$P@"./"! § ��as��Z, Z� &($&"./"!
Ç, § fld~�n��, �� &+DP/-
%"+L(./R$)
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%": § ¥cZwÌ a��]¯ � § \Zµ��Ù µ��]¯ � § çµiag�Z
cn¼µs.
II. !2)&(2',$6%" - impf.: ¥ndc� / ¥ndc�µZl.
III. H*2$JD6%" %2"*D"BK" Q)2BK impf. / ("2"-"@/%": W sg. act. )%
,+$,)+)- [���, ~Zadc�, ¿�a�, ¥alµdq�, ¥µËn�, ûf�; W pl. act. )%
,+$,)+)- ¦�w��, ¦�wZ���, §���dq�, î~�, Z·�dn�; W sg. / pl. med.
)% ,+$,)+)- ¥µËn�µZl, ³���µZl, iy�g���µZl, Æ�c�q�µZl.
IV. !"2"-"@/%": W. Ø azn ±wsnZ��n ä��azn ¥�lwµ»� µgcl�a��
tn. 2. Ân aZ�� \Zµ��Z�� ä��aZ�� ��\\ZÒ ©fZÒ üf�na�. 3. }Z\\��-
as tn § a`� ±wsnÐ� ä��a¯. 4. �mai ��\\�Ò �gn�l iy� aÌn azn ±ws-
nZ��n �¼�Zn ê~�n. 5. ²\Zl Z¨ �y~�Zl µi�aZÒ t�Zn �gn�n. 6. ú�-
��na� iy� a»n a`� wiÐ� nZ»n ~ZÒ Z·aÌn ¦wi�d�i��n.
64
2"?) 9
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R89:F8 4VAFD8DC8. Proparoxytona, properispomena
71",%'%)' %# -U, -VW ) -U, -SW
:.),@$ #/&%$' $+LQ$ (%."., 4$4 DP" *K+) D4$J$.), $+LQ$ -
()+)P".// ()&+" ,+$&.),) /+/ �) - /B"./%"+L.)B / -/./%"+L-
.)B ($@"P$3 "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ *K-$"% 42$%4)6, .$(2/B"2, -
&+)-$3: § [n�lÓ G$=05)$ (%/( proparoxytonon) /+/ § µ���Ó .0!BG(
(%/( properispomenon). 5 %$4)B &+D#$" &4+)."./" &DC"&%-/-
%"+L.K3 /B""% &+"@D0C/6 -/@:
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § [n�lZ! G$=05)$ Z¨! [n�lZl! G$=05)?
Gen. a`� ¥n��Z�! G$=05)? azn! ¥n�lzn! G$=05)7
Dat. aå ¥n���! G$=05)F aZ��! ¥n��Zl�! G$=05)?5
Acc. aÌn [n�lZn! [9)C0] G$=05)$ aÙ�! ¥n��Z�! [9)C0] G$=05)?
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § µ���Z .0!BG( Z¨!µ���Zl .0!BGE
Gen. a`� µ���Z�! .0!BGE azn!µ�l�zn! .0!$G
Dat. aå µ����! .0!BG$ aZ��!µ���Zl�! .0!BG(5
Acc. aÌn µ���Zn! [9)C0] .0!BG0 aÙ�!µ���Z�! [9)C0] .0!BGE
H*K#.) 42$%4$' $+LQ$ *K-$"% «."#/&%)6» (alpha impurum),
%.". .$3)@/%&' ." ()&+" ,+$&.K3 /+/ �. O$4$' Z ("2"3)@/% - s -
2)@/%"+L.)B / @$%"+L.)B ($@"P$3 "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$. !2/-
B"2$B/ B),D% &+DP/%L &DC"&%-/%"+L.K" § fm�Z .+(9(, 5%$%)$ (%/( paroxytonon), § wd\ZaaZ 5"4$ (%/( proparoxytonon), § c\za-
aZ ?=E' (%/( properispomenon).
65
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § fm�Z 5%$%)$ Z¨! fm�Zl! 5%$%)?
Gen. a`� fm�s�! 5%$%)? azn! f��zn! 5%$%)7
Dat. aå fm� ! 5%$%)F aZ��! fm�Zl�! 5%$%)?5
Acc. aÌn fm�Zn! [9)C0] 5%$%)$ aÙ�! fm�Z�! [9)C0] 5%$%)?
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § wd\ZaaZ! 5"4$ Z¨!wd\ZaaZl! 5"4?
Gen. a`� wZ\daas�! 5"4? azn!wZ\Zaazn! 5"4$7
Dat. aå wZ\daa ! 5"4F aZ��!wZ\daaZl�! 5"4?5
Acc. aÌn wd\ZaaZn! [9)C0] 5"4$ aÙ�!wZ\daaZ�! [9)C0] 5"4?
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § c\zaaZ! ?=E' Z¨! c\zaaZl! ?=E')
Gen. a`� c\¼aas�! ?=E'( azn! c\�aazn! ?=E'"9
Dat. aå c\¼aa ! ?=E'0 aZ��! c\¼aaZl�! ?=E'(5
Acc. aÌn c\zaaZn! [9)C0] ?=E' aÙ�! c\¼aaZ�! [9)C0]?=E')
0C>DE8 Y845FCY8DC; (pronomina personalia)
5 @2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4" /B""%&' #"%K2" +/#.K3 B"&%)-
/B"./':
@+' ("2-),) +/R$ ¦c¼ ? / §µi�� 5E,
@+' -%)2),) +/R$ �Ë &E / çµi�� 9E.
>+' D4$J$./' .$ %2"%L" +/R) - 4)&-"..K3 ($@"P$3 (%.". -)
-&"3 ($@"P$3, 42)B" /B"./%"+L.),)) /&()+LJD"%&' B"&%)/B"-
./" Z·am�, $ - /B"./%"+L.)B ($@"P" � Q)2BK D4$J$%"+L.K3
B"&%)/B"./6.
?4+).'0%&' +/#.K" B"&%)/B"./' &+"@D0C/B )*2$J)B:
Nom. ¦c¼ ' §µi�� BK
Gen. ¦µ��, µ��! B".' §µzn! .$&
Dat. ¦µ��, µ�l! B." §µ�n! .$B
Acc. ¦µg, µi! [-/PD] B".' §µÐ�! [-/PD] .$&
66
Nom. �Ë %K çµi�� -K
Gen. ���, ���! %"*' çµzn! -$&
Dat. ���, ��l! %"*" �n! -$B
Acc. �g, �i! [-/PD] %"*' çµÐ�! [-/PD] -$&
NB X)2BK ¦µ��, iµ��, iµg / ���, ���, �g & D@$2"./"B &%$-'%&' - %)B
&+D#$", 4),@$ .$ B"&%)/B".// +"P/% +),/#"&4)" D@$2"./" (�Û fÛ ~i-
\iËil &$G$ C$ "% D4)'(=E9($&) /+/ ()&+" (2"@+),)-.
Futurum -"#-,"# Mhµ]
8+$,)+ iyµ� GE&B - *D@DC"B -2"B"./ /B""% )4).#$./' B"-
@/$+L.),) J$+),$ %"B$%/#"&4),) &(2'P"./', 42)B" Q)2BK
%2"%L",) +/R$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ (³�aZl � *"J &)"@/./%"+L.)6
,+$&.)6).
Singularis Pluralis
W ³��µZl G0!0 ¦�mµiwZ G0!$5
2 ³� G0!$AB ³�i�wi G0!$&$
3 ³�aZl G0!$& ³��naZl G0!0&
7)%+#1$)$
W. !2/ ,+$,)+$3 &) J.$#"./'B/ «.$JK-$%L, &#/%$%L 4),)-+/*)
4"B-+/*)» - @2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4" (4$4 - +$%/.&4)B / &%$2)-
&+$-'.&4)B) &%$-'%&' @-$ -/./%"+L.K3 ($@"P$, )@/. /J 4)%)2K3
'-+'"%&' -/./%"+L.KB (2'B),) @)()+."./' («&#/%$%L 4),)»), $
-%)2)6 � -/./%"+L.KB /B"./ &)&%$-.),) &4$JD"B),) («&#/%$%L
4"B»):
n�µ�q� rM ¦�w\ng .-)&(F &$G? G+(,"4"!%E5;
Æn�µdq� rM i�w\ng %(=E9(F &$G? G+(,"4"!%E5.
O$4$' &/.%$4&/#"&4$' 4).&%2D4R/' .$JK-$"%&' @ - ) 6 . ) 6 - / -
. / % " + L . K 6 (accusativus duplex).
!2/ ,+$,)+$3 - ($&&/-.)B J$+)," @-)6.)6 -/./%"+L.K6 (2"-
-2$C$"%&' - @-)6.)6 /B"./%"+L.K6 (nominativus duplex):
�d�I_ ¦�w\f_ n�µ�qMZKI @(4). .-)&($&.? G+(,"4"!%E5, @(-
4).( .-)&(F& G+(,"4"!%E5.
67
2. !2/#$&%/" B)P"% &),+$&)-K-$%L&' & 4$4/B-+/*) /B"."B, .$-
3)@'C/B&' - (2"@+)P".//. O$4)" (2/#$&%/" .$JK-$"%&' p a r -
t i c i p i u m c o n i u n c t u m ((2/#$&%/" &),+$&)-$..)"). 5 (2"-
@/4$%/-.)6 ()J/R// %$4)" (2/#$&%/" /B""% 2$J+/#.K"
)*&%)'%"+L&%-"..K" J.$#"./' (-2"B"./, (2/#/.K, R"+/, D&+)-
-/', D&%D(4/, )*2$J$ @"6&%-/'). 9$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 ).) ("2"-)-
@/%&' (2/#$&%/"B, @""(2/#$&%/"B /+/ (2/@$%)#.KB (2"@+)-
P"./"B:
Ç �tiI_ aå a`� ±]��-
f�as� _��\å mMIsnµM-gJ_ ���iËiaZl�
W. !2/#$&%/": @(4)., D"9)%0Fy)7.?
9"+$ c*4"!)&E, "&D4(9+?$&.?�
2. >""(2/#$&%/": @(4)., D"9)%0?.B 9"+$ c*4"!)&E, "&D4(9+?$&.?�
!2/@$%)#.K" (2"@+)P"./'
3. 52"B"..)": @(4)., '",!( D"9)%0$&.?
9"+$ c*4"!)&E, "&D4(9+?$&.?�
4. !2/#/..)": @(4)., &(' '(' D"9)%0-$&.? 9"+$ c*4"!)&E, "&D4(9+?$&.?�
3. 5)(2)&/%"+L.K" (2"@+)P"./' B),D% .$#/.$%L&' -)(2)&/-
%"+L.KB/ B"&%)/B"./'B/ a�� '&"? '"&"4E7, -(?? / a� -&"? '"-
&"4"$?
�]_ QrZI ~Z\\��as; 2&" .(5(? D4$'4(.%(??
V%/ B"&%)/B"./' D()%2"*+'0%&' / & (2"@+),$B/: flÙ a� D"-$-
50? H./ P" B),D% --)@/%L / (2"@+)P"./' 4)&-"..),) -)(2)&$:
e�~Zqi, Z]_ QrZI ~Z\\��as. �(..0!), '&" .(5(? D4$'4(.%(?.
?+"@D"% J$()B./%L, #%) -)(2)&/%"+L.)" B"&%)/B"./" /B""%
-&",@$ )&%2)" ($ ." %D()"!) D@$2"./" (a�� §µzn).
4. >$%"+L.K6 ($@"P B)P"% D()%2"*+'%L&' @+' )*)J.$#"./'
(2/#/.K @"6&%-/' /+/ &)&%)'./', )&)*"..) (2/ ,+$,)+$3, -K-
2$P$0C/3 #D-&%-$ (d a t i v u s c a u s a e ):
îfi�wZl ZJz_ \mcJI_ 4(!"9(&B.? )=-=( .+"9.
5. <)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"P +/#.K3 B"&%)/B"./6 D()%2"*+'"%&' @+'
)*)J.$#"./' (2/.$@+"P.)&%/ (genetivus possessivus):
Ç �Za¯� µJN = x Qµf_ �Za¯� 5"7 "&$#.
68
(US R39C43
²ai Z¨ a�i�� wiZÒ ~ZÒ Ç Á�µ`� ê~�n ��»� aÌn ���l~Ìn �¼-
�Zn, ¦~i� �d�l� aÙ� _Z�l\l~Ù� ¥cg\Z� ³niµin. Y·a�~Z fÛ Ä�Z
Ã��ia� \gciln¾ ��Ì ¦~�\¯aa��. piÕ� cÙ� Z·a»� §µÐ� �gµ�il ~ZÒ
�Õn §µ�n a»n azn wizn [cci\�n. �Û fÛ ~i\iËil fl~dqiln, a��
§µzn ¦�al ~Z\\��as. �Ì fÛ ¥a�µZqi ¦µg, aÌn a�� �·�Zn�� fg�-
��lnZn. µ�Ò cÙ� �i�w�naZl ��\\��, ~ZÒ �Z� ¦µ�� �¨ ¦�w\�Ò [n-
w����l ��\\Ù ¥cZwÙ \Zµ_dn���ln. }ZÒ �Û fÛ n�µ�q� ¦�w\mn.
à�aZl [�Z ~ZÒ ��Ò ¥cZwd, ¢\_�� ai ~ZÒ µic��as ¥��¯, ~ZÒ �i�Ò
��� ³��naZl ��\\ZÒ azn ¥�lfzn ©fZ��.
�iaÙ fÛ aÌn Ä�Zn § ±wsnо ��Z� ¦µ�� � ³]s � ³�aZl ��l
\Zµ��Ù fm�Z a`� ¥nf�i�Z� ai ~ZÒ ��]�Z�. �i�w�� ��n µ�l ~ZÒ
ÆnmµZqg µi ~Z\\��asn. �mai ~ZÒ piË�, Ç �Za¯� µ��, �Z�g�aZl ��l�.
à�ilaZ ±]��f�as �]Z\i�ï c\¼aa Æ\�c��� \gcil \mc���¾
�µ»n fÛ fz��n ³�aZl ��l § ~Z\\��as c�n¯�.
}ZÒ Ç �d�l� a��� ±]��f�as� \mc�l� §fmµin�� Z·aÌn ~Z\\��-
asn iµnZl \gcil, ~ZÒ a» µ`\�n \Zµ_dnil § ±]��f�as. Þ fÛ Ä�Z
Æ�clq�µgns¾ �elÙ a� � ³]s � ¥alµdqil� ¦µg; à�aZl cÙ� ¦µ�Ò ~ZÒ
çµ�n �m\iµ�� flÙ aÌn [n�ldn ���, � �¨Û ��ldµ��. Â�wZ��� cÙ�
�Õn f�~ çµÐ� ~ZÒ á\sn aÌn ����Zn, ~ZÒ µsfiÒ� çµzn µiµ]g�w�
aÌn fl~Z�Zn µ���Zn�.
È\�c¡ fÛ °�ai��n Ç �d�l� aå a`� ±]��f�as� _��\å �ilwmµi-
n�� ���iËiaZl �Õn äaZ���l� ��»� aÌn wd\ZaaZn, ~ZÒ �\g���l flÙ
a`� wZ\daas� iy� aÌn ��d�asn. Ânai�win ��n ë��dq���l aÌn ~Z-
\Ìn Á\gnsn, aÌn a�� �ini\d�� cZµia¯n.
7'%+'%T))
W. Þ c\zaaZ ��\\zn ¦�aln Zya�Z ~Z~zn. 2. à�c�l� ]�\��� c�-
cn��~i, µÌ µmn�n \mc�l�.
J'1$)1#
a�i��, a��Z %2/
¦~i� %$B
_Z�l\l~m�, ¯, mn R$2&4/6 (.4.
_Z�l\i�)
§ ¥cg\s, s� &%$@)
ngµ� ($&%/
[���µZl .$#/.$%L (.4. [���)
fl~dq� &D@/%L (.4. f�~Zl��)
a��; a�; 4%)?, #%)?
flÙ a� ()#"BD (+(&. cur)
§ alrmJIg�, s� ,)&()P$
¦�w\m�, ¯, mn *+$,)2)@.K6
69
³�aZl; ³��naZl "%, "%(, "%" G0!$&;
"%) G0!0& (&2. ¦�a�, iy��)
§ ¥��¯, `� .$#$+), -+$&%L (.4.
[���)
§ an}�, s� &+$-$, B."./"
§ ¥nf�i�Z, Ô� BDP"&%-), )%-$,$
(&2. ¥nf�i���)
Æn�µdq� .$JK-$%L
�]Z\i�m�, d, mn )*B$.#/-K6
§ pqyZZ�, s� 'JK4, 2"#L (.4. D"-
+),+"&)
§ c�n¯ (c�nZl~m�) P".C/.$,
P".$
Ç �m\iµ��, �� -)6.$
§ �gJI�, Ô� *"JDB/"
§ f�~s, s� &(2$-"@+/-)&%L (.4.
fl~dq�)
§ ����Ô, Ô� O2)'
§ µJzi�, Ô� &D@L*$, *),/.'
&D@L*K
§ _��\¯, `� -)+' (.4.
��µ_��\iË�)
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(2$-+'%L&' - (D%L (.4. ���i�Z)
§ stqKZZ�, s� B)2"
�\g� (+K%L (.4. �\���n)
§ ��d�as, s� ?($2%$
¦nai�win )%&0@$, & %"3 ()2 (.4.
¦naZ�wZ)
�dq� ()3/C$%L
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
���RR~ �O�f[ µ�J Y OZJ gXLif[JT�J QW�[, �O�f[ Q� Y OZJ gXe-
}MT�J. �RRK QW�[ YRTLi, V[\ �RRK QW�[ mMR�JKn� (_ 2"4. _5, 40-4_) |�OZ V[\ Y PJ�mO[men OZJ JMVfZJ. �XMTfMO[e gJ S^Lf� g}MT-
fMO[e gJ PS^[fmT�, mXMTfMO[e gJ POeµT�, g}MTfMO[e gJ QW��� (_ 2"4.
_5, 42-43)
¦����dnl��, �Z ."*"&.K6 ��i��� &"'%L
¦��cil��, i�Z J"B.)6 § ]w��d, Ð� %+"./"
§ �i\¯ns, s� +D.$ ¦ci��� ()@./B$%L
§ ¥nd�aZ�l�, i��W -)&42"&"./" § ¥]wZ���Z, Z� ."%+"./"
ni~�m�, d, mn B"2%-K6 § ¥alµ�Z, Z� *"&#"&%/"
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
em�Z ��l, Ç vi»� §µzn, fm�Z ��l.
²al Àcl�� iµ Ç vi»� §µzn ~Z� ��l aÌn fm�Zn ¥nZ�gµ��µin�
§µzn gen. pl. =!. .$N ¥nZ�gµ�� ()&K+$%L --"23, -)&-
&K+$%L
W III &4+.
70
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%" - "@/.&%-"..)B #/&+": § §µiag�Z c\zaaZ �
§ �Ì [n�lZ.
II. !2)&4+).'6%" - "@/.&%-"..)B / B.)P"&%-"..)B #/&+": § Æ�-
clq�µgns fg���lnZ.
III. H(2"@"+/%" .$#$+L.D0 Q)2BD (2/-"@"..K3 &+)- / ("2"-"-
@/%": azn _��\zn � ni~�zn � ���ilzn � ¦�w�zn � fl~zn � ¥c-
�zn � wZ\Zaazn � ¥iazn � w��zn.
IV. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./" B"&%)-
/B"./6: W. elÙ a� µZnwdnil� aÌn Á\\snl~Ìn c\zaaZn; 2. �sfi��
µi _\Z�aga�. 3. �· _�Ë\�µZ� ��l µd�i�wZl. 4. elZ\gc�� §µ�n.
5. ú���na� iy� a» �\���n [ni� §µzn. 6. �g, � ]�\i, flÙ aÌn �Ìn
[n�lZn µgµ]�µZl. 7. µ�Ò �i�wi�wi. 8. elÙ a� §µÐ� ¦_�Ë\�� ~�-
\dqiln; 9. ú���na� çµ�n µd�i�wZl. W0. ��� çµzn ¦wg\il �Z��qi-
�wZl ¦µ��;
V. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./" (2/#$&%/6:
W. ���µswiÕ� a��� ¥nw�¼��l� �Z�lqmµin�� ç�» azn wizn ò�wZ�-
�ia�. 2. ±�ldfns a»n �gn�n �Íqiln _��\�µgns Z·aº flZ\gciaZl.
3. vs�iÕ� iy� a»n \Z_Ë�lnw�n iy�i��mµin�� a» \�n�n ¦�Ò aå wË��
¿�ail. 4. ñ~Z��� a��� eZlfd\�� \mc�l� �· �ilwmµin�� iy� aÌn wd-
\ZaaZn iy����ail. 5. Y¨ a�i�� wiZÒ ç�� a�� azn wizn ¥ccg\��
¥cmµinZl a»n ��ldµ�� �¨»n ~i\iË���l fl~dqiln, a�� ¦�al ~Z\\��-
as. 6. Ä�Z ai ~ZÒ ±wsnÐ Z·aº Æ�clqmµinZl aå ����� ¥iÒ ¦�w�ZÒ
t�Zn. 7. �d�l� fÛ flÙ a`� wZ\daas� ���i�mµin�� aÌn ~Z\Ìn
Á\gnsn ë��dqil.
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I &4+)."./": BDP&4)6 2)@ .$ -�, -s�. II &4+)."./": P".&4/6 2)@ .$ -��.
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R89:F8 4VAFD8DC8. �UW4VF� 9FS
<'@ &DC"&%-/%"+L.K3 & )&.)-)6 4$4 .$ #/&%D0 $+LQD, %$4 /
.$ s )%.)&'%&' 4 BDP&4)BD 2)@D. V%/ &DC"&%-/%"+L.K" - &-)"B
&4+).".// /B"0% )&)*"..)&%/: /B"./%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@. #.
)4$.#/-$"%&' .$ Z� (Z purum) / s�, 2)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@. #.
)4$.#/-$"%&' -&",@$ .$ �� (() $.$+),// &) -%)2KB &4+)."./"B).
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Nom. Ç aZµ�Z� '(=%(-$7 �¨ aZµ�Zl '(=%(-$)
Gen. a�� aZµ��� '(=%(-$? azn! aZµlzn '(=%(-$$9
Dat. aº aZµ�� '(=%(-$F a��� aZµ�Zl� '(=%(-$?5
Acc. a»n aZµ�Zn [9)C0] '(=%(-$? a�Õ� aZµ�Z� [9)C0] '(=%(-$$9
Voc. (�) aZµ�Z! " '(=%(-$7! (�)! aZµ�Zl! " '(=%(-$)!
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. Ç nZËas� 5"4?' �¨ nZ�aZl 5"4?')
Gen. a�� nZËa�� 5"4?'( azn!nZ�azn 5"4?'"9
Dat. aº nZËa 5"4?'0 a��� nZËaZl� 5"4?'(5
Acc. a»n nZËasn [9)C0] 5"4?'( a�Õ� nZËaZ� [9)C0] 5"4?'"9
Voc. (�) nZ�aÓ " 5"4?'! (�)!nZ�aZl! " 5"4?')!
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. Ç ±a�i�fs� c&4)! �¨ ±a�i�fZl c&4)!E
Gen. a�� ±a�i�f�� c&4)!( azn!±a�ilfzn c&4)!"9
Dat. aº ±a�i�f c&4)!0 a��� ±a�i�fZl� c&4)!(5
Acc. a»n ±a�i�fsn [9)C0] c&4)!( a�Õ� ±a�i�fZ� c&4)!"9
Voc. (�) ±a�i�fs! " c&4)!! (�)!±a�i�fZl! " c&4)!E!
72
NB 5 J-$%"+L.)B ($@"P" "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ &DC"&%-/%"+L.K" BDP-
&4),) 2)@$ .$ -Ô� )4$.#/-$0%&' .$ -Ô (� aZµ�Z), &DC"&%-/%"+L.K" .$
-s� )4$.#/-$0%&' .$ -s (� Ya�i�fs), $ &DC"&%-/%"+L.K" .$ -as� / .$-
J-$./' .$2)@)- .$ -s� )4$.#/-$0%&' .$ -Ó (� nZ�aÓ, � �g��Ó). 5 J-$-
%"+L.)B ($@"P" &+)-$ Ç fi��mas� ,".D"!)% D@$2"./" ("2".)&/%&' .$
.$#$+) &+)-$: � fg���aZ.
$5F9F8 4VAFD8DC8. �8D4VC� 9FS
I) -%)2)BD &4+)."./0 &DC"&%-/%"+L.K3 )%.)&'%&' ."B.)-
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!$@"P Singularis Pluralis
Nom. Ç Á�µ`� < Á�µgZ� �¨! ä�µZ�! < ä�µgZl
Gen. a�� Á�µ��! < Á�µg�� azn! ä�µzn! < ä�µizn
Dat. aº Á�µå! < Á�µg� a��� ä�µZ��! < ä�µgZl�
Acc. a»n Á�µ`n! < Á�µgZn a�Õ� ä�µÐ�! < ä�µgZ�
Voc. (�) Á�µ`! < Á�µgZ (�) ä�µZ�! < ä�µgZl
88
5 ) I I & 4 + ) . " . / / &+/'./" (2)/&3)@/% - /B".$3 & )&.)-
-)6 .$ -i� /+/ -�� () &+"@D0C/B (2$-/+$B:
i + � > ��;
� + � > ��;
i + Z > Ô.
>)+,/" ,+$&.K" / @/Q%).,/ (),+)C$0% i / �.
5 4$#"&%-" )*2$JR$ (2/-"@"B &DC"&%-/%"+L.K" Ç �\��� D+(-
9(%)$ / a» Æ�a��n '".&B.
!$@"P Singularis Pluralis
Nom. Ç �\��� < �\m�� �¨!�\�� < �\m�l
Gen. a�� �\��! < �\m�� azn!�\zn! < �\m�n
Dat. aº �\º! < �\m¡ a��� �\���! < �\m�l�
Acc. a»n �\��n! < �\m�n a�Õ� �\���! < �\m���
Voc. (�) �\��! < �\mi (�) �\��! < �\m�l
!$@"P Singularis Pluralis
Nom. a» Æ�a��n < Æ�ag�n aÙ! Æ�aÐ! < Æ�agZ
Gen. a�� �a��! < �ag�� azn! �azn! < �ag�n
Dat. aº Æ�aº! < Æ�ag¡ a��� Æ�a���! < Æ�ag�l�
Acc. a» Æ�a��n! < Æ�ag�n aÙ Æ�aÐ! < Æ�agZ
Voc. (�) Æ�a��n! < Æ�ag�n (�) Æ�aÐ! < Æ�agZ
?+/%.K" Q)2BK )*2$JD0% / (2/+$,$%"+L.K". ?+/'./"
(2)/&3)@/% () %"B P" (2$-/+$B, #%) / D &DC"&%-/%"+L.K3,
%)+L4) - P".&4)B 2)@" ()&+" ,+$&.K3 / �:
i + Z > Ô,
- (2)#/3 &+D#$'3:
i + Z > s.
?+/%.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" ." /B"0% J-$%"+L.),) ($@"P$ /
@-)6&%-"..),) #/&+$. !2/-"@"B &4+)."./" (2/+$,$%"+L.K3
�������, ����`, ������n ="+"&"7 / ¥�c�����, ¥�c��Ð, ¥�c�-
���n .$4$G4?%E7.
89
Singularis
m f! n
Nom. ������� < ���i��!����`! < ����gZ! ������n < ���i�n
Gen. ������ < ����g�� ����`� < ����gZ� ������ < ����g��
Dat. ����º < ����g¡ ����å < ����g� ����º < ����g¡
Acc. ������n < ���i�n ����`n < ����gZn ������n < ���i�n
Pluralis
m f! n
Nom. ������ < ���i�l! ����Z�! < ���iZl! ����Р< ���iZ
Gen. ����zn < ����g�n
Dat. ������� < ����g�l� ����Z�� < ����gZl� ������� < ����g�l�
Acc. ������� < ����g��� ����� < ����gZ� ����Р< ���iZ
Singularis
m f! n
N. ¥�c����� <¥�cË�i��!¥�c��Ð! <¥�c��gZ! ¥�c����n <¥�cË�i�n
G. ¥�c���� <¥�c��g�� ¥�c��Ð� <¥�c��gZ� ¥�c���� <¥�c��g��
D. ¥�c��º <¥�c��g¡ ¥�c��ï <¥�c��g� ¥�c��º <¥�c��g¡
A. ¥�c����n <¥�cË�i�n ¥�c��Ðn <¥�c��gZn ¥�c����n <¥�cË�i�n
Pluralis
m f! n
N. ¥�c���� <¥�cË�i�l! ¥�c��Z�! <¥�cË�iZl! ¥�c��Ð <¥�cË�iZ
G. ¥�c��zn < ¥�c��g�n
D. ¥�c����� <¥�c��g�l� ¥�c��Z�� <¥�c��gZl� ¥�c����� <¥�c��g�l�
A. ¥�c����� <¥�c��g��� ¥�c��Ð� <¥�c��gZ� ¥�c��Ð <¥�cË�iZ
?5DF4C58A6DF8 Y845FCY8DC8 �_, �, �
V%) B"&%)/B"./" (4$4 / (2)#/" )%.)&/%"+L.K" B"&%)/B"-
./') D()%2"*+'"%&' 4$4 - J.$#".// '&", -&", %$4 / - J.$#".//
'"&"4E7, '"&"4(?, '"&"4"$. ?4+).'"%&' ).) () I / II &4+)."./'B
() )*2$JRD (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 oxytona, %)+L4) - &2"@."B 2)@"
90
/B"./%"+L.K6 / -/./%"+L.K6 ($@"P/ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$
/B"0% Q)2BD á:
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. á� î! á �õ Zõ! ¿!
Gen. �þ ê� �þ !n
Dat. " # " �¶� Z¶� �¶�
Acc. án în á �°� ¿�! ¿
O,%:+)' , -"#-,"F%,0 ,$%,6'
<$J+/#.K" Q)2BK @2"-.",2"#"&4),) ,+$,)+$ )*2$JD0%&' )%
2$J.K3 )&.)- ()&.)-$ .$&%)'C",), )&.)-$ *D@DC",), )&.)-$ $)-
2/&%$, )&.)-$ ("2Q"4%$). 8 + $ , ) + L . ) 6 ) & . ) - ) 6 '-+'"%&'
%$ #$&%L ,+$,)+$, )% 4)%)2)6 B)P.) )*2$J)-$%L -&" ",) -2"B".-
.E" )&.)-K. O$4 4$4 - &+)-$2'3 ,+$,)+K @$0%&' - Q)2B" .$-
&%)'C",) -2"B"./, .")*3)@/B) DB"%L «-K-)@/%L» (%$B, ,@" T%)
-)JB)P.)) ,+$,)+L.D0 )&.)-D /J )&.)-K .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./.
!"#-,"F%#: ,$%,6# -"#-,",6 %# -"#$%&0
8+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ &)-($@$"% & )&.)-)6 .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./
D ,+$,)+)-, 4)%)2K" - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ /B"0% )&.)-D .$
@)+,/6 ,+$&.K6 /+/ @/Q%).,.
7&+/ )&.)-$ .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ )4$.#/-$"%&' .$ 42$%4/6
,+$&.K6, %) ,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ /B""% &))%-"%&%-D0C/6 @)+,/6
,+$&.K6, (2/ T%)B:
Ó ()&+" i, l, �, �� D@+/.'"%&' - Ô, - (2)#/3 &+D#$'3 - s;
i D@+/.'"%&' - s;
� D@+/.'"%&' - �;
ó D@+/.'"%&' - ô;
ö D@+/.'"%&' - ÷.
5)% ."4)%)2K" (2/B"2K:
�+"9(4%(? *"45( ¡.%"9( %(.&. 94. a+(,"+B%(? ".%"9(
\�� 4(=9?=E9(F \÷- \÷-
�Zlfi� 9".D)&E9(F �Zlfi�- �Zlfi�-
wi �µZl .5"&4F wiÓ-! wiÔ-
9W
�il� �µZl DE&(F.B �il�Ó-! �il�Ô-!
_� � '4)-0 _�Ó- _�s-
~��µg� 0'4(A(F! ~��µi- ~��µs-
Futurum indicativi activi C medii GA3GFAF: 4 GA34DEYC F4DF:3YC
A ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/ *D@DC"" -2"B' )*2$JD"%&'
(2/&)"@/."./"B &DQQ/4&$ -�- 4 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-".
?(2'P"./" ,+$,)+)- - *D@DC"B -2"B"./ )@/.$4)-) & /3
&(2'P"./"B - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./: 4 )&.)-" *D@DC",) (2/&)"-
@/.'0%&' &))%-"%&%-"..) $4%/-.K" /+/ B"@/$+L.K" +/#.K"
)4).#$./' & &)"@/./%"+L.KB/ ,+$&.KB/. 5 )%+/#/" )% .$-
&%)'C",) -2"B"./, - 4)%)2)B Q)2BK B"@/$+L.),) / ($&&/-.)-
,) J$+),$ &)-($@$0%, ($&&/-.K6 J$+), - *D@DC"B -2"B"./ )*-
2$JD"%&' )&)*) / *D@"% 2$&&B$%2/-$%L&' ()J@."".
×D@DC"" -2"B' /JÖ'-/%"+L.),) .$4+)."./' &))%-"%&%-D"%
2D&&4)BD *D@DC"BD -2"B"./ ."&)-"2N"..),) / &)-"2N"..),)
-/@$.
Activum
Singularis
W �ZlfiË-�-� ? G0!0 9".D)&E9(&B, ? 9".D)&(F
2 �ZlfiË-�-il� &E G0!$AB 9".D)&E9(&B, &E 9".D)&($AB
3 �ZlfiË-�-il "% G0!$& 9".D)&E9(&B, "% 9".D)&($&
Pluralis
W �ZlfiË-�-�µin 5E G0!$5 9".D)&E9(&B, 5E 9".D)&($5
2 �ZlfiË-�-iai 9E G0!$&$ 9".D)&E9(&B, 9E 9".D)&($&$
3 �ZlfiË-�-���l(n) "%) G0!0& 9".D)&E9(&B, "%) 9".D)&(F&
92
Medium
Singularis
W �ZlfiË-�-�µZl ? G0!0 9".D)&E9(&B .$G$,
? 9".D)&(F .$G$
2 �ZlfiË-�- &E G0!$AB 9".D)&E9(&B .$G$, &E 9".D)&($AB .$G$
3 �ZlfiË-�-iaZl "% G0!$& 9".D)&E9(&B .$G$, "% 9".D)&($& .$G$
Pluralis
W �Zlfi�-�-mµiwZ 5E G0!$5 9".D)&E9(&B .$G$, 5E 9".D)&($5 .$G$
2 �ZlfiË-�-i�wi 9E G0!$&$ 9".D)&E9(&B .$G$, 9E 9".D)&($&$ .$G$
3 �ZlfiË-�-�naZl "%) G0!0& 9".D)&E9(&B .$G$, "%) 9".D)&(F& .$G$
Infinitivus futuri
:.Q/./%/- *D@DC",) -2"B"./ )*2$JD"%&' )% )&.)-K *D@D-
C",) -2"B"./ $.$+),/#.) /.Q/./%/-D .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./:
infinitivus futuri activi � �ZlfiË-�-iln,
infinitivus futuri medii � �ZlfiË-�-i�wZl.
:.Q/./%/- *D@DC",) -2"B"./ D()%2"*+'"%&' - J$-/&/B)-
&%/ )% ,+$,)+)- &) J.$#"./'B/ %(!$?&B.?, '+?.&B.?, "G$y(&B, %(5$4$9(&B.?, $ %$4P" - /.Q/./%/-.K3 )*)2)%$3.
7)%+#1$)$
:.Q/./%/- *D@DC",) -2"B"./ D()%2"*+'"%&' - J$-/&/B)&%/ )%
,+$,)+)- BK&+/ / 2"#/ - /.Q/./%/-.K3 )*)2)%$3 / ("2"-)@/%-
&' .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 ,+$,)+)B *D@DC",) -2"B"./. 9$(2/B"2, -
)*)2)%" accusativus cum infinitivo:
¦\��q� �µ¥_ aå _��\å µ�� mIrZMorMIg ~ZÒ ¦n Æ\�cZl� §µg-
�Zl� mJiMorMrsKI ? %(!$F.B, -&" 9E D".+0A($&$ 5"$," ."9$&( ) 9 G+)C(7A)$ !%) "&D4(9)&$.B 9 D0&B.
&8D9CT ¦ACY3DD
$~�Ëiai, � µZwsaZ�, �i�Ò a�� ���l~�� ��\gµ��, %� ��\\���
tn filnm�, ~ZÒ �i�Ò a`� ±�ldfns�, & a»n ±aal~»n �gn�n ³�¡qin,
93
~ZÒ �i�Ò a�� �\����, % a�Õ� ±�c�nZËaZ� iy� aÌn [�iln�n wd\Za-
aZn ³]i�in. �·~ [cn��a�l çµ�n iy�ln �¨ wi��, �´ ç�» azn ±�Zlzn
¦wi�Z�iË�na�, �·~ [cn��a�l ³nlZl azn n�µ]zn, Z´ ¦n ¦�¯µ�l�
n¯��l� ¦_lmai��n, �·fÛ aÙ ³�cZ, ' Þ�Z~\`� ³��Zaain.
±\\Ù f`\mn ¦�al a�Ëa��� a�Õ� µËw��� ³�cZ ��lsazn iµnZl,
!n [�l�a�� ~ZÒ µgcl�a�� tn Ç ²µs���. ²µ�� ¦���Ëaaia� ¦n aº
n�n ��mn¡ ¦~ a`� c`� ��\\d, ¦� !n a»n amai _��n i� clcn¼�~�µin.
��za�� ��n (��aai bi�µZnl~»� ³µ�����. �þa�� Ãfs, áai ng-
�� tn, a»n n��n ³a�i�in ¦�Ò a�Õ� ¥��Z���� µËw���. ±\\Ù a»
��za�n µgn, ¦�iÒ Ã��ia� Æ�Ëaailn, ��\\��� ¦]Z�nia� [n��� iµ-
nZl. }Z�a�l ¦�¼��aain ¦n aå ���l~å ai ~ZÒ ��~inZ�� cå µic�-
�a��� ¥��Z��n fi���azn �Ë�c��� ~ZÒ s°�l�~i ������n ~m�µ�n
~ZÒ ¥�c��Ð ��a¯�lZ ~ZÒ �Z\~Ð á�\Z ~ZÒ Æ�aÐ ¥nw�¼��n ~ZÒ
[\\Z ��\\d. �d�Z fÛ ¦wZ˵Zqi a»n bi�µZnl~»n á\s § c`.
RA3D 7U58�845:C;
�Zna��Z µgn, � ]�\�l, Ãfs ò~�Ëiai �i�Ò a�� Á\\snl~�� _���,
��\\Ù fÛ [\\Z n�n çµ�n µsnË��.
ØfiË��µin cÙ� flÙ ��\\zn ���zn ~ZÒ µZ~�zn ��mn�n �·fÛ
~lnf�niË�iai ¦n aZËa aå ���i��. �éai cÙ� [c�l�l [niµ�l �éai
wd\ZaaZ �éai ��aZµ�Ò çµÐ� ~�\Ë����ln. Þc¯��µZl çµ�n iy�
��\sa�n ~ZÒ ±w¯nZ� ~ZÒ ��d�asn. Â~i� wid�i�wi ��\\Ù wZ�-
µd�lZ ~ZÒ ¥~�Ë�i�wi �i�Ò ��\lal~zn ~ZÒ ]l\��m]�n ~ZÒ ��ls-
azn, ~ZÒ �il�Z�mµiwZ clcn¼�~iln, a� ~ZÒ §µi�� a�Ëa�l� Æ]i�\�µin.
elÙ a��a� ¦\��q� çµÐ� aå _��\å µ�� �l�aiË�iln ~ZÒ ¦n Æ\�-
cZl� §µg�Zl� ���iË�i�wZl.
7'%+'%T):
���`� �Z\lnm� ¦�aln ¥nw�¼��l� Ç n���.
J'1$)1#
¥~�Ë� &+KN$%L, &+DN$%L (.4.
('0.&)'()
Ç µZwsa¯�, �� D#"./4
�_, �, � 4)%)2K6
³�sµ��, �n (D&%K..K6
f`\��, s, �n '&.K6, )#"-/@.K6,
'-.K6
�� )@.$4)
Æ�Ëaa� 4)($%L
¦���Ëaa� -K4$(K-$%L
94
§ p�, p�_ (&"+B'" sg.) J"B+',
&%2$.$ (.4. ,$"+",)?, ,$",4(*)?)
clcn¼�~� DJ.$-$%L (.4. ,%".$"+"-
,)?)
��za��, s, �n ("2-K6 (.4. D4"-
&"&)D)
Ç ³µ�����, �� 4D("R
Ç gJ[_, gJ[ DB
¥��Z���, Z, �n @2"-./6 (.4. (4-
/$"+",)?, (4/()'()
�gJN_, �gJNg *"JDB.K6
M¤gJN_, M¤gJNg @)*2)P"+$-
%"+L.K6, *+$,)2$&()+)P".-
.K6
~Z�a�l )@.$4)
i��~� .$3)@/%L
Ç ~m�µ��, �� ()2'@)4, 42$&)%$,
D42$N"./" (.4. '".5".)
eiNrJ[_, �, J[g J)+)%)6 (.4. ¨4)-
=".&"5)
�ipNiJ[_, ¥, J[g &"2"*2'.K6
eKqdJ[_, �, J[g B"@.K6
a» �rZJ[g, �� 4)&%L
µsnË� -)J-"C$%L
ÇfiË� (D%"N"&%-)-$%L
~lnf�ni� *K%L - )($&.)&%/
�éai... �éai ./... ./
µ¯ai... µ¯ai ./... ./
§cg�µZl (+dat.) -"&%/, (2"@-)@/-
%"+L&%-)-$%L
§ ��\sa��, �� =/+"%
Z¨ ±w`nZl, zn 1Q/.K
wid�µZl 2$&&B$%2/-$%L, &)J"2-
R$%L
Ç ��\lal~m�, �� ,)&D@$2&%-"..K6
@"'%"+L, ()+/%/4
Ç ]l\m��]��, �� Q/+)&)Q
�il�d�µZl (K%$%L&'
Æ]i�\� *K%L @)+P.KB, *K%L
)*'J$..KB
fl٠a��a� ()T%)BD
¦\��q� .$@"'%L&'
§ ±aal~¯, `� 1%%/4$
±aal~m�, ¯, mn $%%/#"&4/6
bi�µZnl~m�, ¯, mn ,"2B$.&4/6
��~snZ���, Z, �n B/4".&4/6
Ç �Z\lnm�, �� DJ@$
a» ��a¯�l�n, �� 4D*)4 (.4. D"&)4)
Ç �Ë�c��, �� *$N.'
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
{¦µM�n Q� JLoJ lfemOLo ¥]LµMJ. (_ 2"4. 2, _6)
pMµ�ReLJ }~f �RRLJ LvQM\n QNJ[O[e ^M�J[e X[f~ OUJ VMTµMJLJ, §n gmOeJ xKmLon lfemOWn. (_ 2"4. 3, __)
hNfeLJ OUJ pMWJ mLi XfLmViJ�mMen V[\ [vO� µWJj R[OfMNmMen.
(>0'. 4,8)
Ç n���, n�� DB ~i�µin��, s, �n +"P$C/6
Ç wiµg\l��, �� )&.)-$./" á�, î, á 4)%)2K6
fËnZµZl B)#L ����~�ng� ()4+).'%L&'
wi�nZl (inf.) ()+)P/%L \Za�i� &+DP/%L
95
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
Þ �Z�wgn�� �¯µi��n a»n ç�i��Ë�l�n a�~ail, ~Zl § c` a»
��¯\Zl�n aº ¥�����aº ����dcil� (I).@$4 <)P@"&%-$)
�¯µi��n &",)@.' a» ��¯\Zl�n, �� ("C"2$
ç�i��Ë�l�� &-"23&DC.)&%.K6 ¥��m�la��, �n ."(2/&%D(.K6
a�~a� 2)P@$%L ����dc� (2/-)@/%L
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%": a» ¥�c����n á�\�n � § ±aal~Ì c` (sg.)
II. H*2$JD6%" ind. / inf. fut. )% ,+$,)+)-: wË� � §cg�µZl � wid�µZl.
III. !"2"-"@/%": W. ��Ðaai ¥iÒ a��a�, % ��Ì ��daailn. 2. �Ì �i�-w�� a�Ëa¡, á� ¦�aln [n���. 3. �l�aiË��µin a�Ëa�l�, !n Ç n��� ¦�aln ¦�w\»� ~ZÒ f�~Zl��. 4. ) ~i\iËil�, [n�ld ¦�aln, � ]�\i. 5.
�mn�l �þa�l �¨ µZwsaZ�, �´ i� ¦µdnwZn�n, ~Z\»n ³�Zln�n \Zµ-
_dn���ln. 6. Â\��q�µgn �i �l�aiË�iln a��� ién�l� ]�\�l�. 7.
±cZµgµn�n, " ��\\�Ò Ç�\�aZl ¦�i�w�na�, filn»� tn fi��mas�. 8. ±�l\\iË�, �þ § µ¯as� tn wid, ~ZÒ ç�» azn ¦nZna��n ¦wZ�-
µdqia�.
96
2"?) < 4
III &4+)."./": )&.)-K .$ -�, -n. Particip-ium futuri medii ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/.
:.Q/./%/-.$' 4).&%2D4R/'. Participi-um futuri & R"+"-KB J.$#"./"B (Î�). Genetivus (2/ (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 (¦�l�a¯µ�n). !2"@+), ç�g�.
i3'+F' $1",%'%)' $ED'$+6)+'"F%&G.
BCD)' $6'5'%):
I III &4+)."./0 )%.)&'%&' &+)-$ & )&.)-$B/ .$ -&" &),+$&-
.K", $ %$4P" .$ ,+$&.K" -l / -� (2"@4) .$ -� / -�), .$ @/Q%).,/ -
i�, -Z�, -��. !)&4)+L4D )&.)-K - III &4+).".// -"&LB$ 2$J.))*-
2$J.K / - /B"./%"+L.)B ($@"P" "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ B),D%
*K%L (2"@&%$-+".K - /JB"."..)B -/@", %) @+' )(2"@"+"./' )&-
.)-K &+)-$ - &+)-$2" 2'@)B & /&3)@.)6 Q)2B)6 - /B"./%"+L-
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}ZÒ ��\\ZÒ ¥��l~�Zl t�Zn a��� ���nl�ln, !n µic��as tn §
}Z��sf¼n. �¨ fÛ }Z��sfmnl�l ¦�w�z� ³_\ikZn iy� aÙ� azn Á\-
\¯n�n ¥��l~�Z� aÙ� ¦n aå �l~i\�� ~Z� alnZ� Z·azn µd\Z ³_\Z-
kZn, Ý�� �¨ ®��µZ��l aÌn ~Z\Ìn n`��n ¦n ]�_i���� ��\gµ�l�
~Zai�a�gkZna�.
W26
J'1$)1#
rdlmZJµKI &)J"2R$%L, .$*+0-
@$%L (.4. .'$D&)')
�~��g� 2$&&B$%2/-$%L (.4. 5)'-
4".'"D)
Ç ���nl�, l~�� Q/./4/"R
���]�����, Ð, ��n (D2(D2.K6
a» ¨µdal�n, �� (+$C
Ç ~g�Zµ��, �� ,+/.$, /J@"+/" /J
,+/.K (.4. '$4(5)'()
Ç �µn��, �� -/.)
µMZKmlµmJµKI (+ acc.) ()&K+$%L
(=( '$5-+)G")
§ }Ë����, �� I/(2
Ç �\���, �� (+$-$./"
Ç �i���\���, �� (+$-$./" -)42D,
Zb_, Zb (H%'+.) ."4%), ."4)%)2K6
Ç É~iZnm�, �� )4"$.
a» ~Z���ai��n, �� )+)-)
a» �sµi��n, �� J.$4, (2/J.$4
��m� + gen. )%;
+dat. (2/;
+ acc. 4, (2)%/-
Ç ®��µZ���, �� 2/B+'./.
§ �l_Ës, s� U/-/'
Ç «iK¬, «iK\J� $2$*
Ç hs]J¬, JmJ_ TQ/)(
rZilkH ()-)2$#/-$%L (.4. .&4"-
*()
Ç _��gZ�, �� ×)2"6, &"-"2.K6
-"%"2; &"-"2
a��a��, s, �n %2"%/6
§ }Z��sf¼n, mn�� I$2Q$,".
Ç }Z��sfmnl��, �� 4$2Q$,".'./.
dKZKrZilkJµKI ()@#/.'%L,
()4)2'%L
~ZaZ�a�g]� ("2"-)2$#/-$%L,
D./#%)P$%L (.4. '(&(.&4"*()
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
�V[\ gJe¸�µKJ V[\ �R�X�. (�%. 9, _5)
�°^MR�m[µMJ gR^M�J XfUn ±µ�n, g}¯ µ�J w[oRLn V[\ ´X[�
V[\ QTn, V[\ gJ�VL¸MJ Yµ�n k m[O[J�n. (_ `$.. 2, _8)
�V[\ gX�µ¸[µMJ deµW^MLJ, OUJ PQMRSUJ YµZJ V[\ miJMf}UJ
OLo ^MLo gJ O� Mv[}}MRTj OLo lfemOLo, Mun OU mOKfT�[e ±µ�n�
(_ `$.. 3, 2)
n��a� BK%L
_\g�� -/@"%L
¦\wi�n inf. aor. /@%/
¿�Z� )@/. 2$J, )@.$P@K
f�� @-$P@K
¦c~m�a� (2",2$P@$%L (D%L
Ç ��ni�cm�, �� &)%2D@./4, ()-
B)C./4
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
��Z��i, fl� ê� § �Z�Ù ¦~\dµkil¾ �Z��i, fl� ê� § ¥�Ù ¦~\i�-
kil� (14$Q/&%, /4)& W)
§ �Z�d, Ð� 2$@)&%L § ¥�d, Ð� (2)4+'%L"!
¦~\dµ�� &/'%L ¦~\i��� (2"42$C$%L&'
W27
823#9%'%):
I. H*2$JD6%" 4 (2/-"@"..KB ./P" (2"J".%.KB Q)2B$B Q)2BK
/B("2Q"4%$, QD%D2DB$ / $)2/&%$ - /JÖ'-/%"+L.)B .$4+)."-
.//: ¿�ail� � µgµ] �_\d�a�µin � ~ZaZ�a�i]mµiwZ.
II. H*2$JD6%" -&" Q)2BK /.Q/./%/-)- 4 ,+$,)+$B a�g�� /
�a�g]�.
III. !"2"-"@/%": W. eg�Zl ��»� ¦µ�� amfi a» fz��n. 2. �Z�� ¦µ�Ò i� ��d�il�. 3. ��gk�n a»n n��n ¥�» azn ~Z~zn ��»� a» ¦�w-
\z� _l�aiËiln. 4. Þ fm�Z ��� \dµkil ¦n á\¡ aº ~m�µ¡. 5. �� µiai�gµk� ¦~ aZËas� a`� n¯���, � ³µ���i; 6. �gµkZai ]d�µZ-
~Z ~ZÒ ��a�n iy� aÙ� ¥��l~�Z�, � ��\�aZl. 7. ��nZ� �¼�Z� ¦_\gkZ-
ai, � nZ�aZl, ¦n aº a`� �l_Ës� �i���\¡; 8. Ø ¥�lf»� §µÐ� ai�kd-
a� ©fZ�� al�ln.
IV. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D@$2"./': nZ�aZ� alni� �
a�ni� ci�a�ni� � yµdalmn al � Yyw��k� al�ln � i¶� ¥�a¯� � ¥�a¯�
al� � a��l c�nZl��n � ¦n \lµgnl aln� � a�n�n ai�nlazn ³�cZ � �sam-
��n alnzn \mc�l.
W28
2"?) < 9
III &4+)."./": JD*.K" )&.)-K. Dativus modi. !2"@+),/ ��m, Ýni~Z.
@98568 4VAFD8DC8. -UwDE8 F4DF:E
H&.)-K .$ JD*.K" J-D4/ - @2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4" (2"@&%$--
+".K - )&.)-.)B &DC"&%-/%"+L.KB/ P".&4),) / &2"@.",) 2)@$.
:B".$ BDP&4),) 2)@$ ."B.),)#/&+"..K.
:B"./%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ D &+)- BDP&4),)
/ P".&4),) 2)@$ & JD*.KB/ )&.)-$B/ (f, a, w) )*2$JD"%&' &/,B$-
%/#"&4/. SD*.)6 J-D4 ("2"@ &/,B)6 - nom. sing. / - dat. pl. -K-
($@$"%. !)T%)BD nom. sg. /B". BDP&4),) / P".&4),) 2)@$ &
JD*.KB/ )&.)-$B/ B)P"% )4$.#/-$%L&' .$:
-Z� (§ \Zµ�d�, \Zµ�df�� *('$+); -l� (§ �Za���, �Za��f�� "&$-$.&9"); -�� (§ ~m���, ~m��w�� A+$5);
-�� (Ç ¨f�¼�, ¨f�za�� D"&);
-s� (§ ¦�w¯�, ¦�w`a�� "!$C!().
9/P" (2/-)@/%&' &4+)."./" &DC"&%-/%"+L.K3 § ¦\���, ¦\-
��f�� ()&.)-$ ¦\�lf-) %(!$C!(, § �d�l�, �d�la�� ()&.)-$ �Z�la-)
G+(,"!(&B, 5)+".&B, D4$+$.&B, § ~m���, ~m��w�� ()&.)-$ ~���w-)
A+$5.
Singularis Pluralis
N. § ¦\��� %(!$C!( Z¨! ¦\��fi�! %(!$C!E
G. a`� ¦\��f��! %(!$C!E azn! ¦\��f�n! %(!$C!
D. aå ¦\��fl! %(!$C!$ aZ��! ¦\���l(n)! %(!$C!(5
A. aÌn ¦\��fZ! %(!$C!0 aÙ�! ¦\��fZ�! [9)C0] %(!$C!E
V. (�) ¦\���! " %(!$C!(! (�) ¦\��fi�! " %(!$C!E!
W29
Singularis Pluralis
N. § �d�l� G+(,"!(&B Z¨! �d�lai�! 5)+".&)
G. a`� �d�la��! G+(,"!(&) azn! �Z��a�n! 5)+".&$7
D. aå �d�lal! G+(,"!(&) aZ��! �d�l�l(n)! 5)+".&?5
A. aÌn �d�ln G+(,"!(&B aÙ�! �d�laZ�! 5)+".&)
V. (�) �d�l�! " G+(,"!(&B! (�) �d�lai�! " 5)+".&)!
Singularis Pluralis
N. § ~m��� A+$5 Z¨!~m��wi�! A+$5E
G. a`� ~m��w��!A+$5( azn!~��Ëw�n! A+$5"9
D. aå ~m��wl! A+$50 aZ��!~m���l(n)! A+$5(5
A. aÌn ~m��n [9)C0] A+$5 aÙ�!~m��wZ�! A+$5E
V. (�) ~m���! " A+$5! (�) ~m��wi�! " A+$5E!
NB 5 -/./%"+L.)B ($@"P" "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ D &+)- .$ -l� / -�� %/($
barytona )4).#$./" -n: �d�ln, ~m��n. S-$%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@/.&%-"..),)
#/&+$ D ./3 4$4 (2$-/+) 2$-". /B"./%"+L.)BD (�d�l�, ~m���), 4$4 / -
@2D,/3 &+)-$3 & )&.)-$B/ .$ JD*.K" J-D4/, .) /.),@$ )4$.#/-$"%&' .$
,+$&.K6 (�d�l, ~m��).
:B"./%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ &DC"&%-/%"+L-
.K3 &2"@.",) 2)@$ )*2$JD"%&' $&/,B$%/#"&4/, (2/#"B 4)."#.)"
-a )&.)-K )%($@$"%: a» c�dµµZ, c�dµµZa�� G0'9(; a» ¢n�µZ, Ænm-
µZa�� )5?.
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. a» ¢n�µZ )5? aÙ! ÆnmµZaZ! )5$%(
Gen. a�� ÆnmµZa��! )5$%) azn! Æn�µda�n! )5$%
Dat. aº ÆnmµZal! )5$%) a��� ÆnmµZ�l(n) )5$%(5
Acc. a» ¢n�µZ! [9)C0] )5? aÙ ÆnmµZaZ! )5$%(
Voc. (�) ¢n�µZ! " )5?! (�) ÆnmµZaZ! " )5$%(!
7)%+#1$)$
W. >$%"+L.K6 ($@"P, -K2$P$0C/6 )*&%)'%"+L&%-$, &)(2)-)P-
@$0C/" @"6&%-/", &()&)* /+/ )*2$J @"6&%-/', .$JK-$"%&' dat i -
vus modi (&2. ablativus modi - +$%/.&4)B 'JK4"). 9$ 2D&&4/6
'JK4 @$%"+L.K6 )*2$J$ @"6&%-/' ("2"-)@/%&' %-)2/%"+L.KB
($@"P)B, -K2$P"./"B & (2"@+),)B, @""(2/#$&%/"B, .$2"#/"B:
W30
�lcå 9 5"+-(%)), 5"+-(;
a�Ëa¡ aº a�m�¡ &(')5 "G4(="5;
]�cå G$,"5.
2. !2"@+), ��m D$4$! (- (2)&%2$.&%-"..)B / -2"B"..)B J.$#"-
./'3) D(2$-+'"% 2)@/%"+L.KB ($@"P)B:
��» �l\¯a�� D$4$! 3)+$&"5,
��» a`� µd�s� D$4$! G)&9"7.
3. !2"@+), Ýni~Z )=-=(, 4(!), !+? %)P" D()%2"*+'"%&' & 2)@/-
%"+L.KB ($@"P)B, .) )*K#.) &%$-/%&' ()&+" &+)-$, 4 4)%)2)BD
)%.)&/%&':
��sµda�n Ýni~Z 4(!) !$%$,.
"3wF:A3S8A6>84VF8 TFj;�45:F
¸�al ¦�scs�dµiwZ a�Õ� ý\\snZ� aÙ c�dµµZaZ ��»� azn
��ln�~�n fg�Z�wZl. }ZÒ aÙ azn �sµi��n ÆnmµZaZ a��� ��lnl~��l�
ÆnmµZ�ln áµ�ld ¦�aln. ��¯�lµZ tn aÙ c�dµµZaZ iy� aÙ azn ¦µ-
�m��n ~ZÒ n�µ�wiazn ~ZÒ ��lsazn ��dcµZaZ.
}ZÒ § azn n�µl�µda�n ��i�Z ��\\º Ãfs ��mn¡ ��» a`� �m-
\�n�� n�µ�wi��Z� ��»� a�Õ� ý\\snZ� ê~in. Yya���� fÛ azn n�-
µl�µda�n a�Õ� ��f�Õ� iµnZl Ç Þ�mf�a�� \gcil. ��Ëa¡ ��n aº
a�m�¡ s·�dnia� î ai ¦µ����Z ~ZÒ § i·fZlµ�n�Z § azn ��\lazn
~ZÒ ¦n aå Á\\dfl ~ZÒ ¦n aZ�� �\i��aZl� ¥��l~�Zl�.
��\lazn alni� ��n, �´ ��\\Ù ��¯µZaZ ��ng\i�Zn, ¦n �gnZl�
�¼�Zl� ��\\�Õ� f�Ë\��� a�� ³al �\g�n ³�iln Ýni~Z ¦����q�na�.
�þa�l ³n ai a��� �\�����n ci��czn ¥c���� ~ZÒ ¦n a��� µiad\-
\�l� ¦�cdqi�wZl ònZc~dq�na�. ð�Zn fÛ �¨ f��\�l azn ~����n
~a¯µZaZ �·fÛ tn Z·a��� nm�a�� ¦\���.
ðn ~ZÒ ��\\Ù ¦�cZ�a¯�lZ, ¦n �¶� �¨ f��\�l ~Z~z� ³�Z���n.
�ic��as cÙ� tn ³nfilZ ¨µZa��n ~ZÒ ¥cZ\µda�n ~ZÒ w��d~�n
~ZÒ ¥���f�n. ²�\Z cÙ� ]g�iln ~ZÒ ~lnfËn�n clcn�µgn�n aÌn
�Za��fZ ]�\daailn ¦\i�wg��n ��\lazn tn.
7'%+'%T))
W. �d�l� µÛn �d�ln a�~ail, ³�l� fÛ ³�ln. 2. �Zw¯µZaZ µZw¯µZ-
aZ. 3. }a`µZ iy� ¥i�. (!) B."./0 XD4/@/@$, %$4)-) *K+) @)&%)-
/.&%-) ",) %2D@$)
W3W
J'1$)1#
[�al ."@$-.) ¦�scg�µZl 2$&&4$JK-$%L, 2$JÖ-
'&.'%L a» pitµµK, Za�� *D4-$ (.4.
,4(55(&)'() a» vgJµK, Za�� /B' ��¯�lµ��, s, �n ()+"J.K6 a» mi¥pµK, Za�� @"+), -"CL (.4.
D4(,5(&)=5) a» gnµIrµK, Za�� B)."%$ (.4.
%05)=5(&)'() § n�µ�wi��Z, Z� J$4).)@$%"+L&%-) Ç Þ�mf�a��, �� 8"2)@)% § ��i�Z, Z� .DP@$, ()%2"*.)&%L ��m + gen. ("2"@ Ç Z½al��, �� -/.)-./4 Z½al��, �Z, l�n '-+'0C/6&' (2/-
#/.)6, -/.)-.K6 Ç a�m���, �� )*2$J, &()&)* § i·fZlµ�n�Z, Z� &#$&%L", *+$,)-
()+D#/" § �qqt_, df�� 82"R/'
a» ei�µK, Za�� -"CL, @"+) aÙ ei�µKZK, �n @".L,/, /BDC"-
&%-) ��\\gc� &)*/2$%L �\g�n *)+LN" Ýni~Z D".+$ gen. 2$@/, /J-J$ a» µgaZ\\�n, �� 2D@./4 (.4. 5$-
&(++) a» dZ�µK, Za�� (2/)*2"%$%L § Qqm]_, �f�� .$@"P@$ a» ¦�cZ�a¯�l�n, �� B$&%"2&4$' a» �pKqµK, Za�� &%$%D' Ç w¼�Z�, Z~�� ($.R/2L § �rm]_, �f�� C/% § mKZi]_, �f�� )%"#"&%-) ¦\iËwi���, Z, �n &-)*)@.K6 § etiI_, la�� *+$,)@"'./", *+$-
,)@$%L § uiI_, lf�� &&)2$, &()2 a» µtsLµK, Za�� .$D4$, J.$./" a» mtsLµK, Za�� &%2$@$./"
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
�LvV ¥mOeJ XfLS�OKn �OeµLn Mu µ� gJ O� X[OfTQe V[\ gJ O� Lu-
VT� [vOLo. (3*. _3, 57)
h[\ xKmLon XfL�VLXOMJ gJ O� mLST� V[\ YReVT� V[\ ]�feOe X[f~
^M� V[\ PJ^fsXLen. (>'. 2, 52)
�X[f�}Me }~f OU m]·µ[ OLo VWmµLi OLNOLi. (_ 2"4. 7, 3_)
(mXLiQ��MOM) �OKfM�J O�J �JWOKO[ OLo XJMNµ[OLn gJ O�
miJQ�mµj O·n Muf�JKn¢ ¬J mZµ[ V[\ »J XJMoµ[� (�*. 4, 3-4)
�OU }f�µµ[ PXLVOMTJMe, OU Q� XJMoµ[ �jLXLeM�. (2 2"4. 3, 6)
§ ���]¯as�, �� (2)2)4 § änmas�, sa�� "@/.&%-)
[alµ��, �n ."D-$P$"BK6 Ç �Ënfi�µ��, �� &)0J
���~m�a� (2"D&("-$%L a» �zµZ, Za�� %"+)!
§ §\l~�Z, Z� -)J2$&%! a» �ni�µZ, Za�� @D3!
�Z�dc� (2)3)@/%L! ¥��~ai�n� ,D*/%L, D*/-$%L
a» ��`µZ, Za�� -/@, -."N.)&%L! q¡���lg� )P/-+'%L
as�g� *"2"#L
W32
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
��Z��i, § ~\iÒ� a`� ��l�a�� _Z�l\i�Z�¾ �Z��i, ¦\�Ò� ¥cZwzn
Zy�n��n� (14$Q/&%, /4)& 8)
§ ~\iÒ�, ~\ilfm� 4+0# Zy¼nl��, �n -"#.K6
§ ¦\�Ò�, ¦\��f�� .$@"P@$
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%": a» �»n ��ÐcµZ � § ��\�ns ¥���� � § ]�_i�Ù
³�l�.
II. H(2"@"+/%" .$#$+L.D0 Q)2BD / Q)2BD 2)@/%"+L.),) ($@"P$
"@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ & $2%/4+"B / ("2"-"@/%": W. �¯a���ln � c\Z�-
��n � §ciµm�ln � ¸�Zkln � �ilµz�ln � �d�l�ln � ¥cd\µZ�ln �
¥�a�d�ln � ��¯µZ�ln � ~m�Z�ln. 2. ¥g�Z � [n�lZ � µ`nZ � µgaZ\-
\Z � nmµl�µZ � ]d�µZ~Z � �Za��fZ � ~a¯µZaZ � ag~a�nZ � ag~-
nZ � Yyw���Z � c�nZ�~Z.
III. !"2"-"@/%": W. �zn ci��czn tn aÌn c`n ¦�cdqi�wZl, azn fÛ
�a�Zal�azn aÌn �Za��fZ ]�\daailn, ¥\\Ù azn f�Ë\�n �i�wi-
�wZl. 2. ��� ¦�cdqi�wZl Ýni~Z �¨ f��\�l ¦n ¦�cZ�as���l� ¦ni-
~\i��na�. 3. �·~ ¦�`n a��� f�Ë\�l� �½~Zfi ¦�Zng��i�wZl. 4. Â~�-
\Ë�na� ç�» azn ~����n, �´ Z·azn t���n, a�� ¦\i�wg��� _���. 5.
�zn ��\lal~zn ��Zcµda�n µiag�iln Z·a��� f�nZa»n �·~ tn. 6.
��� ¦�cdqi�wZl �·~ ¦�ZË�na� fl á\�� a�� _���.
W33
2"?) 2 0
III &4+)."./": JD*.K" )&.)-K ((2)@)+-P"./"). Futurum / aoristus activi / medii ,+$,)+)- & JD*.KB/ )&.)-$B/ (J$ /&4+. futurum contractum).
Accusativus relationis. Genetivus (2/ ]i�-f�µZl. :.Q/./%/- (2/ ���n, iy = +/.
@98568 4VAFD8DC8. -UwDE8 F4DF:E (79FSFAW8DC8)
9"4)%)2K" &+)-$ & JD*.KB/ )&.)-$B/ /B"0% )&)*"..)&%/
(2/ &4+).".//. O$4, )@.)&+)P.)" &DC"&%-/%"+L.)" Ç, § �Z��,
�Zlfm� ()&.)-$ �Zlf-) 4$G$%"' (5(+B-)', !$9"-'() ." ("2".)&/%
D@$2"./" - gen. pl. .$ )4).#$./", $ - voc. sing. @$"% #/&%D0 )&.)-
-D / )4$.#/-$"%&' .$ ,+$&.K6 (()&+" )%($@"./' 4)."#.),) &)-
,+$&.),)):
Singularis Pluralis
N. Ç, § �Z�� !)&? Z¨, �¨ �Z�fi� !$&)
G. a��, a`� �Zlfm� !)&?&) azn �Z�f�n !$&$7
D. aº, aå �Zlf� !)&?&) aZ��, a��� �Zl��(n) !$&?5
A. a»n, aÌn �Z�fZ [9)C0] !)&? aÙ�, a�Õ� �Z�fZ� [9)C0] !$&$7
V. (�) �Z� " !)&?! (�) �Z�fi�! " !$&)!
I)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 )&.)-K )*K#.) ." B".'"%&', .) - nom.
sg. &DC"&%-/%"+L.),) Ç ��Ë�, ��fm� ()&.)-$ ��f-) %",( ()&+" -K-
($@"./' 4)."#.)6 @"+L%K )&.)-K ("2"@ &/,B)6 (2)/J)N+)
J$B"./%"+L.)" D@+/."./" 4)2."-),) ,+$&.),) -�- - -��-: *��f-� >
���.
Singularis Pluralis
N. Ç ��Ë� %",( �¨ �mfi� %",)
G. a�� ��fm� %",) azn ��fzn %",
D. aº ��f� %",$ a��� ����(n) %",(5
A. a»n �mfZ %",0 a�Õ� �mfZ� [9)C0] %",)
V. (�) ��� " %",(! (�) �mfi�! " %",)!
W34
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4)."#.K6 JD*.)6 &),+$&.K6 )&.)-K (f, a, w) -K($@$"% *"&&+"@.)
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W35
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nis). O$4)6 -/./%"+L.K6 ($@"P &%$-/%&' (2/ ,+$,)+$3 / (2/+$-
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)%.)N"./' %$4/" &+)-$, 4$4:
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(genetivus separationis) (2/ ,+$,)+$3 &) J.$#"./"B 0!(+?&B.? "&
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.$(2/B"2, �ZË�µZl D$4$.&(&B !$+(&B, D4$'4(&)&B -&"-+)G".
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y(!)&B, G$4$-B '","-+)G" )+) -&"-+)G":
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�`� ai\i�a`�. ¡ &9"$5 .-(.&B$ ? %$ G0!0 .0!)&B, D"'( %$ 0.+EA0 " &9"$7 '"%-)%$.
7&+/ +),/#"&4)" ()@+"P$C"" /.Q/./%/-$ .")@/.$4)-) & ()@-
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%/-" - - / . / % " + L . ) B ($@"P" (accusativus cum infinitivo):
ei� ��l¯�Z�wZl aÌn iy�¯nsn mibg al dKdfg pMglrsKI. 10C-
%" =('+F-)&B 5)4, D"'( %$ .+0-)+".B -$,"-+)G" D+"/",".
4. I)&-"..K6 -)(2)& - @2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4" B)P"% --)@/%L&'
-)(2)&/%"+L.)6 #$&%/R"6 iy +):
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Ân aå ±��� �m\�n Ç ��]»� ~ZÒ }����¡ ǵl\`�Zl \gciaZl, %�
¦_Z��\i�i azn ��fzn ~ZÒ ¦�Ò aå i·a���� s·fZlµ�n�qia�. �ic��-
a��� cÙ� ws�Z���Õ� Z·am� ai ~ZÒ �¨ ��mc�n�l Z·a�� îw��l�Zn.
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W36
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�Ð ¥nZw¯µZaZ ~ZÒ �Z\~��� a����fZ� iy� a�Õ� ei\]�Õ� ³�iµkin.
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fi ò�¼as�in¾ ���nZ azn ¥nw�¼��n n�µ�qil� µd\l�aZ ç�i�g�iln i·-
fZlµ�n��;� Ø fÛ �m\�n¾ �±wsnZ�mn alnZ, � ³]s, � a» ¢n�µZ �g\\�n.
�þa�� �éai �\�Ë�l�� �éai �gns� tn, �Z�fi� fÛ Z·a�� t�Zn ~Z\�Ò
~¥cZw�Ò am ai �zµZ ~ZÒ aÌn k��¯n, ~ZÒ �¨ ��\�aZl Z·a»n ¦wi�d�i�-
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�Za��f�� ¥nf�i��� µZ�mµin��. ���a�n [�Z ¥iÒ Æn�µd�� i·fZ�µ�-
nZ. �Ìn fÛ �Ìn i·fZlµ�n�Zn � �é �i kiË��, � }����i � �· fl~d��
��Òn ¥~���Zl �i�Ò a`� �`� ai\i�a`�. �Õ fÛ \mcl�Zl, iy Æ�wz� ³\i�Z�.
±\\ ¦~i�n�n �·~ ³�il�in. -�ai��n fÛ }����, Ç azn �i��zn
_Z�l\iË�, ¦n�~s�i a�Õ� ��f�Õ� ~ZÒ a�Õ� }������ ws�Z���Õ� î�-
�Z�i ~ZÒ Z·a»n ���Ò ~diln ¦ks]��Za�. �mai fÛ }������ a» �m\�-
n�� ¢n�µZ a�Ò� _�`�Zl \gciaZl. }���� fÛ Z·a»n ³\��in ¦~ azn
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f�cµda�n Z·a�� a» ~i]d\Zl�n� (14$Q/&%, /4)& 2)
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a» �����µl�n, �� -&%D(+"./" a» ~i]d\Zl�n, �� ,+$-.)"
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q� / ~a�q�.
II. H*2$JD6%" 4 (2/-"@"..KB ./P" Q)2B$B .$&%)'C",) -2"B"-
./ Q)2BK /B("2Q"4%$, *D@DC",) -2"B"./ / $)2/&%$: kiËf��-
�ln � �\s�ldq���ln � _ldq�naZl � ]i�f�naZl.
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W38
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ci��c�� iy�l �gnsai�, ¥\\ y�����Ò a» �zµZ ~ZÒ a»n w�µmn.
W39
2"?) 2 <
Coniunctivus praesentis et aoristi activi et medii; B"&%)/B"./" ¥\\¯\�n.
A()%2"*+"./" 4).Ö0.4%/-$ - (2"@-+)P"./'3 &) J.$#"./"B ()*DP@"-./', J$(2"C"./', &)B."./'; õnZ, Î�, á���. Genetivus (2/ ¥���ai�g�. !2"@+), µiad + genetivus.
Coniunctivus praesentis et aoristi activi et medii
>) &/3 ()2 BK J.$4)B/+/&L &) -2"B".$B/ /.@/4$%/-$, %)
"&%L /JÖ'-/%"+L.),) .$4+)."./', 4)%)2)" 4).&%$%/2D"% Q$4%/-
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4+)."./" � &)&+$,$%"+L.)", /+/ 4).Ö0.4%/- (coniunctivus), 4)-
%)2)" - ."J$-/&/B)B (2"@+)P".// D()%2"*+'"%&' @+' D4$J$-
./' )%.)N"./' ,)-)2'C",) 4 @"6&%-/0 (&)B."./', (2/JK-$,
J$(2"C"./'), $ - (2/@$%)#.K3 (2"@+)P"./'3 -K2$P$"% ()@-
#/./%"+L.D0 &-'JL & ,+$-.KB (2"@+)P"./"B. 5." 4).%"4&%$
Q)2BK 4).Ö0.4%/-$ )*K#.) ." ("2"-)@'%. I).Ö0.4%/- /B""%-
&' -) -&"3 -2"B".$3 @2"-.",2"#"&4),) ,+$,)+$, 42)B" *D@DC",).
Coniunctivus praesentis activi et medii-passivi
5 .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ &)&+$,$%"+L.),) .$4+)."./' (2/J.$4
4).Ö0.4%/-$ � @)+,/" &)"@/./%"+L.K" ,+$&.K" � / s � (2/*$--
+'0%&' 4 )&.)-" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./. !2/ )*2$J)-$.// 4).Ö-
0.4%/-$ +0*),) -2"B"./ /&()+LJD0%&' ("2-/#.K" +/#.K"
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.)B) J$+),". U/#.K" )4).#$./' - "@/.&%-"..)B #/&+", $ %$4P"
- %2"%L"B +/R" B.)P"&%-"..),) #/&+$ @"6&%-/%"+L.),) J$+),$
&+/-$0%&' & &)"@/./%"+L.KB/ ,+$&.KB/, -K&%D($' - #/&%)B
-/@" %)+L4) - ("2-)B / -%)2)B +/R$3 B.)P"&%-"..),) #/&+$:
Activum U/R) Sg. Pl.
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W40
5 B"@/$+L.)B / - &)-($@$0C"B & ./B - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"-
./ ($&&/-.)B J$+),$3 ()4$J$%"+/ 4).Ö0.4%/-$ (2)&+"P/-$0%-
&' () -&"6 ($2$@/,B" (J$ /&4+0#"./"B -%)2),) +/R$ "@/.&%-
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?(2'P"./" ,+$,)+)- - 4).Ö0.4%/-" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./
/B""% &+"@D0C/6 -/@:
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W �ZlfiË-� �ZlfiË-�-µin
2 �ZlfiË- � �ZlfiË-s-ai
3 �ZlfiË- �ZlfiË-��l(n)
Medium U/R) Singularis Pluralis
W �ZlfiË-�-µZl �Zlfi�-¼-µiwZ
2 �ZlfiË- �ZlfiË-s-�wi
3 �ZlfiË-s-aZl �ZlfiË-�-naZl
Coniunctivus aoristi activi et medii
1)2/&% 4).Ö0.4%/-$ @"6&%-/%"+L.),) / B"@/$+L.),) J$+)-
,)-2 )*2$JD"%&' )% )&.)-K $)2/&%$ (- @$..)B &+D#$" - )&.)-"
$)2/&%$ (2/&D%&%-D"% &DQQ/4& �-, $ ." �Z-) (2/*$-+"./"B (2/-
J.$4$ 4).Ö0.4%/-$ � %"3 P" @)+,/3 &)"@/./%"+L.K3 ,+$&.K3 �
/ s � / ("2-/#.K3 +/#.K3 )4).#$./6 () %)BD P" (2/.R/(D,
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Activum U/R) Singularis Pluralis
W -�-� -�-�-µin 2 -�- � -�-s-ai 3 -�- -�-��l(n)
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W �ZlfiË-�-� �ZlfiË-�-�-µin
2 �ZlfiË-�- � �ZlfiË-�-s-ai
3 �ZlfiË-�- �ZlfiË-�-��l(n)
Medium U/R) Singularis Pluralis
W �ZlfiË-�-�-µZl �Zlfi�-�-¼-µiwZ
2 �ZlfiË-�- �ZlfiË-�-s-�wi
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(2/ ."B &%$-/%&' )%2/R$./" µ¯ /+/ (2)/J-"@"..K" )% .",)
&+)-$ µsfg, µ¯��ai / @2.):
µZ�¼µiwZ !(9(7&$ .4(C(&B.?, _��\i�¼µiwZ !(9(7&$ 4$A(&B,
µÌ �aZ�ldq�µin !(9(7&$ %$ D"!%)5(&B 9"..&(%)$,
W :J -�-s-�Zl.
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]�\d��µin aÌn iy�¯nsn µsfÛ _\dk�µin aÌn �Za��fZ ng�
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µÌ ¥~�Ë�s� %$ .+0A(+ GE &E,
µÌ ¥nZclcn¼�~s� %$ -)&(+ GE &E;
3) & ) B . " . / " /+/ 4)+"*$./" (coniunctivus dubitativus /+/ de-
liberativus):
a� ��l¯��µin; -&" %(5 .!$+(&B?
��� _Z�n�µin; '0!( %(5 )!&)?
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&%-"..),) #/&+$ Q)2BK /B"./%"+L.),) / 2)@/%"+L.),) ($@"-
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Q)2BD "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$: wi�d����l � wi�Z�i���l, \g���l �
\���l, [�����l (2).
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µZaZ.
V. !"2"-"@/%" .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4, )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ QD.4R//
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��� i·fZlµ�nlqmµin���. 2. Ø fg¾ ��· fl~Z��� [n, � ³]s, � Æn�µd-
q�lµ� �i i·fZ�µ�nZ ��» a�� wZnda��. 3. �i�Ò cÙ� Æ\�c�n ¥nw�¼-
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W59
i·fZ�µ�nZ;� 5. �¨ f�\i��Ò nZ�aZl ³\i�Zn¾ �±���n �·~ 0n �Íq�la�
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Gen. �Zlfi��na�� �Zlfi����s� �Zlfi��na��
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%)$. 5 @2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4" (2/ .$+/#// )(2"@"+"./' D &D-
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àal µÐ\\�n ç�» �dna�n ¦wZ�µdq�na� �¨ a» �gnaZw\�n ¥c�-
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fÛ ä��a`� ai\i�as�d�s� �¨ ��\�aZl a�Õ� ¦�Zni���µgn��� ¦fg-
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W63
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((2$J@./4)!
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P".&4),) 2)@$, D ./3 (2)%/-)()&%$-+".$ Q)2B" &2"@.",) 2)@$.
W V%)BD %/(D &DC"&%-/%"+L.K3 - +$%/.&4)B 'JK4" &))%-"%&%-D0%
%$4/" &+)-$, 4$4 genus (< *genos), generis (<*genes-is) n 4"! & #"2"@)-$./-
"B )&.)-K genos-/genes-, $ - 2D&&4)B 'JK4" %$4/" &+)-$, 4$4 «."*)» ()&-
.)-$ «."*"&»).
W67
H./ /B"0% %D P" )&.)-D -i�-, #%) / 2$&&B)%2"..K" -KN" &DC"-
&%-/%"+L.K" &2"@.",) 2)@$ .$ -�� %/($ a» cgn��, / &4+).'0%&'
()@)*.) /B. 5 /B"./%"+L.)B ($@"P" "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$
BDP&4),) / P".&4),) 2)@$ 4)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 )&.)-K -i- 2$&%'-
,/-$"%&' - -s-: i·cin¯� G+(,"4"!%E7, G+(,"4"!%(?. :B"./%"+L.K6
(/ &)-($@$0C/" & ./B -/./%"+L.K6 / J-$%"+L.K6) ($@"P
"@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ &2"@.",) 2)@$ (2"@&%$-+'"% &)*)6 #/&%D0
)&.)-D: i·cing� G+(,"4"!%"$. ?+)-$2.$' Q)2B$ (2/+$,$%"+L.K3
& &/,B$%/#"&4/B/ )&.)-$B/ -K,+'@/% &+"@D0C/B )*2$J)B: i·-
cin¯�, i·cing� G+(,"4"!%E7.
I$4 / D &DC"&%-/%"+L.K3 & &/,B$%/#"&4/B/ )&.)-$B/, (2/
-K($@".// &/,BK B"P@D ,+$&.KB/ ,+$&.K6 i )&.)-K &+/-$"%&'
& ,+$&.KB/ ($@"P.K3 )4).#$./6: i + � > ��, i + l > il, i + Z > s,
i + � > �, i + i > il, i + �l > �l.
Masculinum � Femininum Neutrum
Sg. Nom. i·cin¯� i·cing�
Gen. i·cin��� < i·cing(�)�� i·cin��� < i·cing(�)��
Dat. i·cini� < i·cing(�)l i·cini� < i·cing(�)l
Acc. i·cin` < i·cing(�)Z i·cing�
Voc. i·cing� i·cing�
Pl. Nom. i·cini�� < i·cing(�)i� i·cin` < i·cing(�)Z
Gen. i·cinzn < i·cing(�)�n i·cinzn < i·cing(�)�n
Dat. i·cing�l(n) < i·cing(�)�l(n) i·cing�l(n) < i·cing(�)�l(n)
Acc. i·cini�� < i·cing(�)i� i·cin` < i·cing(�)Z
Voc. i·cini�� < i·cing(�)i� i·cin` < i·cing(�)Z
NB 5 @$%"+L.)B ($@"P" B.)P"&%-"..),) #/&+$ i� + �l > i�l. 5/./%"+L-
.K6 ($@"P B.)P"&%-"..),) #/&+$ BDP&4),) / P".&4),) 2)@$ &)-($@$-
"% & /B"./%"+L.KB ($@"P)B.
7)%+#1$)$
?2"@/ &+)-, 4)%)2K" #$&%) -&%2"#$0%&' - -/./%"+L.)B ($-
@"P" )%.)N"./' (accusativus relationis , &B. D2)4 20), .$@)
)%B"%/%L %$4/" &+)-$, 4$4 a» iµf�� 9)!"5 / a» tw�� %4(9"5, $
&2"@/ &+)-, #$&%) &%)'C/3 - 2)@/%"+L.)B ($@"P" -2"B"./ (ge-
netivus temporis, &B. D2)4 W2), &+"@D"% J$()B./%L Q)2BK
³Z��� 9$.%"7 / �ilµzn�� =)5"7.
W68
±7C>84VC8 7F²5E &FY89 C &84CFS
}Zl�m� ¦�aln Ãfs ~ZÒ [\\� µg��� a`� azn Á\\¯n�n �Zlfi�Z�
µnsµ�ni��Zl. �gc�µin a» ��za�n �i�Ò azn ¦�l~zn ��lsazn, �´
¦n a��� ��mn�l� a��� a`� ¥�l�a�~�Za�Z� ~ZÒ a`� a��Znn�f�� øf�n
aÙ azn §�¼�n ³�cZ ~ZÒ aÙ� azn ¥nw�¼��n §f�nd�, ¥\\Ù ~ZÒ aÙ
a�� ¥nw���i��� cgn��� �dws ~ZÒ [\cs.
�þa�l �¨ �Zk¡f�Ò øf�n ~ZÒ ¦n a��� _Z�l\i��l� ~ZÒ ¦n a��� azn
i·cinzn µicd��l�. ��Ëa�n i¶� tn ²µs���, %� ¦���s�i aÌn Ï\ld-
fZ ~ZÒ aÌn Èf���i�Zn. Ân a�Ëa�l� a��� ³�i�ln �¨ wi�Ò áµ�l�� iy�l
a��� ¥nw�¼��l� am ai iµf�� ~ZÒ a» tw��, ��]Z�� _��\Z�� µÛn �Í-
q�nai� a�Õ� ¥w\����, fl¼~�nai� fÛ ]�_i�z� a�Õ� ¦�w��Ë�, ¦��-
q�nai� fÛ ~ZÒ ¥\\¯\�l�.
�º fÛ µ¯~il ~ZÒ aº ~d\\il a٠ص¯��� ��l¯µZaZ µd\Z flZ]g-
�il [\\�n. ��\\�Ò Z·a»n ¦µlµ¯�Zna�, ¥\\ �·fiÒ� �°a�� i·~\i-
Ì� tn Î� ¦~i�n��.
h·~\iÛ� fÛ ~Z� ¦�al a» a�� Þ�lmf�� ³��� �à�cZ ~ZÒ §µg�Zl.�
ðn fÛ Ç Þ���f�� ci��c»� ^�l¼al��. Ân ¦~i�n¡ aº ��l¯µZal Þ��-
�f�� a»n ¥fi\]»n �Z]g�l \mc�l� ~i\iËil ¦�Ò a» ~g�f�� µÌ ��iË-
filn flÙ kiËf���, ¥\\Ù �mn¡ ~ZÒ ¨f�zal. �Z�nil Z·aº ¥~�l_z�, a�
³Z��� ~ZÒ �ilµzn�� a»n ci��c»n ��Ì ¦�cdqi�wZl. �\¯�s µÛn
�mn�n µic��a�n a»n azn ¦�cZq�µgn�n _��n ��\\d~l� iµnZl \g-
cil, ¥\\Ù ~ZÒ �Z�g�iln ¥\sw` ~ZÒ ¥�]Z\` ¢\_�n. }ZÒ [\\���
�¼]��nZ� ~ZÒ ¥\swi�� \mc��� ¦~i� iç���~�µin. elÙ a��a� ~ZÒ
Þ���f�� a`� §µiag�Z� �d�la�� [�lm� ¦�aln.
7'%+'%T))
W. �·fiÒ� µia Æ�c`� ¥�]Z\z� _��\iËiaZl. 2. }Z~`� ¥� ¥�-
�`� c�cniaZl ag\�� ~Z~mn.
J'1$)1#
Ç ~Zl�m�, �� D@)*.)" -2"B',
N$.&, D@$#$
a» µliJ_, ��� #$&%L (.4. )="5$4)?)
§ �Zlfi�Z, Z� -)&(/%$./", 4D+L-
%D2$
§ ¥�l�a�~�Za�Z, Z� $2/&%)42$-
%/', -+$&%L +D#N/3
¦�l~m�, ¯, mn T(/#"&4/6
Ç î���, î���� ,"2)6, ()+D*),
a» plgJ_, ��� 2)@, (2)/&3)P@"-
./", (+"B'
a» mtsJ_, ��� &%2$@$./", (2)-
/&N"&%-/" (.4. D(&"+",)?, D(-
&$&)'()
W69
a» �qpJ_, ��� *)+L, &%2$@$./"
(.4. %$94(+,)?, (%(+B,)%)
Ç �Zk¡fm�, �� 2$(&)@, ("-"R
(.4. 4(D."!)?)
M`pMg�_, g� *+$,)2)@.K6 ()
(2)/&3)P@"./0
§ Ï\ld�, df�� :+/$@$
§ Èf���i�Z, Z� H@/&&"'
a» umJ_, ��� &+)-)
a» M�aJ_, ��� -/@ ("G+)' ) 4(=%"-
9)!%".&B)
a» {sJ_, ��� .2$-, (2/-K#4$
(.4. H&)'()
¦��q� &()2/%L
a» ���sµZ, a�� -"CL, (2)/J-"@"-
./"; &%/3)%-)2"./", ()TB$ (.4.
D"H5()
a» µ�dJ_, ��� @+/.$
a» dtqqJ_, ��� 42$&)%$
µlµg�µZl + acc. ()@2$P$%L
M`dqM�_, g� &+$-.K6
rKk�_, g� '&.K6, #"%4/6
a» dliaJ_, ��� @)3)@, (2/*K+L,
4)2K&%L
a» ¬M[aJ_, ��� +)PL, )*B$. (.4.
D.$9!"%)5)
¥~�l_¯�, g� %)#.K6
�\¯�s�, i� ()+.K6
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�rkKq�_, g� *"J)($&.K6, .$-
@"P.K6
^�l¼al��, Z, �n *")%/6&4/6
Ç ¨f�¼�, za�� ()%
¥nw�¼�il��, Z, �n #"+)-"#"&4/6
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
...S^MTfLimeJ Ç^K ]fKmO~ kµeRT[e V[V[T. (_ 2"4. _5, 33)
h[^�XMf }~f OU mZµ[ µJ gmOeJ V[\ µ�RK XLRR~ ¥]Me, X�JO[ Q�
O~ µ�RK OLo msµ[OLn XLRR~ �JO[ µJ gmOeJ mZµ[, L�O�n V[\ k
lfemOWn. (_ 2"4. _2, _2)
...V[\ M®OM X�m]Me »J µ�RLn, miµX�m]Me X�JO[ O~ µ�RK¢ M®OM QL-���MO[e »J µ�RLn, mi}][TfMe X�JO[ O~ µ�RK. (_ 2"4. _2, 26)
�PQMRSLT, §m[ gmO\J PRK^·, §m[ mMµJ�, §m[ QTV[e[, §m[ À}J�,
§m[ XfLmSeR·, §m[ MÈSKµ[, M® Oen PfMO� V[\ M® Oen ¥X[eJLn, O[oO[
RL}T�Mm^M. (`)+. 4, 8)
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a» tw��, i�� .2$-
��s�am�, ¯, mn 3)2)N/6
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a» µg\��, i�� #$&%L %"+$
�d��� &%2$@$%L
á�Z &4)+L4)
¥\sw¯�, g� /&%/..K6
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ëcnm�, ¯, mn &-'C"..K6
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ié]sµ��, �n -)J-"C$0C/6 @)*-
2)
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K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
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ai�Z�. (14$Q/&%, /4)& 7)
W70
¸\Z\Z aÙ �i�\s azn ¥�i_zn azn µÌ ����~�n�Ëna�n aÌn iy-
~mnZ ��� aÌn �i�a¯n� (!$2$4+/&/& [I$.).] ×),)2)@/R", &%/-
3/2$)
�����naZ (n��g�naZ) a» �zµZ ~ZÒ aÌn k��sn, ¦�l�~��`�
wi�Z� ~ZÒ ���n��Z� a`� �Z�Ù ��� ¥�����n� (!$2$4+/&/& [I$-
.).] ×),)2)@/R", ("&.L W)
a» [nw��, i�� R-"%)4
¥]wZ���Z, Z� ."%+"./"
a» �ag]��, i�� -".)4
§ ¦c~�dailZ, Z� -)J@"2P$./"
[\Z\��, �n *"JB)+-.K6
a» �i�\��, i�� ,D*$
¥�i_¯�, g� ."#"&%/-K6
����~�ng� ()4+).'%L&'
§ iy~¼n, mn�� )*2$J
�i�am�, ¯, mn &-'C"..K6
n��g� *K%L *)+L.KB
§ ¦�l�~��¯, `� ()&"C"./"
§ ��mn�lZ, Z� ()("#"./"
¥�lm� D@)&%$/-$%L
823#9%'%):
I. !2)&4+).'6%": Ç i·cinÌ� ¥w\sa¯� � a» µl~�»n µg���.
II. !2)&4+).'6%" ($2$++"+L.): Ç \mc�� / a» ³���.
III. H*2$JD6%" Q)2BD nom. sg. & $2%/4+"B / ("2"-"@/%" Q)2BK:
W. }g�f��� � �½n��� � ién��� � ¦n���� � ~Z\�Ë� � ~d\\��� �
i½f��� � yf���� � �Z]��� � ��]�Ë�. 2. �lµ¯ � cgns � ¥~�l_` � ���-
�` � ¥�]Z\` � �Z\~å.
IV. !"2"-"@/%": W. �Ì �l�aiË� � a��� [\\�n kiËfi�ln. 2. h½wi aÙ
¦~i�n�n ³�s µÌ ¥\sw` n�µ��Zl�. 3. ±~�l_z� c�dkZ� ³�Zln�n
fg� . 4. �Z]z� \gc�l�, a� ¦wg\il�. 5. Ø �dna�n _��� µi�am� ¦�aln
§f�nzn, ¥\\Ù ~ZÒ �mn�n. 6. h·cini�� fi��maZl a��� �Zk¡f���
f¼��l� ¦�Z��q�na�. 7. ý~a���� ai\i�a¯�Zna�� µgcl�a�n tn a»
��ldµ�� [\c��. 8. �» ei\]l~»n ¨i�»n �\`�i� tn ¥nZwsµda�n.
W7W
2"?) 2 6
III &4+)."./": )&.)-K .$ -l-. ?)0JK ¦dn / áaZn.
III 4VAFD8DC8. ?4DF:E D3 -p-
?+)-$ & )&.)-)6 .$ -l- )%.)&'%&' - )&.)-.)B 4 P".&4)BD 2)-
@D, 2"@4) � 4 BDP&4)BD 2)@D / )*2$JD0% &/,B$%/#"&4/6 .)B/-
.$%/-, .$(2/B"2: § �m\l�, �m\i�� ,"4"!, Ç µdnal�, µdnai��
D4"4)#(&$+B. I)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 )&.)-K l- &)32$.'"%&' %)+L4) -
/B"./%"+L.)B, -/./%"+L.)B / J-$%"+L.)B ($@"P$3 "@/.&%-".-
.),) #/&+$: /B"./%"+L.K6 ($@"P )4$.#/-$"%&' .$ -l� (§ �m\l�),
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&)*)6 #/&%D0 )&.)-D (� �m\l), .) /.),@$ *K-$"% 2$-". /B"./-
%"+L.)BD. 5 )&%$+L.K3 ($@"P$3 )&.)-$ )4$.#/-$"%&' .$ -i. 5 2)-
@/%"+L.)B ($@"P" "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ D()%2"*+'"%&' )4).#$-
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P"&%-"..),) #/&+$ i� &#/%$"%&' J$ )@/. &+),: a`� �m\i��, azn
�m\i�n.
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § �m\l� Z¨ �m\il�
Gen. a`� �m\i�� azn �m\i�n
Dat. aå �m\il aZ�� �m\i�l(n)
Acc. aÌn �m\ln aÙ� �m\il�
Voc. (�) �m\l (�) �m\il�
NB 5/./%"+L.K6 ($@"P B.)P"&%-"..),) #/&+$ &)-($@$"% & /B"./-
%"+L.KB ($@"P)B B.)P"&%-"..),) #/&+$.
5&" &+)-$ T%),) %/($ � barytona.
?DC"&%-/%"+L.K" & )&.)-)6 .$ -l- )*2$JD0% R"+K6 2'@ )%-
,+$,)+L.K3 (2)/J-)@.K3 P".&4),) 2)@$ &) J.$#"./"B @"6&%-/'
(nomina actionis): § ���s�l� &9"4-$.&9", § µ�µs�l� D"!4(C(%)$,
§ ~dwZ��l� "-)y$%)$ / @2.
?2"@/ )&.)- .$ -l- (2"@&%$-+".K %$4P" )%@"+L.K" (2/+$,$-
%"+L.K" @-D3 )4).#$./6 (.$(2/B"2, ½f�l�, ½f�l =%(Fy)7, .9$-!0y)7) / #/&+/%"+L.)" &4), 4)%)2)" &4+).'"%&' &+"@D0C/B
)*2$J)B:
W72
Masculinum � Femininum Neutrum
Nom. a�i�� a��Z
Gen. a�lzn! a�lzn!
Dat. a�l��(n)! a�l��(n)!
Acc. a�i��! a��Z!
7)%+#1$)$
W. A&+)-.K" (2"@+)P"./' B),D% --)@/%L&' ." %)+L4) &)0J)B iy
(&B. D2)4 W), .) / &)0J)B Qtg (& -)JB)P.KB &+/'./"B - Ãn /+/
�n) «"&+/», (2/#"B - %$4)B &+D#$" - (2/@$%)#.)B (2"@+)P"-
.// &%$-/%&' 4).Ö0.4%/- (.$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ /+/ $)2/&%$ &
-/@)-)6 2$J./R"6). !2/ ()&%$.)-4" &)0J$ iy & /.@/4$%/-)B
-&"3 -2"B". -K&4$JK-$"%&' (2"@()+)P"./", )%.)&'C""&' 4 )*-
+$&%/ .$&%)'C",) /+/ (2)N"@N",) -2"B"./ (2"@4) � *D@DC"-
,)), #%) .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 ("2"-)@/%&' &)0J)B «"&+/» & .$&%)'-
C/B /+/ (2)N"@N/B -2"B"."B (2"$+L.$' Q)2B$):
iy a��a� �l�aiËil�, ëµZ�adnil� $.+) &E H&"50 9$4)AB, &"
"A)G($AB.?; iy a��a� ¦���ai�i�, §µd�aZni� $.+) &E H&"50 9$4)+, &"
"A)G(+.?.
2. !2/ ()&%$.)-4" &)0J$ idn -K&4$JK-$"%&' (2"@()+)P"./",
)%.)&'C""&' 4 )*+$&%/ *D@DC",), #%) .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 ("2"-)-
@/%&' &)0J)B «"&+/» & *D@DC/B -2"B"."B (QD%D2$+L.$' Q)2B$):
¦Ùn a��a� �l�aiË �, ëµZ�a¯�il $.+) &E H&"50 G0!$AB 9$-
4)&B, &" "A)G$AB.? (G0!$AB "A)G(&B.?);
¦Ùn a��a� �l�aiË� �, ëµZ�a¯�il (ëµZ�a¯� ) $.+) &E H&"50
D"9$4)AB, &" "A)G$AB.?.
3. !2/@$%)#.K" (2"@+)P"./' -2"B"./ B),D% --)@/%L&' ."
%)+L4) &)0J$B/ áai / ¦�i� (&B. D2)4 4), .) / &)0J)B �ZKg '"-
,!(, - 4)%)2)B & &)0J)B áai &+/+$&L B)@$+L.$' #$&%/R$ [n. 5
%$4)B (2/@$%)#.)B, - 4)%)2)B 2"#L /@"% ) "@/./#.K3 @"6&%-
-/'3, )%.)&'C/3&' 4 *D@DC"BD -2"B"./, &%$-/%&' 4).Ö0.4%/-,
4$4 / - D&+)-.K3 (2"@+)P"./'3 QD%D2$+L.)6 Q)2BK. <$J./R$
B"P@D 4).Ö0.4%/-)B .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ / $)2/&%$ -/@)-$'.
I).Ö0.4%/- .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ -K2$P$"% @"6&%-/" - *D@D-
C"B, )@.)-2"B"..)" & @"6&%-/"B ,+$-.),) (2"@+)P"./':
W73
áaZn �i�Ò azn ç�ag��n ��mn�n flZ\ic¼µiwZ, ~ZÒ �i�Ò a`�
Á\\snl~`� ��l¯�i�� ³al �\g�n ¥~�Ë�i�wi '",!( 5E G0!$5 4(.-.0C!(&B " D".+$!0Fy)/ 94$5$%(/, 9E 0.+EA)&$ $y$ G"+BA$ " ,4$-$.-
'"7 D"H=)),
4. I).Ö0.4%/- $)2/&%$ - %$4)B (2"@+)P".// -K2$P$"% @"6&%-/"
- *D@DC"B, (2"@N"&%-D0C"" @"6&%-/0 ,+$-.),) (2"@+)P"./':
áaZn fÛ aZ�aZ ¥~�Ë�sai, a�Õ� ý\\snZ� ³al µÐ\\�n wZ�µd-
�iai '",!( C$ 9E "G H&"5 0.+EA)&$, $y$ G"+BA$ G0!$&$ 9"./)-
y(&B.? ,4$'(5).
&98>84V3; AC9C>84V3; 7F²jC;
ÂÙn a�Õ� azn Á\\snl~zn ai�nlazn ¥nf�ldnaZ� _\gk�µin,
wZ�µd��µin ¥iÒ a» azn ��µda�n ~d\\��. ÂÙn fÛ a�Õ� azn ]l-
\��m]�n ~ZÒ ��lsazn \mc��� ¥~�Ë��µin, ³al µÐ\\�n ai��mµi-
wZ. �Ù� cÙ� a`� ]Ë�i�� fm�il� ¥cZwå �Zlfi�� Z·�dniln azn Á\-
\¯n�n tn.
elZ\ic¼µiwZ Z�wl� �i�Ò a`� ��l¯�i��. Ân �Z\Zl��� Ãfs ��m-
n�l� ��lsaZ� alni� µl~���� ��l¯µZ�ln, ' ¦\ici�Zl Én�µdqia�, a�Õ�
�a�Zal¼aZ� ��»� ��\iµ���� �a�Zai��µgn��� ���ga�i��n ¦� ¥n-
f�i�Zn, Ê��i� ¦n aå ��d�a ���aZ���. ¸\\�l ¦n aZ�� �ad�i�l ~ZÒ ¦n
aZ�� a`� ��\lai�Z� µiaZ�ad�i�l a��� ��\�aZl� i� ��ni_�Ë\i��n, Î�
±w¯ns�ln Ç �m\�n.
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Nom. Ç �g\i~�� �¨ �i\g~il�
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III 4VAFD8DC8. %8VF5F9E8 F4Fw8DDF45C.
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Nom. Ç �Za¯� �¨ �Zag�i�
Gen. a�� �Za�m� azn �Zag��n
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Voc. (�) �dai� (�) �Zag�i�
W90
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § µ¯as� Z¨ µsag�i�
Gen. a`� µsa�m� azn µsag��n
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Acc. aÌn µsag�Z aÙ� µsag�Z�
Voc. (�) µ`ai� (�) µsag�i�
Singularis Pluralis
Nom. § w�cdas� Z¨ w�cZag�i�
Gen. a`� w�cZa�m� azn w�cZag��n
Dat. aå w�cZa�� aZ�� w�cZa�d�l(n)
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-&%$-.)" -f- B"P@D n / �:
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Nom. Ç ¥n¯� �¨ [nf�i�
Gen. a�� ¥nf�m� azn ¥nf�zn
Dat. aº ¥nf�� a��� ¥nf�d�l(n)
Acc. a»n [nf�Z a�Õ� [nf�Z�
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Nom. a» [�a� aÙ [�as
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Acc. a» [�a� aÙ [�as
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Nom. § nË� Z¨ nË~ai�
Gen. a`� n�~am� azn n�~azn
Dat. aå n�~a� aZ�� n���(n)
Acc. aÌn nË~aZ aÙ� nË~aZ�
Voc. (�) nË� (�) nË~ai�
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)#".L ."*)+LN$' ,2D(($ (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 & )&.)-)6 .$ -n, /J
4)%)2K3 .$/*)+"" D()%2"*/%"+L.KB '-+'"%&' &+)-) µg\Z�,
µg\ZlnZ, µg\Zn -$4%E7. :B"./%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@/.&%-"..),)
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P"./"B ,+$&.),) )&.)-K: µg\Ô� < µg\Ón + �. :B"./%"+L.K6,
-/./%"+L.K6 / J-$%"+L.K6 ($@"P/ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ &2"@-
.",) 2)@$ 2$-.K #/&%)6 )&.)-" � µg\Zn. X)2B$ P".&4),) 2)@$
)*2$JD"%&' & ()B)CL0 &DQQ/4&$ -lZ )% )&.)-K .$ -Zn, (2/#"B
,2D(($ Zn + lZ ("2"3)@/% - -ZlnZ: µi\Zn + lZ > µg\ZlnZ. V%$
Q)2B$ /JB".'"%&' () I &4+)."./0:
m f n
Sg. Nom. µg\Z� µg\ZlnZ µg\Zn
Gen. µg\Zn�� µi\Z�ns� µg\Zn��
Dat. µg\Znl µi\Z�n µg\Znl
Acc. µg\ZnZ µg\ZlnZn µg\Zn
Voc. µg\Zn µg\ZlnZ µg\Zn
Pl. Nom. µg\Zni� µg\ZlnZl µg\ZnZ
Gen. µi\dn�n µi\Zlnzn µi\dn�n
Dat. µg\Z�l(n) µi\Z�nZl� µg\Z�l(n)
Acc. µg\ZnZ� µi\Z�nZ� µg\ZnZ
Voc. µg\Zni� µg\ZlnZl µg\ZnZ
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�Ð�, �Ð�Z, �Ðn 9$.B, 9.?')7 / D()B/.$+/, #%) %$4/" (2/+$,$-
%"+L.K" B),D% /B"%L ("2"@ 4)."#.)6 ,2D(()6 &),+$&.K3 )&.)-
-K 2$J.D0 ),+$&)-4D -Zna-, -ina-, -�na-. !2/+$,$%"+L.)" ä~¼n,
ä~���Z, ä~mn !"G4"9"+B%E7 ()&.)-$ ä~mna-) / (2)/J-)@.)" )%
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:B"./%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ BDP&4),) 2)@$
T%),) (2/+$,$%"+L.),) )*2$J)-$. $&/,B$%/#"&4/, 4$4 - &+)-" Ç
cg��n, & )%($@"./"B 4)."#.),) &),+$&.),) )&.)-K a- / D@+/."-
./"B � > � (ä~¼n < *ä~�na). :B"./%"+L.K6, -/./%"+L.K6 / J-$-
%"+L.K6 ($@"P/ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ &2"@.",) 2)@$ (2"@&%$--
+'0% &)*)6 #/&%D0 )&.)-D & )%($@"./"B 4)."#.),) &),+$&.),)
)&.)-K a: ä~mn < *ä~�na. :B"./%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@/.&%-"..),)
#/&+$ P".&4),) 2)@$ )*2$JD"%&' & ()B)CL0 &DQQ/4&$ -lZ )%
)&.)-K .$ na-, ()&+" (2/*$-+"./' 4)%)2),) -�na-lZ > -���Z:
ä~�na + lZ > ä~���Z. X)2B$ P".&4),) 2)@$ &4+).'"%&' () ("2-
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m f n
Sg. Nom. ä~¼n ä~���Z ä~mn
Gen. ä~mna�� ä~�Ë�s� ä~mna��
Dat. ä~mnal ä~�Ë� ä~mnal
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Pl. Nom. ä~mnai� ä~���Zl ä~mnaZ
Gen. ä~mna�n ä~���zn ä~mna�n
Dat. ä~���l(n) ä~�Ë�Zl� ä~���l(n)
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!) %$4)BD P" (2/.R/(D &4+).'"%&' / (2/+$,$%"+L.)" [~�n,
[~���Z, í~�n %$!"G4"9"+B%E7.
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�dJNrK, �dJg %$!"G4"9"+B%E7 - (2"@+)P".// #$&%) J$./B$0%
(2"@/4$%/-.D0 ()J/R/0, %) "&%L ." &+"@D0% J$ $2%/4+"B, .$-
3)@'&L +/*) ()&+" &DC"&%-/%"+L.),) & $2%/4+"B, +/*) ("2"@
$2%/4+"B. 5 %$4)B &+D#$" () J.$#"./0 )./ &%$.)-'%&' 4$4 *K
&4$JD"BKB @$..)6 BK&+/ (2/ )(2"@"+'"B)B &DC"&%-/%"+L.)B
4$4 ()@+"P$C"B T%)6 BK&+/:
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¦~g\i��n .D(4&(%#E D4)'(=E9(+) D$4)H'(5 D4"&)9 )/ 9"+) 95$-.&$ )!&) 9 D"/"!.
9$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 T%/ (2/+$,$%"+L.K" - (2"@/4$%/-.)B D()%-
2"*+".// D@)*.) ("2"-)@/%L .$2"#/'B/ «@)*2)-)+L.)» / «."-
@)*2)-)+L.)» /+/ -K2$P"./'B/ «() &-)"6 -)+"» / «(2)%/-
-)+/».
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�dnai� �¨ �gn�l iy� aÌn ��d�asn ¦\wmnai� a» [�a� ¥ai��l�-
a�n iµnZl ¦wZ˵Zq�n. �¨ fÛ ��Z�alÐaZl ¥�i~��n�na� Z·a��� aÌn
azn ¥nf�zn ¥nf�i�Zn [�l�a�n [�ai�� ai���� iµnZl. �Ð� cÙ�
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µ�l, !n Z½al�� iµnZl Ç ��~���c�� ¦\gcia�, ¦�gaZaa�n §µg�Z� ~ZÒ
n�~a»� aÌn �Za��fZ ]�\daailn. elÙ a��a� �¨ [nf�i� ~�lnå µÛn aÙ
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aÙ� ~��µ¯��nai�.
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µsa�Ò �¨ �Z�fg� iy�l ~d\\l�a�� ~m�µ��. 5. ��Õ� �Zag�Z� ~ZÒ aÙ�
µsag�Z� ¥alµdqiln ng�l� �· ��g�il. 6. â µ`ai�, µÌ �Z��i µmn�n
aº a`� w�cZa�»� ~d\\il, ¥\\ ³al µÐ\\�n aå çcli�� Z·a`�. � 7. �¨
��Z�alÐaZl a�Õ� �i�l��~��� [~�naZ� ���a�ZaiËi�wZl ¦~g\i��n.
8. �·� ä~mnai� �¨ ±�Zl�Ò aÌn f��\i�Zn ³]i��n. 9. �zn ¦]m��n
¥~mna�n a��� �gn�l� �·~ ¦�`n ¦n aå ��d�a µgniln. W0. �m\�n��
[~�na�� Ç �il���a�Za�� ¦cgnia� azn ±wsnZ��n aË�Znn��.
W96
2"?) 3 0
H*2$J)-$./" &%"("."6 &2$-."./' .$ -ai���, -aZa��. hyµ� (- D(2$P."./'3).
Genetivus comparationis (2/ &2$-./%. &%"("./; � (2/ (2"-)&3)@.)6 &%"-("./. Genetivus comparationis (2/ ~�Zag�.
?w93jF:3DC8 45878D8� 493:D8DC; D3 -ZMiJ_, -ZKZJ_
O3)"#-#+'"F%&'
5 (2"@K@DC/3 D2)4$3 (D2)4 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, W2, W3, W4, 23, 25, 26,
28, 29) BK DP" J.$4)B/+/&L & (2/+$,$%"+L.KB/ - ()+)P/%"+L-
.)6 &%"("./ (gradus positivus). I2)B" ."", )% *)+LN/.&%-$
(2/+$,$%"+L.K3 )*2$JD0%&' &2$-./%"+L.$' &%"(".L (gradus
comparativus) / (2"-)&3)@.$' (gradus superlativus).
!2/ )*2$J)-$.// &2$-./%"+L.)6 &%"("./ 4 )&.)-" BDP&4)-
,) 2)@$ (2/*$-+'"%&' &DQQ/4& -ai���, -ag�Z, -ai��n. 9$(2/B"2,
)% (2/+$,$%"+L.),) f�~Zl��, fl~Z�Z, f�~Zl�n .D4(9$!+)9E7, (?, "$ ()&.)-$ fl~Zl�-) &2$-./%"+L.$' &%"(".L � fl~Zlmai���, fl~Zl�-
ag�Z, fl~Zlmai��n G"+$$ .D4(9$!+)9E7, (?, "$, )% (2/+$,$%"+L.),)
µg\Z� -$4%E7 ()&.)-$ µi\Zn-) � µi\dnai���, µi\Znag�Z, µi\dn-
ai��n G"+$$ -$4%E7, (?, "$, )% (2/+$,$%"+L.),) �Z]¯�, �Z]g�
?.%E7 ()&.)-$ �Z]i�-) � �Z]g�ai���, �Z]i�ag�Z, �Z]g�ai��n
G"+$$ ?.%E7, (?, "$, )% (2/+$,$%"+L.),) c\�~Ë�, c\�~i�Z, c\�~Ë
.+(!')7 � c\�~Ëai���, c\�~�ag�Z, c\�~Ëai��n G"+$$ .+(!')7,
(?, "$.
!2/ )*2$J)-$.// (2"-)&3)@.)6 &%"("./ /&()+LJD"%&' &DQ-
Q/4& -aZa��, -adas, -aZa�n: fl~ZlmaZa��, fl~Zl�adas, fl~ZlmaZa�n
.(5E7 .D4(9$!+)9E7, (?, "$, µi\dnaZa��, µi\Znadas, µi\dnaZa�n
.(5E7 -$4%E7, (?, "$, �Z]g�aZa��, �Z]i�adas, �Z]g�aZa�n .(-
5E7 ?.%E7, (?, "$, c\�~ËaZa��, c\�~�adas, c\�~ËaZa�n .(5E7
.+(!')7, (?, "$.
A (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 & )&.)-)6 .$ -�- 4)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 )&.)-
-K D@+/.'"%&' - -�-, "&+/ (2"@K@DC/6 &+), 42$%)4 (��]m�
50!4E7 � ��]¼ai��� � ��]¼aZa��, [�l�� #$%%E7 � ¥�l¼ai��� �
W97
¥�l¼aZa��, �\�Ë�l�� G",(&E7 � �\���l¼ai��� � �\���l¼aZ-
a��), "&+/ P" T%)% &+), @)+), (() (2/2)@" /+/ () ()+)P"./0),
-�- ." D@+/.'"%&' (filnm� 0C(.%E7 � filnmai��� � filnmaZa��,
³naôµ�� D"-&$%%E7 � ¦naôµmai��� � ¦naôµmaZa��, �l~�m� ,"4B-')7 � �l~�mai��� � �l~�maZa��).
!2/+$,$%"+L.K" III &4+)."./' & )&.)-)6 .$ -�n- () $.$+)-
,// & (2/+$,$%"+L.KB/, /B"0C/B/ )&.)-D .$ -i�- )*2$JD0%
&2$-./%"+L.D0 &%"(".L (2/*$-+"./"B 4 )&.)-" &DQQ/4&$ -g�ai-
���, -i�ag�Ô, -g�ai��n, $ (2"-)&3)@.D0 � (2/*$-+"./"B &DQ-
Q/4&$ -g�aZa��, -i�adas, -g�aZa�n: i·fZ�µ�n .-(.&+)9E7 � i·-
fZlµ�ng�ai��� � i·fZlµ�ng�aZa��.
5&" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" & D4$J$..KB/ &DQQ/4&$B/ &2$-./-
%"+L.)6 / (2"-)&3)@.)6 &%"("."6 /JB".'0%&' () I � II &4+)."-
./'B - J$-/&/B)&%/ )% 2)@$, (2/#"B - Q)2B$3 P".&4),) 2)@$
D@$2"./" ($@$"% .$ &DQQ/4&K /J-J$ @)+,)%K ,+$&.K3 Ô / s -
)4).#$./'3: -ai���, -ag�Z, -ai��n, -aZa��, -adas, -aZa�n.
!2"-)&3)@.$' &%"(".L (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 B)P"% D()%2"*+'%L-
&' - @-D3 &BK&+$3: - &BK&+" .$/-K&N"6 &%"("./ 4$#"&%-$ (&)*-
&%-"..) gradus superlativus: Ç �\���l¼aZa�� �dna�n azn ��\l-
azn .(5E7 G",(&E7 )= 9.$/ ,4(C!(%) / - &BK&+" )#".L -K&)4)6
&%"("./ 4$#"&%-$ (gradus elativus: Ç �\���l¼aZa�� ��\�as�
"-$%B G",(&E7 ,4(C!(%)%).
L#3'n):
5 D2)4" WW DP" 2$&&B$%2/-$+)&L )*2$J)-$./" .$2"#/6 - ()-
+)P/%"+L.)6 &%"("./, (2)/J-)@.K3 )% (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 I � II
&4+)."./6, & ()B)CL0 4)."#.),) T+"B".%$ -��. O$4 P" )*2$-
JD0%&' / .$2"#/', (2)/J-)@.K" )% (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 III &4+)."-
./': aZ�Ë� GE.&4E7 � aZ�g�� GE.&4", �Z]¯� ?.%E7 � �Z-
]z� ?.%", �¼]��n 4(=05%E7 � ��]�mn�� 4(=05%", �Ð�
9$.B � �dna�� 9.?-$.'), �Z��il� D4)?&%E7 � �Z�lgna�� D4)-
?&%".
5 J.$#".// &2$-./%"+L.)6 &%"("./ .$2"#/' D()%2"*+'"%&'
-/./%"+L.K6 ($@"P "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ &2"@.",) 2)@$ (2/+$-
,$%"+L.),) - &2$-./%"+L.)6 &%"("./, $ - J.$#".// (2"-)&3)@-
.)6 &%"("./ .$2"#/' � -/./%"+L.K6 ($@"P B.)P"&%-"..),)
#/&+$ &2"@.",) 2)@$ (2/+$,$%"+L.),) - (2"-)&3)@.)6 &%"("./:
W98
��]z� 50!4" � ��]mai��n � ��]maZaZ; fl~Z��� .D4(9$!+)9" �
fl~Zlmai��n � fl~ZlmaZaZ; ë�\z� D4".&" � ë�\mai��n � ë�-
\maZaZ; i·fZlµmn�� .-(.&+)9" � i·fZlµ�ng�ai��n � i·fZlµ�-
ng�aZaZ.
&A3GFA Mhµ] 9"4)%)2K" Q)2BK ,+$,)+$ iyµ� GE&B DP" D4$JK-$+/&L
-KN" (&B., .$(2/B"2, D2)4 2, 9). 5 @$..)B D2)4" (2"@&%$-/B
Q)2BK T%),) ,+$,)+$ - R"+)B.
Praesens Imperfectum
Ind. Coni. Opt. Imper. Ind.
Sing. W iyµ� � i½sn t, tn
2 iµ ø� i½s� ½�wl t�wZ
3 ¦�a�(n) ø i½s ³�a� tn
Pl. W ¦�µgn �µin iµµin tµin
2 ¦�ag tai iµai ³�ai tai, t�ai
3 iy��(n) ��l(n) iµin ³�a�n,
¢na�n
t�Zn
X)2BK T%),) ,+$,)+$ - /.@/4$%/-" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./
(42)B" iµ) � T.4+/%/4/, "&+/ )./ D()%2"*+'0%&' - J.$#".//
&-'J4/.
Infinitivus � i¶nZl.
Participium � (n, ���Z, ¢n; gen. sg. � ¢na��, �é�s�, ¢na��.
Futurum
Indicativus Optativus Infinitivus Participium
Sing.W ³��µZl ¦���µsn
2 ³� , ³�il ³��l�
3 ³�aZl ³��la�
Plur. W ¦�mµiwZ ¦���µiwZ
2 ³�i�wi ³��l�wi
3 ³��naZl ³��lna�
³�i�wZl
¦�mµin��
¦��µgns
¦�mµin�n
7)%+#1$)$
W. !2/ &2$-./%"+L.)6 &%"("./ (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 / .$2"#/6
D()%2"*+'"%&' +/*) &)0J Ú -$5 & /B"./%"+L.KB /+/ -/./-
W99
%"+L.KB ($@"P)B, +/*), 4$4 / - 2D&&4)B 'JK4", 2)@/%"+L.K6
($@"P &2$-."./' (genetivus comparationis): µsfÛn a��� ��\�aZl�
¦\i�wi��Z� alµ¼ai�mn ¦�aln = µsfÛn a��� ��\�aZl� alµ¼ai�mn ¦�-
aln Ú ¦\i�wi��Z � %)-$," %$& !+? ,4(C!(% !"4"C$ .9"G"!E = %)-$," %$& !+? ,4(C!(% !"4"C$, -$5 .9"G"!(. 5 +$%/.&4)B 'JK4" "BD &))%-
-"%&%-D"% ablativus comparationis.
<)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"P &2$-."./' B)P"% &%$-/%L&' / (2/ ,+$-
,)+$3, ."&DC/3 - &"*" &BK&+ &2$-."./': D4$9"./"!)&B '","-+)G",
GE&B %)C$ '","-+)G", 9+(.&9"9(&B %(! '$5-&", 4$4, .$(2/B"2,
(2/ ,+$,)+" diKZlH GE&B .)+B%$$ '","-+)G", 9+(.&9"9(&B %(!
'$5-&": �i\���nn¯��� �d�s� Ç �g\�k ¦~�das�in %(! 9.$5
@$+"D"%%$."5 9+(.&9"9(+ @$+"D..
2. !2"-)&3)@.$' &%"(".L (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 / .$2"#/6 B)P"%
D&/+/-$%L&' #$&%/R$B/, .$(2/B"2, #$&%/R"6 ~_: Î� ë�\maZaZ
'(' &"+B'" 5"C%" D4".&", � fl~ZlmaZaZ '(' 5"C%" G"+$$ .D4(-
9$!+)9".
$Fj:E�8DC8 /BCD
Ân a��� �Z\Zl�ag��l� ��mn�l� [\\Zl µÛn �m\il�, Ê��i� ��-
\sa�� ~ZÒ }m�lnw��, �\���l¼ai�Zl ~ZÒ ¦nf��mai�Zl t�Zn Ú Z¨
±w`nZl. Þ fÛ azn �Z~ifZlµ�n��n ��\lai�Z tn ��\iµl~�ag�Z
~ZÒ y�����ag�Z a`� azn ±wsnZ��n ��\lai�Z�. Ø ��n �il���a�Z-
a�� a`� ¥��`� ~�Za¯�Z� ³��i��i �ZnaÒ a�m�¡, á��� § µÛn a�-
�ZnnÒ� �Ð�l a��� ��\�aZl� c\�~�ag�Z ~ZÒ ]l\ag�Z, a» fÛ [�a� ~ZÒ
�gn�l� ~ZÒ ¦n��~�l� Î� \Zµ��maZa�n ]Z�nsaZl. elÙ a��a� a���
�gns�l ci��c��� ¦_�¯ws�in¾ a»n fÛ ±aal~»n �µn�n ~ZÒ a» ³\Zl�n
�¨ ³µ����l µZ~��ag���� �\��� ��ls�dµin�l ¦~mµl�Zn iy� a»n
�mna�n ~ZÒ aÌn Y½c��a�n ~ZÒ aÌn ÏaZ\�Zn. �¨ fÛ ai�n�aZl ����-
fZlmai��n ¦�cdqi�wZl Ã��Zna�, áai Ç �il���a�Za�� a» [�a� µi-
cZ\���i�g�aZaZ ~��µ`�Zl ¦_��\iË�Za�.
Â���s�i cÙ� çf�Zc¼cl�n, õnZ a��� ��\�aZl� Î� ~ZwZ�¼aZ-
a�n °f�� �Z�g� , ~ZÒ ngZn ~ZÒ i·��ag�Zn ¥c��dn. ¹l~�fmµs�i
fÛ µgcZn el»� nZmn, ¦n fÛ aå ¥~���m\il ����Ë\ZlZ, á��� �¨ iy�-
i��mµin�l Î� ~Z\\��asn wgZn ³���ln, ~ZÒ aº ¥��Z�¡ �Z�winz-
nl �a�Ùn ��l~�\sn �i�l_d\\i�wZl ¦~g\i��in. �Z�� fÛ a`� ±ws-
nÐ� ä��aZ��, �ZnZwsnZ��l� a» ¢n�µZ, ����g_Z\in ¥cznZ� µ��-
200
�l~�Õ� ~ZÒ c�µnl~�Ë�. �Ù fÛ µicd\Z el�nË�lZ Z·a»� a» ��za�n
~Zai�~iËZ�in, ~ZÒ îfi § ä��aÌ i·~\ii�ag�Z ¦cgnia� azn [\\�n.
el�n����l� cÙ� �¨ ¦nf��maZa�l ��lsaZÒ a�Zc¡f�Z� ¦f�fZ�~�n,
aÌn fÛ ��¼asn vg��l�. �°a� �il���a�Za�� a�Õ� µÛn ±wsnZ����
i·fZlµ�ni�ag���� ��l¯�iln Ã\�lqin, aÌn fÛ a��Znn�fZ ¥�]Z\i�-
ag�Zn.
7'%+'%T))
W. �mµlqi µsfÛn µsa�»� i·µing�ai��n. 2. �·~ ³�aln ¥�ia`�
~a`µZ alµl¼ai��n. 3. �i�~mai��n �lmn��, µi\dnai��n ��aas�,
c\�~Ëai��n µg\la��. 4. â �Z�, cgn�l� �Za�»� i·a��g�ai���.
J'1$)1#
��\iµl~m�, ¯, mn -)"..K6, -)/.-
&%-"..K6
~�Zag� *K%L &/+L."6N/B, (2$-
-/%L
c\�~Ë�, i�Z, Ë &+$@4/6, (2/'%-
.K6
_�swg� ()B),$%L
����fZ���, Ô, �n D&"2@.K6
µicZ\���i�¯�, g� -"+/4)+"(.K6
~ZwZ�m�, d, mn #/&%K6
�y~�f�µg� -)J-)@/%L
[~���, Z, �n -K&)4/6, -K&N/6,
+D#N/6
§ ¥~�m��\l�, i�� 42"B+L, 42"-
()&%L, $42)()+L
§ �Ë\s, s� -)2)%$ ("GE-%" pl.)
(.4. `$45"D)+E)
aÙ ����Ë\ZlZ, �n !2)(/+"/
Ç �Z�win¼n, zn��
!$2Q".).
§ �a�d, Ð� ()2%/4, ?%)' (.4.
.&")')
�i�l_d\\� .$*2$&K-$%L, .$+$,$%L
aÙ �ZnZw¯nZlZ, �n
!$.$Q/."/
����_d\\� .$*2$&K-$%L; .$($-
@$%L; (2/4/@K-$%L
§ a�Zc¡f�Z, Z� %2$,"@/'
Mhµ] (T.4+.), inf. iµnZl *K%L
§ �l¼n, mn�� &.",
i·µin¯�, g� *+$,)&4+)..K6
i·a��¯�, g� D@$#+/-K6
\i�~m�, ¯, mn *"+K6
a» µg\l, µg\la�� B"@
§ ��aaZ, s� &B)+$
a�µl��, �Z, l�n ()#"%.K6
a» ³\Zl�n, �� )+/-4)-)" B$&+)
a» çf�Zc¼cl�n, �� $4-"@D4, -)-
@)(2)-)@
flfd�~� D#/%L, (2"()@$-$%L;
&%$-/%L @2$BD
K/ L,6,-, M#6'+#
�g}¯ µ�J �Q[Oe �[XOT�� ±µ�n¢ ¥f]MO[e Q� k um]ifWOMfWn
µLi� (>'. 3, _6)
�OU µ�fUJ OLo ^MLo mLSsOMfLJ OZJ PJ^fsX�J gmO\J V[\ OU
Pm^MJ�n OLo ^MLo um]ifWOMfLJ OZJ PJ^fsX�J. (_ 2"4. _, 25)
20W
|¤OLe Q� Ëm[J Mv}MJ�mOMfLe OZJ gJ pMmm[RLJTV�� (6$?%. _7, __)
�V[O~ O�J PVfe�MmO�OKJ [¾fMmeJ O·n YµMO�f[n ^fKmVMT[n ¥�Km[ Î[fem[�Ln. (6$?%. 26, 5)
ϵM�n Q�, P}[XKOLT, gXLeVLQLµLoJOMn (gXLeVLQLµ�LJOMn) �[i-
OL£n O� À}e�O�O� ±µZJ XTmOMe, gJ XJMNµ[Oe À}Tj XfLmMi]WµMJLe,
�[iOL£n gJ P}�X� ^MLo OKf�m[OM� (�0!. 20, 2_)
a» °f��, °fZa�� -)@$
µ��m�, d, mn *"JDB.K6
¥�win¯�, g� &+$*K6
§ Zõ�i�l�, i�� =!. D#"./"
§ w�s�~i�Z, Z� =!. -"2$
¦��l~�f�µg� =!. .$&%$-+'%L
as�g� )*"2",$%L
K/ C,-,$"E9'%):
��Ìn alµl�ag�Zn azn �i���_iÒµ ~ZÒ ¦nf���ag�Zn ¥��c~��-
a�� azn �i�Z]iÒµ, aÌn ¥flZ]wm��� vi»n �mc�n ai~���Zn, aÌn
¢na�� vi�am~�n �Û µicZ\Ën�µin. (>)&%)6.) "&%L�)
�zn ëc��n iy� ¿clZ § ëc�Z ~ZÒ [µ�µ�� ¦n ëc�¡ �ni˵Zal
iy��l~�qiaZl ~ZÒ fl� ¥ccg\�� ¦~a�g]iaZl, aº ¢nal ç�d�����Z ¥cl-
¼aZa�� nZ»� a�� ëc��� vi�� §µzn� (?%/3/2$ .$ «8)&()@/,
-)JJ-$3» 5-"@"./', ,+$& 4)
¥��c~��a�� ."&2$-./B)
¥flZ]wm��� ."()2)#.)
a�~a�, aor. 2 ³ai~�n 2)P@$%L
¢na�� @"6&%-/%"+L.)
µicZ\Ën� -)J-"+/#/-$%L, (2)-
&+$-+'%L
[µ�µ��, �n *"JD4)2/J."..K6
¦~a�g]� -&4$2B+/-$%L
823#9%'%):
I. H*2$JD6%" &%"("./ &2$-."./' )% (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 ¥nZc~Z���,
[�l��, Æ�Ë�, ¥~�l_¯�, �¼]��n. H*2$JD6%" .$2"#/' )% T%/3 (2/-
+$,$%"+L.K3 / &%"("./ &2$-."./'.
II. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ Q)2BK ,+$,)+$ iyµ�: W.
h½wi i½s� Î� i·fZlµ�ng�aZa��. 2. �dnai� �¨ [nf�i� ³�a�n Î� fl-
~ZlmaZa�l. 3. µ�� ��]¼ai��� 0n i½s. 4. �·fiÒ� ��]��ng�ai���
iµnZl ¦n�µ�qia� a�� �m\�n��. 5. à�ai w�Z�Ëai��l azn ¦nZna��n.
6. ðai §µzn ¥w\l¼ai��l. 7. ±iÒ ½�wl Î� ����fZlmaZa��, � �Z�.
8. �·fiÒ� ³�aZl ��� i·~\ig�ai���. 9. �é��ai t�wZ ¦µ�Ò ]�\ai���
Ú n�n. W0. h½wi �¨ ��Ò \mc�l iµin �Z]g�ai��l. WW. }������ ~Z��i�
�\���l¼aZa�� 2n ~Z~z� ¦ai\iËas�in.
202
III. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ J.$#"./" Î�: W. �¨ ��Z�-
alÐaZl a�Õ� �Z�fZ� Î� a�Z�ËaZaZ ¦�Z�fi��n, Î� cgn�naZl [n-
f�i� ¦�w\maZa�l. 2. µdwiai Ãfs, Î� ¦~i� ~ZÒ Z¨ w�cZag�i� ¦c�µ-
ndq�na�, Î� ��l ~d\\l�aZl ~ZÒ y����maZaZl. 3. �¨ ³]���l, Î� �¨
��cc�Z]i�� \gc���ln, a�Õ� �gn��� ¦~ a�� [�ai�� ¥�Z\\daai-
�wZl ¦~g\i��n Î� ��\iµ����. 4. �¨ ��Z�alÐaZl iy�g_Z\�n iy�
a�Õ� �i��sn���� Î� ~as�mµin�l aÌn �¼�Zn Z·azn.
203
?H>7<319:7
M$&%L ("2-$' .......................................................................................................3
HO ?H?O15:O7U74........................................................................................5
5-)@.K6 D2)4 I ...................................................................................................7
1+Q$-/%........................................................................................................7
8+$&.K" / &),+$&.K" ..................................................................................8
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Verba contracta .$ -]O: praesens / imperfectum activi / medii-passivi.
¸T�]TµXQ, µ¤. !2"@+), We¤P.
Verba contracta B3 -ZG
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@'%&' @+' ()./B$./' (2)�"&&$ &+/'./'):
Praesens activi Indicativus
� �Qe]O > �Qe� �Qe]TµrP > �QeT�µrP 2 �Qe]rQU > �QertU �Qe]rSr > �QertSr 3 �Qe]rQ > �Qert �Qe]T^RQ(P) > �QeT�RQ(P)
Coniunctivus
� �Qe]O > �Qe� �Qe]OµrP > �Qe�µrP 2 �Qe]�U > �QeÀU �Qe]cSr > �Qe¢Sr 3 �Qe]� > �QeÀ �Qe]ORQ(P) > �Qe�RQ(P)
�4
Optativus
� �QerTNcP > �QeTNcP �Qe]TQµrP > �QeTtµrP
2 �QerTNcU > �QeTNcU �QerTNSr > �QeTtSr
3 �QerTNc > �QeTNc �Qe]TQrP > �QeTtrP
Infinitivus praesentis activi � �Qe]rQP > �QertP.
Imperativus praesentis activi:
Sg. 2 +. � �Nerr > �NerQ
3 +. � �Qer]SO > �QertSO
Pl. 2 +. � �Qe]rSr > �QertSr
3 +. � �QerfPSOP > �QeTZPSOP
Participium praesentis activi:
�Qe]OP > �Qe�P (gen. sg. �QeT�PSTU),
�Qe]T^RX > �QeT�RX (gen. sg. �QeTZRcU),
�Qe]TP > �QeT�P (gen. sg. �QeT�PSTU).
Praesens medii / passivi
Indicativus
� �Qe]TµXQ > �QeT�µXQ �QerfµrkX > �QeT�µrkX
2 �Qe]�,]rQ > �QeÀ,�Qert �Qe]rRkr > �QertRkr
3 �Qe]rSXQ > �QertSXQ �Qe]TPSXQ > �QeT�PSXQ
Coniunctivus
� �Qe]OµXQ > �Qe�µXQ �Qer�µrkX > �Qe�µrkX
2 �Qe]� > �QeÀ �Qe]cRkr > �Qe¢Rkr
3 �Qe]cSXQ > �Qe¢SXQ �Qe]OPSXQ > �Qe�PSXQ
Optativus
� �QerTNµcP > �QeTNµcP �QerTNµrkX > �QeTtµrkX
2 �Qe]TQT > �QeTtT �Qe]TQRkr > �QeTtRkr
3 �Qe]TQST > �QeTtST �Qe]TQPST > �QeTtPST
Infinitivus praesentis medii-passivi � �Qe]rRkXQ >
�QertRkXQ.
�5
Imperativus praesentis medii-passivi
Sg. 2 +. � �Qe]T^ > �QeT�
3 +. � �Qer]RkO > �QerNRkO
Pl. 2 +. � �Qe]rRkr > �QertRkr
3 +. � �Qer]RkOP > �QertRkOP
Participium praesentis medii-passivi
�QerfµrPTU > �QeTZµrPTU,
�QerTµ]Pc > �QeT^µ]Pc,
�QerfµrPTP > �QeTZµrPTP.
Imperfectum indicativi activi et medii-passivi
Activum Medium - Passivum
Sg. � V�NerTP > V�NeT^P V�QerfµcP > V�QeTZµcP
2 V�NerrU > V�NerQU V�Qe]T^ > V�QeT�
3 V�Nerr > V�NerQ V�Qe]rST > V�QertST
Pl. � V�Qe]TµrP > V�QeT�µrP V�QerfµrkX > V�QeTZµrkX
2 V�Qe]rSr > V�QertSr V�Qe]rRkr > V�QertRkr
3 V�NerTP > V�NeT^P V�Qe]TPST > V�QeT�PST
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45 96&61$:;(*#.
}� ¥µPT�µrP, }� ryeTqT�µrP, }T� ry_XiQRST�µrP, °Z-
iQr, \X� Yrfµrkg RT^ � Ðr~U uµ�P. (!)&+"@)-$./" Ñ/-
%D2,//)
¥µP]O ("%L ry_XiQRS]O *+$,)@$2/%L
Y]TµXQ B)+/%L&'
<="%;*(*#.
I. H*2$JD6%" 4 ,+$,)+$B µQR]O / �T�]TµXQ a)2BK 2 sg. /
pl. -&"3 .$4+)."./6 - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ / - /B("2a"4%".
II. !"2"-"@/%" .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4, )(2"@"+'' a)2BK
&+/%.K3 ,+$,)+)-: [WOkrtSr S®P S^iXPPNYX � SQµO-
irNRkOP ST§U XhSNT^U � VYf\rQ µTQ VWXP]i_rRkXQ � ÊPT�
\XeeNTPX ÒWWTP � STtU µ]qX �iTPT�RQ µ® WNRSr^r � ry-
S^_TNcU, � [Yre�¤ � rjkr µQµTtT ST§U [qXkTZU � V\rtPTU
uqrNRkO S� RSiXS� � [qXkT� qrNSTPrU uµtP e^RQSreT�-
RQP � ©µNerQ [r� [PYirNTQU PrXPNXQU.
III. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK ,+$,)+)- / &DC"&%-/%"+L.K3:
�TckTtU, �TckTNcU � \iXSrt, \igSrQ (2) � WeTZSª, WeT^S�
(2) � WferµTQ, WTe]µQTQ, WTerµTNc � £µPT^U, ¥µPT�RQ (2) �
�Ner, �NerQ � WfPOP, WTP�P � \TRµT�, \fRµT^, V\TRµT� �
W�erQ, WferQ.
IV. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./"
)%2/�$./' µ¤: �. ·® �µNerQ YrQeTtU [PYigRQP. 2. ·¤WTSr
µQRrtSr (µQR¤RcSr) [ee¤eT^U. 3. ¿jkr µc\]SQ [S^_TtSr.
20
4. ·cY]PX [YN\rQ ([YQ\¤R�U), ÒPX (�WOU, ©U) µ® XyS~U
[YQ\À. 5. ËiX �T�À, µ® �qXP WTPÀU; 6. }^µ�T^erZO RTQ
µcY�P �T�rtRkXQ. 7. ��P µ® WTP¢Sr (WTP¤RcSr), TyY�P
YQXWig�rSr.
2�
2"?) 3 3
Verba contracta .$ -gO: praesens / imperfectum activi / medii-passivi; ,+$,)+ lRScRX / ."4)%)2K" &+)b.K" & ./B ,+$,)+K (- D(-2$b."./'3).
Dativus sociativus (2/ ÓµX, � XySfU. Genetivus (2/ �XRQerZO; geneti-vus (2/ [W]RScRX, dativus (2/ VW]RScRX.
Verba contracta B3 -mG
A ,+$,)+)- & )&.)-)6 .$ ,+$&.K6 X- &+/'./" (2)/&-
3)@/% () &+"@D0C/B (2$-/+$B: X + r, c > Ô; X + �, rQ > o,
X + T, O, T^ > O, X + TQ > ª. 8+$,)+ PQ\gO ="@$?!(&A, .$-
(2/B"2, &(2',$"%&' &+"@D0C/B )*2$J)B:
Praesens activi
Indicativus
� PQ\gO > PQ\� PQ\gTµrP > PQ\�µrP
2 PQ\grQU > PQ\pU PQ\grSr > PQ\wSr
3 PQ\grQ > PQ\p PQ\gT^RQ(P)> PQ\�RQ(P)
Coniunctivus
� PQ\gO > PQ\� PQ\gOµrP > PQ\�µrP
2 PQ\g�U > PQ\pU PQ\gcSr > PQ\wSr
3 PQ\g� > PQ\p PQ\gORQ(P)> PQ\�RQ(P)
Optativus
� PQ\XTNcP > PQ\ÕcP PQ\gTQµrP > PQ\�µrP
2 PQ\XTNcU > PQ\ÕcU PQ\gTQSr > PQ\�Sr
3 PQ\XTNc > PQ\Õc PQ\gTQrP > PQ\�rP
Infinitivus praesentis activi � PQ\grQP > PQ\wP.
22
Imperativus praesentis activi:
Sg. 2 +. � PN\Xr > PN\X
3 +. � PQ\X]SO > PQ\gSO
Pl. 2 +. � PQ\grSr > PQ\wSr
3 +. � PQ\XfPSOP > PQ\�PSOP
Participium praesentis activi:
PQ\gOP > PQ\�P (gen. sg. PQ\�PSTU),
PQ\gT^RX > PQ\�RX (gen. sg. PQ\�RcU),
PQ\gTP > PQ\�P (gen. sg. PQ\�PSTU).
Praesens medii - passivi
Indicativus
� PQ\gTµXQ > PQ\�µXQ PQ\XfµrkX> PQ\�µrkX
2 PQ\g� > PQ\p PQ\grRkr > PQ\wRkr
3 PQ\grSXQ > PQ\wSXQ PQ\gTPSXQ> PQ\�PSXQ
Coniunctivus
� PQ\gOµXQ > PQ\�µXQ PQ\X�µrkX> PQ\�µrkX
2 PQ\g� > PQ\p PQ\gcRkr > PQ\wRkr
3 PQ\gcSXQ > PQ\wSXQ PQ\gOPSXQ> PQ\�PSXQ
Optativus
� PQ\XTNµcP > PQ\ÕµcP PQ\XTNµrkX> PQ\�µrkX
2 PQ\gTQT > PQ\�T PQ\gTQRkr > PQ\�Rkr
3 PQ\gTQST > PQ\�ST PQ\gTQPST > PQ\�PST
Infinitivus praesentis medii-passivi � PQ\grRkXQ > PQ-
\wRkXQ
Imperativus praesentis medii-passivi:
Sg. 2 +. � PQ\gT^ > PQ\�
3 +. � PQ\X]RkO > PQ\gRkO
Pl. 2 +. � PQ\grRkr > PQ\wRkr
3 +. � PQ\X]RkOP > PQ\wRkOP
23
Participium praesentis medii-passivi:
PQ\XfµrPTU > PQ\�µrPTU,
PQ\XTµ]Pc > PQ\Oµ]Pc,
PQ\XfµrPTP > PQ\�µrPTP.
Imperfectum indicativi activi et medii - passivi
Activum Medium - Passivum
Sg. � VPN\XTP > VPN\OP VPQ\XfµcP > VPQ\�µcP
2 VPN\XrU > VPN\XU VPQ\gT^ > VPQ\�
3 VPN\Xr > VPN\X VPQ\grST > VPQ\wST
Pl. � VPQ\gTµrP > VPQ\�µrP VPQ\XfµrkX > VPQ\�µrkX
2 VPQ\grSr > VPQ\wSr VPQ\grRkr > VPQ\wRkr
3 VPN\XTP > VPN\OP VPQ\gTPST > VPQ\�PST
&Q3R8Q nJKoJU
C B=P8589O= 4Q8pBO= 4 BCN RQ3R8QO
8+$,)+ II &(2'b"./' ÒRScµQ .&(9)&A (&B. D2)4 54) -
$)2/&%" /B""% @-" a)2BK & 2$J.KB J.$#"./"B: $)2/&% I �
lRScRX C =".&(9)+ (("2"3)@.)" J.$#"./") / $)2/&% lR-
ScP, ) 4)%)2)B 2"#L *D@"% ./b", � C .&(+ (."("2"3)@.)"
J.$#"./"). 5 @$..)B D2)4" 2"#L /@"% )* $)2/&%" lRScRX,
4)%)2K6 &(2',$"%&' () )*2$J�D )*K#.),) &/,B$%/#"-
&4),) $)2/&%$, (2"@&%$-+"..),) - D2)4" �5��6.
Aoristus indicativi activi
Singularis Pluralis
� lRScRX C ="c&(9)+ VRS¤RXµrP 5< ="c&(9)+)
2 lRScRXU &< ="c&(9)+ VRS¤RXSr 9< ="c&(9)+)
3 lRScRr(P) "% ="c&(9)+ lRScRXP "%) ="c&(9)+)
Infinitivus aoristi activi � RS¢RXQ =".&(9)&A
24
Imperativus aoristi activi:
Sing. 2 +. � RS¢RTP =".&(9A
3 +. � RScRgSO =0.&A "% =".&(9)&
Pl. 2 +. � RS¤RXSr =".&(9A&$
3 +. � RScRgPSOP =0.&A "%) =".&(9C&
(/+/ RScRgSORXP)
Aoristus indicativi medii
Singularis Pluralis
� VRScRgµcP!C =".&(9)+
!+C .$@C (.$@$)
VRScRgµrkX 5< =".&(9)+)
!+C .$@C (.$@$)
2 VRS¤RO! &< =".&(9)+
!+C .$@C (.$@$)
VRS¤RXRkr 9< =".&(9)+)
!+C .$@C (.$@$)
3 VRS¤RXST! "% =".&(9)+
!+C .$@C (.$@$)
VRS¤RXPST "%) =".&(9)+)
!+C .$@C (.$@$)
Infinitivus aoristi medii � RS¤RXRkXQ =".&(9)&A .$@$.
Imperativus aoristi medii
Sg. 2 +. � RS¢RXQ =".&(9A .$@$
3 +. � RScRgRkO =0.&A "% =".&(9)& .$@$
Pl. 2 +. � RS¤RXRkr =".&(9A&$ .$@$
3 +. � RScRgRkOP =0.&A "%) =".&(9C& .$@$
(/+/ RScRgRkORXP)
x)2BK $)2/&%$ 4).�0.4%/-$ / )(%$%/-$ {%),) ,+$-
,)+$ $.$+),/#.K &(2'b"./0, (2"@&%$-+"..)BD @+'
&/,B$%/#"&4),) $)2/&%$ - D2)4$3 2� � 22.
Aoristus coniunctivi activi
Ñ/�) Singularis Pluralis
� RS¤RO RS¤ROµrP
2 RS¤R�U RS¤RcSr
3 RS¤R� RS¤RORQ(P)
25
Aoristus coniunctivi medii Ñ/�) Singularis Pluralis
� RS¤ROµXQ RScR�µrkX
2 RS¤R� RS¤RcRkr
3 RS¤RcSXQ RS¤ROPSXQ
Aoristus optativi activi Ñ/�) Singularis Pluralis
� RS¤RXQµQ RS¤RXQµrP
2 RS¤RXQU,
RS¤RrQXU
RS¤RXQSr
3 RS¤RXQ,
RS¤R-rQr(P)
RS¤RXQrP,
RS¤RrQXP
Aoristus optativi medii
� RScRXNµcP RScRXNµrkX
2 RS¤RXQT RS¤RXQRkr
3 RS¤RXQST RS¤RXQPST
8+$,)+ ÒRScµQ .&(9)&A #$&%) D()%2"*+'"%&' & 2$J.K-
B/ (2"a/4&$B/ / ()+D#$"% .)-K" J.$#"./'. 9$(2/B"2:
[PkNRScµQ =4"&)9"=".&(9+C&A, [�NRScµQ ".&(9+C&A,
0!(+C&A, >(.&(9+C&A "&=(.&A "& '","-+)@", V�NRScµQ ="-
.&(9)&A 9" ,+(9$, R^PNRScµQ .&(9)&A 95$.&$, ."@)4(&A.
/#*'%01#1
�. !2/ ."&)*&%-"..)B (2"@+)," qµU 95$.&$ &%$-/%&'
@$%"+L.K6 ($@"b &))*C"&%-$ (dativus sociativus):
ÓµX (SÀ) uµ]io %( 4(..9$&$, ÓµX XyS� 95$.&$ . %)5.
�$4)6 b" ($@"b B)b"% D()%2"*+'%L&' / (2/ B"&%)/B"-
.// XySfU & $2%/4+"B � � XySfU &"& ?$ .(5<7, "!)%(-
'"9<7:
S~ XyS~ (SXyS~) ¥µtP WigSSTµrP !$+($5 &" ?$, -&"
9< (&2. D2)4 6 / 3�).
26
2. !2/ ,+$,)+" `UJIbgWG #(4.&9"9(&A %(! '$5-+)@"
&%$-/%&' 2)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"b (&B. genetivus comparatio-
nis - D2)4" 30):
ÎiOU S�P kr�P �XRQerZrQ � �4"& #(4.&90$& %(! @",(5).
3. 8+$,)+ [�NRScµQ ".&(9+C&A, 0!(+C&A, >(.&(9+C&A
"&=(.&A "& '","-+)@" ($)2/&% ("2-K6 � XTZJKoJU)
D(2$-+'"% 2)@/%"+L.KB ($@"b)B (&B. genetivus separa-
tionis - D2)4" 7):
�iQRSXqfiXU ST§U ÈOPXU [W]RScRr S�P �riR�P �
�4).&(,"4 >(.&(9)+ )"%)7#$9 "&=(.&A "& =$4."9.
4. =.),/" ,+$,)+K, (2/ 4)%)2K3 )*K#.) ." &%$-/%&' @$-
%"+L.K6 ($@"b, (2/ &)"@/.".// & (2"a/4&$B/ R^P-,
VP-, VWQ-, WXiX-, WriQ-, ¥WT-, WiTR- B),D% D(2$-+'%L @$-
%"+L.KB ($@"b)B, 4$4, .$(2/B"2, ,+$,)+ & (2/&%$-4)6
VWQ- V�NRScµQ =".&(9)&A 9" ,+(9$ -$,"-+)@" ($)2/&% ("2-
-K6 � STZJKoJU):
T� ·Qe¤RQTQ �iQRSXqfiXP SÀ RSgRrQ VW]RScRXP � 3)-
+$&#< =".&(9)+) �4).&(,"4( 9" ,+(9$ 9"..&(%)C.
"3AR98N 784453BC: C8BCEc=7
(494 R. ]8 ". d.)
�iQRSXqfiXU Wi�STP µ�P ST§U �X\rYXQµTPNT^U �i-
µwP VWrQiwST VW� S~P �riRQ\~P WferµTP. °X� YQXerqfµr-
PTU °erTµ]PrQ S� �XRQertÇ �¬ipU, � l�c, � � �XRQer�, VP
S�Yr S� _Xe\� WNPX\Q WgPSX S� lkPc, ³P |XirtTU �XRQ-
erZrQ. ÖµtP T¨P, V�P ST�ST YiwSr,  R^µ�T^erZO, V�]RSXQ
WTeeT§U kcRX^iT§U \X� YTZeT^U VP SÀ S�P �riR�P _�-
io \SwRkXQ, µgeQRSX Y� VP STtU S�P }TZROP �XRQerNTQU�.
27
¬ T¨P °erTµ]PcU S~P WNPX\X kr�µrPTU WTe§P µ�P
_ifPTP VRNqX. �]eTU Y]Ç ��W� µ]qXP P® |NX WferµTP
uµwU WrQip WrtRXQ. ×�P Y� SfYr Rr ViOS�, R§ Y� WrQi�
©U [eck]RSXSX VµT� ViOS�PSQ [WT\iNPrRkXQ µcY] µr
[WgSX. �fROP uµri�P �Y~P �WrRSQ S� }T�RX [W~ S¢U
S�P Ã�POP _�iXU;� �\TZRXU T¨P SiQ�P µcP�P �Y~P S�
}T�RX [WrtPXQ V�fcRrPÇ �PT^U uqT�µXQ r¡PXQ ST§U ÈO-
PXU, �SQ [Y^PgSOP VWQk^µT�RQP. �y q�i ¾P PQ\�rP, [ee�
XhR_i�U ¾P uSS�PST. صwU Y� lX VP SÀ uµrS]io _�io �Q-
TSrZrQP, ÒPX µ® ÓµX ¥µtP uSS�µrkX�.
�� Y� �kcPXtTQ lWrµ¹XP STtU ÈORQP � �RXP q�i \X�
XyST� ÈOPrU S~ q]PTU � rj\TRQ PX�U We¤irQU [PYi�P,
W]PSr Y� \X� T� �irSiQrtU. ¬iµ�PSXQ WgPSrU Wi~U }gi-
YrQU, lPkX � S�P �riR�P RXSigWcU Ù\rQ. �XZScP S®P Wf-
eQP W^i� WTik¤RXPSrU VWXP]i_TPSXQ Wi~U S�U hYNXU Wf-
erQU, T� Y� �kcPXtTQ \X� �irSiQrtU Tj\XYr. �y q�i VSfe-
µOP STtU S�P �riR�P RSiXSTtU ±Yc Wi~U XyST§U �iµO-
µ]PTQU [WXPSwP.
�� Y� ÈOPrU [PYirQfSXSX rhR�XNPT^RQP rhU S�U PX�U
©U WTerµ¤RTPSrU S� S�P �riR�P \X� ¸TQPN\OP PX^SQ\�.
�ee� µrqge� PX^µX_No uSS�PSXQ. ·rS� SX�SX T� �]i-
RXQ S�U S�P Ã�POP WferQU WTeQTi\T�PSrU PQ\�RQP ¼Wg-
RXU, S®P Y� ·NecSTP V\WTeQTi\¤RXPSrU �eOU YQX�krN-
iT^RQP. °X� �k¤PcRQ SfSr µ]qX W]PkTU �P, \X� lPQTQ V�T-
�T�PST, µ® T� �kcPXtTN WTSr S~ XyS~ STtU ·QecRNTQU Wg-
kORQP.
/(*'(*2#.
Úe�SScU µgeQRSX WXPSX_T� WrQi� \iXSrtP.
28
3(01#0%
reµmG
@-/,$%L; �iµgTµXQ D&%2"B+'%L&' (.4. ,"45"%)
remG
-/@"%L (.4. =(%"4(5()
VemG
@"6&%-)-$%L, @"+$%L (.4. !4(5()
JIsmG
B)+#$%L
P® S~P |NX
4+'.D&L �"-&)B!
XTUKmG
)*B$.K-$%L WfRTU, c, TP
&4)+L -"+/4/6, &4)+L B.),)#/&+"..K6 (+(&. quantus)
WfRTQ, XQ, X &4)+L B.),/" (+(&. quot)
�WrQµQ ("& rhµN)
)%&D%&%-)--$%L
tKKmLµUI
%"2("%L ()2$b"-./"
SmG
()J-)+'%L; V� _XNirQP
(2"."*2",$%L, )&%$-+'%L - ()4)"
ÓµX
-B"&%", &)-B"&%.)
� RXSigWcU, T^
&$%2$(, %(-5$.&%)' =$4.)!.'"," #(4C
Th\]O
b/%L, )*/%$%L, .$&"-+'%L
KLbµmG
)%-$b/-$%L&'
XTUHKmG
-&%2"#$%L u PX^µX_NX, XU B)2&4)"
&2$b"./"
WTeQTi\]O
)&$b@$%L ,)2)@
V\WTeQTi\]O
J$3-$%K-$%L (,)2)@ & ()B)CL0 )&$@K)
S~ W]PkTU, T^U
&%2$@$./", %2$D2
rj\TRQ @-$@�$%L
S~ PX^SQ\fP, T� a+)%
WXPSX_T�
()-&0@D
WTik]O
2$J2D`$%L
R^PNRScµQ
&%$-/%L -B"&%"
V�NRScµQ
&%$-/%L -) ,+$-"
[�NRScµQ
J$&%$-+'%L )%-($&%L )% 4),)-+/*)
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
yFPS_M�XV Xc\ JPS�i\, �XU eµVd\ `IlVdXV OM SGXSd\ jp-
�M S~�MUIM nQVUMa lSm OlVdMSU V~TUM S| µSPX_PIYTSU ZVPm
OµIY. (�%. 5, 39)
�LHp `{ eµ�\ xµVPWµMI_\ VrMSU. � �JSµI\ µVPUµM� Xc
XIY l_PWI_, Z]\ xPLT� X� l_PW�a � `{ JSµtTS\ µVPUµM� Xc
XIY l�TµI_, Z]\ xPLT� X� J_MSUlW, � lSm N J_M� N �JSµI\
lSm N ZSPsLMI\ µVPUµM� Xc XIY l_PWI_, �MS � �JWS lSm X�
T�µSXU lSm X� ZMVqµSXUa N `{ JSµtTSTS µVPUµM� Xc XIY
l�TµI_, Z]\ xPLT� X� xM`PW. (g 2"4. 7, 32-34)
29
yFPpX]µVM `{ eµ�\, x`VH�IW, V~`LMSU XI�\ lIZU]MXS\
OM eµdM lSm ZPI�TXSµLMI_\ eµ]M OM l_PW� lSm MI_sVXIYM-
XS\ eµ�\ lSm NJVdTsSU SGXI�\ eZVPVlZVPUTTIY OM xJiZ�
`Uc X[ nPJIM SGX]M. V~PKMVqVXV OM kS_XId\. (g �$.. 5, g2-g3)
ViX^PgO /&&+"@)-$%L u qiX�¤, ¢U (/&$./" YT\]O &#/%$%L, ()+$,$%L µXiS^i]O &-/@"%"+L-
&%-)-$%L [µ]iQµPTU +/`"..K6 J$*)% �qXµTU, TP *"J*2$#.K6,
."b".$%K6 µriQµPgO J$*)%/%L&' [i]R\O aor. ±irRX D,)b@$%L qXµ]O b"./%L&' u WXik]PTU, T ̂ @"-$
ViOSgO &(2$`/-$%L rhY]PXQ (inf.) J.$%L \TWQgO %2D@/%L&' WiTÛRSgµrPTU, c, TP &%)'-
C/6 -("2"@/, (2"@&%)'-%"+L
PT^krS]O -2$JDB+'%L, D,)--$2/-$%L
uq]TµXQ (>!.) ()#/%$%L ¥Wrir\WriQRRT� )#".L B.)-
,) rhicPrZO *K%L - B/2"
45 96&61$:;(*#.
�ÜXtir, \^T�TiT�RX �Ycq~P WeXPOµ]PTQUÇ _Xtir,
[WTqrPP�RX e^SiOS®P Xh_µXe�STQU� (14$a/&%, /4)& 7)
\^T�Ti]O .)&/%L (+)@ � �YcqfU, T� D4$JK-$0C/6
(D%L, (2)-)@./4 WeXPgO &*/-$%L & (D%/ [WTqrPPgO 2)b@$%L
� e^SiTS¤U, T� /J*$-/%"+L, )&-)*)@/%"+L
Xh_µgeOSTU, TP -J'%K6 - (+".
<="%;*(*#.
I. H*2$JD6%" )% ,+$,)+$ RQqgO a)2BK 3 +/�$ sg. / pl.
-&"3 .$4+)."./6 .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ / /B("2a"4%$ (-
@"6&%-/%"+L.)B J$+),").
II. �) b" @+' WrQigTµXQ (- &2"@."B J$+),").
30
III. !"2"-"@/%": µcY]PX [WgSX � WfRTQU �]PTQU [W¤P-
SXU; � V�P P�P µg_rRkXQ STeµwSr (STeµ¤RcSr), PQ\¤Rr-
Sr � VwSr XyS~P �^qrtP � Yi�PSOP, ½ �TZeTPSXQ � � ¥µ]-
SriTU RSiXS~U uSS�ST �P � X� P¢rU VW� PX^µX_NXP ©i-
µ�PST � V�P \X\� �iwSr, µ® RQqwSr � rjkr Yi�Sr (YigRXQ-
Sr) [r� S~ Wi]WTP.
IV. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK ,+$,),)- / &DC"&%-/%"+L.K3:
krp (3) � \S�µrkX, \S¤µXSX � PQ\wP, PN\cP, PQ\�P (3), Sr-
er^S¢U, Srer^SpU � SQµp (4), SQµÀ.
V. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ ,+$,)+K, &+)b.K" &
lRScRX: �. �iQRSXqfiXU ST§U ÈOPXU [W]RScRr S�P �ri-
R�P. 2. °X� T� �kcPXtTQ V¹c�NRXPST STtU �]iRXQU PX�U
SQPXU [PSQRS¢RXQ. 3. �Tee�U �eeXU WferQU VW� |XirtTP
R^RS¤RXPSrU T� ·Qe¤RQTQ �iQRSXqfiXP SÀ RSgRrQ VW]R-
ScRXP. 4. |XirtTU Y� YrQP®P RSiXSQ�P V\rNPTQU [PSQRS¢-
RXQ VYZPXST. 5. Üi® S~P RSiXSQ�ScP µ]PrQP, �WTQ ¾P (,@"
*K ./) RS¤R� XyS~P � RSiXScqfU. 6. ¬ ^�~U Wi~U S~P
RSiXScqfPÇ ��µ], � l�c, � VWNRScRTP STtU �WeNSXQU�.
7. �\rtPTU Y� ST§U �WeNSXU lRScRr Wi~ ST� RSiXSTW]YT^.
3�
2"?) 3 4
Verba contracta .$ -fO: praesens et imperfectum activi et medii-passivi.
Genetivus (2/ Ver^krifO / WecifO.
Verba contracta B3 -uG
A ,+$,)+)- & )&.)-)6 .$ ,+$&.K6 T- &+/'./" (2)/&-
3)@/% () &+"@D0C/B (2$-/+$B: T + r, T, T^ > T^; T + c,
O > O, T + TQ, rQ, � > TQ. 8+$,)+ YT^efO ="4(@"�(&A, .$-
(2/B"2, &(2',$"%&' &+"@D0C/B )*2$J)B:
Praesens activi
Indicativus
� YT^efO > YT^e� YT^efTµrP>YT^eT�µrP
2 YT^efTQU > YT^eTtU YT^efrSr > YT^eT�Sr
3 YT^efrQ > YT^eTt YT^efT^RQ(P)>YT^eT�RQ(P)
Coniunctivus
� YT^efO > YT^e� YT^efOµrP > YT^e�µrP
2 YT^ef�U > YT^eTtU YT^efcSr > YT^e�Sr
3 YT^ef� > YT^eTt YT^efORQ(P)>YT^e�RQ(P)
Optativus
� YT^eTTNcP > YT^eTNcP YT^efTQµrP>YT^eTtµrP
2 YT^eTTNcU > YT^eTNcU YT^efTQSr > YT^eTtSr
3 YT^eTTNc > YT^eTNc YT^efTQrP > YT^eTtrP
Infinitivus praesentis activi � YT^efrQP > YT^eT�P.
Imperativus praesentis activi:
Sing. 2 +. � YTZeTr > YTZeT^
3 +. � YT^eT]SO > YT^eTZSO
Pl. 2 +. � YT^efrSr > YT^eT�Sr
3 +. � YT^eTfPSOP > YT^eTZPSOP
32
Participium praesentis activi
YT^efOP > YT^e�P (gen. sg. YT^eT�PSTU),
YT^efT^RX > YT^eT�RX (gen. sg. YT^eTZRcU),
YT^efTP > YT^eT�P (gen. sg. YT^eT�PSTU).
Praesens medii - passivi
Indicativus
� YT^efTµXQ > YT^eT�µXQ YT^eTfµrkX>YT^eTZµrkX
2 YT^ef� > YT^eTt YT^efrRkr > YT^eT�Rkr
3 YT^efrSXQ > YT^eT�SXQ YT^efTPSXQ> YT^eT�PSXQ
Coniunctivus
� YT^efOµXQ > YT^e�µXQ YT^eT�µrkX>YT^e�µrkX
2 YT^ef� > YT^eTt YT^efcRkr > YT^e�Rkr
3 YT^efcSXQ > YT^e�SXQ YT^efOPSXQ>YT^e�PSXQ
Optativus
� YT^eTTNµcP>YT^eTNµcP YT^eTTNµrkX>YT^eTtµrkX
2 YT^efTQT > YT^eTtT YT^efTQRkr > YT^eTtRkr
3 YT^efTQST > YT^eTtST YT^efTQPST>YT^eTtPST
Infinitivus praesentis medii-passivi � YT^efrRkXQ > YT^-
eT�RkXQ.
Imperativus praesentis medii-passivi:
Sg. 2 +. � YT^efT^ > YT^eT�
3 +. � YT^eT]RkO > YT^eTZRkO
Pl. 2 +. � YT^efrRkr > YT^eT�Rkr
3 +. � YT^eT]RkOP > YT^eTZRkOP
Participium praesentis medii-passivi
YT^eTfµrPTU > YT^eTZµrPTU,
YT^eTTµ]Pc > YT^eT^µ]Pc,
YT^eTfµrPTP > YT^eTZµrPTP.
33
Imperfectum indicativi
Activum
� VYTZeTTP > VYTZeT^P VYT^efTµrP > VYT^eT�µrP
2 VYTZeTrU > VYTZeT^U VYT^efrSr > VYT^eT�Sr
3 VYTZeTr > VYTZeT^ VYTZeTTP > VYTZeT^P
Medium � Passivum
� VYT^eTfµcP > VYT^eTZµcP VYT^eTfµrkX > VYT^eTZµrkX
2 VYT^efT^ > VYT^eT� VYT^efrRkr > VYT^eT�Rkr
3 VYT^efrST > VYT^eT�ST VYT^efTPST > VYT^eT�PST
/#*'%01#1
�. 8+$,)+ SbgfhgeuG ".9"@"?!(&A "& -$,"-+)@" D(2$--
+'"% 2)@/%"+L.KB ($@"b)B (&B. genetivus separationis -
D2)4" 7):
Ver^kriT�P ST� �f�T ̂ ".9"@"?!(&A "& .&4(/(.
2. !2/ ,+$,)+$3 &) J.$#"./"B %(="+%C&A -$5-+)@", @<&A
="+%<5 -$5-+)@", )5$&A -&"-+)@" 9 )>"@)+)) &%$-/%&' 2)-
@/%"+L.K6 /J)*/+/' (genetivus copiae). �$4)-, .$(2/-
B"2, ,+$,)+ TboeuG %(="+%C&A -$5-+)@":
�wRX u Äee�U SfSr VWeciT�ST S¢U S�P �kcPXNOP
Yf�cU � �.C �4$#)C &",!( @<+( ).="+%$%( .+(9< (*)%C%.
5 +$%/.&4)B 'JK4" "BD &))%-"%&%-D"% ablativus copiae.
v393^8B4P3: @C573
(490 R. ]8 ".d.)
|XirtTU ST§U ÈOPXU scµQ�RXU ·XiYfPQTP VW]RScRr
YrQP� Sr PX^SQ\� \X� µrqgeª Wrs� ©U \TegRTPSX
STZST^U, TÝ V\rNPTQU V�T¤kcRXP. ¿hU Y� ST§U Ðip\XU \X�
34
ST§U ·X\rYfPXU rhR�XeÍP � ·XiYfPQTU VWXP]i_rSXQ,
VWr� �T�riT� _rQµ�PrU S�U PX�U [P]Sir¹XP.
�� Y� SiNSª µrS� SX�SX VPQX^S� �eeT �riRQ\~P
PX^SQ\~P YQ� ST� ÆhqXNT^ SÀ ÄeegYQ XySÀ WecRQgsrQ VP
WTeeXtU P¤RTQU [Pki�WT^U ¼iWgsTP Þ kXPXST�P \X�
S�U Th\NXU W^iT�P. �fSr Y® T� �kcPXtTQ µgeX �T�T�PSXQ,
µ® \X� XyST� �µTNOU YT^e�PSXQ \X� u WfeQU W^i�SXQ.
�ee� r U [P®i r¨ R^µ�T^erZrQ STtU �T�T^µ]PTQU,
·QeSQgYcU S~ ßPTµX. ¬ Y� R��iTRQ \X� ¯�]RQ efqTQU ST§U
WTeNSXU WrNkrQ YceT�P, �SQ S¢U Ver^kriNXU ��QTN rhRQP.
�£SOU T� �kcPXtTQ �T^erZTPSXQ STtU �]iRXQU RSiXS~P
[PSQRS¢RXQ. �i�P Y� STtU WTerµNTQU VPXPSQT�RkXQ WXi�
S�P �X\rYXQµTPNOP R^µµX_NXP \X� �T¤krQXP [�QT�RQP.
�� Y� Wi~ S¢U Rre¤PcU WeckTZRcU Ty_ v�rQP
[WT\iNPTPSXQ. �ee� T� �kcPXtTQ \XNWri µfPTQ ßPSrU
XySN\X rhU S~ ·XiXk�PQTP WrYNTP �iµ�PSXQ, lPkX T�
�]iRXQ ±Yc RSiXSTWrYrZTPSXQ. �¢U T¨P µg_cU
qrPTµ]PcU T� S�P �kcPXNOP �WetSXQ Yifµª Wi~U S®P
S�P �riR�P �geXqqX �iµ�µrPTQ eXµWiTSgScP PN\cP
PQ\�RQ ST� ·QeSQgYT^ RSiXScqT�PSTU. ¬ Y� PQ\¤RXU
PrXPNXP �k¤PXsr lWrµ¹rP, ÒPX ST§U V\rt �f�T^
Ver^kriTt. °X� TÅSTU ��PQ\¤RXµrP� �T¤RXU ¥W~ ST�
WfPT^ [W]kXPrP.
�wRX Y� u Äee�U SfSr VWeciT�ST S¢U S�P �kcPXNOP
Yf�cU. �� Y� PQ\�PSrU S� ·QeSQgY� µ]qX SifWXQTP VP S�
V\rt WrYNª lRScRXP.
/(*'(*2##
�. à¤eT^ S~P VRke~P �PYiX \X� S~P R��iTPX. 2. ·®
µ]qX �ifPrQ, ÒPX µ® SXWrQPTt.
35
3(01#0%
S~ PX^SQ\fP, T� a+)%
S~ WrsfP, T� ("`"" -)6&4) hUHUKuG
DB"2C-+'%L
TfeuG
(2"@$-$%L ),.0
SHUHKIuLµUI
&)(2)%/--+'%L&', (2)%/-)&%)'%L
u �T¤krQX, rNXU
()B)CL u Rre¤Pc, cU
+D.$
RSiXSTWrYrZTµXQ
2$&()+$-,$%L&' +$,"2"B
u µg_c, cU
*/%-$, &2$b"./"
� YifµTU, T^
*",; &)&%'J$./" - *","; B"&%) @+' *",$ (.4. )=="!4"5)
u �geXq�, qqTU
a$+$.,$
RSiXScq]O
(2"@-)@/%"+L-&%-)-$%L -)6&4$B/
� �f�TU, T^
&%2$3
SbgfhgeuG
)&-)*)b@$%L
TboeuG
.$()+.'%L
KUTgIHuG
D./b$%L
S~ SifWXQTP, T^
%2)a"6
wobuG
&)2"-.)-$%L, ()@-2$b$%L; J$-/@)-$%L; 3-$-+/%L
[PXSi]WO
)(2)4/@K-$%L
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�N JM]TU\ �_TUId, N `{ xJiZK I~lI`IµVd. (g 2"4. 8, g)
w[ ZIXtPUIM X�\ VGHIJWS\ VGHIJIYµVM, IGQm lIUMpMWS
OTXmM XIY S�µSXI\ XIY ¡PUTXIY; X[M �PXIM M lH]µVM, IGQm
lIUMpMWS XIY T�µSXI\ XIY ¡PUTXIY OTXUM; (g 2"4. g0, g6)
¢£ xJiZK µSlPIs_µVd, QPKTXVqVXSU N xJiZK, IG jKHId,
N xJiZK IG ZVPZVPVqVXSU, IG �_TUIYXSU, IGl xTQKµIMVd,
IG jKXVd Xc kS_X�\, IG ZSPI}qMVXSU, IG HIJWjVXSU X[
lSl�M, IG QSWPVU OZm X� x`UlW¤, T_JQSWPVU `{ X� xHKsVW¤a
ZiMXS TXLJVU, ZiMXS ZUTXVqVU, ZiMXS OHZWjVU, ZiMXS
eZIµLMVU. (g 2"4. g3, 4-7)
u qP�RQU, rOU J.$./" �^RQfO .$@B"-$%L \egO ("2"+$BK-$%L µX\iTk^µ]O @)+,)%"2("%L _icRSrZTµXQ *K%L @)*2KB scefO 2"-.)-$%L, J$-/@)-$%L RS]qO ()42K-$%L
WriWrirZTµXQ (2"-)J.)-&/%L&'
[R_cµTP]O ."(2/&%)6.) &"*' -"&%/
scS]O /&4$%L WXiT�ZPO 2$J@2$b$%L ¥WTµ]PO %"2("%L
36
45 96&61$:;(*#.
�ÜXtir, S�P �kcPXNOP S�U WeT\�U YQXRW�RXÇ _Xtir,
S�P ¼eQ]OP S�U RXq¤PXU WeciT�RX� (14$a/&%, /4)& 9)
u WeT\¤, ¢U (+"%"./" YQXRWgO 2$J2K-$%L .$ #$&%/ � ¼eQrZU, ]OU 2K*$4
u RXq¤Pc, cU 2K*)+)-.$' &"%L
WecifO .$()+.'%L
<="%;*(*#.
I. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK, ("2"-"@/%": �. ·® [YQ\�µrP, µ®
[WXS�µrP, µ® scµQ�µrP. 2. ·QµTtPST �P, kr�PST �P,
VPXPSQTtPST �P. 3. á�]erQ, �iX, Y¤eT^. 4. �R\T�µrP,
V�µrP, [�QT�µrP. 5. ��P [WOk¢Sr, V�P �TwSr, V�P
Ver^kri�Sr. 6. �PX ¥µPÀU, ÒPX RQqpU, ÒPX YceTtU.
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK ,+$,)+)-, (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 / .$-
2"#/6 / ("2"-"@/%": kXPgSª, kXPXS� (2) � W^iN, W^iTt
(2) � [�NT^U, ��NT^U � Weci�P (2) � YT�eTP, YT^eT�P (2) �
Y¤eOP, Yce�P � VPXPSQT�, VPXPSNT^.
37
2"?) 3 5
H&)*"..)&%/ verba contracta: s¢P, _i¢RkXQ, WertP / @2.
|rt & infinitivus /+/ accusativus cum infinitivo; gen. inopiae (2/ Yrt µTQ / Y]TµXQ; dativus instrumenti (2/ _i¢RkXQ.
?48@=BB845C verba contracta
�. 5 ."4)%)2K3 ,+$,)+$3 .$ -gO &+/'./" (2)/&3)@/%
- c / � .$ B"&%" )*K#.K3 Ô / o. �$4)-K ,+$,)+K sgO
(s¤O) ?)&A, _igO (_i¤O) !(9(&A "&9$& ()* )2$4D+"),
_igTµXQ (_i¤TµXQ) ="+A>"9(&A.C, WrQPgO (WrQP¤O) ,"-
+"!(&A, YQ¹gO (YQ¹¤O) ).=<&<9(&A ?(?!0. 5 4$#"&%-"
(2/B"2)- (2/-"@"B &(2'b"./" .$/*)+"" D()%2"*/-
%"+L.K3 /J ./3 ,+$,)+)- sgO ?)&A / _igTµXQ ="+A>"-
9(&A.C.
Praesens activi
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus
Sg. � s� s� sÕcP
2 sÀU sÀU sÕcU
3 sÀ sÀ sÕc
Pl. � s�µrP s�µrP s�µrP
2 s¢Sr s¢Sr s�Sr
3 s�RQ(P) s�RQ(P) s�rP
Infinitivus praesentis activi � s¢P
Imperativus praesentis activi;
Sing. 2 +. � s¢
3 +. � s¤SO
Pl. 2 +. � s¢Sr
3 +. � s�PSOP
38
Participium praesentis activi � s�P, s�RX, s�P
Praesens medii - passivi
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus
Sg.� _i�µXQ _i�µXQ _iÕµcP
2 _iÀ _iÀ _i�T
3 _i¢SXQ _i¢SXQ _i�ST
Pl. � _i�µrkX _i�µrkX _iÕµrkX
2 _i¢Rkr _i¢Rkr _i�Rkr
3 _i�PSXQ _i�PSXQ _i�PST
Infinitivus praesentis medii-passivi � _i¢RkXQ
Imperativus praesentis medii-passivi
Sing. 2 +. � _i�
3 +. � _i¤RkO
Pl. 2 +. � _i¢Rkr
3 +. � _i¤RkOP
Participium praesentis medii-passivi:
_i�µrPTU, _iOµ]Pc, _i�µrPTP.
Imperfectum indicativi activi et medii - passivi
Activum Medium - Passivum
Sing. � lsOP V_i�µcP
2 lscU V_i�
3 lsc V_i¢ST
Pl. � Vs�µrP V_i�µrkX
2 Vs¢Sr V_i¢Rkr
3 lsOP V_i�PST
2. 8+$,)+K & )@.)&+)b.)6 )&.)-)6 .$ -]O - &/&%"B"
.$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ &+/-$0%&' %)+L4) - %"3 a)2B$3, -
4)%)2K3 )% &+/'./' ()+D#$"%&' rQ, - )&%$+L.K3 b" a)2-
B$3 &+/'./' ." (2)/&3)@/%. �$4)-K ,+$,)+K We]O
39
=+<&A, WP]O !<B(&A, P]O =+<&A, m]O &$-A, _]O
+)&A, )%+)b/%"+L.K6 ,+$,)+ Y]TµXQ %0?!(&A.C.
5 4$#"&%-" (2/B"2)- (2/-"@"B &(2'b"./" ,+$,)+)-
m]O &$-A / Y]TµXQ %0?!(&A.C.
Praesens activi
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus
Sg. � m]O m]O m]TQµQ
2 mrtU m]�U m]TQU
3 mrt m]� m]TQ
Pl. � m]TµrP m]OµrP m]TQµrP
2 mrtSr m]cSr m]TQSr
3 m]T^RQ(P) m]ORQ(P) m]TQrP
Infinitivus praesentis activi � mrtP
Imperativus praesentis activi
Sing. 2 +. � mrt
3 +. � mrNSO
Pl. 2 +. � mrtSr
3 +. � mrfPSOP
Participium praesentis activi � m]OP, m]T^RX, m]TP
Praesens passivi
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus
Sg.� Y]TµXQ Y]OµXQ YrTNµcP
2 Y]rQ Y]� Y]TQT
3 YrtSXQ Y]cSXQ Y]TQST
Pl. � YrfµrkX Yr�µrkX YrTNµrkX
2 YrtRkr Y]cRkr Y]TQRkr
3 Y]TPSXQ Y]OPSXQ Y]TQPST
Infinitivus praesentis passivi � YrtRkXQ
40
Participium praesentis medii-passivi:
YrfµrPTU, YrTµ]Pc, YrfµrPTP.
Imperfectum indicativi activi et passivi
Activum Passivum
Sing. � lâmrTP VYrfµcP
2 lâmrQU VY]T^
3 lâmrQ VYrtST
Pl. � Vâm]TµrP VYrfµrkX
2 VâmrtSr VYrtRkr
3 lâmrTP VY]TPST
NB 9" *K-$"% &+/'./' -) 2 +/�" "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ .$-
&%)'C",) -2"B"./ )% Y]TµXQ %0?!(&A.C � Y]rQ. ?+/%.$' a)2B$ Yrt D()%2"*+'"%&' *"J+/#.) � %0?%", .+$!0$&.
8+$,)+ Y]O 9C>(&A &(2',$"%&' &+/%.) -) -&"3 a)2B$3.
3. 5 )%+)b/%"+L.)B ,+$,)+" TjTµXQ !05(&A B)b"%
(2)/&3)@/%L &+/'./" - � +/�" "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ .$-
&%)'C",) -2"B"./ (TjTµXQ / T¡µXQ) / /B("2a"4%$ («f-
µcP / ÙµcP).
/#*'%01#1
�. !2/ B.),/3 *"J+/#.K3 ,+$,)+$3, .$(2/B"2, (2/ ,+$-
,)+" Vgk !"+?%", %0?%", &%$-/%&' CB^CBC5C7, -K()+-
.'0C/6 aD.4�/0 ()@+"b$C",):
S� Veg_QRSX Yrt X�irtRkXQ S�P \X\�P � )> >"+ %0?%"
9<@)4(&A %()5$%AB)$.
!2/ {%)B b" ,+$,)+" &%$-/%&' accusativus cum infinitivo,
"&+/ -K2$b".) +),/#"&4)" ()@+"b$C"" /.a/./%/-$:
Yrt S~P WTeNScP S~P [qXk~P VWNRSXRkXQ \X� YZPXRkXQ
\X� �i_rRkXQ \X� �i_rQP � %0?%", -&"@< /"4"B)7 ,4(?!(-
%)% 05$+ ) 5", ) ="!-)%C&A.C, ) 9+(.&9"9(&A.
4�
9$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 %$4)6 )*)2)% )*K#.) ("2"-)@/%&' @)-
()+./%"+L.KB (2"@+)b"./"B & &)0J)B -&"@< /+/ ."-
)(2"@"+"..)6 a)2B)6 ,+$,)+$ & @$%"+L.KB ($@"b)B:
/"4"B$50 ,4(?!(%)%0 %0?%" 05$&A ) 5"-A ) ="!-)%C&A.C
) 9+(.&9"9(&A.
2. !2/ ,+$,)+$3 &) J.$#"./'B/ %0?!(&A.C 9 -$5-+)@",
+)B(&A '","-%)@0!A -$,"-+)@", 4$4, .$(2/B"2, (2/ ,+$,)-
+" Y]TµXQ %0?!(&A.C 9 -$5-+)@", =4".)&A '","-+)@", $
%$4b" (2/ *"J+/#.)B -K2$b".// Yrt + dat. (.$(2/B"2,
Yrt µTQ 5%$ %0?%") &%$-/%&' 2)@/%"+L.K6 ."@)&%$%4$
(genetivus inopiae):
YrfµrkX �TckrNXU 5< =4".)5 ="5"�); Yrt ¥µtP Pr�P
9(5 %0?%< '"4(@+).
5 +$%/.&4)B 'JK4" "BD &))%-"%&%-D"% ablativus inopiae.
3. !2/ ,+$,)+" _igTµXQ (_i¤TµXQ) ="+A>"9(&A.C -$5-
+)@" &%$-/%&' @$%"+L.K6 ($@"b )2D@/' @"6&%-/' � dati-
vus instrumenti (&2. D2)4 4). 5 +$%/.&4)B 'JK4" "BD &)-
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WTee�P µ^iQgYOP RSiXS~P \X� _QeNOP Pr�P PX^SQ\~P
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_^i�U WP]TPSrU S�U YZT qr�ZiXU YQ]e^RXP, ä]i�cU S®P
42
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VWTirZTPST YQ� S�P V\rt ÄeecPQ\�P WferOP \X� YQ� S�P
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WerTP WXi� S®P ±WrQiTP.
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(8"2$4+/%). 4. |QTq]PcU Wi~U e]qTPSg SQPX \X\~P r¡PXQ
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S~U ¯PrQYQsfµrPfU WTSr, �SQ VP SÀ [qTip VRkNrQÇ ��P SÀ
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43
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YQX�Q�gsO ("2"(2$-+'%L µXRSQqfO */#"-$%L
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44
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,+$,)+K XhS]O / WXiXWe]O.
II. ?@"+$6%" %) b" &$B)" @+' ,+$,)+)- �iµgTµXQ /
_igTµXQ.
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RQP � rjkr [qXk~U �PrµTU WP]TQ � µ]qXU WTSXµ~U V\rt
WgeXQ lâmrQ � WgPSX mrtP r¡WrP � Øig\erQSTU � V�P µc-
\]SQ s�RQP � V�P lSQ s¢Sr � _i� S� R� P� � Y]TQ ¾P �Tc-
krtP � � �NeTU �TckTNc �P � µ® �T�T� [r� WTQrtP S~ Y]TP.
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5. °X\T� �PkiOWTQ XyS~P [WTRSriT�RQ ST� \S¤µXSTU.
6. }§ uµtP uqT�Ç uqTZµrkX qgi Rr r¡PXQ VRkefSXSTP �PY-
iX. 7. �Yf\rQ STtU �kcPXNTQU WXirtPXQ STtU ÈORQP.
45
2"?) 3 6
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PTµXQ -09.&9"9(&A, 0>%(9(&A � æRkfµcP, [�Q\P]TµXQ
=4)@<9(&A � [�Q\fµcP, �geeO @4".(&A � l�XeTP (rhR-
�geeO 9&"4,(&A.C � rhR]�XeTP), eXµ�gPO @4(&A �
leX�TP (\XSXeXµ�gPO >(/9(&<9(&A � \XS]eX�TP), erN-
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VW^kfµcP.
46
!2/-"@"..K" - D2)4" 27 ,+$,)+K @)()+.'0%&' (2/-
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_TµXQ 9">94(�(&A.C � VWXP¢ekTP; Si]_O @$?(&A �
lYiXµTP, \XSXSi]_O .@$,(&A � \XS]YiXµTP, WiTSi]_O
9<@$,(&A 9=$4$! � WiT]YiXµTP; �rZqO @$?(&A, )>@$-
,(&A � l�^qTP, V\�rZqO )>@$,(&A, .'4<9(&A.C � V�]-
�^qTP.
$8A7935BO= N=458CN=BC: (pronomina reflexiva)
5)J-2$%.K" B"&%)/B"./' () &-)"BD J.$#"./0 B),D%
/B"%L %)+L4) 4)&-"..K" ($@"b/, (2/#"B - ("2-)B /
-%)2)B +/�" � %)+L4) BDb&4)6 / b".&4/6 2)@. H./ )*-
2$J)-$.K &+)b"./"B )&.)- +/#.K3 B"&%)/B"./6 & )(-
2"@"+/%"+L.KB B"&%)/B"./"B XySfU .(5 / /JB".'0%-
&' () I�II &4+)."./'B.
[=978= QCc8
Gen. VµX^ST�, -S¢U
5$%C .(5",", .(5"7, .$@C
uµ�P XyS�P
%(. .(5)/, .$@C
Dat. VµX^S�, -SÀ
5%$ .(5"50, .(5"7, .$@$
uµtP XySTtU, -XtU
%(5 .(5)5, .$@$
Acc. VµX^SfP,-S¤P
[9)?0] 5$%C .(5",", .(50, .$@C
uµwU XySTZU, -gU
[9)?0] %(. .(5)/, .$@C
$5898= QCc8
Gen. RrX^ST�, -S¢U
&$@C .(5",", .(5"7, .$@C
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9(. .(5)/, .$@C
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&$@$ .(5"50, .(5"7, .$@$
¥µtP XySTtU, -XtU
9(5 .(5)5, .$@$
47
Acc. RrX^SfP, -¤P
[9)!)BA] &$@C .(5",", .(-
50, .$@C
¥µwU XySTZU, -gU
[9)!)&$] 9(. .(5)/, .$@C
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$," .(5",", $$ .(5"7, .$@C
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²X^STtU, -XtU
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)5 .(5)5, .$@$
Acc. ²X^SfP, -¤P, f
[9)!)&] $," .(5",", $$ .(50,
.$@C
²X^STZU, -gU, -g
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@2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4" 4$b@)" -)J-2$%.)" B"&%)/B"./"
/&()+LJD"%&' +/`L @+' )@.),) +/�$. !2/ D4$J$.// .$
()@+"b$C"" ("2-),) +/�$ � B"&%)/B"./" VµX^ST� /
%. @., (2/ D4$J$.// .$ ()@+"b$C"" -%)2),) +/�$ �
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µRWri rhU ²TiS¤P SQPX�.
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WiT]YiXµTP, �XRQer§U ÏRkrST ¯iqQsfµrPTU WTeeT§U µ�P
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52
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k~P Wgir_r, � Y]RWTSX�.
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¬ Y� �rOPNYXU W^kfµrPTU XyST§U rhU S~ WrYNTP \XSX-
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53
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µrP S®P WXSiNYX � STRT�STQ lWrRTP � TyY�P ¾P XjRkTQ-
ST � WgPSrU [�Q\]RkOP � SN c£irSr; � SX�SX rhWfPSrU �
[WTkXPrtP � Vq]PT^ � \XSXYiXµfPSOP � eX�T�RX � �qg-
qTµrP � Éer � jYTQrP �P � �ger � rÒerRkr � ëiX WTee�
lWXkrU; � V�P WZkcRkr.
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lRSO � µQRkfU. 2. éRc u R® S]_Pc, STRXZSc lRSXQ u Yf�X.
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qP�µXQ. 6. éRª _XerWOS]iX u µg_c, STRTZSª eXµWiT-
S]iX u PN\c. 7. �TRTtRYr WTerµNTQU VPXPSQT�RkXQ Ty STe-
µ¤RrSr. 8. �~ �rOPNYT^ RSigSr^µX �P STRfPYrÇ SiQX\fRQ-
TQ µ�P }WXiSQwSXQ, ©U _NeQTQ Y� �eeTQ.
III. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./"
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µfPTP WQRSrZOP WTeeg\QU ¹rZYrSXQ �µweeTP WQRSrZO
VµX^S� Þ �eeTQU � µ® �qXP WNRSr^r RrX^S�. 2. �zWTSr
uµwU XyST§U WgPSOU qQqP�R\TµrP � VP ¥µtP XySTtU �]-
irSr WgPSX S� \S¤µXSX � ¥W�i ¥µ�P XyS�P µg_rRkr \X�
¥W�i S¢U \TQP¢U WXSiNYTU. 3. �� ²X^ST§U µfPTP �QeT�P-
SrU ¥W~ S�P �eeOP µQRT�PSXQ � T� �PkiOWTQ WTeeg\QU
²X^STtU l_kQRSTN rhRQP � \X\T� WTetSXQ TzSr ²X^STtU TzSr
SÀ WferQ e^RQSreT�RQP.
56
2"?) 3 7
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[98>C= N=458CN=BC: C B39=>C:.
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(9.$), -&" (&B. %$*+/�D - D2)4" 36).
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57
)&%$"%&' .$ %2"%L"B &+)," )% 4).�$ (TÅSQPTU, ³PSQPOP).
x)2B$ &2"@.",) 2)@$ � SQ (/`"%&' - @-$ &+)-$ (/.),@$
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&)0J$ �SQ -&".
Masculinum Femininum Neutrum
Sg. Nom. �RSQU vSQU � SQ
Gen. TÅSQPTU, �ST^ ìRSQPTU TÅSQPTU, �ST^
Dat. ³SQPQ, �Sª ìSQPQ ³SQPQ, �Sª
Acc. �PSQPX vPSQPX � SQ
Pl. Nom. TÒSQPrU XÒSQPrU ÓSQPX, ÓSSX
Gen. ³PSQPOP,
�SOP
³PSQPOP,
�SOP
³PSQPOP,
�SOP
Dat. T RSQRQ(P),
�STQU
X RSQRQ(P) T RSQRQ(P),
�STQU
Acc. T£RSQPXU ÓRSQPXU ÓSQPX, ÓSSX
$8D984C5=Q6BO= N=458CN=BC:
I -)(2)&/%"+L.KB B"&%)/B"./'B, 42)B" B"&%)/B"-
./' SNU '&"; '"&"4<7, '"&"4(C / SN -&"; '"&"4"$ (&B.
D2)4 �6), )%.)&'%&' %$4b" &+)-$: WfRTU .'"+A 9$+)')7
(quantus), WTtTU '('"7 (4$4),) 4$#"&%-$) (qualis), WceN-
\TU .'"+A 9$+)')7, '(')/ +$&.
5 4)&-"..)B -)(2)&", .$2'@D & SNU, D()%2"*+'"%&'
Db" D4$J$..)" -K`" 4)&-"..)--)(2)&/%"+L.)" B"&%)-
/B"./" �RSQU, vSQU, � SQ '&", -&"; '"&"4<7, '"&"4(C,
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(4$4),) 4$#"&%-$), �WceN\TU .'"+A 9$+)')7, '(')/ +$&.
5&" )./ &4+).'0%&' () )*2$J�D (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 I � II
&4+)."./6.
58
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.K" -)(2)&K, '-+'0C/"&' @)()+./%"+L.KB/ (2"@+)-
b"./'B/, .$3)@'C/B/&' - J$-/&/B)&%/ )% ,+$-.),).
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$ - &+)b.)()@#/."..)B (2"@+)b".// "% .=4".)+, ,!$
&< ?)9$BA (2/@$%)#.)" ,!$ &< ?)9$BA / "&%L 4)&-"..K6
-)(2)& (quaestio obliqua).
$ P847=BBO\ 78D9843\, .$2'@D & -)(2)&/%"+L.KB/
#$&%/�$B/ (.$(2/B"2: rh +), WfSriTP... ± )+)... )+)),
D()%2"*+'0%&' %" b" 78D984C5=Q6BO= N=458CN=BC:
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59
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&%$-/%&' #$&%/�$ �H - %)B &+D#$", 4),@$ 2"#L /@"% ." )
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@$%)#.K" (2"@+)b"./' .$JK-$0%&' /%"2$%/-.KB/.
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2"*+'"%&' 4).�0.4%/- .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ & �P, "&+/
{%) @"6&%-/", )@.)-2"B"..) & @"6&%-/"B ,+$-.),) (2"@-
+)b"./'. 7&+/ b" ()-%)2'0C""&' - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"-
./ @"6&%-/" (2/@$%)#.),) (2"@`"&%-)-$+) @"6&%-/0
,+$-.),) (2"@+)b"./', %) ).) -K2$b$"%&' & ()B)CL0
4).�0.4%/-$ $)2/&%$ & �P. (>+' -K2$b"./' - /%"2$%/--
.)B (2"@+)b".// @"6&%-/', ()-%)2'-`",)&' - (2)-
`"@`"B -2"B"./, & %)6 b" 2$J./�"6 D()%2"*+'"%&'
)(%$%/- .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ /+/ $)2/&%$ *"J �P).
9$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 a)2BK / (2"J".&$ / $)2/&%$ 4).�0.-
4%/-$ & �P ("2"-)@'%&' .$&%)'C/B -2"B"."B. 9$(2/B"2:
ã ¾P µ® Vk]e�U RT� qrP]RkXQ, SX�SX µcY� �eeTQU qQ-
qP]RkO ¥W~ RT� � �), #%) ." 3)#"`L, #%)*K &+D#/+)&L &
%)*)6, (Dc%L ." &+D#/%&' /J-J$ %"*' & @2D,/B/.
60
%yp]3 C 93A]89 y R9=P87. z=NC458PQ (480 R. ]8 ". d.)
�W~ S�P ÐriµTW^e�P ä]i�cU ryk§U rhU S®P �SSQ\®P
rhR]�Xer YrQPfSXSTP ßerkiTP [WrQe¤RXU SÀ Sr qÀ \X�
STtU Th\¤STiRQP, �SQ WTS� S�U }giYrQU VWZiORXP \X� VP
·XiXk�PQ WTeeT§U �]iRXU V�fPr^RXP. |Q� ST�ST S®P
_�iXP \X� S~ �RS^ \X� S®P [\ifWTeQP VWfikcRrP. ·rqg-
ec Y� �P u S�P �^qfPSOP [�T^eNX. �i~U [ee¤eT^U STQg-
Yr lerqTPÇ ��T� S¢U q¢U lRSXQ uµtP V\ STRTZST^ ST� \QP-
YZPT^ ROSciNX; �Tt P�P �ZqOµrP; �fkrP \X� WfSr v�rQ
�TckfU; ��U S®P ä]i�T^ YZPXµQP [µZPOµrP; ¬i�µrP
q�i WgPSrU, WfRc \X� WTNX VRSNP�.
�i�STP µ�P T¨P T� �i_TPSrU S�U q^PXt\XU \X� S� S]-
\PX PX^R�P rhU }XeXµtPX S®P P¢RTP V\fµQRXP. �fSr Y�
µrqNRSc Vq]PrST YQX�Tig. �Wr� q�i WwRXQ X� ÄeecPQ\X�
P¢rU R^Prq]PTPST rhU }XeXµtPX, S~ Y� S�P �riR�P PX^-
SQ\~P WXi� S� ¸Xe¤iª� ©iµNRXST, µgeX ±iQsTP V\rtPTQ,
�WT^ Y]TQ PX^µX_¢RXQ. �� q�i RSiXScqT� �WfiT^P, WfSr-
iTP VP SÀ V\rt kXegSS� PX^µX_¤RTQrP Þ S�U PX�U Wi~U
S~P ÃRkµ~P \X� S®P �reTWfPPcRTP [Pg�TQrP.
�fSr ÐrµQRST\e¢U, VPriqfSXSTU \X� YTeri�SXSTU �kc-
PXtTU, STZRYr ST§U efqT^U VWTQ¤RXSTÇ ��RSXRQgsrSr P�P
[ee¤eTQU, � �NeTQ, � SQ _i® WTQrtP. |¢eTP �SQ S~ WwP uµtP
ST� WTe]µT^ �]iT^RQP X� P¢rU. �TqNsrRkr Y¤, �WfRXU PX�U
uµrtU l_TµrP \X� VP �WTNo kXegSS� VPkgYr PX^µX_¤RTµrP.
}SrP® q�i X£Sc VRSNP, TyY� STtU �]iRXQU V�]RSXQ WwRQ STtU
²X^S�P WeTNTQU _i¢RkXQ µrqgeTQU \X� �Xi^SgSTQU T¨RQP.
éRSQU ¾P P�P Wi~U S®P �reTWfPPcRTP [W]ek�, XyS~U S~P
� ¸geciTP, &%$2$' ,$-$.L 1a/. (@) ()&%2)64/ !/2"').
6�
ä]i�cP rhU S®P ²X^ST� _�iXP ��rQ. �ÒSQPrU Y� ¾P VµT� WrQ-
kfµrPTQ µ]PORQP, VP STZSTQU lRSXQ R�RXQ S®P ÄeegYX. |Q�
ST�ST [PYirNOU VPkgYr µX_�µrkX \X� �]iOµrP, � SQ ¾P
R^µ�XNP��.
�ÒSQPrU T¨P ÉSTQµTQ �RXP, TÅSTQ r¡WTP, �SQ ÐrµQRST-
\e¢U ¯ik�U e]qTQ, T� Y� �eeTQ, �SQ �qXP kXâmTNc.
/(*'(*2##
�. ã ¾P µ® Vk]e�U RT� qrP]RkXQ, SX�SX µcY� �eeTQU
qQqP]RkO ¥W~ RT�. 2. �y\ lRSQP TyYrNU, �RSQU Ty_ X¥S�
�NeTU. 3. �� �X\rYXQµfPQTQ Ty �iTPSNsT^RQ, WfRTQ rhR�P T�
WTe]µQTQ, [ee� WT�.
3(01#0%
rykZU %)%#$& b"
� ßerkiTU, T^ ,/*"+L
[WrQe]O D,2)b$%L TL{ ,@" (9"=4.)
TLk 4D@$ (9"=4.)
TuhgH )%4D@$ (9"=4.)
u ROSciNX, XU &($&"./"
TuKg 4),@$ (9"=4.)
TLKZ (¨%'+.) 4),@$-./*D@L
TLkLM, X, TP 4$4)6 (9"=4.)
R^qqNqPTµXQ )4$JK-$%L&' -B"&%"
~TLf ,@" (*K ./)
~TLI 4D@$ (*K ./)
rTuhgH )%4D@$ (*K ./)
PX^µX_]O &2$b$%L&' .$ B)2"
[WTi]O /&(K%K-$%L ."@)&-%$%)4, *K%L - J$%2D@.".//
TuKgeLM, X, TP 4)%)2K6 ()> !90/)
TuKgeLH... } /+/... /+/
[PgqO -)J-)@/%L VPriqfU, fP @"'%"+L.K6,
%2D@'C/6&', @"+L.K6 (.4. ¨%$4,)C)
~JKIM, �KIM, ~ KI 4%) *K ./, #%) *K ./
rTuJLM, c, TP 4$4)-)6 (*K ./) () 4)+/#"&%-D
rTLkLM, X, TP 4$4)-)6 (*K ./) () 4$#"&%-D
VPkgYr J@"&L, &0@$
RSrPfU, ¤, fP DJ4/6 (.4. .&$-%",4(*)C, .&$%"'(4!)C)
R^µ�XNPO &3)@/%L&'; R^µ-�XNPrQ *K-$"%, -K3)@/%
� ÃRkµfU, T� :&%B, 2"4)%*-.')7 =$4$B$$'
�iTPSNsO J$*)%/%L&'
�iµNsTµXQ &%$.)-/%L&' .$ '4)2L
62
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
v\ `� ®M RHST�KµtT� V~\ X[ ZMVYµS X[ ¯JUIM, IGl nQVU
��VTUM V~\ X[M S~]MS, xHHc nMIQI\ OTXUM S~pMWI_ �µSPXt-
µSXI\. (3'. 3, 29)
°vTXU\ JcP ®M ZIUtT� X[ sLHKµS XIY ZSXP�\ µI_ XIY OM
IGPSMId\ SGX�\ µI_ x`VH�[\ lSm x`VH�� lSm µtXKP OTXWM.
(3*. g2, 50)
w[ ZMVYµS �ZI_ sLHVU ZMVd lSm X�M �pM�M SGXIY xlIq-
VU\, xHH� IGl Ir`S\ Z�sVM nPQVXSU lSm ZIY eZiJVU� (�%.
3, 8)
±PIT`Il]MXI\ `{ XIY HSIY lSm `USHIJUjIµLMpM ZiM-
XpM OM XSd\ lSP`WSU\ SGX]M ZVPm XIY ²piMMI_, µtZIXV
SGX[\ V�K � QPUTX�\, xZVlPWMSXI HLJpM Z�TUM � ²piMMK\a
OJª µ{M ³`SXU RSZXWjp eµ�\a nPQVXSU `{ � ~TQ_P�XVPI\
µI_, I´ IGl V~µm |lSM[\ HYTSU X[M |µiMXS X]M eZI`KµiXpM
SGXIYa SGX[\ eµ�\ RSZXWTVU OM ZMVqµSXU �JW� lSm Z_PW.
(u'. 3, g5-g6)
�eXR�cµ]O 3D+/%L u ��rRQU, rOU )%(DC"./",
(2)C"./" lPT_TU, TP ()@-"2b"..K6,
()@+"b$C/6 S~ ¼µgiScµX, XSTU ,2"3,
)`/*4$ �WT^ ,@" WP]O @D%L u �OP¤, ¢U J-D4, ,)+)& T¡YXU %K J.$"`L WfkrP )%4D@$ ¥WgqO D3)@/%L WiTRYT\]O @DB$%L "C"
� eXfU, T^ +0@/, .$2)@ YQXeTqNsTµXQ 2$&&Db@$%L µ¤WTSr rjc ÜiQRSfU ."Db"-
+/ ). »2/&%)&? [WT\iNPTµXQ )%-"#$%L �XWSNsO 42"&/%L, (),2D-
b$%L - -)@D �\XPfU, ¤, fP &()&)*.K6, -
&)&%)'.// � �µgU, �µgPSTU 4)b$.K6
2"B".L S~ ¥WfYcµX, XSTU &$.@$+/' S~ W�i, W^ifU ),).L
63
<="%;*(*#.
I. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./" #$&%/�K
�P - ,+$-.K3 / J$-/&/BK3 (2"@+)b"./'3: �. �gPSrU ¥µ�P
uY]OU ¾P ¥W�i S¢U Ver^kriNXU µg_TQPST. 2. éRSQU ¾P ¥W�i
S¢U Ver^kriNXU µg_cSXQ, ¥W~ WgPSOP SQµwSXQ. 3. éWT^ S¢U
q¢U ¾P íU, jRkQ VRke~U \X� YN\XQTU. 4. �� RT� qTPrtU Rr �Q-
eTtrP ¾P \XNWri [WfPSX. 5. ��U �PT^U îP �eeTQU ¾P uqTtT;
6. �Tir^RfµrkX, �WTQ ¾P �TZe�. 7. éSXP Tj\XYr VWXP-
]ek�U, P]T^U �NeT^U \S¤R�. 8. �yY]PX ¾P �egWSTQµQ ²\�P.
9. ïU ¾P �eeT^U [YQ\¤R� ²\�P, STZSª µ]µ�T^. �0. ðSQPX
¾P T� PfµTQ \rerZORQP, SX�SX WiwSSr.
II. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./" .$-
4+)."./6: �. �P SÀ Ðin\� ä]i�cU µ]qXP [iQkµ~P� VWTNc-
RrP, ÒPX jY�, WfRTQ RSiXSQ�SXQ X¥S� r¡rP. 2. �� �kcPXtTQ
WTee� WXkfPSrU �WfiT^P, WTt ²X^ST§U \X� S� ²X^S�P
R�RT^RQP. 3. ÐrµQRST\e¢U VeTqNsrST, SNPrU S�P Äee¤POP
ÉSTQµTQ lRTPSXQ PX^µX_¢RXQ. 4. Ái�ScRr ST§U RSiXSc-
qTZU, WfSriTP VP }XeXµtPQ STtU �]iRXQU VPXPSQ�RTQPST
Þ S~ PX^SQ\~P Wi~U S~P ÃRkµ~P ��TQrP. 5. }X��U �WNRSX-
ST, VP �WTNo kXegSS� u PN\c [R�XerRSgSc lRTQST.
III. H(2"@"+/%", ,@" D()%2"*+".K &)0JK, $ ,@" � 2$J-
+/#.K" a)2BK B"&%)/B"./6: 6. éSr � ä]i�cU rhR]�X-
erP, ¯eNqTQ VP S� �RSrQ lµrPTP. 7. �PfµQsTP q�i T� WTet-
SXQ, �SQ �XRQer§U S�U �k¤PXU �eOU WTik¤RrQ. 8. eeTQ Y�
r¡WTPÇ �·]POµrP \X� �]iOµrP, � SQ ¾P T� krT� W]µ¹O-
RQP�.
� �@"&L � [iQkµfU )J.$#$"% .&4"$9"7 .5"&4.
64
2"?) 3 8
Futurum et aoristus passivi ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/.
A()%2"*+"./" ($&&/-.K3 $)2/&%-.K3 a)2B D verba deponentia me-dio-passiva et passiva (WTirZTµXQ / @2.); @$+L."6`/" (2/B"2K .$ optativus obliquus.
Aoristus et futurum passivi
RQ3R8Q87 4 RQ34BONC 84B873NC
Aoristus I passivi
!"2-K6 (/+/ &+$*K6) ($&&/-.K6 $)2/&% )*2$JD"%&'
)% )&)*)6 )&.)-K. >+' "" ()+D#"./' .Db.) (2/&)"@/-
./%L &Daa/4& -kc- 4 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-" () ,+$,)+L.)6
)&.)-" &B. - D2)4" �3): WXQYrZO 9".=)&<9(&A � WXQYr^-
kc-, kcigO "/"&)&A.C � kcigkc-, SQµgO ="-)&(&A �
SQµckc-, \TRµ]O 0'4(B(&A � \TRµckc-, YcefO "@%(-
40?)9(&A � Yce�kc-. !"2"@ Q / PS 4)."#.K6 &+), )&.)-K
&)42$C$"%&' - -kr-.
5 /J�'-/%"+L.)B .$4+).".// ($&&/-.K6 $)2/&%, 4$4
/&%)2/#"&4)" -2"B', /B""% (2/2$C"./". Ñ/#.K" /
(2)#/" )4).#$./' (2/&)"@/.'0%&' 4 )&.)-" *"J &)"@/-
./%"+L.),) ,+$&.),). :&()+LJD0%&' $4%/-.K" +/#.K"
)4).#$./': - /.@/4$%/-" / )(%$%/-" � )4).#$./' /&%)-
2/#"&4/3 -2"B"., $ - 4).�0.4%/-" � )4).#$./' ,+$-.K3
-2"B".. x)2BK 4).�0.4%/-$ / )(%$%/-$, 4$4 )*K#.),
-." 4).%"4&%$ ." ("2"-)@'%&'.
65
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus
Sg.� VWXQYrZkcP
5$%C 9".=)&(+)
WXQYr^k� WXQYr^krNcP
2 VWXQYrZkcU
&$@C 9".=)&(+)
WXQYr^kÀU WXQYr^krNcU
3 VWXQYrZkc
$,", $$ 9".=)&(+)
WXQYr^kÀ WXQYr^krNc
Pl. � VWXQYrZkcµrP
%(. 9".=)&(+)
WXQYr^k�µrP WXQYr^krtµrP,
WXQYr^krNcµrP
2 VWXQYrZkcSr
9(. 9".=)&(+)
WXQYr^k¢Sr WXQYr^krtSr,
WXQYr^krNcSr
3 VWXQYrZkcRXP
)/ 9".=)&(+)
WXQYr^k�RQ(P) WXQYr^krtrP,
WXQYr^krNcRXP
NB 5 &)&+$,$%"+L.)B .$4+).".// c - &Daa/4&" -kc- &+/-$"%-
&' &) &+"@D0C/B/ ,+$&.KB/, (){%)BD ,+$,)+K &(2',$0%&' () )*2$J�D &+/%.K3 ,+$,)+)- .$ -]O - praesens coniunctivi.
!"2"@ (2/J.$4$B/ b"+$%"+L.),) .$4+)."./' Qc / Q
4)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 )&.)-K r - &Daa/4&" -kr- &+/-$"%&' &
- @/a%)., rQ (> -krQc-, > -krQ-).
Infinitivus aoristi passivi � WXQYr^k¢PXQ @<&A 9".=)-
&(%%<5 -&",@$ /B""% )*+"#"..)" D@$2"./" .$ (2"@()-
&+"@."B &+)," (properispomenon).
Imperativus aoristi passivi
Sg. 2 +. � WXQYrZkcSQ @0!A 9".=)&(%%<5
3 +. � WXQYr^k¤SO =0.&A "% @0!$& 9".=)&(%%<5
Pl. 2 +. � WXQYrZkcSr @0!A&$ 9".=)&(%%<5)
3 +. � WXQYr^k]PSOP =0.&A "%) @0!0& 9".=)&(%%<5)
NB 5 /B("2$%/-" )4).#$./" -%)2),) +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ -kQ ("2"3)@/% - -SQ - 2"JD+L%$%" @/&&/B/+'�// & (2"@-`"&%-D0C/B -k- &Daa/4&$.
66
Participium aoristi passivi � WXQYr^krNU 9".=)&(%-
%<7, WXQYr^krtRX 9".=)&(%%(C, WXQYr^k]P 9".=)&(%-
%"$. x)2B$ BDb&4),) 2)@$ )*2$J)-$.$ &/,B$%/#"&4/: -
krPS+U > -krQU. !2/ {%)B PS -K($@$"%, $ r 2$&%',/-$"%&'
- rQ. A@$2"./" )&%2)", -&",@$ .$ 4)."#.)B &+)," (oxyto-
non). ?4+).'0%&' (2/#$&%/' ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$ () )*-
2$J�D (2/+$,$%"+L.K3 %2"3 )4).#$./6 & )&.)-$B/ .$
-PS- (&2. D2)4 23).
m f n
Sg. Nom.
= Voc.
WXQYr^krNU WXQYr^krtRX WXQYr^k]P
Gen. WXQYr^k]PSTU WXQYr^krNRcU WXQYr^k]PSTU
Dat. WXQYr^k]PSQ WXQYr^krNR� WXQYr^k]PSQ
Acc. WXQYr^k]PSX WXQYr^krtRXP WXQYr^k]P
Pl. Nom.
= Voc.
WXQYr^k]PSrU WXQYr^krtRXQ WXQYr^k]PSX
Gen. WXQYr^k]PSOP WXQYr^krQR�P WXQYr^k]PSOP
Dat. WXQYr^krtRQ(P) WXQYr^krNRXQU WXQYr^krtRQ(P)
Acc. WXQYr^k]PSXU WXQYr^krNRXU WXQYr^k]PSX
Futurum I passivi
>+' ()+D#"./' )&.)-K ("2-),) (&+$*),)) ($&&/-.),)
*D@DC",) -2"B"./ .Db.) 4 )&.)-" ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$
@)*$-/%L &Daa/4& -R- (/+/ 4 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-" (2/&)"-
@/./%L -kcR-): WXQYrZO 9".=)&<9(&A �WXQYr^kcR-,
kcigO "/"&)&A.C � kciXkcR-, SQµgO ="-)&(&A �
SQµckcR-, \TRµ]O 0'4(B(&A � \TRµckcR-, YcefO "@-
%(40?)9(&A � YceOkcR-.
!2/ )*2$J)-$.// a)2B ($&&/-.),) *D@DC",) 4 {%)6
)&.)-" (2/*$-+'0%&' )4).#$./' B"@/$+L.),) *D@DC",)
67
& ()B)CL0 &)"@/./%"+L.K3 ,+$&.K3 T / r. 9$ 2D&&4/6
'JK4 futurum passivi ("2"-)@/%&' *D@DC/B -2"B"."B
&%2$@$%"+L.),) J$+),$ &)-"2`"..),) /+/ ."&)-"2`".-
.),) -/@$.
Indicativus Optativus
Sg.� WXQYr^k¤RTµXQ
5$%C 9".=)&(D&,
@0!0& 9".=)&<9(&A
WXQYr^kcRTNµcP
2 WXQYr^k¤R�, WXQYr^k¤RrQ
&$@C 9".=)&(D&,
@0!0& 9".=)&<9(&A
WXQYr^k¤RTQT
3 WXQYr^k¤RrSXQ
$,", $$ 9".=)&(D&,
@0!0& 9".=)&<9(&A
WXQYr^k¤RTQST
Pl. � WXQYr^kcRfµrkX
%(. 9".=)&(D&,
@0!0& 9".=)&<9(&A
WXQYr^kcRTNµrkX
2 WXQYr^k¤RrRkr
9(. 9".=)&(D&,
@0!0& 9".=)&<9(&A
WXQYr^k¤RTQRkr
3 WXQYr^k¤RTPSXQ
)/ 9".=)&(D&,
@0!0& 9".=)&<9(&A
WXQYr^k¤RTQPST
Infinitivus -- WXQYr^k¤RrRkXQ
Participium - WXQYr^kcRfµrPTU, WXQYr^kcRTµ]Pc,
WXQYr^kcRfµrPTP
NB !$&&/-.)" *D@DC"" ." /B""% ()-"+/%"+L.),) / &)&+$-
,$%"+L.),) .$4+)."./6. ñ"+$%"+L.)" .$4+)."./" ($&&/-.),) *D@DC",) -2"B"./ D()%2"*+'"%&' %)+L4) - (2/@$%)#.K3 (2"@+)b"./'3.
68
2D859=@Q=BC= D344C7BO\ 389C45BO\ ^89N
y verba deponentia
I$4 Db" )%B"#$+)&L - D2)4" 3�, ,+$,)+K, 4)%)2K"
/B"0% +/`L B"@/$+L.D0 /+/ ($&&/-.D0 a)2BD (2/
$4%/-.)B J.$#".//, .$JK-$0%&' )%+)b/%"+L.KB/ (ver-
ba deponentia). !) *)+L`"6 #$&%/ )./ /B"0% - $)2/&%"
/ - aD%D2DB" B"@/$+L.K" a)2BK, .$(2/B"2, ,+$,)+ kr-
gTµXQ .">$4#(&A .$JK-$"%&' verbum deponens medium,
()&4)+L4D *D@DC"" -2"B' (krgRTµXQ) / $)2/&% (VkrXRg-
µcP) D .",) )*2$JD0%&' & )4).#$./'B/ B"@/$+L.),) J$-
+),$. ?2. %$4b": _igTµXQ ="+A>"9(&A.C � fut. med. _i¤-
RTµXQ � aor. med. V_icRgµcP.
?DC"&%-D0% / %$4/" ,+$,)+K, 4)%)2K" - $)2/&%"
/B"0% ($&&/-.D0 a)2BD & $4%/-.KB J.$#"./"B. òD@D-
C"" D ./3 () *)+L`"6 #$&%/ *K-$"% B"@/$+L.)". �$4,
,+$,)+ YZPXµXQ 5"-A � {%) verbum deponens passivum,
/B"0C/6 - aD%D2DB" B"@/$+L.D0 a)2BD (Y^P¤RTµXQ),
$ - $)2/&%" � ($&&/-.D0 (VY^P¤kcP). ?2. %$4b" ,+$,)+K:
�TZeTµXQ /"&$&A � fut. med. �T^e¤RTµXQ, aor. pass.
V�T^e¤kcP; uSSgTµXQ &$4=$&A ="4(?$%)$ � fut. med. uS-
S¤RTµXQ ("&%L / fut. pass. uSSck¤RTµXQ), aor. pass. uSS¤-
kcP; WTirZTµXQ "&=4(9+C&A.C � fut. med. WTirZRTµXQ,
aor. pass. VWTirZkcP; �T�]TµXQ @"C&A.C � fut. med. �T-
�¤RTµXQ, aor. pass. V�T�¤kcP.
/#*'%01#1
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(480 R. ]8 ".d.)
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[WrRSri¤kc WTee�P Sr WeTNOP \X� [PYi�P. óeNqXQ P¢rU
rhU S®P �RNXP YQrR�kcRXP.
ä]i�cU V\ S¢U [\S¢U VkrgRXST S®P µg_cP \Xkrsfµr-
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72
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µSm O`UlSU�sK N TI�WS xZ[ ZiMXpM X]M XLlMpM SGX�\.
(u'. 7, 35)
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73
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45 96&61$:;(*#.
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[WOkÀU, V�P �QeckÀU, ÒPX WTik�RQP, V�P WTikck�RQP.
III. !"2"-"@/%": �. éWTQ ¾P WTir^kÀU, µrS� RT� WTirZ-
RTµXQ. 2. éWT^ ¾P íU, WrQigRTµXN RTQ �TckrtP. 3. �ÒSQPrU
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µ]qX �iTP�P [W~ S�P }giYrOP \X� l�^qrP uSSckr�U rhU
S� }T�RX. 5. ôeWQsrP � ¥�iQRS®U S®P ÄeegYX VP �iX_rt
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74
ST� PX�U YQXe^krNRXU \X� ST§U PXZSXU �TPr^k]PSXU.
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X^ST� Y¤µT^ [iNRST^U.
75
2"?) 3 9
Perfectum "t plusquamperfectum medii-passivi et activi ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/.
A()%2"*+"./" ("2a"4%$; �XNPTµXQ & (2/#$&%/'B/; (2/#$&%/' (2/ verba affectuum (vYTµXQ).
Perfectum et plusquamperfectum
medii-passivi et activi
RQ3R8Q87 4 RQ34BONC 84B873NC
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4" @2"-.",2"#"&4)BD ("2a"4%D &))%-"%&%-D"% perfectum
praesens.
Perfectum medii-passiivi
&$%&6$67 1 &$%1*+@# 61*67%@#
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76
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()6 muta cum liquida (."B)6, %) "&%L #/&%K6 &BK#.K6,
J-D4 � W, �, \, q, S, Y � & (+$-.KB, $ /B"..), & e, µ, P, i),
%) D@-)"./" &)&%)/% - %)B, #%) .$#$+L.K6 &),+$&.K6
J-D4 - &)#"%$.// & r &%$-/%&' ("2"@ )&.)-)6: WXQYrZO
9".=)&<9(&A � WrWXQYr^-, SQµgO ="-)&(&A � SrSQµc-,
\TRµ]O 0'4(B(&A � \r\TRµc-, YcefO "@%(40?)9(&A �
YrYceO-, WecifO %(="+%C&A � WrWeciO-. 7&+/ .$#$+L-
.K6 &),+$&.K6 (2/@K3$%"+L.K6 (�, _, k), %) - D@-)".//
). J$B".'"%&' &))%-"%&%-D0C/B ,+D3/B (W, \, S): �T-
PrZO 0@)9(&A � Wr�TPr^-, _Oi]O )!&) � \r_Oic-, kc-
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5) -&"3 )&%$+L.K3 &+D#$'3 D@-)"./" )*2$JD"%&' )@/-
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.),), %) ). ." D@-$/-$"%&', $ D@+/.'"%&' () %"B b"
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�rec-. 7&+/ 4)2".L .$#/.$"%&' & @/a%).,$, &)@"2b$-
C",) 6)%D, %) ).$ &%$.)-/%&' ()@(/&.)6: XhS]O =4"-
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.)6, $ ("2"@ ./B ()'-+'"%&' (2/2$C"./": mNWSO @4"-
.(&A � VâmQ�-. 7&+/ 4)2".L .$#/.$"%&' & ,2D((K &),+$&-
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77
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("2a"4%" - @2"-."6`"B -/@" / (2/&)"@/.'0%&' 4 )&.)-
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)(%$%/-$ B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$ )*2$JD0%&'
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Indicativus
� WrWXNYr^µXQ C (0?$) 9".=)&(+ !+C .$@C;
C 9".=)&(%
WrWXQYrZµrkX
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2 WrWXNYr^RXQ
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"%) 9".=)&(%<
Coniunctivus
� WrWXQYr^µ]PTU � WrWXQYr^µ]PTQ �µrP
2 WrWXQYr^µ]PTU íU WrWXQYr^µ]PTQ �Sr
3 WrWXQYr^µ]PTU í WrWXQYr^µ]PTQ �RQ(P)
Optativus
� WrWXQYr^µ]PTU rjcP WrWXQYr^µ]PTQ r¡µrP
2 WrWXQYr^µ]PTU rjcU WrWXQYr^µ]PTQ r¡Sr
3 WrWXQYr^µ]PTU rjc WrWXQYr^µ]PTQ r¡rP
78
Infinitivus perfecti medii-passivi � WrWXQYr�RkXQ
@<&A 9".=)&(9B)5 !+C .$@C, @<&A 9".=)&(%%<5.
Imperativus perfecti medii-passivi:
Sg. 2 +. � WrWXNYr^RT
@0!A 9".=)&(9B)5 !+C .$@C, @0!A 9".=)&(%%<5
3 +. � WrWXQYrZRkO
=0.&A "% @0!$& 9".=)&(9B)5 !+C .$@C, =0.&A "% @0!$&
9".=)&(%%<5
Pl. 2 +. � WrWXNYr^Rkr
@0!A&$ 9".=)&(9B)5) !+C .$@C, @0!A&$ 9".=)&(%%<5)
3 +. � WrWXQYrZRkOP
=0.&A "%) @0!0& 9".=)&(9B)5) !+C .$@C, =0.&A "%) @0-
!0& 9".=)&(%%<5)
Participium perfecti medii-passivi � WrWXQYr^µ]PTU,
WrWXQYr^µ]Pc, WrWXQYr^µ]PTP 9".=)&(9B)7, (C, $$ !+C
.$@C, 9".=)&(%%<7, (C, "$.
Perfectum I activi &$%&6$67 1 &$%1*+@# 61*67%@#
H&.)-$ ("2-),) (/+/ &+$*),)) $4%/-.),) ("2a"4%$
)*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/*$-+"./' 4 )&.)-" B"@/$+L.)-($&-
&/-.),) ("2a"4%$ ($ /B"..), 4 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-" & D@-
-)"..KB .$#$+L.KB &),+$&.KB) &Daa/4&$ -\-: WXQYrZO
9".=)&<9(&A � WrWXQYr^\-, SQµgO ="-)&(&A � SrSQµc\-,
\TRµ]O 0'4(B(&A � \r\TRµc\-, YcefO "@%(40?)9(&A �
YrYceO\-, WecifO %(="+%C&A � WrWeciO\-, �TPrZO
0@)9(&A � Wr�TPr^\-, _Oi]O )!&) � \r_Oic\-, kcigO
"/"&)&A.C � SrkciX\-, ¯ikfO .&(9)&A =4C5" � ÊikO\-,
�re]O =4)%".)&A ="+A>0 � �rec\- / %. @.
79
!2/ &(2'b".// a)2BK ("2a"4%$ /B"0% )4).#$./'
&3)@.K" & )4).#$./'B/ &+$*),) $4%/-.),) $)2/&%$,
42)B" %2"%L",) +/�$ B.)b"&%-"..),) #/&+$.
Indicativus Infinitivus
Sg.� WrWXNYr^\X
C (0?$) 9".=)&(+
WrWXQYr^\]PXQ
@<&A 9".=)&(9B)5
2 WrWXNYr^\XU
&< (0?$) 9".=)&(+
3 WrWXNYr^\r(P)
"% (0?$) 9".=)&(+
Participium
Pl.� WrWXQYrZ\XµrP
5< (0?$) 9".=)&(+)
WrWXQYr^\�U
(0?$) 9".=)&(9B)7
2 WrWXQYrZ\XSr
9< (0?$) 9".=)&(+)
WrWXQYr^\^tX
(0?$) 9".=)&(9B(C
3 WrWXQYrZ\XRQ(P)
"%) (0?$) 9".=)&(+)
WrWXQYr^\fU
(0?$) 9".=)&(9B$$
NB x)2BK /B("2$%/-$, 4).�0.4%/-$ / )(%$%/-$ $4%/-.),)
("2a"4%$ D()%2"*+'0%&' 42$6." 2"@4) / - @$..)B D2)4" ." 2$&&B$%2/-$0%&'.
:.a/./%/- $4%/-.),) ("2a"4%$ -&",@$ /B""% D@$2"-
./" .$ (2"@()&+"@."B &+)," (paroxytonon), $ (2/#$&%/'
BDb&4),) / &2"@.",) 2)@$ -&",@$ /B"0% D@$2"./" .$
)4).#$.// (oxytonon).
/0$6*(*#( ="#-%1'#. =("A(0'%
?(B1'7#'($)*6&6 5%$6&%
Participium perfecti activi - BDb&4)B / b".&4)B 2)@"
&4+).'"%&' () III &4+)."./0, 4$4 &+)-$ & )&.)-)6 .$ -S-
(&B. D2)4 �9), $ - b".&4)B 2)@" � () I &4+)."./0.
80
m f n
Sg.Nom.
= Voc.
WrWXQYr^\�U WrWXQYr^\^tX WrWXQYr^\fU
Gen. WrWXQYr^\fSTU WrWXQYr^\^NXU WrWXQYr^\fSTU
Dat. WrWXQYr^\fSQ WrWXQYr^\^No WrWXQYr^\fSQ
Acc. WrWXQYr^\fSX WrWXQYr^\^tXP WrWXQYr^\fU
Pl.Nom.
= Voc.
WrWXQYr^\fSrU WrWXQYr^\^tXQ WrWXQYr^\fSX
Gen. WrWXQYr^\fSOP WrWXQYr^\^Q�P WrWXQYr^\fSOP
Dat. WrWXQYr^\fRQ(P) WrWXQYr^\^NXQU WrWXQYr^\fRQ(P)
Acc. WrWXQYr^\fSXU WrWXQYr^\^NXU WrWXQYr^\fSX
Plusquamperfectum.
8*%-(*#( # :=6'"(9$(*#(
!+0&4-$B("2a"4% )*)J.$#$"% @"6&%-/", J$-"2`/--
`""&' - (2)`+)B, 2"JD+L%$% 4)%)2),) (2)@)+b$+ &D-
C"&%-)-$%L - (2)`+)B. !+0&4-$B("2a"4% )%.)&/%&' 4
/&%)2/#"&4/B -2"B".$B. 9$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 a)2BK (+0-
&4-$B("2a"4%$ ("2"-)@'%&' (2)`"@`/B -2"B"."B &)-
-"2`"..),) -/@$, /.),@$ & @)*$-+"./"B &+)- 0?$, &",!(,
9 &" 94$5C: VWr�rZqrQP \NPY^PTP C (0?$ &",!() )>@$?(+
"=(.%".&) = C (0?$) %(/"!)+.C 9%$ "=(.%".&). 5 &%2$@$-
%"+L.)B J$+)," (2/ ("2"-)@" /&()+LJD"%&' (2/#$&%/"
(2)`"@`",) -2"B"./ &)-"2`"..),) -/@$ & ,+$,)+)B
@<+ (VWrWXQYrZµcP C @<+ 9".=)&(%).
Plusquamperfectum medii-passivi &$%&6$67 1 &$%1*+@# 61*67%@#
="@/$+L.)-($&&/-.K6 (+0&4-$B("2a"4%, ()@)*.)
("2a"4%D, - J$-/&/B)&%/ )% 4).%"4&%$ B)b"% /B"%L J.$-
8�
#"./" 4$4 &2"@.",), %$4 / &%2$@$%"+L.),) J$+),$. H&.)-$
B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) (+0&4-$B("2a"4%$ &)-($@$"% &
)&.)-)6 B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$. !+0&4-$B-
("2a"4%, 4$4 -2"B' /&%)2/#"&4)", /&()+LJD"% -%)2/#-
.K" +/#.K" )4).#$./' / /B""% (2/2$C"./" ("2"@ D@-
-)"./"B - -/@" V-, 4),@$ D@-)"./" &)&%)/% /J &),+$&.),)
J-D4$ & r (- (2)#/3 &+D#$'3 (2/2$C"./" ." -K2$b$"%-
&'): VWrWXQYrZµcP C @<+ 9".=)&(%, VRSr�XP�µcP C
@<+ 09$%-(%, Êik�µcP C @<+ =".&(9+$% =4C5". 5 a)2B$3
B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) (+0&4-$B("2a"4%$ &)32$./+/&L
- @2"-."6`"B -/@" +/#.K" )4).#$./' &2"@.",) J$+),$
/&%)2/#"&4/3 -2"B"., 4)%)2K" (2/&)"@/.'0%&' 4 )&.)-
-" *"J &)"@/./%"+L.),) ,+$&.),).
Indicativus ="@/$+L.)" J.$#"./" !$&&/-.)" J.$#"./"
Sg.� VWrWXQYrZµcP C (0?$) 9".=)&(+
!+C .$@C
C @<+ (0?$)
9".=)&(%
2 VWrWXNYr^RT &< (0?$) 9".=)&(+
!+C .$@C
&< @<+ (0?$)
9".=)&(%
3 VWrWXNYr^ST "% (0?$) 9".=)&(+
!+C .$@C
"% @<+ (0?$)
9".=)&(%
Pl.� VWrWXQYrZµrkX 5< (0?$) 9".=)&(+)
!+C .$@C
5< @<+) (0?$)
9".=)&(%<
2 VWrWXNYr^Rkr 9< (0?$) 9".=)&(+)
!+C .$@C
9< @<+) (0?$)
9".=)&(%<
3 VWrWXNYr^PST "%) (0?$) 9".=)&(+)
!+C .$@C
"%) @<+) (0?$)
9".=)&(%<
NB !+0&4-$B("2a"4%, 4$4 / /B("2a"4%, /B""% %)+L4) /J�'-
-/%"+L.)" .$4+)."./".
82
Plusquamperfectum activi
&$%&6$67 1 &$%1*+@# 61*67%@#
H&.)-$ ("2-),) (/+/ &+$*),)) $4%/-.),) (+0&4-$B-
("2a"4%$ )*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/*$-+"./' -r /+/ -rQ 4 )&-
.)-" $4%/-.),) ("2a"4%$: WXQYrZO 9".=)&<9(&A � Wr-
WXQYr^\r- /+/ WrWXQYr^\rQ-, SQµgO ="-)&(&A � SrSQµc-
\r- /+/ SrSQµc\rQ-, \TRµ]O 0'4(B(&A � \r\TRµc\r-
/+/ \r\TRµc\rQ-, YcefO "@%(40?)9(&A � YrYceO\r-
/+/ YrYceO\rQ-, WecifO %(="+%C&A � WrWeciO\r- /+/
WrWeciO\rQ-, �TPrZO 0@)9(&A � Wr�TPr^\r- /+/ Wr�T-
Pr^\rQ-, _Oi]O )!&) � \r_Oic\r- /+/ \r_Oic\rQ-, kc-
igO "/"&)&A.C � SrkciX\r- /+/ SrkciX\rQ-, ¯ikfO
.&(9)&A =4C5" � ÊikO\r- /+/ ÊikO\rQ-, Ê�re]O =4)-
%".)&A ="+A>0 � �rec\r- /+/ �rec\rQ- / %. @. 5 $%%/-
#"&4)B @/$+"4%" - *)+"" @2"-./6 ("2/)@ (2/&)"@/.'-
+)&L -r, $ - *)+"" ()J@./6 � -rQ.
14%/-.K6 (+0&4-$B("2a"4%, ()@)*.) B"@/$+L.)-
($&&/-.)BD, /B""% %)+L4) /.@/4$%/-, )*2$JD"%&' & ()-
B)CL0 (2/2$C"./' / -%)2/#.K3 +/#.K3 )4).#$./6. 5
$%%/#"&4)B @/$+"4%" (2"@&%$-+".) @-$ 2'@$ +/#.K3
)4).#$./6 (+0&4-$B("2a"4%$: *)+"" @2"-./3 / *)+""
()J@./3.
Indicativus
ò)+"" @2"-./" a)2BK ò)+"" ()J@./" a)2BK !"2"-)@
Sg.� VWrWXQYrZ\c VWrWXQYrZ\rQP C (0?$) 4(>9C>(+
2 VWrWXQYrZ\cU VWrWXQYrZ\rQU &< (0?$) 4(>9C>(+
3 VWrWXQYrZ\rQ VWrWXQYrZ\rQ "% (0?$) 4(>9C>(+
Pl.� VWrWXQYrZ\rµrP VWrWXQYrZ\rQµrP 5< (0?$) 4(>9C>(+)
2 VWrWXQYrZ\rSr VWrWXQYrZ\rQSr 9< (0?$) 4(>9C>(+)
3 VWrWXQYrZ\rRXP VWrWXQYrZ\rRXP "%) (0?$) 4(>9C>(+)
83
/#*'%01#1
�. !2"@/4$%/-.)" (2/#$&%/" (&B. D2)4 36) &)"@/.'"%&' &
."4)%)2KB/ ,+$,)+$B/, .$(2/B"2, & ,+$,)+)B �XNPTµXQ
C9+C&A.C, @<&A 9)!%<5. !2/ ("2"-)@" .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4
(2/#$&%/" #$&%) ("2"-)@/%&' +/#.)6 a)2B)6 ,+$,)+$, $
D(2$-+'0C/6 ,+$,)+ ("2"-)@/%&' .$2"#/"B:
�XNPrST SX�SX [qPT�P � "% C9%" ¨&"," %$ >%($&.
2. !2"@/4$%/-.)" (2/#$&%/" (2/ ,+$,)+$3, )*)J.$#$0-
C/3 #D-&%-$ (verba affectuum), &%$-/%&' - /B"./%"+L.)B
($@"b" - 4$#"&%-" (2/+)b"./' 4 ()@+"b$C"BD D(2$--
+'0C",) ,+$,)+$:
vYTµXQ [\TZOP RT^ �iTPNµT^U efqT^U � C 4(! .+<-
B(&A "& &$@C 4(>05%<$ 4$-).
)8B=c [=94C]4PC\ 78EB
�� èeecPrU V\ µrqNRSOP \QPYZPOP ere^µ]PTQ eXµW-
i�U T¨P ²TiS�U ±qXqTP STtU krTtU. �� �iQRSX WXi� }X-
eXµtPQ PX^µX_¤RXPSrU µgeX VSQµ¤kcRXP, µgeQRSX Y�
ÐrµQRST\e¢U, �SQ S� ¯ik� R^µ�r�T^er^\ÍU \X� YQ� S¢U
²X^ST� RT�NXU S®P ÄeegYX RrRO\ÍU V�XNPrST. �ee�
\XNWri ä]i�T^ uSScµ]PT^ � WferµTU TzWO VW]WX^ST,
TyY� T� èeecPrU V\ ST� S�P �Xi�giOP �f�T^ ere^µ]PTQ
�RXP. ·XiYfPQTU q�i V\ S¢U ÐrSSXeNXU WgeQP VRSigSr^-
ST R§P YrQPÀ RSiXSQp. ��P T¨P Äee¤POP [kiTQsTµ]POP
\X� YQXerqTµ]POP, SN Y]TQ WigSSrQP, V�P T� �]iRXQ X¨kQU
rhR�geORQP, V\rtPTU rhU S®P �SSQ\®P VWrWfir^ST \X� S®P
q¢P \X� S�U �k¤PXU VWrWTik¤\rQ S~ YrZSriTP. �XPSX-
_T� Y� \X� PXT§U \X� Th\NXU RrR^ec\fSrU \X� WrW^iO\f-
SrU \X� WTeeT§U [Pki�WT^U Wr�TPr^\fSrU T� �]iRXQ SX-
84
_]OU rhU S®P ¶TQOSNXP µiµcPST µrqgeT^ S�P �reTWTP-
PcRNOP RSiXSrZµXSTU WecRQgsTPSTU. ¸T�rip T¨P µg_�
WXi� SXtU �eXSXQXtU uSScµ]PTU ·XiYfPQTU [W]kXPr
R§P WTeeTtU S�P ²X^ST� RSiXSQOS�P. �� Y� V\rt PQ\¤-
RXPSrU µ]qX SifWXQTP lRScRXP uYfµrPTQ SXZS� SÀ Sr-
er^SXNo µg_� [eck�U �er^kriOµ]PTQ. �£SO �X^RXPNXU
� }WXiSQgScU, ÂU SfSr \TQP~U S�P Äee¤POP RSiXScq~U
�P, \XeeNRScP PN\cP VPrPQ\¤\rQ.
·rS� ¯eNqTP _ifPTP T� èeecPrU VWZkTPST SÀ XySÀ
uµ]io, ©U Ve]qrST, �eeT S�P �riR�P RSigSr^µX \X� S~
PX^SQ\~P VP SÀ S¢U �RNXU [\SÀ WXi� SÀ ·^\ge� uSS¢-
RkXQ \X� YQXereZRkXQ. �ee� �µOU lSQ SiQg\TPSX lSc T�
�kcPXtTQ \X� T� RZµµX_TQ XyS�P STtU �]iRXQU \XS� q¢P
\X� \XS� kgeXSSXP Vµg_TPST, ÉOU WwRXQ X� ÃOPQ\X� Wf-
erQU V\ S¢U S�P �Xi�giOP YT^erNXU Ve]e^PST. �� T¨P
�]iRXQ STRXtRYr µg_XQU PrPQ\cµ]PTQ \X� S¢U WiTS]iXU
Y^PgµrOU [WrRSricµ]PTQ RWTPY�U VWTQ¤RXPST STtU
�kcPXNTQU. �ÅSOU �iX T� WferµTQ VW]WX^PST, VP T U µ]-
qX S¢U ÄeegYTU µ]iTU VWrWfikcST \X� WTeeT� �PkiOWTQ
VWr�fPr^PST. �� Y� �kcPXtTQ \X� STtU PcRQ�SXQU \X� STtU
ÈORQ R^µµX_NXP VWTQ¤RXPST, ÒPX µ® �Pr^ R^µµg_OP WT-
erµNTQU VPXPSQOkrtrP. á�recµ]PTQ T¨P ¥W~ S�P R^µµg-
_OP PX^R� \X� [PYigRQ \X� �fiTQU VP �iX_rt _ifPª ST-
RXZScP YZPXµQP V\]\ScPST, µRSr µweeTP ¥Wc\fOP YrR-
WfSXQ Þ uqrµfPrU �µTNOP qrPfµrPTQ V�XNPTPST. ÎPQTQ
µ�P [WrQkrtP VWrQigkcRXP, [ee� YrQP�U VscµQ�kcRXP.
�]eTU Y� STtU �kcPXNTQU VWrNkTPST YQX\fRQXQ WferQU, \X�
� �rQiXQr§U VWrWe¤iOST SiQ¤iOP \X� VµWTir^SQ\�P
WeTNOP. Ø Y� WfeQU XyS® hR_^iTtU SrN_rRQP V�r�XQ�kc
Wi~U �kTPriT§U VPXPSNT^U.
85
>*(0?6'
�kcPXNT^ SQP~U ryeTqT�PSTU �qXP ST§U �PYiXU ST§U
VP SÀ µg_� SrSrer^Sc\fSXU, õ Vq]PrST Wi~U �X\rYXQµT-
PNT^U, �qcRNeXTUÇ ��ee� WfRT^ VWXNPT^, - l�c, - [�NT^U
uq¤R� uµwU ST§U V\rNPT^U PrPQ\c\fSXU;�
3(01#0%
YrZSriTU, X, TP -%)2)6; S~ YrZSriTP -) -%)2)6 2$J
WXPSX_T� -"J@" R^egO ,2$*/%L
S~ SifWXQTP %2)a"6
Srer^SXtTU, X, TP ()&+"@-./6
S~ lSTU, T^U ,)@
WifSriTU ("2-K6, *)+"" 2$../6
u RWTPY¤, ¢U -)J+/'./"; @),)-)2
� PcRQ�ScU, T^ )&%2)-/%'-./.
¥W¤\TTU, TP ()&+D`.K6; � ¥W. ()@@$..K6
[WrQk]O *K%L ."()&+D`.KB u SiQ¤icU, T^U %2/"2$
�]�XQTU, XNX, XQTP 42"(4/6, (2)#.K6 �r�XQfO D42"-(+'%L
�kTPrifU, g, fP J$-/&%+/--K6
u ·^\gec, cU =/4$+" (5<. 9 �"%)))
� �rQiXQrZU, ]OU (�U) !/-2"6
�eXSXQXN, �P X� !+$%"/, ,)2)@ - ò")%//
ryeTq]O (2)&+$-+'%L, 3-$-+/%L
VµWTir^SQ\fU, ¤, fP %)2,)--K6, 4D("#"&4/6
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
µSm � ZLµfS\ µV ZSX�P OlVdMI\ µVµSPXqPKlVM ZVPm
OµIY� (�%. 5, 37)
�lSm I~lWS IGl nZVTVM, XVsVµVHWpXI JcP OZm X�M
ZLXPSM. (3*. 7, 25)
yFµIm `{ µ� JLMIUXI lS_Q�TsSU V~ µ� OM X� TXS_P� XIY
l_PWI_ Nµ]M ²KTIY ¡PUTXIY, `U� I´ OµIm l�TµI\ OTXSqPp-
XSU lSJª l�Tµ�. (�(+. 6, g4)
86
yzHHc ¯XUMS ºM µIU lLP`K, XSYXS »JKµSU `Uc X[M ¡PUT-
X[M jKµWSM. ¸HHc µVMIYMJV lSm NJIYµSU ZiMXS jKµWSM Vr-
MSU `Uc X[ eZVPLQIM X�\ JM�TVp\ ¡PUTXIY ²KTIY XIY µ_PW-
I_ µI_� (�)+. 3, 7-8)
¼_Mm `{ QpPm\ M�µI_ `UlSUITqMK sVIY ZV�SMLPpXSU µSP-
X_PI_µLMK eZ[ XIY M�µI_ lSm X]M ZPI�KX]M. («)5. 3, 2g)
WNWSO, aor. lWrRTP ($@$%L krµreQfO )&.)-K-$%L u W]SiX, XU 4$B".L RSX^ifO 2$&(/.$%L uq]TµXQ, pf. vqcµXQ (J@.)
()+$,$%L, &#/%$%L
u scµNX, XU DC"2* µrPT�Pqr ()/&%/." ¥Wri]_O -)J-K`$%L&', (2"-
-)&3)@/%L P^PN .K." �XPrifO @"+$%L '-.KB
45 96&61$:;(*#.
×rPN\cPSXQ S¢U �ZRrOU T� �iTQ VP RTN, WXik]Pr
�_iXPSr� (?+Db*$ A&("./', /2B)& 9 ("&./ 4$.).$)
��rWegPcSXQ � WegPTU, � WeXPckr�U e^SiT�SXQ RT-
�No RÀ, Ðr] µT^� (!)3-$+K A%2"./ 5"+/4)6 ?D**)%K,
&%$%/' 3)
�W� RT� _XNirQ, °r_XiQSOµ]Pc, WwRX u °SNRQU, �qq]-
eOP S~ RZRScµX, \X� [Pki�WOP S~ q]PTU� (5)&42"&.$'
D%2".', &"@$+"., ,+$& 8)
�_iXPSTU, TP #/&%K6, ."J$-('%.$..K6
WeXPgTµXQ *+Db@$%L u \SNRQU, rOU %-)2"./"
WegPTU, TP --)@'C/6 - J$-*+Db@"./"
S~ RZRScµX, XSTU &%2)6
<="%;*(*#.
I. H*2$JD6%" 4 a)2B$B le^r � le^Rr � e]e^\r � VereZ\rQ
&))%-"%&%-D0C/" 2'@K a)2B )% ,+$,)+)- WTerµ]O �
kZO � �iµgO � scµQfO � R^µ�T^erZO.
87
II. �) b" &$B)" � 4 a)2B$B eZTPSXQ � eZRTPSXQ � e]-
e^PSXQ )% ,+$,)+)- krgTµXQ � XhS]TµXQ � RSiXSrZTµXQ.
III. H*2$JD6%" #"%K2" $4%/-.K3 /.a/./%/-$ / (2/#$&-
%/' )% ,+$,)+)- ViOSgO / �iTP]O; #"%K2" ($&&/-.K3
/.a/./%/-$ / (2/#$&%/' )% ,+$,)+)- ¥µP]O / �TPrZO.
IV. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / ("2"-"@/%": �iµwRkr (2), ©i-
µwRkr � VSTeµ¤RXµrP, SrSTeµ¤\XµrP � WeciT�SXQ, Wr-
We¤iOSXQ � V\TRµ¤RXSr, \r\TRµ¤\XSr � �QeTZµrkX, V�Q-
eTZµrkX, Wr�Qe¤µrkX, VWr�Qe¤µrkX � �YiZ\XSr, �YiZ\r-
Sr � T� WXtYrU WXQYr^]RkOP, T� Y� PrXPNXQ WrWXQYrZ-
RkOP � �YQ\¤µcP, �YQ\TZµcP.
V. !"2"-"@/%": �. ¿¨ �r�QTSr^\ÍU \X\�U [W]kXPrP. 2. ��
YrYT^eOµ]PTQ _giQP l_T^RQ STtU �er^kriO\fRQP. 3. Ðr-
iXWrZrSr S®P µcS]iX S®P ¥µwU WrWXQYr^\^tXP. 4. �Te-
eT§U �eeT^U �WXSc\ÍU P�P XyS~U �WgScSXQ. 5. �~ liqTP
VP ¯eNqª _ifPª WrWTQ¤RkO. 6. ×�P Ty _i® �T^erZrRkXQ,
[ee� �r�T^er�RkXQ. 7. �y\]SQ \XQifU VRSQ YiwP, [ee�
YrYiX\]PXQ. 8. ×TµNsO ¥W~ RT� ereTQYTi¢RkXQ \X� �YQ-
\¢RkXQ. 9. �rSNµcRT, � àr�, YQ� S~ uµwU RrRO\]PXQ.
�0. éSXP S~ liqTP r¨ SrSrer^Scµ]PTP í, SQµ¢U ��QTQ
lRrRkr.
88
2"?) 4 0
9"2",D+'2.K" a)2BK ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/.
öU & (2/#$&%/"B @+' -K2$b"./' &D*�"4%/-.)6 (2/#/.K. �XZT-µXQ & (2/#$&%/"B; ÉOU �P c 4).�0.4%/-)B.
%=9=RyQ:9BO= ^89NO
RQ3R8Q87 4 RQ34BONC 84B873NC
C'1':=$(*#. 6' *6"@+
7 69"%567%*## ="#"%D(*#.
9"4)%)2K" ,+$,)+K, 4)%)2K" .$#/.$0%&' & r-, /B"0%
- (2/2$C".// rQ- ($ ." c-). :J ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&-
.)-$B/ &0@$ )%.)&'%&' ,+$,)+K ²RSQgO 0,"�(D (imper-
fectum � r�RSNOP, aoristus � r�RSNXRX) / VgO !">9"+CD
(imperfectum � rjOP, aoristus � rjXRX).
C'1':=$(*#. 6' *6"@+
7 69"%567%*## 7"(@(*
�. 9"4)%)2K" ,+$,)+K & 42$%4/B 4)."#.KB ,+$&.KB
)&.)-K .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ &)32$.'0% ",) 42$%4/B -)
-&"3 ,+$,)+L.K3 a)2B$3, (2/#"B ()&+" )&.)-K -&%$-+'-
"%&' -R-, "&+/ J$ )&.)-)6 &+"@D0% &),+$&.K" -µ, -S, -k.
d%) )*�'&.'"%&' %"B, #%) /&%)2/#"&4/ )&.)-$ %$4/3 ,+$-
,)+)- )4$.#/-$+$&L .$ R-. �$4)-K ,+$,)+K qregO .5$-
C&A.C ()&.)-$ qreXR-, futurum med. � qregRTµXQ, aoris-
tus act. � Vq]eXRX, aoristus pass. � VqregRkcP), RWgO
&(�)&A ()&.)-$ RWXR-, futurum act. � RWgRO, aoristus
89
act. � lRWXRX, aoristus pass. � VRWgRkcP, perfectum act. �
lRWX\X, perfectum med.-pass. � lRWXRµXQ), Sre]O
"'(%-)9(&A ()&.)-$ SrerR-, futurum act. � Sre� < Sre]RO,
aoristus act. � VS]erRX, aoristus pass. � VSre]RkcP,
perfectum act. � SrS]er\X, perfectum med.-pass. �
SrS]erRµXQ), XhY]TµXQ .&<!)&A.C ()&.)-$ XhYrR-, futu-
rum med. � XhY]RTµXQ, aoristus pass. � æY]RkcP,
perfectum med.-pass. � ÏYrRµXQ) / ."4)%)2K" @2D,/".
2. :.),@$ () %/(D ,+$,)+)- & &/,B$%/#"&4)6 )&.)-)6
-R- -&%$-+'"%&' / - ."4)%)2K3 a)2B$3 ()*K#.) - ($&&/--
.)B $)2/&%", ("2a"4%" / )%,+$,)+L.K3 (2/+$,$%"+L.K3)
,+$,)+)- & @)+,/B ,+$&.KB J-D4)B )&.)-K, 4$4, .$(2/-
B"2, D ,+$,)+$ \erNO (\eçO) >(=)4(&A ()&.)-$ \erQ-, fu-
turum act. � \erNRO, aoristus act. � l\erQRX, aoristus
pass. � V\erNRkcP, perfectum med.-pass. � \]\erQRµXQ) /
\rerZO =4)'(><9(&A ()&.)-$ \rer^-, futurum act. � \r-
erZRO, aoristus act. � V\]er^RX, aoristus pass. � V\rerZ-
RkcP, perfectum act. � \r\]er^\X, perfectum med.-pass. �
\r\]er^RµXQ).
3. 9"4)%)2K" ,+$,)+K & ,+$&.)6 )&.)-)6 - )@./3
-2"B".$3 /B"0% 42$%4/6 4)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 J-D4 )&.)-
-K, $ - @2D,/3, () )*C"BD (2$-/+D, D@+/."..K6, 4$4,
.$(2/B"2, ,+$,)+K e�O 4(>9C><9(&A (futurum act. � e�-
RO, aoristus act. � le÷RX, aoristus pass. � Ve kcP, perfec-
tum act. � e]eø\X, perfectum pass. � e]eøµXQ), Y�O ="-
,40?(&A (futurum act. � Y�RO, aoristus act. � lY÷RX, aoris-
tus pass. � VY kcP, perfectum act. � Y]Yø\X, perfectum
pass. � Y]YøµXQ), Y]O .9C><9(&A (futurum act. � Y¤RO, ao-
ristus act. � lYcRX, aoristus pass. � VY]kcP, perfectum act. �
Y]Yr\X, perfectum pass. � Y]YrµXQ).
90
4. A ."4)%)2K3 ,+$,)+)- .$ -gO / -]O ,+$,)+L.$' )&-
.)-$ )4$.#/-$"%&' .$ @/a%).,/ X^- / r^-. 5 .$&%)'C"B
-2"B"./ / /B("2a"4%" 4)."#.K6 J-D4 )&.)-K ^- -K($-
@$"%, $ (2)#/" -2"B".$ )*2$JD0%&' )% )&.)-K & @/a%).-
,)B. 9$(2/B"2: \gO, \XNO ?$-A ()&.)-$ \X^-), fut. \XZ-
RO, aor. act. l\X^RX, aor. pass. V\XZkcP, perf. act. \]\X^-
\X, perf. pass. \]\X^µXQ; We]O =+<&A ()&.)-$ Wer^-),
fut. WerZRTµXQ, aor. act. lWer^RX, perf. act. W]Wer^\X.
5. !2/ )*2$J)-$.// -2"B". )%@"+L.K" ,+$,)+K /B"-
0% &-)/ &)*&%-"..K" )&)*"..)&%/, &-'J$..K" & /&%)2/-
#"&4/B 2$J-/%/"B /3 )&.)-, 4$4, - #$&%.)&%/, ,+$,)+ \X-
e]O ()&.)-$ \Xer-, \ec-): fut. act. � \Xe�, -rtU, aor. act. �
V\gerRX, aor. pass. � V\e¤kcP, perf. act. � \]\ec\X, perf.
med.-pass. � \]\ecµXQ.
/#*'%01#1
�. !)&4)+L4D & ()B)CL0 (2"@/4$%/-.K3 (2/#$&%/6
("2"@$0%&' 2$J+/#.K" )*&%)'%"+L&%-"..K" )%.)`"./'
(-2"B"..K", (2/#/..K", D&+)-.K", D&%D(/%"+L.K"), %)
@+' D4$J$./', 4$4)6 /B"..) )%%".)4 J.$#"./' J$4+0#$-
"% - &"*" (2/#$&%/", (2/ ."B B),D% &%$-/%L&' @)()+./-
%"+L.K" &+)-$. �$4, @+' -K2$b"./' &D*�"4%/-.)6 (2/-
#/.K @)*$-+'"%&' ©U:
WXi¤qqrQerP ²\gRSTQU eXµ�gPrQP �PYiXU �SQ WerNR-
ST^U ©U VWQ�T^erZTPSTU �QRRX�]iPT^U SXtU WferRQP �
=4)'(>(+ '(?!"50 %(@4(&A '(' 5"?%" @"+AB$ 9"7.'( ="!
&$5 =4$!+","5, @0!&" @< :)..(*$4% >+"05<B+C$& =4"&)9
,"4"!"9.
2. !2"@/4$%/-.)" (2/#$&%/" B)b"% -3)@/%L - &)&%$-
&4$JD"B),) (&)&%$-.)" (2/#$&%.)" &4$JD"B)"), )%.)&'&L
9�
4 &D*�"4%D @"6&%-/' - 4$#"&%-" -%)2)&%"("..),) (2"@/-
4$%$. �$4, (2"@/4$%/-.)" (2/#$&%/" &)"@/.'"%&' & ,+$-
,)+)B WXZTµXQ =$4$.&(9(&A:
WX�RXQ eXe�P =$4$.&(%A @"+&(&A, *D4-. � =$4$.&(%A
@"+&(D�)7.
3. ?)0J ÉOU D()%2"*+'"%&' - J.$#".// ="'( / ="'( %$.
7&+/ 2"#L /@"% ) "@/./#.K3 @"6&%-/'3, )%.)&'C/3&' 4
.$&%)'C"BD /+/ (2)`"@`"BD -2"B"./, %) - (2"@+)b"-
.// & {%/B &)0J)B &%$-/%&' /.@/4$%/-. 7&+/ b" 2"#L
/@"% ) "@/./#.K3 @"6&%-/'3, )%.)&'C/3&' 4 *D@DC"BD
-2"B"./, - (2"@+)b".// & &)0J)B ÉOU &%$-/%&' 4).�-
0.4%/- & #$&%/�"6 �P:
ÉOU ¾P SX�SX YQXWig�OPSXQ, �^eX\®P \XS]eQWrP �
="'( ¨&" @0!$& ."9$4B(&A.C, "% ".&(9)+ .&4(?0, )+) ="'(
¨&" %$ >(9$4B)&.C, "% ".&(9)+ .&4(?0.
E(01'
�. �TNrQ rykZU, ÓSQPX ¾P ¥W~ S�P qTP]OP \rer^RkÀ.
2. ÖW~ ST� °gSOPTU VP SÀ S�P ùºOµXNOP �T^eÀ [r� V\r-
\]er^RST S®P °Xi_cYfPX WTik¢RXQ. 3. ÐrµQRST\e¢U £R-
SriTP ©U �qXP YcµT\iXSNsOP V\ S¢U WferOU V�r\erNRkc.
4. �� �kcPXtTQ T� VP SÀ [\iTWferQ Vq\r\erQµ]PTQ µgScP
ST§U �]iRXU [µZPrQP VWrQigkcRXP. 5. �� èeecPrU S�U
WerNRSXU S�P �riR�P SiQ¤irQU WXi� SÀ }XeXµtPQ lY -̂
RXP. Æ� Y� eTQWX� V\ S¢U µg_cU [WT�^qT�RXQ WXi� SÀ
·^\ge� VYZkcRXP. 6. ÐrµQRST\e¢U PZ\SOi VP S� �RSrQ
WriQrWgSrQ, �SQ XyS~P u ·QeSQgYT^ ryYT�NX, ©U lerqrP,
\XkrZYrQP Ty\ rjX. 7. ¬ XyS~U ST§U R^µµg_T^U �^qrtP
Ty\ rjXRrP, [ee� Yfeª STtU �]iRXQU µg_rRkXQ �Pgq\X-
RrP. 8. ØiX\e¢U S~P �iTµck]X Wi~U S~P °XZ\XRTP Yr-
92
Yrµ]PTP e]qrSXQ e�RXQ. 9. �_Qeer§U S~P è\STiX �TPrZ-
RXU ST§U WfYXU XyST� Wi~U S~ ÓiµX lYcRrP. �� Y� �i�rU
Thµ�sTPSrU r¡YTP S~P Pr\i~P T£SO Yrk]PSX. �0. óY^R-
Rr§U ¥�� ¬µ¤iT^ V\e¤kc WTeZSeXU. ��. ÐrµQRST\e¢U
ST§U RSiXScqT§U R^q\Xe]RXU V\]er^Rr µ]PrQP \X� [PY-
irNOU PX^µX_rtP. �2. �yYrP~U YT�eTQ \r\e¤µrkX [PYi~U
TyY� ¥W¤\TTQ (%$4 3-$+/+/&L $a/.'."). �3. °eck]PSrU
¥W~ \X\�P µ® WrNkrRkr. �4. Ø S�P Äee¤POP �µfPTQX
µrS� S~P �riRQ\~P WferµTP VP �iX_rt YQ]RWXRST. �5. ·¤-
WTSr qregR�U VW� �eeOP [S^_No. �6. �Wr� T� S�P ùºOµXN-
OP Wi]R�rQU YQ� S®P VRk¢SX \X� S®P qe�SSXP ¥W~ S�P
�XiXPSNPOP \XSrqregRkcRXP, � uqrµÍP XyS�PÇ �·rS� ¯eNqTP _ifPTP, � l�c, � Ty\]SQ qregRrRkr, [ee� YX\iZ-
RrSr�. �7. ä]i�cU Ty\ æY]Rkc µXRSQqT�P S®P kgeXSSXP
©U [WrQkT�RXP. �8. ïU ¾P µ® [YQ\À, XhY]RrSXQ µ�P ST§U
YQ\XRSgU, [ee� Ty �T�¤RrSXQ. �9. �y WXZRTµXQ WTP�P,
ÉOU ¾P S~ liqTP SrSrerRµ]PTP í. 20. ØiX\e¢U ¥W� ¿y-
i^Rk]OU V\r\]er^RST Y�Yr\X liqX SrertP. �X�SX Y� Sr-
e]RXU (STZSOP Y� SrerRk]PSOP, SrSrerRµ]POP) ¥W~ |Q~U
V\e¤kc rhU S~P úe^µWTP.
3(01#0%
VWG %)(/%L; YZTµXQ (aor. lY^P) (),2Db$%L&'
YbgFG J$(/2$%L (+(&. claud-ere)
V\\erNO /&4+0#$%L, ." @)-(D&4$%L
kTi^�]O `DB"%L
VZG; (9.$,!( .+)&%<7) &-'-JK-$%L
Y]O2 .Db@$%L&', med. (2)-&/%L
YUbZG J-$%L
R^q\Xe]O &)JK-$%L
KgbZG &)-"2`$%L, J$-"2-`$%L
Y�Yr\X @-".$@�$%L (.4. !"-!$'(*"%)C, 6"!$'(%$>)
UlVZLµUI &%K@/%L&'; D-$-b$%L
WriQWXS]O ,D+'%L -)42D,, )*3)@/%L
\XkrZYO &($%L
93
JTmG %'.D%L, %$C/%L, -+"#L
YQXRWgO 2$J2K-$%L, D./#-%)b$%L
sgbmG &B"'%L&', -K&B"/-$%L \XSXqregO (+ gen.) -K&B"/-
-$%L
u [S^_NX, XU ."D@$#$ Wi]R�^U, acc. Wi]R�^P, pl. T�
Wi]R�rQU &%$2"�; ()&)+
YX\iZO (+$4$%L
\XSX\gO -Kb/,$%L ��]RQTU, X, TP {a"&&4/6
� °gSOP, OPTU I$%).
�XiXPStPTU, c, TP %$2".%-&4/6, � �. %$2".%/."�
� �i�U, OfU %2)'."�
YcµT\iXSNsO *K%L &%)2).-./4)B @"B)42$%//
WTeZSeXU, XPSTU B.),)-&%2$@$+L.K6
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
¢vXSM `{ `U�lpTUM eµ�\ OM X� Z�HVU XSqX�, �VqJVXV V~\
X�M kXLPSMa xµ�M JcP HLJp eµdM, IG µ� XVHLTKXV Xc\ Z�-
HVU\ XIY ²TPS�H �p\ ®M nHs� � _|[\ XIY xMsP�ZI_. (3(&.
g0, 23)
�X[M `P�µIM XVXLHVlS, X�M ZWTXUM XVXtPKlS� (2 :)5.
4, 7)
vG JcP OliHVTVM Nµ�\ � sV[\ OZm xlSsSPTW¤ xHH� OM
�JUSTµ�. (g �$.. 4, 7)
�IG ZSqIµSU VGQSPUTX]M eZ{P eµ]M µMVWSM ZIUIqµV-
MI\ OZm X]M ZPITV_Q]M µI_� (½*. g, g6)
yzµ�M JcP HLJp eµdMa �p\ ®M ZSPLHs� � IGPSM[\ lSm N
J�, ~]XS ¾M � µWS lVPSWS IG µ� ZSPLHs� xZ[ XIY M�µI_,
�p\ ®M ZiMXS JLMKXSU. (3(&. 5, g8)
YQ�\O (2"&+"@)-$%L, /J,)-.'%L
� YifµTU, T^ @-/b"./", *", u [\XkXiRNX, XU ."#/&%)%$ � ¼qQXRµfU, T� )&-'C"./"
u µPrNX, XU ($B'%L, -)&()-B/.$./"
u \riXNX, XU #"2%)#4$, J.$-#)4
qNqPTµXQ, aor. VqrPfµcP (2)/&3)@/%L
94
45 96&61$:;(*#.
�TS¤iQTP ROSciNT^ e¤¹TµXQ \X� S~ ßPTµX °^iNT^
VWQ\Xe]RTµXQ. (!2/#$&%".)
eXµ�gPO, fut. e¤¹TµXQ (2/./B$%L
VWQ\Xe]O J-$%L, (2/JK-$%L
<="%;*(*#.
I. H*2$JD6%" )&.)-K 2$J+/#.K3 -2"B". @+' &+"@D0C/3
,+$,)+)- / )(2"@"+/ /3 J.$#"./": �TPrZO, [YQ\]O, scµQ-
fO, ViOSgO, �YiZO, YT^efO, ¥µP]O.
II. H*2$JD6%" @+' ("2-),) /J {%/3 ,+$,)+)- -&" /.a/./-
%/-K, @+' -%)2),) � -&" (2/#$&%/'.
III. H(2"@"+/%" ,+$,)+L.K" a)2BK / ("2"-"@/%": �. ��
[\TZTPSrU kTi^�T�RQP � ëi� �\TPSrU WrNkrRkr; 2. |]TP-
SXQ _icµgSOP � YT�PSXQ Wi~U Y]PYiX. 3. ��P Y]�, Vek] �
VgP µr YÀU, scµQOk¤R�. 4. úe�TP \]\ScPSXQ � Tj\XYr \]-
\ecPSXQ. 5. ��T^erZTPST rhU S®P �RNXP WertP � SN V�TZ-
eTPST; 6. ��U WZeXU \r\erN\XRQP � [r� uµwU \r\e¤\XRQ
�NeT^U. 7. °Xe� _i¢SXQ �Weª � \Xe� (2) Rr �NeTP. 8. �]-
erQ S~ liqTP � Srert (2) WgPSX VRke�U.
95
2"?) 4;
Futurum et aoristus passivi ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ (&+$*K6 $)-2/&%).
>$+L."6`/" (2/B"2K .$ ($&&/--.K" $)2/&%.K" a)2BK D verba deponentia medio-passiva et passi-va (YQre]_kcP / @2.); Wi�P �P & 4).�0.4%/-)B.
Futurum C aoristus passivi RQ3R8Q87
4 B=NONC 84B873NC (4Q3@OE 389C45)
Aoristus passivi &$%&6$67 1 *(@+@# 61*67%@#
9"BKB/ )&.)-$B/ .$JK-$0% )&.)-K, J$4$.#/-$0-
C/"&' .$ #/&%K6 &BK#.K6 J-D4 (W, �, \, q, S, Y). !2/ )*-
2$J)-$.// ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$ 4)."#.K6 &),+$&.K6
J-D4 )&.)-K .$ &%K4" & .$#$+L.KB &),+$&.KB &Daa/4&$
-kc- (2"%"2("-$"% &+"@D0C/" /JB"."./': ,)2%$..K"
J-D4/ ("2"3)@'% - _ (e]qO ,"9"4)&A � Ve]_kcP, �i_O
9+(.&9"9(&A � ±i_kcP), ,D*.K" � - � (SiN�O &$4$&A �
VSiN�kcP, �e]WO .5"&4$&A � V�e]�kcP), JD*.K" � - R
(¹rZYO +,(&A � V¹rZRkcP). ?(2'b"./" &+$*),) (("2-)-
,)) ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$ ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ -)
-&"3 a)2B$3 )@/.$4)-) &) &(2'b"./"B &+$*),) (("2-)-
,)) ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$ ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/
(&B. D2)4 38).
A ."J.$#/%"+L.),) 4)+/#"&%-$ ,+$,)+)- & )&.)-)6 .$
J$@."'JK#.K6 /+/ ,D*.)6 J-D4 )*2$JD"%&' &/+L.K6
(-%)2)6) ($&&/-.K6 $)2/&% (%) "&%L )*2$JD0C/6 a)2-
96
BK *"J &),+$&.),) &Daa/4&$). H% %$4/3 ,+$,)+)- &+$*K6
(("2-K6) ($&&/-.K6 $)2/&%, 4$4 (2$-/+), ." )*2$JD"%&'.
Futurum passivi &$%&6$67 1 *(@+@# 61*67%@#
H% ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ &+$*)" (("2-)") ($&-
&/-.)" *D@DC"" -2"B' )*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/&)"@/."-
./' 4 )&.)-" &+$*),) (("2-),)) $)2/&%$ & &Daa/4&)B -
kc- ()4$J$%"+' *D@DC",) -2"B"./ -R-, &)"@/./%"+L.K3
,+$&.K3 -T- / -r- / )4).#$./6 B"@/$+L.),) J$+),$ (e]qO
,"9"4)&A � er_k¤RTµXQ, �i_O 9+(.&9"9(&A � [i_k¤RT-
µXQ, SiN�O &$4$&A � SiQ�k¤RTµXQ, �e]WO .5"&4$&A �
�er�k¤RTµXQ, ¹rZYO +,(&A � ¹r^Rk¤RTµXQ). ?(2'b"-
./" &+$*),) ($&&/-.),) *D@DC",) -2"B"./ & )&.)-)6 .$
."B)6 &),+$&.K6 J-D4 ()+.)&%L0 &)-($@$"% &) &(2'b"-
./"B %$4),) *D@DC",) ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/.
F%$)*(BG#( ="#@("+
*% =%11#7*+( %6"#1'*+( A6"@+
: verba deponentia medio-passiva et passiva
5 D2)4" 38 Db" D()B/.$+/&L )%+)b/%"+L.K" ,+$,)-
+K & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/, 4)%)2K" - $)2/&%" /B"0% ($&-
&/-.D0 a)2BD & $4%/-.KB J.$#"./"B (2/ B"@/$+L.)B
(2"b" � ($&&/-.)B) *D@DC"B -2"B"./ (deponentia passi-
va). �$4/" b" a)2BK "&%L / D ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-
-$B/: YQXe]qTµXQ 4(>,"9(4)9(&A � aoristus pass. YQre]_-
kcP, futurum med. YQXe]�TµXQ ("&%L / futurum pass. YQX-
er_k¤RTµXQ), vYTµXQ 4(!"9(&A.C � aoristus pass. vRkcP,
futurum pass. uRk¤RTµXQ.
A4$JK-$+/&L %$4b" )%+)b/%"+L.K" ,+$,)+K & ,+$&-
.KB/ )&.)-$B/ deponentia media, D 4)%)2K3 $)2/&% (/
97
aD%D2DB) *K-$"% B"@/$+L.KB (2/ $4%/-.)B J.$#".//
(&2. & &),+$&.)6 )&.)-)6: [�Q\P]TµXQ =4)/"!)&A � fut.
med. [�N�TµXQ C =4)!0, aor. med. [�Q\fµcP C =4)B$+).
9"4)%)2K" /J ,+$,)+)- deponentia media .$2'@D & B"-
@/$+L.KB $)2/&%)B $4%/-.),) J.$#"./' /B"0% ($&&/--
.K6 $)2/&% (/ aD%D2DB) &%2$@$%"+L.),) J.$#"./'. �$-
4/" ,+$,)+K .$JK-$0%&' deponentia medio-passiva, .$-
(2/B"2: XhSQgTµXQ "@9)%C&A � aoristus med. æSQXRgµcP
C "@9)%)+, aoristus pass. æSQgkcP C @<+ "@9)%$%.
I2)B" %),), - @2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4" (2"@&%$-+".$
,2D(($ $4%/-.K3 ("2"3)@.K3 ,+$,)+)-, B"@/$+L.$'
a)2B$ 4)%)2K3 B)b"% 2$&&B$%2/-$%L&' 4$4 &$B)&%)'-
%"+L.K6 )%+)b/%"+L.K6 ,+$,)+, .$(2/B"2: ¯iqNsO
.$4!)&A, ¯iqNsTµXQ .$4!)&A.C; [WXeegSSO 0!(+C&A,
[WXeegSSTµXQ 0!(+C&A.C. 1)2/&% {%/3 -%)2/#.K3 )%-
+)b/%"+L.K3 ,+$,)+)- *K-$"% %)+L4) ($&&/-.KB (Êi-
qNRkcP, [WceegqcP), $ - aD%D2DB" D )@./3 ,+$,)+)- /&-
()+LJD0%&' (2"/BDC"&%-"..) ($&&/-.K" a)2BK (¯i-
qQRk¤RTµXQ), $ D @2D,/3 � B"@/$+L.K" ([WXeeg�TµXQ,
(2/ .$+/#// %$4b" [WXeeXq¤RTµXQ).
/#*'%01#1
5 (2"@+)b"./'3 & &)0J)B WiNP =4$?!$ -$5, ="'( %$ &%$-
-/%&' 4).�0.4%/- $)2/&%$ & #$&%/�"6 �P, "&+/ 2"#L
/@"% ) "@/./#.K3 @"6&%-/'3, )%.)&'C/3&' 4 *D@DC"BD
-2"B"./:
°�iTU YrtSXQ �iQRSNWWT^ µ® WifRkrP \XSXe�RXQ
WifU ST§U [PSQRSXRQ�SXU, Wi�P ¾P XyS� R^µ�T^erZRc-
SXQ � 2)4 =4".)& �4).&)==( %$ >('+D-(&A 5)4 . 9"..&(9-
B)5), ="'( %$ ="."9$&0$&.C . %)5.
98
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H. I(@#1'60$ # ;#'($# >*?"61%
��P �riR�P WecRQXsfPSOP ¥W~ S�P Äee¤POP WXP-
SX_fkrP �WeX \X� _i¤µXSX ukiTNRkc, ÒPX ©U WertRSTQ
WTetSXQ WXiXR\r^XRk�RQP. °X� Wi~U ST§U PcRQ�SXU �q-
qreTQ VW]µ�kcRXP XhST�PSrU _i¤µXSX Wi~U S~P Wfer-
µTP. �Tee� Y® R^P¤_kc. ·fPTQ T� PYiQTQ TyY�P lWrµ-
¹XP ©U W]PcSrU ßPSrU. |Q� ST�ST ÐrµQRST\e¢U ¯iqQRkr�U
XyS~U V\rNPTQU YQXer_k¢PXQ V�T^erZRXST. ¿hU PYiTP
WerZRXU Wi~U XySTZUÇ ��� _i¤µXSX, � l�c, � æS¤RXµrP
Wi~U S~P WferµTP. û\TµrP T¨P l_TPSrU YZT kr�U µrqg-
eXU, �rQkÍ \X� �Pgq\cP. ��P Y� S~ VWQSX_k�P ¥�� ¥µ�P
µ® WiX_kÀ, Þ WrQRk¤RrRkr Þ [PXq\XRk¤RrRkr�. �� Y�
PYiQTQ r¡WTPÇ �ÖµtP µ]P rhRQ YrQPX� krXNÇ uµ�P Y� \iX-
ST�RQ krX� �T�ri�SriXQ V\rNPOP, �rPNX \X� �WTiNX.
�i�P ¾P u uµrS]iX P¢RTU µ® [WXeeX_kÀ STZSOP S�P
YXQµfPOP, [iqZiQTP Wi~U uµ�P Ty Y]�rRkr�. �£SO ¹r^U-
kr�U ÐrµQRST\e¢U V\]er^Rr S®P WfeQP V\WTeQTi\rtRkXQ.
·rS� Y� ¯eNqTP _ifPTP � �kcPXtTU XhRkfµrPTU, �SQ �No
V\rtPTQ Ty\ [PXq\XRk¤RTPSXQ, �\OP S®P P¢RTP [W]eQ-
WrP. �� Y� ÐrµQRST\e]T^U V_kiT� vRkcRXP W^kfµrPTQ
S~P YTeri~P \X� ¯�§P �PYiX T£SO ¹r^Rk¢PXQ \X� [WT-
Sir�k¢PXQ. ·rS� Y� S~P �riRQ\~P WferµTP T� PYiQTQ
¥W~ S�P �kcPXNOP �T�ri�U V\TegRkcRXP ©U WiTYfSXQ
ßPSrU.
2. I(@#1'60$ ="# =("1#?106@ ?76"(
¬ XyS~U [SQµXRkr�U ¥W~ S�P �kcPXNOP \X� YQO_kr�U
¥W~ S�P VPXPSNOP S]eTU l�^qr Wi~U �iSX�]i�cP, S~P
ä]i�T^ ^�fP. �iOSckr�U T¨P ¥W~ S�P ¥WcirS�P, SNU rjc
99
\X� SN �T^efµrPTU [�N\TQST, lerqrP, �SQ v\TQ ©U �XRQert
YQXer�fµrPTU Wri� µrqgeOP WiXqµgSOP. �~ Y� X¥ST�
ßPTµX l�c TyY]PX WifSriTP �XRQe]OU [\TZRrRkXQ. �Wr�
T¨P rhR¤_kc Wi~U �iSX�]i�cP \X� XyS� YQre]_kc, �XRQ-
er§U XyS� �XRQeQ\�U V_i¤RXST. �� Y� �XRQe]OU �NeTQ
µXkfPSrU S~ ßPTµX S~ ST� �]PT^ ÊiqNRkcRXP \X� r U Xy-
S�P r¡WrPÇ �ê Yig\TP WTQ\Ner, � �XRQe]OU YXNµOP Rr
Yr�iT ±qXqrP�. ¶XRQer§U Y� VµX\giQsrP ²X^SfP, �SQ R^µ-
µg_T^ T£SO Y^PXST� V\igScRr, \X� lk^Rr STtU krTtU \X�
Si�U S¢U P^\S~U VP £WPª e]qrSXQ �T¢RXQÇ �Î_O ÐrµQRST-
\e]X S~P �kcPXtTP�. �W]RScRr Y� V\rtPTP SiQR� WferRQPÇ
TÅSTU Y� Ù\rQ WTee� lSc VP SÀ ·XqPcRNo, ¥W~ �XRQe]OU
SrSQµcµ]PTU \X� SrkX^µXRµ]PTU.
3(01#0%
R^PgqO &-)@/%L
� YXNµOP, TPTU *)b"&%-), &D@L*$ (.4. !$5"%)
S~ [iqZiQTP, NT ̂ (&"2"*2'-.K") @".L,/
[WTerNWO ()4/@$%L, *2)-&$%L, )&%$-+'%L
� ¥Wci]ScU, T^ &+D,$, ()@-2D#.K6
rhRgqO --)@/%L
Yr�iT &0@$ µX\XiNsO &#/%$%L &#$&%+/-
-KB
� £WPTU, T^ &). (.4. ,)=%">)
u WrQk�, T�U D*"b@"./"
WTQ\NeTU, c, TP ("&%2K6
u PYiTU, T^ 1.@2)& [WTSi]WO )%4+).'%L; (2),)-
.'%L
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�¿TZVP JcP N xTXPSZ� O}LPQVXSU xZ[ xMSXIH]M lSm
�SWMVXSU �p\ `_Tµ]M, I³Xp\ nTXSU N ZSPI_TWS XIY _|IY
XIY xMsP�ZI_a �ZI_ OcM � X[ ZX]µS, OlVd T_MSQstTIMXSU
I| xVXIW. (3*. 24, 27-28)
�00
�lSm VrZVM SGXId\a \ OcM `L}KXSU XIYXI X[ ZSU`WIM OZm
X� oM�µSXU µI_, Oµ{ `LQVXSU� (u'. 9, 48)
µSm JcP OM kMm ZMVqµSXU NµVd\ ZiMXV\ V~\ ¾M T]µS ORSZ-
XWTsKµVM, V�XV ²I_`SdIU V�XV ÀHHKMV\ V�XV `IYHIU V�XV OHVq-
sVPIU, lSm ZiMXV\ ¾M ZMVYµS OZIXWTsKµVM. (g 2"4. g2, g3)
±iMXV\ `{ I| sLHIMXV\ VGTVR]\ j�M OM ¡PUTX� ²KTIY `U-
pQstTIMXSU. (2 :)5. 3, g2)
u [RSiXW¤, ¢U B)+./' X� [PXSTeXN, �P -)&%)4,
-)&3)@ X� Y^RµXN, �P J$($@, J$4$% u WXiT^RNX, XU (2/*K%/",
(2/`"&%-/" YQ�\O ,.$%L
S~ WS�µX, XSTU B"2%-)" %"-+), %2D(
R^PgqO, pass. aor. R^P¤_kcP &)*/2$%L
WTSNsO ()/%L ryRr��U *+$,)#"&%/-)
45 96&61$:;(*#.
�ÜXtir, YQ� ìU VeZkc WXig�XRQU: _Xtir, YQ� ìU cPTN_kc
�XigYrQRTU� (14$a/&%, /4)& 8)
éRTQ rhU ÜiQRS~P V�XWSNRkcSr, ÜiQRS~P VPrYZRXRkr.
u WXig�XRQU, rOU (2"&%D(-+"./"
[PTNqO )%42K-$%L VPYZO )@"-$%L, .$@"-$%L
<="%;*(*#.
I. H*2$JD6%" )% ,+$,)+)- �^egSSO, W]µWO, q^µPgsO �) 3
pl. ind. -&"3 %2"3 $)2/&%)-; 2) .")(2"@"+"..D0 a)2BD
-&"3 %2"3 aD%D2DB)-; 3) 3 pl. con. / opt. ($&&/-.),) $)-
2/&%$; 4) (2/#$&%/" ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$ - a)2B$3 gen. /
dat. pl. BDb&4),) 2)@$. !"2"-"@/%" {%/ a)2BK .$ 2D&-
&4/6 'JK4.
�0�
II. !"2"-"@/%": �. �� PcRQ�SXQ \XNWri RZµµX_TQ ßPSrU
¥W~ S�P �kcPXNOP ±i_kcRXP µRWri ¥W¤\TTQ. 2. éµc-
iTU V�cqrtSXQ S~P óY^RR]X ¥W~ µ�P �TRrQY�PTU YQO_k¢-
PXQ, [r� Y� ¥W� �kcPwU ROk¢PXQ. 3. �\c\fXSr \X� VP SÀ
}Q\reNo WTee�U ÄeecPQ\�U [WTQ\NXU \SQRk¢PXQ. 4. éSXP
\X\�U Wig��U, ¥W~ WTee�P �NeOP [WTerQ�k¤R�. 5. Ðr-
µQRST\e¢U ¥W~ �XRQe]OU eXµWi�U V�rPNRkc \XNWri S�P
RXSiXW�P ¯iqQRk]PSOP. 6. °X\TtU �µQe�P XyS~U \X\~U
PTµQRk¤R�. 7. PYiTP S®P P¢RTP ¥W~ S�P VPTN\OP r¨ � -̂
eX_krtRXP ÐrµQRST\e¢U ²ertP Ty\ VYZPXST. 8. ÄSXtiTP
[S^_T�PSX Þ [WTiT�PSX eQWÍP Ty\ ¾P ¯PTµXRkrNcU WQR-
S~U �NeTU. 9. }^µ�TZer^RTP \Xe�U Þ WrNRkcSQ S� \Xe�U
R^µ�T^erZRXPSQ. �0. ��P RSiXSQOS�P VRSQ WrQRk¢PXQÇ
�WT^ �P SQU SX_kÀ, V\rt [PYirNOU WTQcRgSO S� Y]TPSX.
��. °iTtRTU }feOPQ YQXer_k¢PXQ e]qrSXQ Wri� S¢U ryYXQ-
µTPNXU. �2. �P SXtU ÐriµTWZeXQU ä]i�cU vRkc ��QgeScP
r¥i�P WiTYfScP.
�02
2"?) 4 2
Perfectum et plusquamperfectum medii-passivi ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ (2",D+'2.)" )*2$J)-$-./").
Genetivus obiectivus (2/ ¹rZYTµXQ.
Perfectum C plusquamperfectum medii-passivi
RQ3R8Q87 4 B=NONC 84B873NC
(9=RyQ:9B8= 8@93A873BC=)
A ,+$,)+)- & )&.)-)6 .$ ."B)6 J-D4 B"@/$+L.)-
($&&/-.K6 ("2a"4% )*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/&)"@/."./' 4
)&.)-" ("2a"4%$ )4).#$./6 B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) J$-
+),$ *"J &Daa/4&$ / &)"@/./%"+L.),) ,+$&.),). 9$ &%K-
4" 4)."#.),) &),+$&.),) J-D4$ )&.)-K & .$#$+L.KB &)-
,+$&.KB J-D4)B )4).#$./' (2)/&3)@'% a)."%/#"&4/"
/JB"."./': $&&/B/+'�/' 4)."#.),) &),+$&.),) /+/ D(-
2)C"./" ,2D(( &),+$&.K3 (&B. %$*+/�D).
I)."#.K6 J-D4 )&.)-K 9$#$+L.K6 J-D4 )4).#$./'
+ µ + R + S + (R)k
,D*.K" (W, �, �) µµ ¹ WS �k
J$@."'JK#.K" (\, q, _) qµ � \S _k
JD*.K" (S, Y, k) Rµ R RS Rk
9$(2/B"2: e]qO ,"9"4)&A � e]erqµXQ, �i_O 9+(-
.&9"9(&A � �iqµXQ, SiN�O &$4$&A � S]SiQµµXQ, �e]WO
.5"&4$&A � �]�erµµXQ, ¹rZYO +,(&A � l¹r^RµXQ.
H4).#$./', .$#/.$0C/"&' & -PS (- %2"%L"B +/�"
B.)b"&%-"..),) #/&+$ ("2a"4%$ -PSXQ / - %2"%L"B +/�"
�03
B.)b"&%-"..),) #/&+$ (+0&4-$B("2a"4%$ -PST) ." B)-
,D% &)"@/.'%L&' & 4)."#.KB ,+$&.KB )&.)-K. !){%)BD
{%/ a)2BK )*2$JD0%&' )(/&$%"+L.) & ()B)CL0 ("2-
a"4%.),) (2/#$&%/' B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) J$+),$ J.$-
#$C",) ,+$,)+$ / a)2B ,+$,)+$ rhµN @<&A (rhRN(P) @+'
("2a"4%$ / �RXP @+' (+0&4-$B("2a"4%$). H(/&$%"+L.)
)*2$JD0%&' %$4b" a)2BK 4).�0.4%/-$ / )(%$%/-$ (&2.
D2)4 39).
Perfectum indicativi medii-passivi
&$%&6$67 1 *(@+@# 61*67%@#
?(2'b"./" B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$ ,+$,)-
+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ -) -&"3 a)2B$3 )@/.$4)-) &)
&(2'b"./"B B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$ ,+$,)+)-
& ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/ (42)B" D4$J$..)6 -K`" )(/&$-
%"+L.)6 a)2BK 3 +/�$ B.)b"&%-"..),) #/&+$). >$+""
(2/-)@'%&' )*2$J�K &(2'b"./' ,+$,)+)- qig�O =)-
.(&A ()&.)-$ qiX�-), SgSSO 4(.="+(,(&A ()&.)-$ SXq-) /
PTµNsO .-)&(&A, ="+(,(&A ()&.)-$ PTµQY-).
Sg. � q]qiXµµXQ S]SXqµXQ PrPfµQRµXQ
2 q]qiX¹XQ S]SX�XQ PrPfµQRXQ
3 q]qiXWSXQ S]SX\SXQ PrPfµQRSXQ
Pl. � qrqigµµrkX SrSgqµrkX PrPTµNRµrkX
2 q]qiX�kr S]SX_kr PrPfµQRkr
3 qrqiXµµ]PTQ
rhRN(P)
SrSXqµ]PTQ
rhRN(P)
PrPTµQRµ]PTQ
rhRN(P)
Infinitivus perfecti medii-passivi � qrqig�kXQ, SrSg_-
kXQ, PrPTµNRkXQ
�04
Imperativus perfecti medii-passivi:
Sg. 2 +. � q]qiX¹T, S]SX�T, PrPfµQRT
3 +. � qrqig�kO, SrSg_kO, PrPTµNRkO
Pl. 2 +. � q]qiX�kr, S]SX_kr, PrPfµQRkr
3 +. � qrqig�kOP, SrSg_kOP, PrPTµNRkOP
Participium perfecti medii-passivi � qrqiXµµ]PTU, qr-
qiXµµ]Pc, qrqiXµµ]PTP; SrSXqµ]PTU, SrSXqµ]Pc, SrSXq-
µ]PTP; PrPTµQRµ]PTU, PrPTµQRµ]Pc, PrPTµQRµ]PTP.
Plusquamperfectum indicativi medii-passivi
&$%&6$67 1 *(@+@# 61*67%@#
?(2'b"./" B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) (+0&4-$B("2-
a"4%$ ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ -) -&"3 a)2B$3
)@/.$4)-) &) &(2'b"./"B B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) (+0-
&4-$B("2a"4%$ ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/ (42)B"
D4$J$..)6 -K`" )(/&$%"+L.)6 a)2BK 3 +/�$ B.)b"&%-
-"..),) #/&+$).
Sg. � VqrqigµµcP VSrSgqµcP VPrPTµNRµcP
2 Vq]qiX¹T VS]SX�T VPrPfµQRT
3 Vq]qiXWST VS]SX\ST VPrPfµQRST
Pl. � VqrqigµµrkX VSrSgqµrkX VPrPTµNRµrkX
2 Vq]qiX�kr VS]SX_kr VPrPfµQRkr
3 qrqiXµµ]PTQ
�RXP
SrSXqµ]PTQ
�RXP
PrPTµQRµ]PTQ
�RXP
/#*'%01#1
!2/ ,+$,)+$3 &) J.$#"./"B "B)@(&A.C 9 -$5-+)@" (.$-
(2/B"2, ¹rZYTµXQ) &%$-/%&' 2)@/%"+L.K6 ($@"b )*�"4-
%$ @"6&%-/' (genetivus obiectivus), &2. D2)4/ �5, �6.
�05
"3A7C5C= 3^CB4P8E ]=N8P935CC
Ø YcµT\iXSNX, ©U T� �kcPXtTQ lerqTP, �k¤PcRQ S~
Wi�STP \XSrR\rZXRST ¥W~ }feOPTU. �fSr RrQRX_krNo T�
WrP]RSriTQ WTetSXQ [WceeXqµ]PTQ �RXP [Pgq\cU \X�
YT^erNXU. �� Y� WTetSXQ V\ ST� }feOPTU _ifPT^ YQXµrµr-
iQRµ]PTQ �RXP \XS� S�U ²\gRST^ WiTRfYT^U rhU S]SSX-
iXU �^e�U Þ Sg�rQU, \X� ¥W~ ST� PTµTk]ST^ [\iQ��U VS]-
SX\ST, � SQ ²\gRS� Sg�rQ WiTR¤\TQ. �TtU T¨P ryqrP]RQ \X�
WeT^RNTQU V�¢P µrS]_rQP WXR�P S�P SQµ�P, T� Y� WrP]R-
SXSTQ V�r\]\erQPST S�P [i_�P. �ÅSTQ Y� SXZScP S®P WT-
eQSrNXP Vµ]µ�TPST, �SQ S¢U VeWNYTU V¹r^Rµ]PTQ r¡rP.
�rQRQRSigST^ ST� S^igPPT^ [WTkXPfPSTU \X� �WWNT^
V\ S¢U WferOU VâmQµµ]PT^ °erQRk]PcU \XNWri ryqrP®U
îP X¨kQU S®P WTeQSrNXP ±eeX�rPÇ S®P q�i _�iXP \X� S~
�RS^ rhU Y]\X P]XU �^e�U \X� ²\XS~P Y¤µT^U YQrµ]iQRr
\X� STZSTQU VW]RScRrP X�irST§U Ycµgi_T^U, ©U VP �eeª
S¢RYr S¢U �N�eT^ µ]irQ q]qiXWSXQ. |¢eTP Y¤ VRSQ STZSª
S� SifWª S®P S�P ryqrP�P YZPXµQP �r�eg�kXQ \X� YQX-
\r\f�kXQ. ÖW~ Y� °erQRk]PT^U \X� �eeTQ PfµTQ qrqig�-
kXQ e]qTPSXQ µRWri TÒYrÇ ��PX \X� S~ \TQP~P µrS]_� ST�
S�P ryqrP�P WeTZST^, VWQSrSg_kOP XySTtU X� erQST^iqN-
XQ. ��P Y] SQU S¢U S^iXPPNYTU VWQk^µ�P �XNPcSXQ, YQ�
ST� ¯RSiX\QRµT� ryk§U ST� �RSrOU V\\r\erNRkO�.
°XNSTQ STtU ryqrP]RQP Ty\ ¯eNqX Ve]erQWST. �TeeT�
\X� £RSriTP µrqNRSXQU [i_XtU \X� SQµXtU V\TRµT�PST.
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&)-2"B"..),) ,2"#"&4),) B)+/%-)&+)-$)
<="%;*(*#.
I. H*2$JD6%" )% ,+$,)+)- q^µPgsO, ÓWSO, \ciZSSO #"-
%K2" $4%/-.K3 /.a/./%/-$ / (2/#$&%/' (@+' -&"3 %2"3
2)@)-). !"2"-"@/%" /3 .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4.
II. !"2"-"@/%" &+"@D0C/" $)2/&%.K" a)2BK / )*2$-
JD6%" &))%-"%&%-D0C/" ("2a"4%.K" a)2BK: \XS]\T-
¹rP � V\¤i^�XP � VqZµPXRXU � Wig�XPSrU � Ó¹XRX �
�eg¹XU � ¹r�RXQ (2) � VY]�XPST � VR\]¹XRkr � kX^µg-
RXQrP �P � V�P \TµNR� � �qgqrSr.
III. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' )&)*)" -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*-
+"./" /.a/./%/-)- / (2/#$&%/6: �. �� µ�P YrQPTN rhRQ
e]qrQP, T� Y� WigSSrQP. 2. �i�P e]qrQP Yrt Rr �r�T^er�-
��6
RkXQ. 3. ¬ YcµQT^iq~U vRkc S~ liqTP \Xe�U WrWiX_�U.
4. ¬ RSiXScq~U e]qrQ S®P S�P VPXPSNOP Sg�QP YQX\r\T-
�]PXQ \X� YrYQO_]PXQ. 5. ÐrµQRST\e¢U �SQµgRkc ©U �r-
�eX�ÍU S~ �RS^. 6. !Q ¾P VWQSrSXqµ]PTP í Wri� ST�Yr
ST� WigqµXSTU rhWrtP, rhW]SO. 7. �riQ\e¢U S®P WTeQSrNXP
r¨ SrSX_ÍU V�XNPrST. 8. �T§U Wi�ST^U PfµT^U STtU �kc-
PXNTQU qrqiX�]PXQ e]qrSXQ � |ig\OP. 9. ¬ q]iOP \XNWri
S~ [iqZiQTP \r\i^�ÍU VR^e¤kc.
��7
2"?) 4 4
1)2/&%.K" / ("2a"4%.K" )&.)-K ."4)%)2K3 ."(2$-/+L.K3 ,+$,)-+)- (J$@."'JK#.K" / ,D*.K" )&-.)-K).
/89C45BO= C D=9^=P5BO= 84B87O
B=P8589O\ B=D937CQ6BO\ RQ3R8Q87
(A3]B=:AO>BO= C Ry@BO= 84B87O)
Aoristus II et futurum II passivi
I$4 Db" D4$JK-$+)&L - D2)4" 4�, D ),2$./#"..),)
#/&+$ ,+$,)+)- & )&.)-)6 .$ J$@."'JK#.K6 /+/ ,D*.)6
J-D4 )*2$JD"%&' &/+L.K6 (-%)2)6) ($&&/-.K6 $)2/&% (%)
"&%L )*2$JD0C/6 a)2BK *"J &),+$&.),) &Daa/4&$, /&-
()+LJD' ,+$&.K6 &Daa/4& -c-). H% %"3 b" ,+$,)+)- )*2$-
JD"%&' / &/+L.)" (-%)2)") ($&&/-.)" *D@DC"" -2"B' (D-
%"B (2/&)"@/."./' 4 )&.)-" &/+L.),) (-%)2),)) $)2/&%$
& &Daa/4&)B -c- ()4$J$%"+' *D@DC",) -2"B"./ -R-, &)-
"@/./%"+L.K3 ,+$&.K3 -T- / -r- / )4).#$./6 B"@/$+L.)-
,) J$+),$. d%/ ,+$,)+K, J$ 2"@4/B /&4+0#"./"B, /B"0%
)@.)&+)b.D0 )&.)-D & 42$%4/B ,+$&.KB. �$4)-K, .$-
(2/B"2 ,+$,)+K: qig�O ()&.)-$ qi"�-) =).(&A � aoris-
tus pass. Vqig�cP, futurum pass. qiX�¤RTµXQ; kgWSO
=",4$@(&A ()&.)-$ S"�-) � aor. pass. VSg�cP, fut. pass. SX-
�¤RTµXQ; \fWSO ()&.)-$ \TW-) 40@)&A � aor. pass. V\f-
WcP, fut. pass. \TW¤RTµXQ.
9"4)%)2K" ,+$,)+K B),D% /B"%L () @-" a)2BK )%
)&.)-K ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$: &/+L.D0 / &+$*D0, #$C"
��8
*"J /JB"."./' J.$#"./', .$(2/B"2: [eegSSO ()&.)-$
[eeXq-) )>5$%C&A � aor. pass. �eegqcP / �eeg_kcP,
fut. pass. [eeXq¤RTµXQ / [eeX_k¤RTµXQ; �egWSO ()&.)-
-$ �eX�-) 94$!)&A � aor. pass. V�eg�cP / V�eg�kcP, fut.
pass. �eX�¤RTµXQ; We¤SSO ()&.)-$ Wecq-, WeXq-) 0!(-
4C&A, @)&A � aor. pass. VWe¤qcP, 2"b" VWe¤_kcP, fut.
pass. Wecq¤RTµXQ, .) & (2/&%$-4)6: V\We¤SSO ="4(-
?(&A � aor. pass. V�rWegqcP, fut. pass. V\WeXq¤RTµXQ;
(R^e)e]qO ()&.)-$ (R^e)erq-) ."@)4(&A � aor. pass.
(R^P)re]qcP / (R^P)re]_kcP, fut. pass. (R^e)erq¤RTµXQ.
H%@"+L.K" ,+$,)+K (2/ )*2$J)-$.// )&.)-K ($&-
&/-.),) $)2/&%$ /JB".'0% 4)2."-)6 ,+$&.K6: RSi]�O
="9"4(-)9(&A ()&.)-$ RSir�-) � aor. pass. VRSig�cP, fut.
pass. RSiX�¤RTµXQ; Si]WO ="9"4(-)9(&A ()&.)-$ SirW-) �
aor. pass. VSigWcP, VSi]�kcP, fut. pass. SiXW¤RTµXQ; Si]-
�O '"45)&A ()&.)-$ Sir�-) � aor. pass. VSig�cP, Vki]�-
kcP, fut. pass. SiX�¤RTµXQ.
?(2'b"./" ,+$,)+)- - &/+L.)B (-%)2)B) ($&&/-.)B
$)2/&%" ()+.)&%L0 &)-($@$"% &) &(2'b"./"B ,+$,)+)- -
&+$*)B (("2-)B) ($&&/-.)B $)2/&%" (&B. D2)4 38).
Perfectum et plusquamperfectum II activi
!2/ )*2$J)-$.// )&.)-K &/+L.),) ("2a"4%$ .$*+0-
@$"%&' #"2"@)-$./" ,+$&.K3 - )&.)-" (r > T, rQ > TQ, X > c),
(2"@&%$-+"..)" - a)2B$3 ("2a"4%$ / (+0&4-$B("2a"4-
%$: RSi]�O ="9"4(-)9(&A ()&.)-$ RSir�-) � perf. lRSiT-
�X, plusquamperf. VRSif�rQP; Si]�O '"45)&A ()&.)-$
Sir�-) � perf. S]SiT�X, plusquamperf. VSrSif�rQP; erNWO
".&(9+C&A ()&.)-$ eQW-) � perf. e]eTQWX, plusquamperf.
VereTNWrQP. :B"0%&' ,+$,)+K *"J %$4),) #"2"@)-$./':
��9
We]\O =+$.&) ()&.)-$ Wer\-) � perf. W]Wer_X, plus-
quamperf. VWrWe]_rQP.
5 2'@" ,+$,)+)- &)#"%$"%&' /JB"."./" ,+$&.),) )&.)-
-K / $&(/2$�/': Si]WO ="9"4(-)9(&A ()&.)-$ SirW-) �
perf. S]SiT�X, plusquamperf. VSrSif�rQP; W]µWO =".<-
+(&A ()&.)-$ W]µW-) � perf. W]WTµ�X, plusquamperf. VWr-
Wfµ�rQP; e]qO ."@)4(&A ()&.)-$ erq-) > perf. r¡eT_X,
plusquamperf. rhef_rQP. A ()&+"@.",) ,+$,)+$ (4$4 / D
."4)%)2K3 @2D,/3, .$#/.$0C/3&' & (+$-.),) J-D4$,
-B"&%) D@-)"./' /B""%&' rQ-).
Perfectum # plusquamperfectum II medii-passivi
=.),/" ,+$,)+K )*2$JD0% a)2BK )% )&.)-K B"@/-
$+L.)-($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$, ),+$&)-4$ 4)%)2)6 ." &)--
($@$"% & ),+$&)-4)6 $4%/-.),) ("2a"4%$, $ /B"..),
/B"0% /+/ ),+$&)-4D r, /+/ ),+$&)-4D ": erNWO ".&(9-
+C&A � perf. act. e]eTQWX, perf. med.-pass. e]erQµµXQ, plus-
quamperf. med.-pass. VererNµµcP; Si]WO ="9"4(-)9(&A �
perf. act. S]SiT�X, perf. med.-pass. S]SiXµµXQ, plusquam-
perf. med.-pass. VSrSigµµcP.
A ,+$,)+)- Si]�O '"45)&A ()&.)-$ *kir�-) / kgWSO
/"4"%)&A ()&.)-$ *kX�-) (2/ )*2$J)-$.// B"@/$+L.)-
($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$ / ."4)%)2K3 @2D,/3 -2"B"..K3
a)2B (2)/&3)@/% ("2"@-/b"./" (2/@K3$%"+L.)&%/ -
4)2.": Si]�O �fut. act. ki]¹O, aor. act. lkir¹X, perf. act.
S]SiT�X, perf. med.-pass. S]kiXµµXQ, aor. pass. VSig�cP
/ Vki]�kcP; kgWSO�fut. act. kg¹O, aor. act. lkX¹X, perf.
act. S]SX�X, perf. med.-pass. S]kXµµXQ, aor. pass. VSg�cP.
A ,+$,)+$ .=(.(&A (2/ )*2$J)-$.// a)2B B"@/$+L-
.)-($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$ /&()+LJD0%&' @-$ -$2/$.%$ )&-
.)-K RªY- / RO-: R]RªRµXQ / R]ROµXQ.
�20
C'1':=$(*#. 6' *6"@+
7 69"%567%*## ="#"%D(*#.
I$4 Db" D4$JK-$+)&L - D2)4" 40, ."4)%)2K" @2"-."-
,2"#"&4/" ,+$,)+K, 4)%)2K" .$#/.$0%&' & r-, /B"0% -
(2/2$C".// rQ- ($ ." c-). :J ,+$,)+)- & ,D*.KB/ )&.)-
-$B/ &0@$ )%.)&/%&' ,+$,)+ ÉWTµXQ .+$!"9(&A (imperf. �
r�WfµcP, aor. � ²RWfµcP).
E(01'
�. ·rqgecU RSiXSQwU R^eerqrNRcU ä]i�cU rhU S®P Äe-
egYX ©iµ¤kc. 2. ��P WXi� SÀ }XeXµtPQ Äee¤POP T�
�kcPXtTQ S�U WerNRSXU PX�U R^PrQef_rRXP. 3. �g\XQPg
SQU [\TZRXRX, �SQ � ^�~U RrROµ]PTU V\ S¢U µg_cU Wr�r^-
qÍU rjc, lqiX¹rP XyS�Ç ��]qT^RN SQPrU, �SQ W]�r^qXUÇ Þ
lerq�TP V\rNPT^U ©U ¹rZYc e]qTPSXU Þ SrerZSX S~P
�NTP�. 4. Ø [\ifWTeQU VP S� WTe]µª \XSX\r\X^µ]Pc
¥W~ �riQ\e]T^U rhU µ]qX �ri~P �eegqc. 5. ØiX\e¢U WgP-
SOP S�P WfPOP [WXeeXqr�U ¥W~ |Q~U rhU S~P TyiXP~P
±_kc. 6. °iTtRTU YQ� WXPS~U ST� �NT^ r¨ WrWiXqÍU S]eTU
WTee� \X\� lWXkrP. 7. è\SOi ¥W� �_Qee]OU YfiXSQ
Wecqr�U lWrRrPÇ T� Y� �i�rU hR_^i�U V\WeXq]PSrU r¡YTP
S~P �iQRSTP �PYiX Srer^S�PSX. 8. �� ST� |QTPZRT^ Ói-
µXSQ rÒWTPST RgS^iTQ. 9. �� è\STiQ �rZqTPSQ ÉRWrST
�_Qeer§U XÒµXSTU VWQk^µ�P. �0. �X^RXPNXU ¥W~ S�P
V�fiOP ©U WiTYfScU YQO_kr�U S®P }WgiScP VereTNWrQÇ
rhU PX~P l�^qr \X� V\rt eQµ� [W]kXPrP. ��. �� PYiQTQ
YrQP�U V\TegRkcRXP, �SQ µfPTQ S�P PcRQOS�P _i¤µXSX
Ty\ VWrWfµ�rRXP. �2. °iTtRTU S~P }feOPX µrSrW]µ¹X-
ST, ÒPX kX^µgR� ST§U ST� �XRQe]OU kcRX^iTZU. �3. ��
�2�
�kcPXtTQ V�rWegqcRXP µXkfPSrU S®P S�P Ã�POP YZPX-
µQP ¥W~ S�P �riR�P \XSX\TW¢PXQ. �4. ÖW~ S�P �Xi�g-
iOP VP SXtU �k¤PXQU u �ri� VeXNX [Wr\fWcÇ [ee� u �kc-
Pw P]TP kXee~P l�^RrP. �5. éRSQU ¾P STtU R�XeriTtU \X-
\�P [Pki�WOP efqTQU WQRSrZR�, VP �iX_rt _ifPª µrqg-
eX �eX�¤RrSXQ. �6. �� }feOPTU PfµTQ rhU �^eNPXU RXPN-
YXU qiX�¢PXQ e]qTPSXQ. �7. ¬ [qXk�P WTeQS�P PT�U [r�
S]SiXWSXQ Wi~U S� Y]TPSX. �8. ÆhR_ifP VRSQP VP ryS^_No
Wi~U £�iQP SiXW¢PXQ. �9. ùºOµZeTU \X� ùº¢µTU ¥W~ e -̂
\XNPcU SiX�¢PXQ Ve]qTPSTÇ £RSriTP Y� WTQµ]PrU ST§U
WXtYXU cÅiTP \X� lkir¹XP. 20. �y\ lRSQ S¢U kir¹gRcU
uYNOP _�iX. 2�. �� �kcPXtTQ µ]qX V�ifPT^P VP Ver k̂r-
iNo SrkiXµµ]PTQ. 22. |Q\XNOU T� èeecPrU µrS� S®P VP
�eXSXQXtU PN\cP uqT�PST ST§U YrQPTSgST^U \QPYZPT^U
S¢U ÄeegYTU [WrRSiT�]PXQ ([WrRSig�kXQ). 23. ä]i�cU
VP P� r¡_rP �ecP S®P ÄeecPQ\®P q¢P \XSXRSi]¹XRkXQ.
24. �� ÐrµQRST\e]T^U ¯RSw ¥W~ �NeOP VP SÀ S¢U �SSQ\¢U
[\SÀ egkio SX�¢PXQ e]qrSXQ W]iXP S¢U }XeXµtPTU, TÅ
V\rtPTU \XeeNRScP PN\cP VPrPQ\¤\rQ. 25. �TeeT� S�P VP-
Yf�OP �kcPXNOP l�O S¢U WXSiNYTU SrkXµµ]PTQ rhRNP. 26.
×Zµ�XQ S~ Ã\giT^ R�µX lkX¹XP VP P¤Rª, õ £RSriTP
V\e¤kc Ã\XiNX. 27. ¸rQYNXU S~ _i^RT�P ST� |Q~U �qXeµX
rhiqgRXST VP SÀ óe^µWNoÇ WgPSrU Y� T� èeecPrU VPfµQ-
sTP S~P Sr_PNScP eXµWifSXSTP liqTP rhiqgRkXQ.
3(01#0%
u �g\XQPX, cU &($2%$.4$
Ve]q_O D+/#$%L, -K@$-$%L
S~ Yfi^, YfiXSTU 4)(L" �TLµUI &+"@)-$%L � RgS^iTU, T^ &$%/2
S~ X µX, XSTU 42)-L (.4. (%$5)C, ,$5",+"@)%, +$7'$5)C)
� eQµfU, T� ,)+)@
[WT\fWSO )%2D*$%L
�22
�ZO .$&$b@$%L, -K2$C/--$%L; med. �ZTµXQ (aor. l�^P) 2)b@$%L&'
KeZ_G 4)2B/%L, -)&(/%K--$%L
� WTQµ¤P, ]PTU ($&%D3 (.4. E)5$%)
[WTRSi]�O ()-)2$#/-$%L, )%-2$C$%L (.4. (=".&4"*)
hmTKG 3)2)./%L
W]iXP () %D &%)2).D L� ,@" l�O -."
� |QfP^RTU, T^ >/)./& � ùºOµZeTU, T^ <)BD+
� ùº¢µTU, T^ <"B
u eZ\XQPX, cU -)+#/�$
� kXeefU, T� )%(2K&4, ()-*",
u RXPNU, NYTU @)&4$
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
yFZV�iMK JcP N QiPU\ XIY sVIY TpXtPUI\ Z�TUM xMsP�-
ZIU\� (:)&. 2, gg)
yÆ`I� µ_TXtPUIM eµdM HLJpa ZiMXV\ IG lIUµKsKT�µVsS,
ZiMXV\ `{ xHHSJKT�µVsS, OM xX�µ�, OM ÇUZ� o�sSHµIY,
OM X� OTQiX� TiHZUJJUa TSHZWTVU JcP lSm I| MVlPIm OJVP-
stTIMXSU ��sSPXIU lSm NµVd\ xHHSJKT�µVsS. (g 2"4. g5,
5g-52)
�SGX[\ � lqPUI\ OM lVHVqTµSXU, OM �pM� xPQSJJLHI_
lSm OM TiHZUJJU sVIY, lSXSRtTVXSU xZ� IGPSMIY lSm I| MV-
lPIm OM ¡PUTX� xMSTXtTIMXSU ZP]XIM, nZVUXS NµVd\ I|
j]MXV\ I| ZVPUHVUZ�µVMIU ¯µS T�M SGXId\ �PZSJKT�µVsS
OM MV�LHSU\ V~\ xZiMXKTUM XIY l_PWI_ V~\ xLPSa lSm I³Xp\
ZiMXIXV T�M l_PW� OT�µVsS. (g �$.. 4, g6-g7)
VWQ�XNPO, pass. aor. 2 VWr�g-PcP '-+'%L&'
ROS¤iQTU, TP &($&/%"+L.K6 \TQµgTµXQ, pass. aor. 3 V\TQ-
µ¤kcP DB/2$%L [eegSSO, pass. fut. [eeXq¤-
RTµXQ /JB".'%L&' VP [Sfµª B,.)-"..)
VP iQWÀ ¯�kXeµT� -) B,.)--"./" )4$
u RgeWQq�, QqqTU %2D*$ RXeWNsO %2D*/%L VqrNiO, pass. fut. Vqrik¤RT-
µXQ (2)*Db@$%L, -)&-42"`$%L
��kXiSTU, TP ."%+"..K6
�23
S~ \]er^RµX, XSTU ()-"+"-./", (2/4$J
[PNRScµQ, fut. [PXRS¤RO -)&&%$-+'%L, -)&42"`$%L
WriQerNWO )&%$-$%L&' - b/--K3
[iWgsO 3-$%$%L, ()3/C$%L u Pr�]ec, cU )*+$4) u [WgPScRQU, rOU -&%2"#$ � [¤i, []iTU -)J@D3
45 96&61$:;(*#.
�P SÀ �i^kip kXegRR� S¢U [WrQiTqgµT^ ×Zµ�cU rh-
\ÍP YQrqig�c WTS]� (>),B$%/4 5 ,+$&$)
�RSX^i�kcU, VSg�cU, ÜiQRS], ©U ��T^e¤kcU� (?%/-
3/2K .$ 3-$+/%"3 -)&42"&.K", ,+$& 2)
Vi^kifU, g, fP 42$&.K6 u PZµ�c, cU ."-"&%$
[WrQifqXµTU, TP (=">!.) ."-/&4D&)*2$#.K6
<="%;*(*#.
I. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK: R^P]er�r, R^PrNeT_r � Wecq¤-
RTPSXQ, V\WeXq¤RTPSXQ � R^Pre]qcRXP, YQre]_kcRXP �
eTQWgU, e]eTQWXU � ÉWrRkr, ÉRWrRkr � qig�rQU, qiX�rNU �
ViqXRfµrPTQ, ViqXRgµrPTQ, rhiqXRµ]PTQ.
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / ("2"(/`/%" /3, B".'' "@/.&%-
-"..)" #/&+) .$ B.)b"&%-"..)", / .$)*)2)%: Si]�OP,
Si]WOP, S]iWOP � ki]¹OP, Si]¹OP � Si]¹XU, ki]¹XU �
S]SiXWSXQ, S]kiXWSXQ � SiXWrNU, RSiX�rNU, SiX�rNU � Sr-
SiT��U (2), VRSiT��U � SrSigµµrkX, SrkigµµrkX � VS]-
kiXWST, VS]SiXWST � kgWSOP, SrSX�]PXQ, S]kXWSXQ,
SX�¤RrSXQ, kg¹XQ (3).
�24
2"?) 4 5
Futurum contractum ,+$,)+)- .$ -NsO; )*2$J)-$./" a)2B ,+$,)+)- & JD*.KB/ )&.)-$B/. H%,+$,)+L-.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K".
?@93A873BC= ^89N RQ3R8Q87
4 Ay@BONC 84B873NC
8+$,)+K & )&.)-$B/ .$ JD*.K" &),+$&.K" 4)."#.KB
J-D4)B )&.)-K /B"0% Y, S, k, .$(2/B"2: #YO, [rNYO ()&-
.)-$ $Y-, [rQY-) =$&A, [PZSO, [PZO ()&.)-$ [P^S-, [P^-)
."9$4B(&A, YrNYO ()&.)-$ YrQY-) @"C&A.C, WrNkO ()&.)-$
WQk-/WrQk-/WTQk-) 0@$?!(&A. <",D+'2.)" )*2$J)-$./"
*D@DC",) -2"B"./ / $)2/&%$ $4%/-.),) / B"@/$+L.),)
J$+),)- {%/3 ,+$,)+)- 2$&&B$%2/-$+)&L - D2)4" 20, *D-
@DC",) -2"B"./ / $)2/&%$ ($&&/-.),) J$+),$ � - D2)4"
4�, B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$ / (+0&4-$B("2-
a"4%$ � - D2)4" 42, $ ("2a"4%$ / (+0&4-$B("2a"4%$ $4-
%/-.),) J$+),$ � - D2)4" 43.
I$4 Db" D4$JK-$+)&L - D2)4" 20, D ."4)%)2K3 ,+$,)-
+)- & ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-)6 .$ JD*.)6 J-D4 - .$&%)'C"B
-2"B"./ ()&+" (2/*$-+"./' &Daa/4&$ -Q- )*2$JD0%&'
a)2BK .$ -sO: *q^µPgY-Q-O > q^µPgsO ()&.)-$ q^µPXY-)
0=4(?%C&A, *\TµNY-Q-O > \TµNsO ()&.)-$ \TµQY-) =4)%"-
.)&A. òD@DC"" -2"B' D ,+$,)+)- .$ -sO, 42)B" ,+$,)+)-
.$ -NsO & @-D&+)b.)6 / B.),)&+)b.)6 )&.)-)6, )*2$JD-
"%&' 2",D+'2.) (q^µPgsO 0=4(?%C&A � fut. act.
q^µPgRO, kX^µgsO 0!)9+C&A.C � fut. act. kX^µgRO,
�25
R�sO .=(.(&A � fut. act. R�RO). <",D+'2.) )*2$JD"%&'
).) / D ,+$,)+)- .$ -NsO & )@.)&+)b.)6 )&.)-)6 (R_NsO
4(>!$+C&A � fut. act. R_NRO). A ,+$,)+)- b" .$ -NsO & @-D-
&+)b.)6 / B.),)&+)b.)6 )&.)-)6 )*2$JD"%&' &+/%.)"
*D@DC"" -2"B' (futurum contractum).
Futurum contractum RQ3R8Q87 B3 -FwG
H% ,+$,)+)- .$ -NsO, /B"0C/3 - )&.)-" *)+"" @-D3
&+),)-, )*2$JD"%&' )&)*$' a)2B$ *D@DC",) -2"B"./, .$-
JK-$"B$' futurum contractum (&+/%.)" *D@DC""), /+/
futurum atticum ($%%/#"&4)" *D@DC""). H*2$JD"%&' ).$
(D%"B (2/&)"@/."./' 4 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-" .$ QY- &Da-
a/4&$ -Rr-, (2/ {%)B Y- ("2"@ -R -K($@$"%, -R- )4$J$--
`""&' B"b@D ,+$&.KB/ (-QRr-) %)b" -K($@$"%, $ r- &+/-
-$"%&' &) &+"@D0C/B J$ ./B &)"@/./%"+L.KB ,+$&.KB:
\TµNsO =4)%".)&A ()&.)-$ \TµQY-), fut. \TµQ� (\TµQYR]O >
\TµQR]O > \TµQ]O).
?(2'b"./" %$4),) *D@DC",) -2"B"./ ()+.)&%L0
&)-($@$"% &) &(2'b"./"B &+/%.K3 ,+$,)+)- .$ -]O - .$-
&%)'C"B -2"B"./.
Futurum activi
Indicativus Optativus
Sg. � \TµQ]O > \TµQ� \TµQrTNcP > \TµQTNcP
2 \TµQ]rQU > \TµQrtU \TµQrTNcU > \TµQTNcU
3 \TµQ]rQ > \TµQrt \TµQrTNc > \TµQTNc
Pl. � \TµQ]TµrP > \TµQT�µrP \TµQ]TQµrP > \TµQTtµrP
2 \TµQ]rSr > \TµQrtSr \TµQ]TQSr > \TµQTtSr
3 \TµQ]TRQ(P )> \TµQT�RQ(P) \TµQ]TQrP > \TµQTtrP
Infinitivus futuri activi � \TµQ]rQP > \TµQrtP.
�26
Participium futuri activi:
\TµQ]OP > \TµQ�P (gen. sg. \TµQT�PSTU),
\TµQ]T^RX > \TµQT�RX (gen. sg. \TµQTZRcU),
\TµQ]TP > \TµQT�P (gen. sg. \TµQT�PSTU).
Futurum medii
Indicativus Optativus
Sg. � \TµQ]TµXQ > \TµQT�µXQ \TµQrTNµcP > \TµQTNµcP
2 \TµQ]�, ]rQ > \TµQÀ, rt \TµQ]TQT > \TµQTtT
3 \TµQ]rSXQ > \TµQrtSXQ \TµQ]TQST > \TµQTtST
Pl. � \TµQrfµrkX> \TµQT�µrkX \TµQrTNµrkX> \TµQTtµrkX
2 \TµQ]rRkr > \TµQrtRkr \TµQ]TQRkr > \TµQTtRkr
3 \TµQ]TPSXQ> \TµQT�PSXQ \TµQ]TQPST > \TµQTtPST
Infinitivus futuri medii � \TµQ]rRkXQ > \TµQrtRkXQ.
Participium praesentis medii-passivi:
\TµQrfµrPTU > \TµQTZµrPTU,
\TµQrTµ]Pc > \TµQT^µ]Pc,
\TµQrfµrPTP > \TµQTZµrPTP.
C'1':=$(*#. 6' *6"@+
7 69"%567%*## ="#"%D(*#.
:J ,+$,)+)- & JD*.KB/ )&.)-$B/, 4)%)2K" .$#/.$-
0%&' & r- / /B"0% - (2/2$C".// rQ- ($ ." c-), &+"@D"%
D4$J$%L ,+$,)+ ViqgsTµXQ 4(@"&(&A (imperf. � rhiqXsf-
µcP, aor. � rhiqXRgµcP, perf. � rjiqXRµXQ).
C'&$%&6$)*+( ="#$%&%'($)*+(
H%,+$,)+L.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" (adiectiva verbalia) *K-
-$0% @-D3 -/@)-. !2/+$,$%"+L.K" ("2-),) %/($ )*2$-
JD0%&' (D%"B (2/&)"@/."./' 4 )&.)-" ,+$,)+$ 4)."#-
�27
.K3 {+"B".%)- -SfU, S¤, SfP / /B"0% J.$#"./" /+/ (2/-
#$&%/' (2)`"@`",) -2"B"./ ($&&/-.),) J$+),$ (.$-
(2/B"2, )% ,+$,)+$ [qXWgO +D@)&A � [qXWcSfU 9">-
+D@+$%%<7), /+/ ($&&/-.)6 -)JB)b.)&%/ ([qXWcSfU
&"&, '"&"4"," 5"?%" ="+D@)&A, )% ,+$,)+$ eZO ".9"@"-
?!(&A � e^SfU &"&, '"&"4<7 5"?$& @<&A ".9"@"?!$%).
!2/+$,$%"+L.K" -%)2),) %/($ )*2$JD0%&' (2/&)"@/."-
./"B 4 )&.)-" ,+$,)+$ 4)."#.K3 {+"B".%)- -S]TU, S]X,
S]TP / /B"0% J.$#"./" ($&&/-.),) @)+b".&%-)-$./'
(#%) &))%-"%&%-D"% +$%/.&4)BD ,"2D.@/-D): e^S]TU
&"&, '"&"4<7 !"+?$% @<&A ".9"@"?!$%.
!2/ )*2$J)-$.// )%,+$,)+L.K3 (2/+$,$%"+L.K3
,+$&.K" - &+/%.K3 ,+$,)+$3 D@+/.'0%&' (PQ\gO ="@$?-
!(&A � PQ\cSfU / PQ\cS]TU, \TRµ]O 0'4(B(&A � \TRµc-
SfU / \TRµcS]TU, YcefO C9+C&A � YceOSfU / YceOS]TU),
$ 4)."#.K" J-D4/ &),+$&.K3 )&.)- (2"%"2("-$0% J$4)-
.)B"2.K" a)."%/#"&4/" /JB"."./': ,D*.K" / J$@."'-
JK#.K" ),+D`$0%&' (WigSSO !$+(&A � WiX\SfU /
WiX\S]TU, qig�O =).(&A � qiXWSfU / qiXWS]TU), JD*-
.K" ("2"3)@'% - R (WrNkO 0@$?!(&A � WrQRSfU / WrQR-
S]TU), (+$-.K" e / i )&%$0%&' *"J /JB"."./' ([qq]eeO
.""@�(&A � [qqreSfU / [qqreS]TU), P &)32$.'"%&' /+/
-K($@$"% (\iNPO .0!)&A � \iQSfU / \iQS]TU, �XNPO C9-
+C&A � �XPSfU / �XPS]TU). 5 )@.)&+)b.K3 4)2.'3 (2)-
/&3)@/% #"2"@)-$./" ,+$&.K3 (RWrNiO .$C&A � RWXiSfU
/ RWXiS]TU).
H%,+$,)+L.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" &4+).'0%&' 4$4 (2/-
+$,$%"+L.K" %2"3 )4).#$./6 I � II &4+)."./6.
H%,+$,)+L.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" B),D% D()%2"*+'%L&'
4$4 - +/#.)6, %$4 / - *"J+/#.)6 4).&%2D4�//. 5 +/#.)6
�28
4).&%2D4�// )./ &),+$&D0%&' & ()@+"b$C/B: � WXS®i
VµT� SQµcS]TU VRSNP "&$# !"+?$% @<&A 5%"D ="-)&($5.
5 *"J+/#.)6 4).&%2D4�// )%,+$,)+L.K" (2/+$,$%"+L-
.K" D()%2"*+'0%&' - &2"@."B 2)@" "@/.&%-"..),) #/&-
+$ / ." &),+$&D0%&' ./ & 4$4/B #+".)B (2"@+)b"./':
S~P WXS]iX VµT� SQµcS]TP VRSNP. H*)J.$#"./" @"6&%-
-D0C",) +/�$ &%$-/%&' - @$%"+L.)B ($@"b".
[9=@O73BC= 7 /^CB3\
(435 R. ]8 ".d.)
°Xk� É\XRSTP VPQX^S~P ST� _rQµ�PTU Srer^S¤RXPSTU
� �rQiXQr§U WeciT�SXQ WXPSTNOP Pr�P. �XPSX_fkrP q�i
S�P R^µµg_OP Wi]R�rQU v\T^RQ S� S�P �kcPXNOP Y¤µª
�fiT^U �]iTPSrU \X� lµWTiTQ üPQX WiTRgqTPSrU, WTeeT�
Y� \X� �]PTQ ¼kiTNsTPSXQ ©U krXRfµrPTQ S~ S¢U WferOU
\geeTU. °X� uµrtU S~P eQµ]PX [WTereTQWfSrU [PX�XNPT-
µrP Wi~U S®P WfeQP. ¿hRrekfPSrU T¨P rhU S~ �RS^ ¥W~ SÀ
�^\P� \X� S� �irNª Wgqª WriQWXST�µrP, ÉOU v\TµrP
Wi~U S®P [qTigP. ¿ U Y� uµ�P e]qrQÇ ��ee� P�P lekOµrP
Wi~U S®P Th\NXP S®P ST� VµT� �]PT^, ÂU rjkQRSXQ Vµ� �rPN-
srQP. °X� ¥µwU, � �NeTQ, �QeT�ifPOU �rPQrt. �Rke~U qgi
VRSQP [P®i \X� WeTZRQTU. �yY�P ¯iqQrtSXQ \X� ¯PrQYQrt,
�SQ [WiTRYf\cSTQ v\TµrP�. � °X� �QeT�ifPOU, µRWri
V\rtPTU WiTrtWrP, � [P®i uµwU Y]_rSXQ e]qOPÇ �ÜXNirSr,
� �NeTQ. ûYTµXQ ¥µwU �i�P. ØY]OU ¥µwU �rPQ�, ÉOU ¾P
�Sr �k¤PcRQP. ÖµtP _XiQT�µXQ, � SQ ¾P �TZecRkr. ¿hR]e-
krSr �iX. �� Y� Th\]SXQ µT^ WTiQT�RQ \X� \TµQT�RQP, TÅSQ-
PTU ¾P Y]cRkr�.� þRSriTP � �kcPXtTU uµtP r¨ YrYrQWPc-
\fRQ \X� ÓeQU [PXWrWX^µ]PTQU uqrtSXQ rhU S®P [\ifWT-
eQP. qrQ uµwU YQ� S�P �iTW^eXNOP. ÐX^µgsTµrP VP µ�P
�29
Yr�Qp S~P µQ\i~P S¢U ×N\cU PXfP, VP Y� [iQRSrip S®P S¢U
�kcPwU _Xe\¢P rh\fPX, õP T� WTetSXQ _giQP l_TPSrU SÀ
krp �YiZ\XRQ \X� �ifµX_TP ÊPTµg\XRQP, VWr� S�P �ri-
RQ\�P \QPYZPOP [WceegqcRXP. ×�P Y� WecRQgsTµrP S�
eXµWi� \X� µrqgeª �XikrP�PQ. �P STZSª S� PX� kX -̂
µgsTµrP �eeT eXµWifSXSTP S¢U �kcPwU �qXeµX, Â rhi-
qgRXST � ¸rQYNXU V\ _i^RT� \X� Ve]�XPSTU. ¬ Y� �]PTU
³Yr e]qrQÇ ëéRX VPkgYr �iwSr, � �NeTQ, W]WiX\SXQ XhSN-
T^ ßPSTU ST� ry\erT�U �riQ\e]T^U. ô\T^RX XyST� WTSr
³Yr e]qTPSTU VP S� °riXµrQ\�Ç
��Tee� P�P, � WTetSXQ, \X� P]X uµtP WTQcS]X VRSNP.
�gYr q�i WiX\S]X r¡PXQ YT\rtÇ �PTikOS]X VRS� S� ¥W~
S�P �riR�P \XSX\r\Tµµ]PX \X� �eX�]PSX. �Wr� Y� S~
�RS^ Ty\]SQ [SrN_QRSfP VRSQP, u [\ifWTeQU µ]qX �ri~P
qrP]RkO. |rQPT� T¨P PXT� Th\TYTµcS]TQ rhRNP. �QµcS]TQ Y�
rhR� WgPSOP µgeQRSX TÅSTQ T� �riT� YXNµTPrU, TÝ uµwU V\
STR�PYr WXk�P RrR�\XRQP, u �kcPw \X� u ×N\c. �Tee�
Y� lSc \X� SiX�¤RTPSXQ [W~ STZSOP S�P liqOP T� Sr_Pt-
SXQ \X� T� YcµQT^iqT� \X� T� eQkTSfµTQ \X� �eeTQ WTeeTN�.
¬ Y� Y¢µTU STZSTQU STtU efqTQU µgeX uRkr�U V¹c�NRXST
SX�SX VWQ_rQicS]X r¡PXQ�.
�X�SX V�cq¤RXST � WTeNScU.
3(01#0%
S~ üPQTP, T^ %)-$2 WiTRgqO (2/-)@/%L, (2/-
.)&/%L ¯PrQYNsO &%K@/%L, *2$./%L YrQWP]O )*"@$%L ÓeQU @)&%$%)#.) (+(&. satis) [PXWXZTµXQ )%@K3$%L (.4. =(0>()
Yr�QfU, g, fP (2$-K6 [iQRSrifU, g, fP +"-K6 u rh\�P, fPTU 4$2%/.$, /J)-
*2$b"./" (.4. )'"%() _giQP l_O *K%L *+$,)@$2-
.KB (+(&. gratiam habeo) [PTikfO -K(2'B+'%L, -K-
(2$-+'%L
�30
VWQ_rQi]O (K%$%L&', ()4D-`$%L&'
� °riXµrQ\fU, T� I"2$B/4, ,"%-(4%(C =+"�(!A
� �PZ�, �^\PfU !./4&, 3)+B - 1a/.$3
�QeT�ifPOU @2Db"+0*.)
� eQkTSfµTU, T^ 2$*)%./4 4$B".)+)B./
� WifµX_TU, T^ *)"� ("2"-@)-),) 2'@$
� WgqTU, T^ 3)+B; irQTU WgqTU 12")($,
[WiTRYf\cSTU, TP .")b/-@$..K6
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�lSm X� oM�µSXU SGXIY nsMK OHZUIYTUM. (3*. g2, 2g)
�lSm `USlSsSPUVd X�M ¯HpMS SGXIY lSm T_Mi}VU X[M Td-
XIM SGXIY V~\ X�M xZIstlKM, X[ `{ �Q_PIM lSXSlSqTVU Z_-
Pm xTRLTX�. (3*. 3, g2)
��XU »}I_TUM NµLPSU OZm T{ lSm ZSPVµRSHIYTUM I| OQ-
sPIW TI_ QiPSlS TIU lSm ZVPUl_lH�TI_TUM TV lSm T_ML}I_-
TUM TV ZiMXIsVM, lSm O`S�UIYTUM TV lSm Xc XLlMS TI_ OM
TIW, lSm IGl x�tTI_TUM HWsIM OZm HWsIM OM TIW, xMs� ÈM IGl
nJMp\ X[M lSUP[M X�\ OZUTlIZ�\ TI_. (u'. g9, 43-44)
�ZIUµiMSXV X[ OM eµdM ZIWµMUIM XIY sVIY OZUTlIZIYM-
XV\ µ� xMSJlSTX]\ xHHc klI_TWp\ lSXc sV�M, µK`{ S~T-
QPIlVP`]\ xHHc ZPIsqµp\, µK`� b\ lSXSl_PUVqIMXV\
X]M lHtPpM xHHc XqZIU JUM�µVMIU XIY ZIUµMWI_alSm �SMV-
PpsLMXI\ XIY xPQUZIWµVMI\ lIµUVdTsV X[M xµSPiMXUMIM
X�\ `�}K\ TXL�SMIM. (g E$&4. 5, 2-4)
YQX\XkXiNsO %C$%"+L.) #/&%/%L
u ÓeOP, OPTU ,DB.) u [WTk¤\c, cU 32$./+/C" S~ �_^iTP, T^ (=">!.) B'4/-
.$, `"+D3$ \XSX\XZO &b/,$%L �R�rRSTU, TP ."D,$&/BK6
v\O pr.=pf. (2/6%/, .$&%$%L WXirµ�geeO 2$&()+$,$%L � _giX�, X\TU D42"(+"..K6
+$,"2L, -$+ & #$&%)4)+)B WriQ\^\efO )42Db$%L R^P]_O %"&./%L VYX�NsO &2$-./-$%L & J"B-
+"6, D./#%)b$%L
�3�
qQqP�R\O, aor. lqPOP J.$%L u VWQR\TW¤, ¢U ()&"C"./" WTQµXNPO, fut. WTQµXP�
($&%/ S~ WTNµPQTP, T^ &%$@) [PXq\XRS�U -K.Db@"..) XhR_iT\riY�U /J $+#.)&%/,
4)2K&%.)
\XSX\^iQrZO ,)&()@&%-)-$%L � [i_QWTNµcP, rPTU ,+$-.K6
($&%K2L \TµNsTµXQ, fut. \TµQT�µXQ >!.
()+D#$%L, (2/)*2"%$%L [µXigPSQPTU, c, TP ."D-'-
@$"BK6 � RS]�XPTU, T^ -"."�
<="%;*(*#.
I. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ a)2BK &+/%.),)
aD%D2DB$: �. �PfµQRg Rr ¯iqQrtRkXQ. 2. ��T�¤kcP, µ®
¯iqQTtPST \X� ¯PrQYQTtrP. 3. �eWNsO S~P �]PTP uµtP _XiQ-
rtRkXQ. 4. ÎekOµrP rhU S®P [qTi�P ©U WTiQTZµrPTQ WXP-
STtX üPQX. 5. ÎWer^RXP rhU S®P }Q\reNXP ©U P]XU [WTQ\N-
XU \SNRTPSrU \X� S®P V\rt [\S®P Th\QT�PSrU. 6. �� WTetSXQ
Tj\XYr lYiXµTP ©U �WeQTZµrPTQ. 7. ¬ �]PTU r¡WrP, �SQ
uµtP RtSTP \X� T¡PTP \TµQTNc. 8.¬ }feOP lerqr TyY]PX
µX\XiQrtP, Wi�P ¾P S~P �NTP Srer^S¤R�.
II. !"2"-"@/%", &+"@' J$ D()%2"*+"./"B )%,+$,)+L.K3
(2/+$,$%"+L.K3: �. �PkgYr � RSiXSfU SX\S]TU VRSNP. 2.
�i]R�rQU uµtP WrµWS]TQ rhR� Wri� S¢U rhi¤PcU. 3. �� P]TQ
q^µPXRS]TQ rhRNPÇ S� q�i S�P qrifPSOP R�µXSX Ty\]SQ
q^µPXRSg VRSQP. 4. �XtYrU Ty µfPTP kirWS]TQ, [ee� \X�
WXQYr^S]TQ rhRNP. 5. �i~ ST� \QPYZPT^ ¥µtP Wri� S¢U RO-
SciNXU eTqQRS]TP VRSNP. 6. �wRX [YQ\NX \Oe^S]X VRS�
STtU [qXkTtU. 7. °erQRk]PrQ P]TQ PfµTQ qiXWS]TQ �RXP. 8.
�� Pr\iT� VP S� °riXµrQ\� kXWS]TQ �RXP. 9. �WXNYr^STQ
WXQYr^S]TQ rhRNP.
III. !"2"(/`/%" /J -%)2),) D(2$b."./' (2"@+)b"./'
�, 2 / 9, J$B".'' a)2BK "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ a)2B$B/
�32
B.)b"&%-"..),), / .$)*)2)%, $ (2/+$,$%"+L.K" .$ -S]TU �
(2/+$,$%"+L.KB/ .$ -SfU. !"2"-"@/%" ()+D#"..K" (2"@-
+)b"./'.
IV. !"2"-"@/%" .$ @2"-.",2"#"&4/6 'JK4 -&"B/ -)JB)b-
.KB/ &()&)*$B/: 3< !".&(9)5 %( ".&4"9 '"4(@+), +D!$7
) "40?)$, -&"@< ".%"9(&A %"9<7 ,"4"! ) >(.$+)&A ¨&) =0.-
&<%%<$ 5$.&(.
�33
2"?) 4 6
H*2$J)-$./" &D((+"%/-.K3 &%"("-."6 &2$-."./'.
?@93A873BC=
4yDDQ=5C7BO\ 45=D=B=E 4937B=BC:
9"4)%)2K" -"&LB$ 2$&(2)&%2$."..K" @2"-.",2"#"-
&4/" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" )*2$JD0% &%"("./ &2$-."./' )%
2$J.K3, @)()+.'0C/3 @2D, @2D,$ (&D((+"%/-.K3) )&-
.)-. ?D((+"%/-.K" &%"("./ &2$-."./' )% (2/+$,$%"+L-
.K3 & $.$+),/#.KB/ J.$#"./'B/ (2"@&%$-+".K / - @2D-
,/3 'JK4$3: - 2D&&4)B (3)2)`/6 � +D#`"), +$%/.&4)B
(bonus � melior � optimus), a2$.�DJ&4)B (bon � meilleur),
."B"�4)B (gut � besser), $.,+/6&4)B (good � better) /
%. @. ?2$-./%"+L.$' / (2"-)&3)@.$' &%"(".L {%/3 (2/-
+$,$%"+L.K3, 4$4 (2$-/+), )*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/*$-+"-
./' &Daa/4&)- -NOP / -QRSTU (&B. D2)4 3�). x)2BK .$ -
SSOP (-RROP) )*2$J)-$+/&L - 2"JD+L%$%" -J$/B)@"6&%-/'
4)."#.),) &),+$&.),) )&.)-K & .$#$+L.)6 6)%)6 &Da-
a/4&$ -QOP: \irNSSOP < *\irS-j-OP, vSSOP < *u\-j-OP,
VegSSOP < *VeX_-j-OP. !)+)b. &%"(".L
?2$-./%"+L.$' &%"(".L !2"-)&3)@.$' &%"(".L
>)()+./%"+L.)" J.$#"./"
[qXkfU [µrNPOP, �µrQPTP �iQRSTU !"@+$.&%<7
/"4"B)7 �reSNOP, �]eSQTP �]eSQRSTU @+(,"4"!%<7
\irNSSOP, \irtSSTP \igSQRSTU .)+A%<7
eÕTP, e�TP e�RSTU 9<,"!%<7
\X\fU \X\NOP, \g\QTP \g\QRSTU %$,"!%<7
!04%"7 _rNiOP, _rtiTP _rNiQRSTU %)>')7
vSSOP, ìSSTP v\QRSTU .+(@<7
�34
µQ\ifU µQ\ifSriTU µQ\ifSXSTU
(VeX_ZU)
5(+<7
VegSSOP, leXSSTP Veg_QRSTU
¯eNqTU µrNOP, µrtTP ¯eNqQRSTU
%$5%",)7 VegSSOP, leXSSTP Veg_QRSTU
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5%",)7
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�kcPwU WfeQP S�P �riR�P uSSck]PSOP µrNsTPX \X�
\irNSSTPX qrP]RkXQ Þ WifSriTPÇ YrYce�\XµrP \X� ¥µtP
S~ �RS^ ¥W~ Sr_PQS�P \X� YcµQT^iq�P PXTtU Sr \X� rh\f-
RQ �]eSQRSX \r\TRµ¢RkXQ, Ty_ v\QRSX �riQ\e]T^U �i-
_TPSTU, ÂU STtU S�P R^µµg_OP �fiTQU _i�µrPTU S®P Wf-
eQP �iQRSX VR\rZXRrP.
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PTQU \X� STtU VPTN\TQU XySTtU X� �k¢PXQ Ty µfPTP µ]-
qQRSXQ \X� \igSQRSXQ, [ee� \X� \geeQRSXQ V�XNPTPST
T¨RXQ. �� Y� PcRQ�SXQ, T U [i_®P XjR_QRSTP \X� _rNiQ-
RSTP _i¢µX VYf\rQ r¡PXQ ¥W� V\rNPOP YrYT^e�RkXQ,
uY]OU ì\TP �k¤PXsr ©U kX^µgRTPSrU ST§U PXT§U
WTee� \XeeNT^U \X� µrNsT^U ßPSXU Þ WgeXQ \X� [qge-
µXSX WerNO ßPSX \X� µrqXeTWirW]RSriX. Ä\fPSrU \X�
µrSrt_TP S�P µrqgeOP VP �RSrQ ²TiS�P, XÝ ±qTPST SÀ
�35
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P¤ROP \X� [WTQ\Q�P Wi]R�rQU �iQRSX VY]_TPST \X� µr-
qNRSXQU SQµXtU V�]PQsTP.
�ee� Ty µfPTP lµWTiTQ \X� �]PTQ V\rt R^Pre]qTPST.
�y\ VegSSOP �P � S�P Sr_PQS�P \X� WTQcS�P [iQkµfU, TÝ
�k¤PcRQ µrqNRScP Yf�XP V\S¤RXPST. �PYT�fSXSTQ �Qef-
RT�TQ \X� ry\er]RSXSTQ m¤STirU V\ S¢U ÃOPNXU \X� S¢U
}Q\reNXU VPkgYr ì\TP ©U YQXer�fµrPTQ STtU S�P �kcPXN-
OP �QeTRf�TQU \X� WXQYrZRTPSrU ST§U P]T^U.
�� q�i SfSr �kcPXtTQ VPfµQsTP Ty µfPTP Wi]WrQP S�
R�µXSX ©U \igSQRSX [R\rtRkXQ, [ee� \X� S~P PT�P \X�
S®P ¹^_®P VW� S~ �]eSQTP Si]WrRkXQ. �yY�P �iX \g\QTP
\X� XjR_QTP uqT�PST r¡PXQ Þ [µrertP S¢U ²X^S�P WXQYrN-
XU. |Q� ST�ST Ty_ vSSTRQ SQµXtU V\fRµT^P S®P S�P �QeT-
Rf�OP \X� WTQcS�P RT�NXP \X� S®P S�P [PYiQXPSTWTQ�P
S]_PcP Þ S®P S�P RSiXScq�P \X� RSiXSQOS�P [PYirNXP.
3(01#0%
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OTXUM. (�%. g4, 28)
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�37
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rh\fPXU � uYrt £WPª. 2. óeNqTQ ¥Wci]SXQ � u moYNX PN\c �
WTeeX� P¢rU � S~ µ]qX W]PkTU � � [qXk~U YXNµOP.
II. !"2"-"@/%" .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4: �. �yY�P \S¢µX \geeQTP
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\irNSSO �P Þ S� S�P �Xi�giOP YQ� S~ [r� qrq^µPgRkXQ.
3. �� mpRSX liqX Ty\ [r� �iQRSg VRSQP. 4. ùºpTP \X� vYQfP
VRSQ µ]µ�rRkXQ �eeT^U Þ ²X^SfP. 5. �yY�P kwSSTP VS�P.
6. ·® YigR�U WgPSX ©U Sg_QRSX, [ee� ©U �iQRSX. 7. �X-
i� SÀ }XeXµtPQ u PN\cU VeW�U WTeeTtU V�XNPrST VeX_NR-
Sc r¡PXQ. 8. }�XeriTtU [Pki�WTQU �µNerQ ©U v\QRSX. 9. ·rN-
sT^U uYTPX� Tz\ rhRQ qTPr�RQP Þ R��iTPrU \X� hR_^iT�
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�38
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Genetivus quantitatis.
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(numeralia cardinalia)
>2"-.",2"#"&4/" #/&+/%"+L.K", 4$4 2D&&4/" /+/ +$-
%/.&4/", *K-$0% 4)+/#"&%-"..KB/ (cardinalia) / ()2'@-
4)-KB/ (ordinalia). I)+/#"&%-"..K" #/&+/%"+L.K" &D%L
&+"@D0C/":
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2 YZT!
3 SirtU, SiNX!
4 S]SSXirU, S]SSXiX!
5 W]PSr!
6 �!
7 ²WSg!
8 ¯\S�!
9 VPP]X!
�0 Y]\X!
�� ÉPYr\X!
�2 Y�Yr\X!
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�6 V\\XNYr\X!
�7 ²WSX\XNYr\X!
�8 ¯\SO\XNYr\X!
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�39
20 rj\TRQ(P)!
2� r U \X� rj\TRQ(P)
25 rj\TRQ(P) \X� W]PSr, W]PSr \X� rj\TRQ(P)
30 SiQg\TPSX!
40 SrSSXig\TPSX!
50 WrPS¤\TPSX!
60 ²�]\TPSX!
70 ²�YTµ¤\TPSX!
80 ¯qYT¤\TPSX!
90 VPPrP¤\TPSX!
�00 ²\XSfP!
200 YQX\fRQTQ, XQ, X!
300 SiQX\fRQTQ, XQ, X!
400 SrSiX\fRQTQ, XQ, X!
500 WrPSX\fRQTQ, XQ, X!
600 ²�X\fRQTQ, XQ, X!
700 ²WSX\fRQTQ, XQ, X!
800 ¯\SX\fRQTQ, XQ, X!
900 VPX\fRQTQ, XQ, X!
�000 _NeQTQ, XQ, X!
2000 YQR_NeQTQ, XQ, X!
�0 000 µZiQTQ, XQ, X!
A #/&+/%"+L.K3 -%)2),) @"&'%4$ -)JB)b.) 4$4 2$J-
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40 -B"&%) -SS- *K-$"% -RR- (S]RRXirU).
:J 4)+/#"&%-"..K3 #/&+/%"+L.K3 &4+).'0%&' %)+L-
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m f n
Nom r U µNX ÉP YZT
Gen. ²PfU µQwU ²PfU Y^TtP
Dat. ²PN µQp ²PN Y^TtP
Acc. ÉPX µNXP ÉP YZT
m/f n m/f n
Nom SirtU SiNX S]SSXirU S]SSXiX
Gen. SiQ�P SiQ�P SrSSgiOP SrSSgiOP
Dat. SiQRN(P) SiQRN(P) S]SSXiRQ(P) S]SSXiRQ(P)
Acc. SirtU SiNX S]SSXiXU S]SSXiX
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(pronomina negativa)
H% #/&+/%"+L.),) r U )*2$JD0%&' )%2/�$%"+L.K" B"-
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/ 2$J@"+/%"+L.),) &),+$&.),) Y: TyYrtU, TyYrµNX, TyY]P
/ µcYrtU, µcYrµNX, µcY]P %)'&", %)-&", %)'('"7. ?4+)-
.'0%&' )./ 4$4 a)2BK #/&+/%"+L.),) r U.
m f n
Nom. TyYrNU TyYrµNX TyY]P
Gen. TyYrPfU TyYrµQwU TyYrPfU
Dat. TyYrPN TyYrµQp TyYrPN
Acc. TyY]PX TyYrµNXP TyY]P
<$J+/#/' - D()%2"*+".// B"&%)/B"./6 TyYrtU /
µcYrtU )(2"@"+'0%&' 2$J+/#/'B/ - D()%2"*+".// )%-
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SiQ�P µcP�P µQRkfU =+(&( >( &4) 5$.C#(,
SrSSgiOP uµri�P �YfU =0&A 9 -$&<4$ !%C,
[P®i VS�P �P ©U SiQg\TPSX 50?-)%( @<+ +$& "'"+"
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*N=B3 >C4QC5=Q6BO=
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PX Þ Y]\X S]\PX ÉPX WXS]iX. 8. °QkXiªYfU SQU, ÂU VP S�
YQYXR\XerNª r¡_rP VPP]X µ�P rh\fPXU S�P ·T^R�P, ST�
Y� �WfeeOPTU µNXP, µXkcS�U Y� YZT, ViOS¤RXPSfU SQPTU,
WfRT^U l_TQ µXkcSgUÇ �}§P STtU krTtU, � l�c, � Y�Yr\X�.
9. ÆjPQqµX S¢U }�Qqq~U �P STQfPYrÇ SN s�TP _i¢SXQ WiO�
S]SSXiRQ WTRNP, µrRcµ�iNXU Y� Y^TtP, ²RW]iXU Y� SiQRNP;
¶. �. �~ Srt_TU �P S~ µ�P r¨iTU WrPSr\XNYr\X WTY�P,
S~ Y� £¹TU ²\XSfP. 2. �~P ST� [Pki�WT^ �NTP �iNsTµrP
rhU ²�YTµ¤\TPSX lSc. 3. |XirtTU, � ST� ä]i�T^ WXS¤i, &�
\X� SiQg\TPSX VPQX^ST§U S�P �riR�P V�XRNer^RrP.
4. óY^RRr§U rj\TRQP lSc [W~ S¢U WXSiNYTU [W¢P. 5. �iQR�
S�P qQqgPSOP �RXP WrPS¤\TPSX \r�XeX� \X� ²\XS~P _rt-
�42
irU. 6. ¬ �rQiXQr§U [W¢P [W~ S�P �kcP�P SrSSXig-
\TPSX RSgYQX.
Ú. �. �~ lSTU VRS� Y�Yr\X µcP�P Þ SiQX\TRNOP ²�¤-
\TPSX W]PSr uµri�P. 2. �irtU \X� SrSSXig\TPSX \X�
YQX\TRNT^U VPQX^ST§U VP SÀ ùº�µ� �XRQertU �RXP, ©U
e]qT^RQP. 3. �� [Pki�Wª VRS� YQX\fRQX \X� SiNX \X�
Y]\X ¯RSw. 4. �P ·XiXk�PQ Y]\X µ^iQgYrU �riR�P vS-
STPrU �RXP µ^iNOP Äee¤POP. 5. ¬ ×rteTU WTSXµ~U µ¢-
\fU VRSQ YQR_QeNOP \X� SiQRµ^iNOP RSXYNOP. 6. �P S�
�rOPNYT^ RSiXSrZµXSQ [i_®P We®P S�P �reTWTPPcRN-
OP �RXP ²\XS~P �f\iTQ, SrSiX\fRQTQ Ðc�XtTQ, ²WSX\f-
RQTQ ÐrRWQrtU, _NeQTQ ¸O\rtU.
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0,
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�43
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vG`Vm\ `qMSXSU `_Tm l_PWIU\ `I_HVqVUMa � JcP X[M �MS
µUTtTVU lSm X[M �XVPIM xJSZtTVU, � kM[\ xMsL}VXSU lSm XIY
kXLPI_ lSXS�PIMtTVU� (3(&. 6, 24)
¢ÊZ[ ²I_`SWpM ZVMXilU\ XVTTVPilIMXS ZSPc µWSM nHS-
RIM, XPm\ OËÇSR`WTsKM, ¯ZS} OHUsiTsKM, XPm\ OMS_iJKTS,
M_QstµVPIM OM X� R_s� ZVZIWKlS� (2 2"4. gg, 24-25)
vr`S �MsPpZIM OM ¡PUTX� ZP[ OX]M `VlSXVTTiPpM,
V�XV OM T�µSXU IGl Ir`S, V�XV OlX[\ XIY T�µSXI\ IGl Ir`S,
� sV[\ Ir`VM, �PZSJLMXS X[M XIUIYXIM �p\ XPWXI_ IGPSMIY.
(2 2"4. g2, 2)
µQR]O .".$-/@"%L [PS]_O, fut. [Pk]�O &)(2)-
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\ert. 2. Ø TyYrP~U Yf�X µrNsOP �P Þ u �riQ\e]T^U. 3. ×f-
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µQp uµ]io \X\�U WigSSTQU. 6. ¿jkr µcY�P \X\~P WgkTQU.
7. �yY�P ¾P vYQTP rjc S¢U ¥qQrNXU.
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,)+L.$' )&.)-$ �Xe-) @4".(&A, *[qqre-j-O > [qq]eeO
(,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [qqre-) 9">9$�(&A; XP, rP, Xi, ri + j >
XQP, rQP, XQi, rQi, .$(2/B"2, *�XP-j-O > �XNPO (,+$,)+L-
.$' )&.)-$ �XP-) C9+C&A, *SrP-j-O > SrNPO (,+$,)+L.$' )&-
.)-$ SrP-) %(&C,)9(&A, *[i-j-O > XjiO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$
[i-) ="!%)5(&A, *RWri-j-O > RWrNiO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$
RWri-) .$C&A; 'P, øP + j > (P, ÷P, .$(2/B"2, *\i'P-j-O >
\i�PO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ \i'P-) .0!)&A, *[µøP-j-O >
[µ PO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [µøP-) "&4(?(&A.
x)2BK )&%$+L.K3 -2"B". )*2$JD0%&' )% ,+$,)+L.)6
)&.)-K.
Futurum activi # medii &$%&6$67
1 16*6"*+@# 61*67%@#
A ,+$,)+)- & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/ *D@DC"" -2"B'
)*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/&)"@/."./' -rR- 4 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&-
.)-". !2/ {%)B -R-, )4$J$-`$'&' B"b@D @-DB' ,+$&.K-
B/, -K($@$"%, $ -r- &+/-$"%&' & &)"@/./%"+L.KB ,+$&-
�45
.KB () (2/B"2D &+/%.K3 ,+$,)+)- .$ -]O (&B. D2)4 32):
�geeO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ �Xe-) @4".(&A, fut. act. �Xe�
< �Xe]O < �Xe]RO, fut. med. �XeT�µXQ < �Xe]TµXQ <
�Xe]RTµXQ. ?2. %$4b" [qq]eeO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$
[qqre-) 9">9$�(&A � fut. act. [qqre�, fut. med. [qqreT�-
µXQ; �XNPO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ �XP-) C9+C&A � fut. act.
�XP�, fut. med. �XPT�µXQ; SrNPO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ SrP-)
%(&C,)9(&A � fut. act. SrP�, fut. med. SrPT�µXQ; XjiO (,+$-
,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [i-) ="!%)5(&A � fut. act. [i�, fut. med.
[iT�µXQ; RWrNiO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ RWri-) .$C&A � fut.
act. RWri�, fut. med. RWriT�µXQ; \i�PO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-
-$ \i'P-) .0!)&A � fut. act. \i'P�, fut. med. \i'PT�µXQ;
[µ PO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [µøP-) "&4(?(&A � fut. act.
[µøP�, fut. med. [µøPT�µXQ.
?(2'b"./" %$4),) *D@DC",) -2"B"./ (futurum con-
tractum) -) -&"3 a)2B$3 &)-($@$"% &) &(2'b"./"B .$-
&%)'C",) -2"B"./ &+/%.K3 ,+$,)+)- .$ -]O.
Activum
Indicativus Optativus
Sg.� �XP� �XPTNcP
2 �XPrtU �XPTNcU
3 �XPrt �XPTNc
Pl. � �XPT�µrP �XPTtµrP
2 �XPrtSr �XPTtSr
3 �XPT�RQ(P) �XPTtrP
Infinitivus - �XPrtP
Participium: �XP�P, �XPT�PSTU
�XPT�RX, �XPTZRcU
�XPT�P, �XPT�PSTU
�46
Medium
Indicativus Optativus
Sg.� �XPT�µXQ �XPTNµcP
2 �XPrt, À �XPTtT
3 �XPrtSXQ �XPTtST
Pl. � �XPTZµrkX �XPTNµrkX
2 �XPrtRkr �XPTtRkr
3 �XPT�PSXQ �XPTtPST
Infinitivus - �XPrtRkXQ
Participium: �XPTZµrPTU, T^
�XPT^µ]Pc, cU
�XPTZµrPTP, T^
Aoristus activi # medii
&$%&6$67 1 16*6"*+@# 61*67%@#
?+$*K6 (("2-K6) $)2/&% D ,+$,)+)- & )&.)-$B/ .$
(+$-.K6 /+/ .)&)-)6 J-D4 )*2$JD"%&' )% ,+$,)+L.)6
)&.)-K (2/*$-+"./"B -X- ()&%$-`",)&' ()&+" /&#"J.)-
-"./' &/,BK ("2-).$#$+L.),) &Daa/4&$ -RX-) *"J &)-
"@/./%"+L.),) ,+$&.),). !2/ {%)B ,+$&.K6 J-D4 )&.)-
-K, .$3)@'C/6&' ("2"@ e, i, µ, P D@+/.'"%&': " ()&+" Q /
i D@+/.'"%&' - Ô, - (2)#/3 &+D#$'3 � - c; r D@+/.'"%&' -
rQ; ' D@+/.'"%&' - (; ø D@+/.'"%&' - ÷. 9$(2/B"2: [qq]e-
eO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [qqre-) 9">9$�(&A � aor. act. ±q-
qrQeX, aor. med. �qqrQegµcP; �XNPO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$
�XP-) C9+C&A � aor. act. l�cPX, aor. med. ([W)r�cPgµcP;
SrNPO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ SrP-) %(&C,)9(&A � aor. act.
lSrQPX, aor. med. VSrQPgµcP; XjiO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [i-)
="!%)5(&A � aor. act. �iX, aor. med. �igµcP; RWrNiO (,+$-
�47
,)+L.$' )&.)-$ RWri-) .$C&A � aor. act. lRWrQiX, aor.
med. VRWrQigµcP; \i�PO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ \i'P-) .0-
!)&A � aor. act. l\i(PX, aor. med. ([W)r\i(PgµcP; [µ PO
(,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [µøP-) "&4(?(&A � aor. act. ±µ÷PX,
aor. med. �µ÷PgµcP.
?(2'b"./" %$4),) $)2/&%$ -) -&"3 a)2B$3 &)-($@$"%
&) &(2'b"./"B &+$*),) (("2-),)) $)2/&%$.
Activum
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � l�cPX �¤PO �¤PXQµQ
2 l�cPXU �¤P�U �¤PXQU, rQXU �¢PTP
3 l�cPr �¤P� �¤PXQ, rQr(P) �cPgSO
Pl. � V�¤PXµrP �¤POµrP �¤PXQµrP
2 V�¤PXSr �¤PcSr �¤PXQSr �¤PXSr
3 l�cPXP �¤PORQ(P) �¤PXQrP, rQXP �cPgPSOP
Infinitivus - �¢PXQ
Participium: �¤PXU, PSTU
�¤PXRX, gRcU
�¢PXP, PSTU
Medium
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � V�cPgµcP �¤POµXQ �cPXNµcP
2 V�¤PO �¤P� �¤PXQT �¢PXQ
3 V�¤PXST �¤PcSXQ �¤PXQST �cPgRkO
Pl. � V�cPgµrkX �cP�µrkX �cPXNµrkX
2 V�¤PXRkr �¤PcRkr �¤PXQRkr �¤PXRkr
3 V�¤PXPST �¤POPSXQ �¤PXQPST �cPgRkOP
Infinitivus - �¤PXRkXQ
�48
Participium: �cPgµrPTU, T^
�cPXµ]Pc, cU
�cPgµrPTP, T^
/#*'%01#1
5 (2"@+)b"./'3 & &)0J$B/, )J.$#$0C/B/ '",!(, &%$-
-/%&' coniunctivus 4 >345Cc=E �H, "&+/ 2"#L /@"% ) "@/-
./#.K3 @"6&%-/'3, )%.)&'C/3&' 4 *D@DC"BD -2"B"./.
M$&%/�$ �P &+/-$"%&' & &)0J$B/, .$(2/B"2: �WfSr + �P
> rTuKUH. 9$(2/B"2:
�WfSXP lXi q]PcSXQ, RtSTP RWriT�µrP � 4),@$ .$&%D-
(/% -"&.$, BK *D@"B &"'%L 3+"*.
/^CB4PC= D93A]B=4573
¬ �]PTU uµ�P, R§P Ì PrORS� VP �RSrQ \X� VW� SÀ [\iT-
WferQ WriQrWXST�µrP, ³Yr e]qrQ Wi~U uµwUÇ ��ecRQgsrQ
S~ lXi, � �NeTQ. �®P q¢P \XkXirt S¢U _QfPTU, X� Y� _giQ-
SrU YQX�kriT�RQ S~P SiX_§P _rQµ�PX \X� �XPT�RQ STtU
[keNTQU P]XU VeWNYXU \X� WXPSX_T� RWriT�RQP �Pkc. �
Y� VPP]X ·T�RXQ [WTRSreT�RQP ßiPQkXU qe^\]OU $YTZ-
RXU, ÒPX [qqrNeORQP uYTP®P uµtP \X� �iORQ S®P eZWcP.
ÎXiTU T¨P \X� k]iT^U \XeXtU ²TiSXtU kriXWrZTµrP
ST§U SirtU YXNµTPXU, TÝ uµtP WXirt_TP S� �iQRSX Y�iXÇ
RtSTP, VeXNXP, T¡PTP. �i�ScP ¯PTµgsO S®P |¤µcSiX, õ
Th\rt VP S� �er^RQPNª WrYNª. �� WXeXQT� e]qT^RQ SXZ-
ScP S®P kr�P VPSX�kX S~ Wi�STP RWrtiXQ S~P RtSTP
\X� STtU [Pki�WTQU �¢PXQ. Ø XyS® [W]RSrQer �iQWSf-
erµTP S~P ^�~P ©U WiTSi]¹TPSX WgPSX S� lkPc Wi~U
S®P qrOiqNXP. |Q� ST�ST uµrtU, �WfSXP � RtSTU Srkr-
iQRµ]PTU í, �qTµrP S� �er^RNPQX. ÖµtP uq¤RTµXQ VP-
�49
SX�kX, \X� ry�iXPT�µrP S®P kr�P Y�iTQU \X� £µPTQU.
Ø Y� �kcPw VP [i_XNª _ifPª S®P Wi�ScP VeXNXP l� -̂
RrP VP SÀ �SSQ\À. ·rNsTPX Y� _giQP l_TµrP XySÀ, �SQ
ST§U �]iRXU ±µ^Pr \X� XjR_QRSX [W]RSrQerP, ©U PTµN-
sTµrP. ¿jkr T� krT� \X� S~ eTQW~P [µZPXQrP, TÒSQPrU ¾P
SXZScP S®P q¢P µQwPXQ \X� YQX�krtiXQ \X� ST§U VPTN-
\T^U [WT\SrtPXQ WrQiXk�RQP. �~P P]TP �kcPwU PX~P
±Yc Srk]XRkr \X� SrkX^µg\XSr. �P Y� STtU ST� �Xi-
krP�PTU SrN_rRQP T� Sr_PtSXQ VW]iXPXP YQgsOµX S¢U
µrqXeTWirWT�U WTµW¢U, õ STtU µrqgeTQU �XPXkcPXN-
TQU ¥�� uµ�P W]µWrSXQ SÀ �kcPp.
|QfP^RTU Y], � ST� TjPT^ krfU, \X� \ZiQfU VRSQ ST� kr-
gSiT^. ��P VPNXU lSQ uµ]iXU �k¤PcRQ µrNPcSr, ¥µtP �X-
P� S~ ST� |QTPZRT^ k]XSiTP, � VRSQP ¥W~ SÀ [\iTWferQ.
ÐrgRrRkr WXPSTtX YigµXSXÇ T� Y� [qOPTk]SXQ S¢U S�P [\-
iTXS�P qP�µcU Ty\ [µre¤RXPSrU \iQPT�RQP, TÒSQP]U rh-
RQP �iQRSTQ WTQcSXN. �Tee� Y� ¥µwU \riYXPrtP W]WrQRµXQ�.
3(01#0%
JTgFeG &"'%L (.4. .=$45()
S~ �PkTU, T^U �-"%)4 (.4. (%&"+",)C)
JKZbbG )%(2$-+'%L, ()&K-+$%L
XTLJKZbbG ()&K+$%L (()-&+$../4$) (.4. (=".&"+)
u ßiPQU, QkTU (%/�$ (.4. "4-%)&"+",)C)
XssZbbG &))*C$%L, -)J-"-C$%L
U�eG ()@./B$%L u eZWc ("#$+L S~ k]iTU, T^U +"%)
�WfSr, �WfSXP 4),@$ (*K ./)
kriNsO &)*/2$%L D2)b$6
gi_eUFHG 2$@)-$%L
µIUFHG ('%.$%L, )&4-"2.'%L TgeUFHG (2)-)@/%L, &)-
-"2`$%L
u WTµW¤, ¢U (2$J@./#.$' (2)�"&&/' (.4. ="5=()
S~ k]XSiTP, T ̂ %"$%2
S~ YiwµX, XSTU @"6&%-/", @"+); @2$B$
YgeVUFHG (2/)*2"%$%L
�er^RNPQTU, X, TP {+"-&/.-&4/6
�50
u |cµ¤Sci, |¤µcSiTU >"-B"%2$
� �iQWSferµTU, T^ �2/(%)-+"B, &K. >"B"%2K
S~ YQgsOµX, STU a2/J
PrORSN ."@$-.)
� [qOPTk]ScU, T^ 2$&()2'-@/%"+L (&D@L') &)&%'J$./6
� [\iTXS¤U, T� &+D`$%"+L
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�xZITXVHVd � _|[\ XIY xMsP�ZI_ XI�\ xJJLHI_\ SG-
XIY, lSm T_HHL}I_TUM Ol X�\ RSTUHVWS\ SGXIY ZiMXS Xc
TliM`SHS lSm XI�\ ZIUIYMXS\ X�M xMIµWSM lSm RSHIYTUM
SGXI�\ V~\ X�M liµUMIM XIY Z_P�\� (3*. g3, 4g-42)
ÌLJVU SGX� N J_Mta Ir`S �XU ÍVTTWS\ nPQVXSU � HVJ�µV-
MI\ ¡PUTX�\a �XSM nHs� OlVdMI\, xMSJJVHVd NµdM ¯ZSMXS.
(�%. 4, 25)
Î IGl I�`SXV �XU I| ¯JUIU X[M l�TµIM lPUMIYTUM;� (g
2"4. 6, 2)
�n�sSTVM `{ OZ� SGXI�\ N oPJ� V~\ XLHI\. (g �$.. 2, g6)
wW I�M OTXUM; ±PITVq}IµSU X� ZMVqµSXU, ZPITVq}IµSU
`{ lSm X� MIWa fSH] X� ZMVqµSXU, fSH] `{ lSm X� MIW. (g
2"4. g4, g5)
�OHZWjp JcP QP�MIM XUMc OZUµVdMSU ZP[\ eµ�\ OcM �
lqPUI\ OZUXPLf�.¶ZUµVM] `{ OM ¶�LT� �p\ X�\ ±VMXKlIT-
X�\� (g 2"4. g6, 7-8)
R^ee]qO &)*/2$%L S~ R\gPYXeTP, T^ &)*+$J. u \gµQcTU, T^ ("#L �kgPO )("2"b$%L, D&("-$%L
¹geeO /,2$%L .$ &%2D..)B /.&%2DB".%"
VWQµ]PO )&%$-$%L&' u �rPSc\TRS¤, ¢U !'%/@"-
&'%./�$
�5�
45 96&61$:;(*#.
¬ uµrS]iXP µTi�®P [PXeX��P, \X� ¥WTµrNPXU }SX -̂
i~P ROµXSQ\�U, R�RfP µr SÀ �PXRSgRrQ RT^, ÜiQRS� �
ÐrfU, ©U �QegPkiOWTU. (:($4)/, ,+$& 7)
[PXeXµ�gPO *2$%L .$ &"*' ¥WTµ]PO %"2("%L, -K@"2-b/-$%L
<="%;*(*#.
I. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / ("2"-"@/%": �XNPrSr � �XPrtSr �
V�¤PXSr; )*2$JD6%" $.$+),/#.K" a)2BK )% ,+$,)+)- ry-
�iXNPO / [µZPO.
II. �) b" &$B)" @+' a)2B [qq]eeTPSrU � [qqreT�PSrU �
[qqrNeXPSrU ()*2$JD6%" %" b" a)2BK )% [WTRS]eeO /
\XkXNiO); µ]PrQP � µrPrtP � µrtPXQ ()% µQXNPO / \iNPO);
�SQ [WT\SrNPTQ � �SQ [WT\SrPTNc � �SQ [WT\SrNPXQ ()%
RWrNiO / WriXNPO); [WT\iNPrSXQ � [WT\iQPrtSXQ � [Wr-
\iNPXST ()% [WT�XNPTµXQ).
III. !"2"-"@/%": �. �~ liqTP, Â TzWO VWrigPXµrP, ©U Sg-
_QRSX WriXPT�µrP. 2. �~ �µgSQTP TjPª VµNXPXUÇ R§ \X�
\XkXirtU. 3. |Q� SN Ty\ [Wr\iNPXRkr; �WT�¤PXRkr S®P
qP�µcP, � �NeTQ. 4. éSXP S~P RtSTP kriNRcSr, �TckT§U
¥µtP [WTRSreT�µrP. 5. ·rPT�µrP, ÉOU ¾P S~ liqTP Wrig-
PcSr. 6. ÎWXQPTP VY]�XST YQ� S~ S®P rh\fPX �iQRSX Wriw-
PXQ. 7. ¬WfSXP lXi q]PcSXQ, RtSTP RWriT�µrP. 8. iXSr
S~P �qPORSTP Pr\i~P \X� kg¹XSr. 9. �Te§P _ifPTP �k¤-
PcRQP lµrQPXÇ lSQ WerNO µrP�. �0. qqrQeTP rykZU, Wf-
ROP ¾P _icµgSOP Y]�.
�52
2"?) 4 9
Aoristus I et futurum I passivi, per-fectum activi et medii-passivi ,+$-,)+)- & (+$-.KB/ )&.)-$B/.
?()&)*K -K2$b"./' ."/&()+./-B),) b"+$./'; VWrQY¤. �riN + ac-cusativus.
Aoristus I et futurum I passivi,
perfectum activi et medii-passivi
RQ3R8Q87 4 48B89BONC 84B873NC
Aoristus # futurum passivi
&$%&6$67 1 16*6"*+@# 61*67%@#
A ,+$,)+)- & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/ &+$*K6 (("2-K6)
($&&/-.K6 $)2/&% )*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/&)"@/."./' 4
,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-" &Daa/4&$ -kc- / &))%-"%&%-D0C/3
)4).#$./6 *"J &)"@/./%"+L.),) ,+$&.),). !2/ {%)B 4)-
."#.K" J-D4/ )&.)-K ." /JB".'0%&'. !$&&/-.)" *D@D-
C"" -2"B' D {%/3 ,+$,)+)- )*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/&)"@/-
."./' 4 )&.)-" &+$*),) (("2-),)) $)2/&%$ & &Daa/4&)B
-kc- ()4$J$%"+' *D@DC",) -2"B"./ -R-, &)"@/./%"+L.K3
,+$&.K3 -T- / -r- / )4).#$./6 B"@/$+L.),) J$+),$. 9$-
(2/B"2: [qq]eeO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [qqre-) 9">9$-
�(&A � aor. pass. �qq]ekcP, fut. pass. [qqrek¤RTµXQ,
\XkXNiO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ \XkXi-) "-)�(&A � aor.
pass. V\XkgikcP, fut. pass. \XkXik¤RTµXQ, µQXNPO (,+$-
,)+L.$' )&.)-$ µQXP-) =".<+(&A � aor. pass. VµQgPkcP,
fut. pass. µQXPk¤RTµXQ.
�53
?(2'b"./" ,+$,)+)- & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/ - &+$-
*)B (("2-)B) ($&&/-.)B $)2/&%" / aD%D2DB" ()+.)-
&%L0 &)-($@$"% &) &(2'b"./"B ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&-
.)-$B/ - &+$*)B (("2-)B) ($&&/-.)B $)2/&%" / aD%D-
2DB" (&B. D2)4 38).
Perfectum activi &$%&6$67
1 16*6"*+@# 61*67%@#
H% ,+$,)+)- & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/ $4%/-.K6 ("2-
a"4% (4$4 &+$*K6, %$4 / &/+L.K6) )*2$JD"%&' )#".L 2"@-
4). ?+$*K6 (("2-K6) ("2a"4% )*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/-
&)"@/."./' 4 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-" & D@-)"./"B &Daa/4&$
-\- / &))%-"%&%-D0C/3 )4).#$./6 *"J &)"@/./%"+L.),)
,+$&.),). 9$(2/B"2: [qq]eeO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [q-
qre-) 9">9$�(&A � perf. act. ±qqre\X, \XkXNiO (,+$,)+L-
.$' )&.)-$ \XkXi-) «)#/C$%L» � perf. act. \r\gkXi\X, µQ-
XNPO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ µQXP-) «()&K+$%L» � perf. act.
µrµNXq\X.
?(2'b"./" ,+$,)+)- & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/ 4$4 -
&+$*)B, %$4 / - &/+L.)B $4%/-.)B ("2a"4%" ()+.)&%L0
&)-($@$"% &) &(2'b"./"B ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$-
B/ (&B. D2)4 39).
Perfectum medii-passivi
&$%&6$67 1 16*6"*+@# 61*67%@#
A ,+$,)+)- & )&.)-)6 .$ &).)2.K" J-D4/ B"@/$+L.)-
($&&/-.K6 ("2a"4% )*2$JD"%&' (D%"B (2/&)"@/."./' 4
D@-)"..)6 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-" )4).#$./6 B"@/$+L.)-
($&&/-.),) ("2a"4%$ *"J &Daa/4&$ / &)"@/./%"+L.),)
,+$&.),). 9$(2/B"2: [qq]eeO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [q-
�54
qre-) 9">9$�(&A � perf. med.-pass. ±qqreµXQ, \XkXNiO
(,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ \XkXi-) "-)�(&A � perf. med.-pass..
\r\gkXiµXQ, µQXNPO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ µQXP-) =".<-
+(&A � perf. med.-pass. µrµNXRµXQ, RS]eeO (,+$,)+L.$'
)&.)-$ RSre-) =".<+(&A � perf. med.-pass. lRSXeµXQ.
!2/ (2/&)"@/.".// )4).#$./6 4)."#.K" J-D4/ )&-
.)-K e / i ("2"@ µ, R, S )&%$0%&' *"J /JB"."./', P ("-
2"@ µ ("2"3)@/% - R (Pµ > Rµ, /.),@$ Pµ > µµ), P )&%$"%&'
*"J /JB"."./' ("2"@ S. x)2BK & )4).#$./'B/ -RXQ /
-RT )% )&.)- .$ P- ." )*2$JD0%&'. 5 ,2D(($3 -eRk-, -iRk-,
-PRk- &/,B$ -K($@$"%, %$4 #%) )&%$0%&' &)#"%$./' -ek-,
-ik-, -Pk-.
?(2'b"./" ,+$,)+)- & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/ 4$4 -
&+$*)B, %$4 / - &/+L.)B B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.)B ("2a"4-
%" ()+.)&%L0 &)-($@$"% &) &(2'b"./"B ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&-
.KB/ )&.)-$B/ (&B. D2)4 39).
>$+"" (2/-)@'%&' )*2$J�K &(2'b"./' ,+$,)+)- [q-
q]eeO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ [qqre-) 9">9$�(&A, \XkXNiO
"-)�(&A ()&.)-$ \XkXi-) / �XNPO C9+C&A ()&.)-$ �XP-).
Sg.
�
±qqreµXQ \r\gkXiµXQ W]�XRµXQ
2 ±qqreRXQ \r\gkXiRXQ �
3 ±qqreSXQ \r\gkXiSXQ W]�XPSXQ
Pl.
�
�qq]eµrkX \r\XkgiµrkX Wr�gRµrkX
2 ±qqrekr \r\gkXikr W]�XPkr
3 �qqreµ]PTQ
rhRN(P)
\r\XkXiµ]PTQ
rhRN(P)
Wr�XRµ]PTQ
rhRN(P)
Infinitivus perfecti medii-passivi � �qq]ekXQ, \r\Xkgi-
kXQ, Wr�gPkXQ
�55
Imperativus perfecti medii-passivi:
Sg. 2 +. � ±qqreRT, \r\gkXiRT, �
3 +. � �qq]ekO, \r\XkgikO, Wr�gPkO
Pl. 2 +. � ±qqrekr, \r\gkXikr, W]�XPkr
3 +. � �qq]ekOP, \r\XkgikOP, Wr�gPkOP
Participium perfecti medii-passivi:
�qqreµ]PTU, �qqreµ]Pc, �qqreµ]PTP;
\r\XkXiµ]PTU, \r\XkXiµ]Pc, \r\XkXiµ]PTP;
Wr�XRµ]PTU, Wr�XRµ]Pc, Wr�XRµ]PTP.
/#*'%01#1
�. >+' 7O93p=BC: B=C4D8QBCN8R8 p=Q3BC: (&)b$+"-
./", #%) @"6&%-/" ." /&()+.'"%&' /+/ ." /&()+./%&') -
@2"-.",2"#"&4)B 'JK4" /&()+LJD"%&' indicativus imper-
fecti, #$&%) & #$&%/�$B/ rjkr, rh qgi:
rjkr �RkX Y^PXS~U ST�ST YiwP � ", $.+) @< &< 5", .!$-
+(&A ¨&"! (.) %K ." B)b"`L).
>+' -K2$b"./' ."/&()+."..),) b"+$./' (&)b$+"./",
#%) @"6&%-/" ." /&()+./+)&L) /&()+LJD"%&' indicativus
aoristi & %"B/ b" #$&%/�$B/:
rjkr RTQ, � �riN\erQU, SfSr R^PrqrPfµcP � " $.+) @<,
E$4)'+, C &",!( ."B$+.C . &"@"7! (.) ' ." &)`"+&').
9"/&()+./B)" b"+$./" B)b"% -K2$b$%L&' / )(/&$-
%"+L.) #"2"J ü�reTP (ü�rerU, ü�rer / @2D,/" a)2BK
-%)2),) $)2/&%$ ,+$,)+$ ¯�rNeO @<&A !"+?%<5) & infi-
nitivus praesentis, $ ."/&()+."..)" b"+$./" #"2"J ü�r-
eTP & infinitivus aoristi. 9$(2/B"2:
[ee� ü�rer °�iTU s¢P %" $.+) @< 2)4 @<+ ?)9! (.)
",) %"("2L ."% - b/-K3);
�56
µ® ü�rerU VekrtP ", $.+) @< &< %$ =4)B$+! (.) %K
%),@$ (2/`"+).
2. ?)0J STgIVa (D&/+/%"+L.K6 4 VWrN) - J.$#".// '",!(,
=".+$ &"," '(' --)@/% -2"B"..K" (2/@$%)#.K" (2"@+)-
b"./':
VWrQY® VSrerZScRr |XirtTU, �QRRX�]iPcU YQX�geerQ
°�iTP Wi~U S~P [Yre�fP � '",!( 05$4 6(4)7, :)..(*$4%
.&(+ '+$9$&(&A %( 2)4( =$4$! @4(&"5.
5 J.$#".// &(' '(' VWrQY¤ --)@/% (2/#/..K" (2/@$-
%)#.K" (2"@+)b"./':
�e]�XPYiTU �_Qee]X VµX\giQsrP, VWrQY® µrqgeT^
\e]T^U lS^_rP � �+$'.(%!4 .-)&(+ �/)++( .-(.&+)9<5,
&(' '(' "% !".&), 9$+)'"7 .+(9<.
3. !2"@+), TgeF D(2$-+'"% -/./%"+L.KB ($@"b)B - &+"-
@D0C/3 J.$#"./'3:
�) "'"+", 9"'40, (- B"&%.)B J.$#".//):
Wri� S~ RSiXSfWrYTP 9"'40, +(,$4C;
2) 0, "'"+", 4C!"5:
Wri� S®P P¢RTP "'"+" ".&4"9(;
3) "'"+" (-) -2"B"..)B J.$#".//):
Wri� S� �iOÛ\g "'"+" 94$5$%) :4"C%.')/ (."@<&)7);
4) "'"+", "&%".)&$+A%", =4)@+)>)&$+A%" (- ("2".)&.)B
J.$#".//):
Wri� ST§U P]T^U "&%".)&$+A%" 5"+"!$?),
Wri� ST§U SiQX\TRNT^U "'"+" &4$/."&.
$ 5=359= !C8BC43 7 /^CB3\
|Q\XNOU � �]PTU uµtP R^µ�r�TZer^\r STtU µrqgeTQU
|QTP^RNTQU WXirtPXQ \X� uµwU Ty\ lR�Xe\rP. �Tee� q�i
�57
\X� kX^µgRQX YigµXSX VP S� krgSiª uµtP V�gPkc. °X�
VeWNsTµrP VP ¥RS]iTQU lSrRQP lSQ \XeeNO \X� eXµWifSr-
iX uµtP �XPk¤RrRkXQ.
ôYc WiO� S¢U uµ]iXU V� £WPT^ �q]ikcµrP S� kTiZ-
�ª S� S�P VPTN\OP rhU S~ k]XSiTP �iµck]PSOP. öU Sg-
_QRSX \X� uµrtU V\rtRr VYigµTµrP. �~ µ]qX ST� krgSiT^
\TteTP ±Yc VWrWe¤iOST [Pki�WOP YQXerqTµ]POP \X�
�T�PSOP \X� qre�PSOP. �kX^µgRXµrP S�U WTee�U ÉY-
iXU R_rY~P Wi~U S~P Xhk]iX V�ciµ]PXU, VkX^µgRXµrP
Y� \X� Wri� S®P ¯i_¤RSiXP ST§U S�P �ri]OP \X� Wi]R�r-
OP kifPT^U \XeeNRS� S]_P� WrWriXRµ]PT^U. ·]qQRSTP
Y� kX�µX uµwU r erP hYfPSXU S�U WTee�U _QeQgYXU S�P
[\iTXS�P rhU S~ k]XSiTP [qrik]PSOP. �\c\fXµrP Y�
\X� �riQ\e]T^U R^µ�T^erZRXPSTU S~P Y¢µTP STtU W]PcRQ
WXi]_rQP krOiQ\fP SQ, ÒPX \X� TÅSTQ S� YigµXSX krOi¤-
RORQ \X� STtU S�P WTQcS�P liqTQU ry�iXPk�RQP.
�P µ�P SÀ Wi�S� uµ]io u eXµWi� ST� |QTPZRT^ WTµ-
W® VW]µ�kc, SÀ Y� Yr^S]io W]PSr \OµªYNXQ VYQYg_kc-
RXP. R�rRSTU Vq]PrST q]eOU, VWrQY® T� WTQcSX� TzSr kr-
�P TzSr [Pki�WOP V�rNRXPST. °X� T� YcµXqOqTN � VP T U
�riQ\e¢U XySfU � ²X^ST§U R\�WSrRkXQ rjXRXP. ·rS�
ST�ST YQ� SiQ�P uµri�P Si�U SirtU SiXqªYNXQ ÉRWTPST,
X U VP ²\gRS� uµ]io rÒWrST &P RXS^iQ\~P YiwµX. �PS~U
T¨P SrSSgiOP uµri�P ²WSX\XNYr\X YigµXSX krwRkXQ
STtU �kcPXNTQU Ty WfPTU, [ee� uYTP® V�XNPrST T¨RX.
صwU T¨P WiTR]_TPSXU S~P PT�P VW� Yiwµg SQ ST� ¿yiQ-
WNYT^ q]iOP SQU uµtP WXiX\Xk¤µrPTU ³Yr WiTRrtWrPÇ
�¸XNPrRkr, � �]PTQ, kX^µgsTPSrU SfPYr S~P ¿yiQWNYcP.
�ee� VqÍ e]qOÇ RT��SriTU STZST^ \X� µrNsOP �P ÆhR_Z-
eTU. ·XiXkOPTµg_cU �P µRWri Vq�, \X� R§P XyS� Pr-
�58
PN\c\X \X� S®P ÄeecPQ\®P kgeXSSgP Sr \X� q¢P �Xi�g-
iOP \r\gkXi\X WXi� SÀ }XeXµtPQ \X� VP SXtU �eXSXQ-
XtU. �WTNcRr S~ lPYT�TP YiwµX,  \XertSXQ ��]iRXQ�, Ì
YceTt, ©U ä]i�cU uSScµ]PTU \X� S�P \rP�P VeWNYOP
VR�Xeµ]PTU VWXP¢ekrP Tj\XYr. �\rtPTU Y� � WTQcS®U eQ-
WÍP S®P WXSiNYX VP SÀ }Q\reNo [W]kXPrP. ¿jkr lSQ lsc.
¿jkr lµrQPrP VP SXtU �k¤PXQU. ¸QefWXSiQU q�i �P \X� ry-
Rr�]RSriTU \X� YrQPfSriTU e]qrQP S�P P�P WTQcS�P�.
�X�SX r¡WrP � q]iOP Vq\OµQgsOP SfP Sr ÆhR_ZeTP
\X� S~P SfSr _ifPTP.
3(01#0%
J_mbbG )(2)4/@K-$%L, )*B$.K-$%L
SsgFeG (2)*Db@$%L; perf. Vqi¤qTiX *)@2&%-)-$%L
� kfi^�TU, T^ `DB
V\rtRr %D@$
u ÉYiX, XU &/@".L" (.4. '(-*$!4()
R_rYfP ()#%/
V�XNiO ()@./B$%L, -)J@-/-,$%L
WriN + acc. -)42D,, )4)+) u ¯i_¤RSiX, XU )23"&%2$
(5$.&" !+C /"4( 9 &$(&4$; .4. "4'$.&4)
u _QeQgU, gYTU %K&'#$
XsgFeG &)*/2$%L u \OµªYNX, XU 4)B"@/'
�R�rRSTU, TP ."D,$&/BK6 (.4. (.@$.&)
� q]eOU, OSTU &B"3
VWrQY¤ ()&+" %),) 4$4 (0.)-+)&$+A%"$ ' VWrN)
WiTR]_O S~P PT�P + dat. )*-2$C$%L -./B$./" %( -&"-+.
WiTRXqTirZO, aor. WiTRrt-WTP )*2$C$%L&' & 2"#L0
\rPfU, ¤, fP (D&%)6 (.4. '$-%"&(*)
� ÆhR_ZeTU, T^ d&3/+ |QTPZRQX, OP Sg >/)./&//
(=4(>!%)') � ¿yiQWNYcU, T^ 7-2/(/@
� ·XiXkOPTµg_cU, T^ D#$-&%./4 =$2$a).&4))6 */%-K
� }T�T\e¢U, T�U ?)a)4+
�, u �QefWXSiQU, QYTU ($%2/-)%(4$)
\TteTU, c, TP -K@)+*+".-.K6; S~ \TteTP D,+D*+"-./", -($@/.$
�59
WXiX\gkcµXQ &/@"%L .$-(2)%/-
S~ krOiQ\fP, T� @".L,/ .$ %"$%2
RXS^iQ\fU, ¤, fP &-)6&%-".-.K6 &$%/2D, &$%/2/#"&4/6
R\�WSO -K&B"/-$%L
Vq\OµQgsO (2)&+$-+'%L
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
yzZVlPWsK ²KTIY\ lSm VrZVM SGXId\a HqTSXV X[M MS[M
XIYXIM lSm OM XPUTmM NµLPSU\ OJVP] SGX�M. (�%. 2, g9)
�� �PQpM XIY l�TµI_ XIqXI_ lLlPUXSU. (�%. g6, gg)
wIYXI `L �KµU, x`VH�IW, � lSUP[\ T_MVTXSHµLMI\ OT-
XWM� (g 2"4. 7, 29)
F~ `{ ¡PUTX[\ lKPqTTVXSU �XU Ol MVlP]M OJtJVPXSU,
Z]\ HLJI_TUM OM eµdM XUMV\ �XU xMiTXSTU\ MVlP]M IGl nT-
XUM; F~ `{ xMiTXSTU\ MVlP]M IGl nTXUM, IG`{ ¡PUTX[\ OJt-
JVPXSUa V~ `{ ¡PUTX[\ IGl OJtJVPXSU, lVM[M �PS lSm X[ lt-
P_JµS Nµ]M, lVM� lSm N ZWTXU\ eµ]M. (g 2"4. g5, g2-g4)
�OM IG`VMm S~TQ_MstTIµSU xHH� OM ZiT� ZSËÇKTW¤ b\
ZiMXIXV lSm MYM µVJSH_MstTVXSU ¡PUTX[\ OM X� T�µSXU
µI_, V�XV `Uc jp�\ V�XV `Uc sSMiXI_. (�)+. g, 20)
VqrNiO pf. pass. Vq¤qriµXQ -)&42"`$%L, (2)*Db@$%L
R^PrRSXeµ]PTU, TP 4)2)%4/6 u [PgRSXRQU, rOU -)&42"&"-
./", -&%$-$./"
\rPfU, ¤, fP (D&%)6, %C"%-.K6
u WXâmcRNX, XU )%42)-".-.)&%L, (2'B)%$, @"2J.)--"./"
45 96&61$:;(*#.
ÜXtir, �SQ VµOigPkcRXP T� YrQPT� R^scScSXNÇ _Xtir, �SQ
VµXigPkcRXP T� S�P µZkOP WTQcSXN. (14$a/&%, /4)& 9)
µOiXNPO, pass. aor. VµOigP-kcP &-)@/%L & DB$
µXiXNPTµXQ, aor. VµXigPkcP D-'@$%L
� R^scScS¤U, T� /&&+"@)-$-%"+L
�60
<="%;*(*#.
I. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / ("2"-"@/%": V\gkcirP � \r\g-
kXi\rP � \r\gkXiSXQ; )*2$JD6%" 2'@ &))%-"%&%-D0C/3
a)2B @+' R�geeO / µQXNPO.
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / ("2"-"@/%": [qq]eerRkXQ � [q-
qrek¢PXQ � �qq]ekXQ; )*2$JD6%" 2'@ &))%-"%&%-D0C/3
a)2B @+' �XNPO / V�XNiO.
III. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / ("2"-"@/%". H*2$JD6%" 4 a)2-
B$B "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ &))%-"%&%-D0C/" a)2BK
B.)b"&%-"..),), / .$)*)2)%: [i�, �iO, ëiXQ, �iXQ, �iX-
Sr, ±iXSr, ÏirSr, �iXU, �i\�U, �iµ]PTU, [ikrNc, �ikr (2).
IV. !"2"-"@/%": �q]ikcRXP V� £WPT^ � �q]ikcµrP rhU
S®P [qTigP � \riYXPrtSr ST�ST WrWriXq\fSrU � rjkr
kwSSTP [WT\iNPXQRkr � rjkr ¯ik�U [Wr\iNPXRkr � rjkr
�µZPrSr ST§U V_kiT§U [PYirQfSriTP � ëiX \r\gkXi\XU
S~ µQXPk�P �µgSQTP.
�6�
2"?) 5 0
9"2",D+'2.K" a)2BK ,+$,)+)- & (+$-.KB/ )&.)-$B/.
¸^egSSTµXQ, µ¤; \XSX\iNPO + gene-tivus.
%=9=RyQ:9BO= ^89NO RQ3R8Q87
4 48B89BONC 84B873NC
�. 5 D2)4" 44 Db" D4$JK-$+/&L a)2BK &/+L.),) (-%)-
2),)) ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$ )% ,+$,)+)- & J$@."'JK#.KB/
/ ,D*.KB/ )&.)-$B/, )*2$JD"BK" (D%"B (2/&)"@/."-
./' 4 ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-" &Daa/4&$ -c- *"J &)"@/./%"+L-
.),) ,+$&.),). 1.$+),/#.) )*2$JD"%&' &/+L.K6 $)2/&%
/ )% ."&4)+L4/3 ,+$,)+)- & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/, .$-
(2/B"2: R�geeO .9(+)9(&A ()&.)-$ R�Xe-) � VR�gecP,
�XNPTµXQ C9+C&A.C ()&.)-$ �XP-) �V�gPcP. H%@"+L.K"
,+$,)+K (2/ )*2$J)-$.// )&.)-K ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$
/JB".'0% 4)2."-)6 ,+$&.K6: RS]eeO =".<+(&A ()&.)-$
RSre-) � VRSgecP, RWrNiO .$C&A ()&.)-$ RWri-) � VRWg-
icP.
2. H% %"3 b" ,+$,)+)- )*2$JD"%&' / &/+L.)" (-%)2)")
($&&/-.)" *D@DC"" -2"B' (D%"B (2/&)"@/."./' 4 )&.)-
-" &/+L.),) (-%)2),)) $)2/&%$ & &Daa/4&)B -c- ()4$J$-
%"+' *D@DC",) -2"B"./ -R-, &)"@/./%"+L.K3 ,+$&.K3 -T-
/ -r- / )4).#$./6 B"@/$+L.),) J$+),$, .$(2/B"2: RWX-
i¤RTµXQ, RSXe¤RTµXQ, R�Xe¤RTµXQ, �XP¤RTµXQ.
3. 9"4)%)2K" ,+$,)+K /B"0% a)2BK &/+L.),) ($&-
&/-.),) $)2/&%$ (/ aD%D2DB$) .$2'@D & a)2B$B/ &+$*)-
,) ($&&/-.),) $)2/&%$ (/ aD%D2DB$). :.),@$ )./ D()%-
2"*+'0%&' - 2$J.K3 J.$#"./'3, .$(2/B"2: V�gPcP C
�62
C9)+.C, �XP¤RTµXQ C C9+D.A, .) V�gPkcP C @<+ C9+$%, C
@<+ ="'(>(%, �XPk¤RTµXQ C @0!0 ="'(>(%.
4. !2/ )*2$J)-$.// $4%/-.),) / B"@/$+L.)-($&&/--
.),) ("2a"4%$ D ,+$,)+)- & )@.)&+)b.)6 )&.)-)6 ,+$&-
.K6 r )&.)-K ("2"3)@/% - X: RWrNiO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$
RWri-) .$C&A � perf. act. lRWXi\X, perf. med.-pass.
lRWXiµXQ, RS]eeO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ RSre-) =".<+(&A �
perf. act. lRSXe\X, perf. med.-pass. lRSXeµXQ, �krNiO
(,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ �kri-) ,0@)&A � perf. act. l�kXi\X,
perf. med.-pass. l�kXiµXQ.
5. 9"&4)+L4) ,+$,)+)- & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/ )*2$-
JD0% &/+L.K6 (-%)2)6) ("2a"4% *"J &Daa/4&$ -\-, .$-
(2/B"2: ([WT)\SrNPO (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ \SrP-) 0@)-
9(&A � perf. act. ([W)]\STPX, �XNPTµXQ C9+C&A.C ()&.)-$
�XP-) � perf. act. W]�cPX.
6. H%@"+L.K" ,+$,)+K & &).)2.KB/ )&.)-$B/ /B"0%
&-)/ )&)*"..)&%/ (2/ )*2$J)-$.// -2"B".. �$4)-K, .$-
(2/B"2, ,+$,)+K: �geeO @4".(&A ()&.)-$ �Xe-, �ec-):
fut. act. � �Xe�, -rtU, aor. act. � l�XeTP, aor. pass. � V�e¤-
kcP, perf. act. � �]�ec\X, perf. med.-pass. � �]�ecµXQ;
\i!PO .0!)&A ()&.)-$ \i'(P)-): fut. act. � \i'P�, -rtU, aor.
act. � l\iQPX, aor. pass. � V\i!kcP, perf. act. � \]\i'\X,
perf. med.-pass. � \]\i'µXQ; SrNPO %(&C,)9(&A ()&.)-$
SrP-, SX-): fut. act. � SrP�, -rtU, aor. act. � lSrQPX, aor. pass. �
VSgkcP, perf. act. � S]SX\X, perf. med.-pass. � S]SXµXQ.
/#*'%01#1
�. 5 D2)4" 32 Db" *K+/ (2"@&%$-+".K @)()+./%"+L.K"
(2"@+)b"./' & µ¤ (2/ ,+$,)+$3 *)'J./, .$(2/B"2, (2/
,+$,)+" �T�]TµXQ @"C&A.C. �" b" &$BK" (2$-/+$ @"6-
�63
&%-/%"+L.K / (2/ ,+$,)+" _fbmKKLµUI ".&$4$,(&A.C. 1
/B"..): (2/ %$4/3 ,+$,)+$3 / -K2$b"./'3 - @2"-.",2"-
#"&4)B 'JK4" &%$-/%&' (2/@$%)#.)" @)()+./%"+L.)"
(2"@+)b"./" & &)0J)B µa, D4$JK-$0C"" .$ a$4%, ."b"-
+$%"+L.K6 @+' *)'C",)&' +/�$. 5 (2/@$%)#.K3 @)()+-
./%"+L.K3 & µ¤ (2/ ,+$,)+$3 / -K2$b"./'3 *)'J./ &%$-
-/%&' 4).�0.4%/- .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ /+/ $)2/&%$, $
"&+/ &4$JD"B)" ,+$-.),) (2"@+)b"./' -K2$b".) ,+$,)-
+)B - /&%)2/#"&4)B -2"B"./, %) )(%$%/- .$&%)'C",)
-2"B"./ /+/ $)2/&%$. <$J./�$ B"b@D ()&%$.)-4)6 (2"-
J".&$ /+/ $)2/&%$ -/@)-$', (){%)BD 4).�0.4%/- / )(-
%$%/- .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ ("2"-)@'%&' .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4
,+$,)+)B ."&)-"2`"..),) -/@$, $ 4).�0.4%/- / )(%$-
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�QfO b/%L �ZTµXQ (2)/&3)@/%L V\�ZTµXQ (2)/&3)@/%L
YZTµXQ (),2Db$%L&' XziQTP J$-%2$ eTZO BK%L
� _QS�P, �PTU 3/%).
VPYZTµXQ .$@"-$%L, (2)./-4$%L 9" -&"-+)@"
S~ R^µWfRQTP, T ̂ (/2
[WTYQYigR\O D*",$%L [PXYZTµXQ -K.K2/-$%L � \iXS¤i, ¢iTU 42$%"2, &)-
&D@ @+' &B"`/-$./' -/.$ & -)@)6 (.4. '4(&$4 � -(B$-"@4(>%(C 9"4"%'( 90+'(%()
S~ WTS¤iQTP, T ̂ 4D*)4 (.4. ="&)4)
RSr�XPfO D-".#/-$%L
WNPO (/%L
[PNRScµQ ()@./B$%L WiTNRScµQ &%$-/%L -("2"@/ V\We]O )%(+K-$%L
¹r^Y¤U, ]U +)b.K6
S~ lRTWSiTP, T^ J"24$+) �
�µQeTU, T^ %"&.)%$, @$-4$, %)+($
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�lSm ZSPSHSRªM ±LXPIM lSm ²piMMKM lSm ²ilpRIM xM-
LRK V~\ X[ ÅPI\ ZPITVq}STsSU. (u'. 9, 28)
�V~ lSm OJM�lSµVM lSXc TiPlS ¡PUTX�M, xHHc MYM
IGlLXU JUM�TlIµVM. (2 2"4. 5, g6)
F� XU\ `IlVd OJMplLMSU XU, IÐZp nJMp lSsª\ `Vd JM]-
MSUa V~ `L XU\ xJSZ� X[M sV�M, I´XI\ nJMpTXSU eZ� SGXIY.
(g 2"4. 8, 2-3)
�74
ÑHLZIµVM JcP �PXU `U� OT�ZXPI_ OM S~MWJµSXU, X�XV `{
ZP�TpZIM ZP[\ ZP�TpZIMa �PXU JUM�Tlp Ol µLPI_\, X�XV
`{ OZUJM�TIµSU lSsª\ lSm OZVJM�TsKM. (g 2"4. g3, g2)
F~ `{ kS_XI�\ `UVlPWMIµVM, IGl ®M OlPUM�µVsSa lPUM�µV-
MIU `{ eZ[ XIY µ_PWI_ ZSU`V_�µVsS, �MS µ� T�M X� l�Tµ�
lSXSlPUs]µVM. (g 2"4. gg, 3g-32)
FrZVM SGXId\ � ²KTIY\a V~ X_�HIm ºXV, IGl ®M V�QVXV
�µSPXWSMa MYM `{ HLJVXV �XU RHLZIµVM, N �µSPXWS eµ]M
µLMVU. (�%. 9, 4g)
WXiXeXµ�gPO *2$%L & &)-*)6
[PX�XNPO -)&3)@/%L S~ ßiTU, T^U ,)2$
S~ lRTWSiTP, T^ J"24$+) S~ XjPQqµX, XSTU J$,$@4$ \iNPO &D@/%L \XSX\iNPO )&Db@$%L
45 96&61$:;(*#.
Úe�RRXP, õP Ty\ lqPO, ±\T^RrP u ÐrTSf\TUÇ VegerQ
q�i Wi~U XyS®P � [i_gqqreTU ST� ryXqqreQRµT� S� i¤-
µXSX� (?%/3/2$ .$ &%/3)-." ò+$,)-"C"./', ,+$& 4)
� ryXqqreQRµfU, T� ò+$,)--"C"./"
S~ i¢µX, XSTU &+)-)
<="%;*(*#.
I. !"2"-"@/%": �. ¿jR�ckQ rhU S~ µ]qXiTP. 2. ¿jkr R§ WiT-
RSXNcU S¢U RSiXSQwU. 3. �PgRScSr, � µXkcSXNÇ WecRQgsrQ
q�i � YQYgR\XeTU. 4. |Q� SN [W]RScSr �XRQe]OU, � ÈOPrU;
5. �X^RXPNXU S� RSiXS� VWQRS�U VPN\cRrP. 6. �� S�P
R^µµg_OP uqrµfPrU R^P]RScRXP ©U YQXer�fµrPTQ. 7.
×]TP �µgSQTP VPY§U �¤RTµXQ rhU S®P [qTigP. 8. �W]YiX �
YT�eTU XyST�Ç �T�T�µXQ, µ® ¼e�. 9. ôYc Y]Y^\rP � veQ-
TUÇ V�P WgeQP [PXYZ�, WTir^RfµrkX.
�75
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK; 4) -&"B a)2B$B "@/.&%-"..),)
#/&+$ ()@*"2/%" &))%-"%&%-D0C/" B.)b"&%-"..),), /
.$)*)2)%: T� ¼efPSrU, T� ²efPSrU � V�P ¼e�, ÒPX ¼e� �
[WTYigPSrU, Yi�PSrU � YiwP, [WTYiwPXQ, YiwRXQ � Wg-
RXU S�U PX�U lY^RXP, WTeeX� P¢rU lY^RXP � u �ZRQU
WXPSTtX s�X �ZrQ \X� [r� �ZRrQ � \X� VP STZSª S� lXiQ
WTee� �Pkc l�^.
III. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' )&)*)" -./B$./" .$ D()%2"-
*+"./" #$&%/�K �P: �. ¿h µ® � veQTU ±Yc lY^, TzWO ¾P Tj-
\XYr l�cµrP. 2. ��P [R�Xe�U �Q�PXQ Vk]e�U, �NOkQ \XS�
ST§U PfµT^U. 3. éRSQU ¾P SÀ [YQ\No [PSQRSÀ, ¥W~ S�P
[qXk�P kriXWr^k¤RrSXQ. 4. ÄgeOSr \X� V\TegRkcSr �P,
rh µ® [W]YiXSr. 5. Î�kcU �P µr, rh kwSSTP lYiXµrU. 6. ¬
²X^S~P qPT§U \X� ST§U �eeT^U mpTP ¾P qPTNc. 7. ¿h Wi~U
S~P eQµ]PX \XS]�XQPrU, uqTZµcP �P RTQ.
�76
2"?) 5 2
|NYOµQ - $4%/-.)B / B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.)B ((2"/BDC"&%-"..) - D(2$b."./'3) J$+),".
5)(2)&/%"+L.K" (2"@+)b"./' & ëiX; ,+$,)+K, &+)b.K" & YNYOµQ.
�FVGµI 7 3P5C7B8N
C N=]C3Q6B8-D344C7B8N A3Q8R=
8+$,)+ YNYOµQ !(9(&A )%.)&/%&' 4) II &(2'b"./0,
/+/ &(2'b"./0 .$ -µQ, - 4)%)2)B -K@"+'0% @-" ,2D((K:
�) ,+$,)+K, D 4)%)2K3 )4).#$./' - *)+L`"6 #$&%/ a)2B
(2/&)"@/.'0%&' ."()&2"@&%-"..) 4 )&.)-", 4$4 - &+D#$"
,+$,)+$ YNYOµQ (YNYT-µrP 5< !($5), / 2) ,+$,)+K, D 4)-
%)2K3 B"b@D ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-)6 / )4).#$./'B/ - (2"-
J".&" / /B("2a"4%" /B""%&' &Daa/4& (YrN\-P^-µrP 5<
="'(><9($5).
8+$,)+K ("2-)6 ,2D((K /B"0% ,+$,)+L.D0 )&.)-D .$
,+$&.K6 J-D4 (r-, T-, X). H%+/#/" /3 )% ,+$,)+)- .$ -O 4$-
&$"%&' %2"3 -2"B".: praesens, imperfectum / aoristus II.
!)+.)" &(2'b"./" - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./, /B("2a"4%"
/ -%)2)B $)2/&%" /B"0% %)+L4) #"%K2" ,+$,)+$: YNYOµQ
!(9(&A (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ YT-), SNkcµQ '+(.&A (,+$,)+L-
.$' )&.)-$ kr-), ÒcµQ =".<+(&A (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ ²-),
�RScµQ .&(9)&A (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ RSX-). H&%$+L.K"
-2"B".$ ,+$,)+)- ("2-)6 ,2D((K II &(2'b"./' )*2$JD-
0%&' %$4 b", 4$4 / D ,+$,)+)- I &(2'b"./'.
8+$,)+ YNYOµQ !(9(&A, 4$4 / ."4)%)2K" @2D,/" ,+$-
,)+K ("2-)6 ,2D((K II &(2'b"./', - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"-
./ / /B("2a"4%" /B""% D@-)"./". 1 /B"..), .$#$+L.K6
&),+$&.K6 J-D4 - &)#"%$.// & ,+$&.KB -Q- &%$-/%&' ("2"@
�77
,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-)6. �$4, )% ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-K YT-
a)2B$ � +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ �
YNYOµQ.
?4B87BO= ^89NO RQ3R8Q3 VFVGµI ?%7%')
Praesens indicativi activi YNYOµQ !(D
Futurum indicativi activi Y�RO C !(5, @0!0 !(9(&A
Aoristus indicativi activi lYO\X C !(+
Perfectum indicativi activi Y]YO\X C (0?$) !(+
Perfectum indicativi med.-pass. Y]YTµXQ C (0?$) !(+ .(5,
C (0?$) !(%
Aoristus indicativi passivi VYfkcP C @<+ !(%
:B"0%&' %$4b" )%,+$,)+L.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" YTSfU
!(%%<7 / YTS]TU !"+?%<7 @<&A !(%%<5.
(D9:p=BC= RQ3R8Q3 VFVGµI ?%7%')
Indicativus
Praesens
act. med.
Sg. � YNYOµQ YNYTµXQ
2 YNYOU YNYTRXQ
3 YNYORQ(P) YNYTSXQ
Pl. � YNYTµrP YQYfµrkX
2 YNYTSr YNYTRkr
3 YQYfXRQ(P) YNYTPSXQ
Imperfectum
act. med.
Sg. � VYNYT^P VYQYfµcP
2 VYNYT^U VYNYTRT
3 VYNYT^ VYNYTST
�78
Pl. � VYNYTµrP VYQYfµrkX
2 VYNYTSr VYNYTRkr
3 VYNYTRXP VYNYTPST
Aoristus
act. med.
Sg. � lYO\X VYfµcP
2 lYO\XU lYT^
3 lYO\r(P) lYTST
Pl. � lYTµrP VYfµrkX
2 lYTSr lYTRkr
3 lYTRXP lYTPST
NB I)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 J-D4 )&.)-K - "@/.&%-"..)B #/&+" /J�'-/%"+L.),) .$4+)."./' D@+/.'"%&': T > O, $ -) B.)b"&%--"..)B #/&+" @"6&%-/%"+L.),) J$+),$ / - a)2B$3 B"@/$+L.)-,) J$+),$ )&%$"%&' 42$%4/B. x)2BK /B("2a"4%$ - "@/.&%-".-.)B #/&+" )*2$J)-$.K 4$4 D &+/%.K3 ,+$,)+)- .$ -fO. H4).-
#$./' (2/&)"@/.'0%&' ."()&2"@&%-"..) 4 )&.)-".
Praesens ind. act. /B""% )&)*K" )4).#$./': - � +/�"
Sing. � -µQ, - 3 � -RQ(P), - 3 +/�" Pl. � -ÔRQ(P). 5 imperfec-
tum / aor. II ind. act. 3 +/�) Pl. /B""% )4).#$./" -RXP.
5 )4).#$./'3 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ B"@/$+L-
.),) J$+),$ - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ (-RXQ) / /B("2a"4%"
(-RT) &/,B$ B"b@D ,+$&.KB/ ." -K($@$"%.
Coniunctivus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg. � YQY� YQY�µXQ Y� Y�µXQ
2 YQY�U YQY� Y�U Y�
3 YQY� YQY�SXQ Y� Y�SXQ
�79
Pl. � YQY�µrP YQY�µrkX Y�µrP Y�µrkX
2 YQY�Sr YQY�Rkr Y�Sr Y�Rkr
3 YQY�RQ(P) YQY�PSXQ Y�RQ(P) Y�PSXQ
NB x)2BK 4).�0.4%/-$ (2"J".&$ / $)2/&%$ /B"0% &)"@/./-%"+L.K" ,+$&.K" O / c, 4$4 / ,+$,)+K .$ -O. d%/ ,+$&.K" &+/--$0%&' & 4)."#.KB ,+$&.KB )&.)-K.
Optativus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg. � YQYTNcP YQYTNµcP YTNcP YTNµcP
2 YQYTNcU YQYTtT YTNcU YTtT
3 YQYTNc YQYTtST YTNc YTtST
Pl. � YQYTtµrP YQYTNµrkX YTtµrP, YTNcµrP YTNµrkX
2 YQYTtSr YQYTtRkr YTtSr, YTNcSr YTtRkr
3 YQYTtrP YQYTtPST YTtrP, YTNcRXP YTtPST
NB !2/J.$4 )(%$%/-$ - "@/.&%-"..)B #/&+" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ / $)2/&%$ $4%/-.),) J$+),$ � -Qc-, -) B.)b"&%-"..)B
#/&+" � -Q- /+/ (2"b") -Qc-; - B"@/$+L.)B / ($&&/-.)B J$+)," (2/J.$4 )(%$%/-$ � -Q-. 8+$&.K6 Q &+/-$"%&' & (2"@`"&%-D0-C/B ,+$&.KB )&.)-K - @/a%).,, 4$4 / D ,+$,)+)- .$ -O.
Imperativus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg.2 YNYT^! YNYTRT! YfU! YT�!
3 YQYfSO! YQYfRkO! YfSO! YfRkO!
Pl. 2 YNYTSr! YNYTRkr! YfSr! YfRkr!
3 YQYfPSOP! YQYfRkOP! YfPSOP! YfRkOP!
NB 5 a)2B" 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ /B("2$%/-$ .$-&%)'C",) -2"B"./ @"6&%-/%"+L.),) J$+),$ )4).#$./" -r, 4)-%)2)" &+/-$"%&' & ,+$&.KB )&.)-K (YNYT^ < YNYTr !(9(7). 5
�80
a)2B" 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ /B("2$%/-$ $)2/&%$ )4).#$./" -U (YfU !(7).
Infinitivus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
YQYfPXQ! YNYTRkXQ! YT�PXQ! YfRkXQ!
NB :.a/./%/-K .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ / $)2/&%$ - $4%/-.)B
J$+)," /B"0% )4).#$./" -PXQ, ("2"@ 4)%)2KB - (2"J".&" .$-3)@/%&' 42$%4/6 ,+$&.K6 & )&%2KB D@$2"./"B, $ - $)2/&%" � @)+,/6 & )*+"#"..KB D@$2"./"B.
Participium
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
m YQYTZU,
YQYfPSTU!
YQYfµrPTU! YTZU,
YfPSTU!
YfµrPTU!
f YQYT�RX,
YQYTZRcU!
YQYTµ]Pc! YT�RX,
YTZRcU!
YTµ]Pc!
n YQYfP,
YQYfPSTU!
YQYfµrPTP! YfP,
YfPSTU!
YfµrPTP!
S$%&6$+, 1$6;*+( 1 TUTOµV
H% ,+$,)+$ YNYOµQ !(9(&A D()%2"*/%"+L.K (2"a/4-
&$+L.K" a)2BK, .$(2/B"2: [WTYNYOµQ "&!(9(&A %(>(!,
=$4$!(9(&A, =4"!(9(&A, V\YNYOµQ 9<!(9(&A, "&!(9(&A,
µrSXYNYOµQ =$4$!(9(&A, 0!$+C&A, WXiXYNYOµQ =$4$!(-
9(&A, .!(9(&A, WiTYNYOµQ =4$!(9(&A.
/#*'%01#1
!2)&%K" ()@.)#+"..K") -)(2)&/%"+L.K" (2"@+)b"./'
--)@'%&' &("�/$+L.KB/ -)(2)&/%"+L.KB/ #$&%/�$B/,
�8�
&2"@/ 4)%)2K3 -"&LB$ D()%2"*/%"+L.$ #$&%/�$ �eU (ëi�
Ty, ëiX µ¤) +). ?$B$ #$&%/�$ ëiX ." D4$JK-$"%, 4$4)6
)b/@$"%&' )%-"%, D%-"2@/%"+L.K6 /+/ )%2/�$%"+L.K6:
ËiX ST�ST Vq� WTS� ß¹TµXQ; 09)?0 +) C ¨&" '",!(-
%)@0!A?
7&+/ b" &(2$`/-$0C/6 3)#"% D4$J$%L, #%) ). )b/@$"%
D%-"2@/%"+L.),) -)(2)&$, %) D()%2"*+'"%&' ëi� Ty %$-
0?$+) %$?, 4(>9$ %$?:
Ëi� Ty WXPS� Y¢eTP S~ STQfPYr; 4(>9$ %$ 9.C'"50 C.%"
9"& ¨&"?
I),@$ &(2$`/-$0C/6 3)#"% D4$J$%L, #%) ). )b/@$"%
)%2/�$%"+L.),) )%-"%$, %) D()%2"*+'"%&' ëiX µ¤
%$0?$+)?, 4(>9$?:
Ëig qr µ® VµT� WiTµckrt; %$0?$+) &< @$.="'")BA.C
"@" 5%$?
<=4=]3 8 (8^8PQ= C #79CDC]=
�i~ ST� R^µWTRNT^ � �]PTU T£SO STtU krTtU cz�XSTÇ
��®P µ�P Wi�ScP RWTPY®P YNYOµQ S� |Q� \X� STtU �eeTQU
krTtU, TÝ S� uµrS]iª �RSrQ ße�TP \X� Yf�XP VYNYTRXP \X�
P�P lSQ YQYfXRQP. �®P Y� Yr^S]iXP YNYTµrP S� kr�, ÂU
uµtP YNYORQ S~P T¡PTP. }Z, � |QfP^Rr, \X� VYNYT^U STtU
WTQcSXtU S~P VPkT^RQXRµfP. �i]WrQ T¨P _giQP [WTYQYf-
PXQ RTQ, ÒPX \X� S~ eTQW~P uµtP YQY�U STQTZST^U [TQYTZU.
|Q\XNOU ¾P \X� ¥µtP, � ·T�RXQ, _giQP [WTYQYTtµrP. ¿jkr
[r� STtU VPkgYr WTQcSXtU YQYTtSr S®P S¢U WTQ¤RrOU eXµ-
WifScSX�.
·rS� SX�SX YQre]_kcµrP S~ Wi�STP Wri� ÆhR_ZeT^.
��q\OµQgsrSXQ V\rtPTU, � l�c � �]PTU, � µgeQRSX ¥W~
S�P WirR�^S]iOP. �W]WrQRST � WTQcS®U S~P |NX WXPS�
�82
[Pki�Wª S� Wi]WTPSX \X� YrYO\]PXQ \X� Y�RrQP. |Q�
ST�ST \X� VPfµQsr ST§U krT§U XyST§U S®P PN\cP YT�PXQ
STtU èeecRQP. �£SOU VP V\rNPª S� YigµXSQ ä]i�cU YN\cP
YT§U S¢U £�irOU Tj\XYr �rZqrQ. ×�P Y� T� krT� \XQP~P
S¢U WTQ¤RrOU viO uµtP WXi]YTRXP, }T�T\e]X, ÂU WTee�
\X� \Xe� YigµXSX V�]YO\rP. Ëi� Ty\ VµgkrSr S~P lPYT-
�TP S¢U �PSQqfPcU efqTPÇ ��z STQ R^P]_krQP, [ee� R^µ-
�QertP l�^P�; ËiX µ® �qPORSTP ¥µtP VRSQ ST�ST S~ Yiw-
µX; ¬ S�P Ðc�XNOP YrRWfScU \rerZrQ µ® SX�¢PXQ S~P
�PSQqfPcU [Yre�fP, �SQ Wi~U S®P WXSiNYX VRSiXSrZRX-
ST. �PSQqfPc Y� WrQRkrtRX µweeTP STtU S�P kr�P PfµTQU
Þ S� ST� \^iNT^ efqª kgWSrQ S~P Pr\i~P \X� [PXq\gsr-
SXQ �T�ri�P YN\cP YT�PXQ S¢U kiXRZScSTU.
×rORS� Y� ¥W� ¿yiQWNYT^ SiXqªYNXQ V\YNYTPSXQ. |rQPf-
SXSTU TÅSTU YT\rt r¡PXQ YceT�P S� S¢U ¹^_¢U Wgkc. ¸N-
eTU �iX �XNPrSXQ îP S�P P]OP �QeTRf�OP, TÝ \XeT�PSXQ
RT�QRSXN. |Q� ST�ST \X� ¯PTµgsrSXQ ¥W� VPNOP �R\cPQ\~U
�QefRT�TU�. ·rSXYfPSOP T� krT� \X� STZSª S¢U RO�iT-
RZPcU, ìU µrS]YTRXP }T�T\ert�.
/(*'(*2##
�. ïU ¾P SX_]OU YQY�, Y�U YNYORQP. 2. öU µ]qX S~ µQ\ifP
VRSQP VP \XQi� YTk]P.
3(01#0%
u RWTPY¤, ¢U -)J+/'./", @),)-)2
YNYOµQ @$-$%L [WTYNYOµQ )%@$-$%L; [WTYN-
YTµXQ (2)@$-$%L; _giQP [WTYNYOµQ *+$,)@$2/%L
u eXµWifScU, cSTU *+"&4
WirR�ZSriTU, X, TP &%$2-`/6
YN\cP YNYOµQ *K%L .$4$J$.-.KB, ()(+$%/%L&'
WXiXYNYOµQ ("2"@$-$%L
�83
V\YNYOµQ -K@$-$%L (-K@$--$%L J$BDb, )%@$-$%L -.$-"B)
ëi� Ty; (&2. ëiX) ."Db"+/ ."? (+(&. nonne)
ëiX µ¤; ."Db"+/ (+(&. nonne)
� RT�QRS¤U, T� &)a/&%
µrSXYNYOµQ D@"+'%L
WiTYNYOµQ (2"@$-$%L
� eTQµfU, T� #DB$
R\cPQ\fU, ¤, fP &�"./#"-&4/6
R^P]_kO (R^Pr_kXNiO) -B"-&%" .".$-/@"%L
ST� (¨%'+.) - &$B)B @"+"
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�lSm VrZVM SGX� � `UiRIHI\a TIm `�Tp X�M O}I_TWSM
XSqXKM ¯ZSTSM lSm X�M `�}SM SGX]M, �XU OµIm ZSPS`L`I-
XSU lSm Á OcM sLHp `W`pµU SGXtM� (u'. 4, 6)
�ZiMXS TXLJIµVM, �MS µt XUMS OJlIZ�M `]µVM X� VG-
SJJVHW� XIY ¡PUTXIY. (g 2"4. 9, g2)
yFJª JcP ZSPLHSRIM xZ[ XIY µ_PWI_, lSm ZSPL`plS
eµdM, �XU � lqPUI\ ²KTIY\ OM X� M_lXm Ò ZSPV`W`VXI nHSRVM
�PXIM� (g 2"4. gg, 23)
¢EliTX� `{ `W`IXSU N �SMLPpTU\ XIY ZMVqµSXI\ ZP[\
X[ T_µ�LPIM. (g 2"4. g2, 7)
yzlIqTSMXV\ `{ I| µSsKXSm O}VZHtTTIMXI T��`PS HL-
JIMXV\a XW\ �PS `qMSXSU Tps�MSU; (3*. g9, 25)
u V�T^RNX, XU -+$&%L WXiXYNYTµQ ("2"@$-$%L RS]qO -K@"2b/-$%L, -K.)-
&/%L u Vq\TW¤, ¢U (2",2$@$
u �XP]iORQU, rOU (2)'-+"-./", 2$&42K%/"
S~ R^µ�]iTP, TPSTU ()+LJ$ V\We¤RRTµXQ D@/-+'%L&' R�fYiX )#".L
45 96&61$:;(*#.
�|fSr S~P Pr\i~P Th S®P sO®P [iPcRgµrPTQÇ YfSr S~P
SX�]PSX Þ WQRSrZRXSr S� [PXRSgPSQ� (?%/3/2$ .$ 3-$-
+/%"3 -)&42"&.$', ,+$& 4)
�84
��NU µTQ Y�RrQ £YOi \X� YX\iZOP WcqgU; u krfP^µ-
�TU �Xik]PTU V\iXZqXsrP, ÒPX \eXZRO S~P qe^\fP µT^
ÃcRT�P� (!)3-$+K A%2"./ 5"+/4)6 ?D**)%K, &%$%/' �)
[iP]TµXQ )%4+).'%L SX�]O (),2"*$%L \iX^qgsO 42/#$%L
\eXNO, fut. \eXZRO (+$4$%L qe^\fU, ¤, fP =">!. &+$@4/6
<="%;*(*#.
I. H*2$JD6%" )% ,+$,)+$ YNYOµQ &+"@D0C/" $4/-.K" /
B"@/$+L.K" a)2BK: inf. praes., aor., fut., perf.; part.
praes., aor., fut., perf.; 2 sg. / pl. imperat. praes. / aor.
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK ,+$,)+$ YNYOµQ / ("2"-"@/%": rjkr
YN\cP YQYTNc � rjkr _giQP [W]YO\rP � rjkr uµwU µ® WiT-
rYNYT^U � V�P V\Y�U � V�P WiTY�Sr � rh Y�iX lYTSr (@-D-
B' &()&)*$B/, 2$&&#/%K-$' .$ )*$ -)JB)b.K3 %/($
,+$-.),) (2"@+)b"./') � rh Y�iTP VYNYTSr (%) b" &$B)") �
ëiX YN\cP lYTRXP; � ëi� Ty µrS]YTSr XyS� S�P ÊPNOP; �
ëiX µ® XyS~P WiT]YO\XU; � V\rtPfU µr WiTY]YO\rP � S�
�WeX WXiXYT§U ²geO � l\YTU, V\YQYTZU, V�rYNYT^U, V\YN-
YOU, V\YrYO\�U � [WTYTtST ¾P S~P T¡\TP � µ® [WTY�Rkr
S~P [qifP � WgPSX S� üPQX [WTYfµrPTU [W]Wer^RrP �
WTee� � lµWTiTU �k¤PcRQP [WTY]YTSXQ � S� �WeX WXiX-
YQYfRkO � V�P \XeX� YfRrQU YQY�PSXQ � XhR_ifP VRSQP
¥W~ �NeOP WiTYTk¢PXQ � � YT�eTU � [WTYi�U S� \^iNª
WXirYfkc � WXiXYQYfµrPTQ, WXiXYrYTµ]PTQ � S� ¼iWXR-
k]PSX ryk§U V\YTS]X VRSNP.
�85
2"?) 5 3
�NkcµQ; \rtµXQ. ¬ \XeTZµrPTU = %$4 .$JK-$"BK6;
,+$,)+K, &+)b.K" & SNkcµQ; [PSN.
&Q3R8Q KFhoµI
8+$,)+ SNkcµQ '+(.&A (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ kr-) )*2$-
JD"% )&.)-D .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./, 4$4 / ,+$,)+ YNYOµQ
!(9(&A, & ()B)CL0 D@-)"./' .$#$+L.),) &),+$&.),) ,+$-
,)+L.)6 )&.)-K, %)+L4) (2/@K3$%"+L.K6 k - D@-)".//
J$B".'"%&' &))%-"%&%-D0C/B ,+D3/B S.
?4B87BO= ^89NO RQ3R8Q3 KFhoµI 0$%1')
Praesens indicativi activi SNkcµQ C '+(!0
Futurum indicativi activi k¤RO C @0!0 '+(.&A, ="+"?0
Aoristus indicativi activi lkc\X C ="+"?)+
Perfectum indicativi activi S]krQ\X
(S]kc\X)
C (0?$) ="+"?)+
Perfectum indicativi med.-pass. S]krQµXQ C (0?$) ="+"?)+ .(5,
C (0?$) ="+"?$%
Aoristus indicativi passivi VS]kcP 5$%C ="+"?)+),
C @<+ ="+"?$%
:B"0%&' %$4b" )%,+$,)+L.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" krSfU
="+"?$%%<7, &"&, '"," 5"?%" ="+"?)&A / krS]TU !"+?-
%<7 @<&A ="+"?$%%<5 (krS]TP %0?%" ="+"?)&A).
�86
(D9:p=BC= RQ3R8Q3 KFhoµI 0$%1')
Indicativus
Praesens
act. med.
Sg.� SNkcµQ SNkrµXQ
2 SNkcU SNkrRXQ
3 SNkcRQ(P) SNkrSXQ
Pl. � SNkrµrP SQk]µrkX
2 SNkrSr SNkrRkr
3 SQk]XRQ(P) SNkrPSXQ
Imperfectum
act. med.
Sg.� VSNkcP VSQk]µcP
2 VSNkrQU VSNkrRT
3 VSNkrQ VSNkrST
Pl. � VSNkrµrP VSQk]µrkX
2 VSNkrSr VSNkrRkr
3 VSNkrRXP VSNkrPST
Aoristus
act. med.
Sg.� lkc\X Vk]µcP
2 lkc\XU lkT^
3 lkc\r(P) lkrST
Pl. � lkrµrP Vk]µrkX
2 lkrSr lkrRkr
3 lkrRXP lkrPST
NB I)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 J-D4 )&.)-K - "@/.&%-"..)B #/&+" /J�'-/%"+L.),) .$4+)."./' D@+/.'"%&': r > c, $ -) B.)b"&%-
-"..)B #/&+" @"6&%-/%"+L.),) J$+),$ / - a)2B$3 B"@/$+L.)-
�87
,) J$+),$ )&%$"%&' 42$%4/B. x)2BK /B("2a"4%$ VSNkrQU / VSNkrQ )*2$J)-$.K 4$4 D &+/%.K3 ,+$,)+)- .$ -]O. H&)*K" )4).#$./' / (2/.�/(K )*2$J)-$./' a)2B %" b", #%) / D ,+$-
,)+$ YNYOµQ.
Coniunctivus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg. � SQk� SQk�µXQ k� k�µXQ
2 SQkÀU SQkÀ kÀU kÀ
3 SQkÀ SQk¢SXQ kÀ k¢SXQ
Pl. � SQk�µrP SQk�µrkX k�µrP k�µrkX
2 SQk¢Sr SQk¢Rkr k¢Sr k¢Rkr
3 SQk�RQ(P) SQk�PSXQ k�RQ(P) k�PSXQ
Optativus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg.� SQkrNcP SQkrNµcP krNcP krNµcP
2 SQkrNcU SQkrtT krNcU krtT
3 SQkrNc SQkrtST krNc krtST
Pl. � SQkrtµrP SQkrNµrkX krtµrP,
krNcµrP
krNµrkX
2 SQkrtSr SQkrtRkr krtSr,
krNcSr
krtRkr
3 SQkrtrP SQkrtPST krtrP,
krNcRXP
krtPST
Imperativus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg.2 SNkrQ! SNkrRT! k]U! kT�!
3 SQk]SO! SQk]RkO! k]SO! k]RkO!
�88
Pl. 2 SNkrSr! SNkrRkr! k]Sr! k]Rkr!
3 SQk]PSOP! SQk]RkOP! k]PSOP! k]RkOP!
NB 5 a)2B" 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ /B("2$%/-$ .$-&%)'C",) -2"B"./ @"6&%-/%"+L.),) J$+),$ )4).#$./" -r, 4)-
%)2)" &+/-$"%&' & ,+$&.KB )&.)-K (SNkrQ < SNkrr '+(!)). 5 a)2B" 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ /B("2$%/-$ $)2/&%$ )4).#$./" -U (k]U ="+"?)).
Infinitivus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
SQk]PXQ! SNkrRkXQ! krtPXQ! k]RkXQ!
Participium
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
m SQkrNU,
SQk]PSTU!
SQk]µrPTU! krNU,
k]PSTU!
k]µrPTU!
f SQkrtRX,
SQkrNRcU!
SQkrµ]Pc! krtRX,
krNRcU!
krµ]Pc!
n SQk]P,
SQk]PSTU!
SQk]µrPTP! k]P,
k]PSTU!
k]µrPTP!
S$%&6$+, 1$6;*+( 1 WUXLµV
H% ,+$,)+$ SNkcµQ '+(.&A D()%2"*/%"+L.K (2"a/4-
&$+L.K" a)2BK, .$(2/B"2: [PXSNkcµQ 9">+(,(&A, =4)-
%".)&A ?$4&90, [PSQSNkcµQ '+(.&A %(=4"&)9, =4"&)9"-
=".&(9+C&A, [WTSNkcµQ .+(,(&A, YQXSNkcµQ 4(.="+(,(&A,
VWQSNkcµQ =4)'+(!<9(&A, %(+(,(&A, 9">+(,(&A, µrSXSNkc-
µQ =$4$'+(!<9(&A, WXiXSNkcµQ '+(.&A 9">+$, =4$!+(-
,(&A, WiTRSNkcµQ =4)'+(!<9(&A, R^PSNkcµQ .'+(!<-
9(&A, =4)9"!)&A 9 ="4C!"'.
�89
S$%&6$ YMZµ[V
I ("2-)6 ,2D((" ,+$,)+)- II ($%"B$%/#"&4),)) &(2'-
b"./' )%.)&'%&' ."4)%)2K" )%+)b/%"+L.K" ,+$,)+K,
4$4, .$(2/B"2, ,+$,)+ \rtµXQ +$?(&A ()&.)-$ \rQ-, \r-).
d%)% ,+$,)+ ." /B""% ()+.)6 ($2$@/,BK. !) a)2B" ).
(2"@&%$-+'"% &)*)6 perfectum medii-passivi, $ () J.$#"-
./0 � .$&%)'C"" -2"B'.
Praes. ind. Imperfectum Imperativus Futurum ind.
Sg.� \rtµXQ V\rNµcP \rNRTµXQ
2 \rtRXQ l\rQRT \rtRT \rNRrQ, �
3 \rtSXQ! l\rQST! \rNRkO! \rNRrSXQ!
Pl.� \rNµrkX V\rNµrkX \rQRfµrkX
2 \rtRkr! l\rQRkr! \rtRkr! \rNRrRkr!
3 \rtPSXQ! l\rQPST! \rNRkOP! \rNRTPSXQ!
Infinitivus - \rtRkXQ
Participium - \rNµrPTU, \rQµ]Pc, \rNµrPTP!
?)&+$,$%"+L.)" / b"+$%"+L.)" .$4+)."./' ." /B"0%
()+.)6 ($2$@/,BK, -&%2"#$0%&' +/`L )%@"+L.K" a)2-
BK (coniunctivus: 3 Sg. � \]cSXQ, 2 Pl. � \]cRkr / 3 Pl. �
\]OPSXQ; optativus: 3 Sg. � \]TQST, 3 Pl. � \]TQPST).
H% ,+$,)+$ \rtµXQ +$?(&A D()%2"*/%"+L.K (2"a/4-
&$+L.K" a)2BK, .$(2/B"2: [Pg\rQµXQ 9">+$,(&A >( .&"-
+"5, @<&A =4)%$.$%%<5 9 !(4, YQg\rQµXQ @<&A 4(.="+"-
?$%%<5, VWN\rQµXQ +$?(&A %( -$5-+)@", &$.%)&A, WifR-
\rQµXQ =4)+$,(&A, RZq\rQµXQ +$?(&A 95$.&$, .">!(9(&A-
.C. 5 a)2B$3 /.@/4$%/-$ .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ / /B("-
2$%/-$, %$4 4$4 )./ '-+'0%&' {.4+/%/4$B/, D (2"a/4-
&$+L.K3 ,+$,)+)- D@$2"./" () -)JB)b.)&%/ ("2".)&/%-
&' .$ (2"a/4& (WifR\rQSXQ, .) YQX\rtRkXQ).
�90
� YUbLWµgHLM
!2/#$&%/" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ ($&&/-.),) J$+),$
\XeTZµrPTU %(><9($5<7, )*2$J)-$..)" )% ,+$,)+$ \X-
e]O %(><9(&A, (2/ D()%2"*+".// & $2%/4+"B ("2"-)-
@/%&' 4$4 &(' %(><9($5<7, .$(2/B"2: VP SÀ ÐrigWP�
\XeT^µ]P� 9 &(' %(><9($5"7 :$4(=$, T� S�P �µTSNµOP
\XeTZµrPTQ � &(' %(><9($5<$ 4(9%"="-$&%<$ (D !+D%$23$
2/B&4/" &".$%)2K).
/#*'%01#1
!2"@+), XHKF (XHK�, XHh�) D()%2"*+'"%&' - J.$#".//
95$.&" '","-+)@" )+) -$,"-+)@", 9>(5$% '","-+)@" )+) -$,"-
+)@". A(2$-+'"% ). 2)@/%"+L.KB ($@"b)B:
[PS� �XRQe]OU 95$.&" #(4C.
&9=>=4PC= ^CQ848^O
°XNWri S¢U P^\S~U ±Yc WiT�gRcU Ty\ VWX^RgµrkX
[\TZTPSrU. ¿ U Y� uµ�P r¡WrPÇ ��NkcµN Rr, � �]Pr, rhU
ST§U �PYiXU, TÝ WXPSTNTQU [Pki�WTQU ©µNeT^P. ¿h Vk]-
erQU, [WT�XNPT^ S®P qP�µcP Wri� S�P RT�QRS�P \X-
eT^µ]POP�. ¬ Y� V�fcRrPÇ ��PXSNkrSr, � WXtYrU, qe^\Z-
SriTP T¡PTP VW� S¢U SiXW]scU, ÒPX S�U ¹^_�U �µrQPTP
YQXSQk�µrP. ØY]OU P�P VWQSNkrµXQ Wri� STZSOP S�P RT-
��P [PYi�P V�cq¤RXRkXQ. �~ Y� Wi�STP Vk]eO R^PSQk]-
PXQ S� \r�geXQX S� S�P YTqµgSOP, ½ T� VPYT�fSXSTQ S�P
�QeTRf�OP Srk¤\XRQP. ×TµNsTPSrU TzSr S�P kr�P TzSr
S�P [Pki�WOP SQP� S~P \fRµTP WTQ¢RXQ \X� [SQµgsTP-
SrU S�U S�P �ri]OP \X� [TQY�P qP�µXU Wi�STQ T� S�P
Ã�POP �QefRT�TQ VWrQi�PST scSrtP £ecP SQPg, V� ìU l�^
S~ ßP.
�9�
�£SOU � ÐgecU VYNYXR\r S®P �ZRQP WgPSX R^PkrtPXQ
V� £YXSTU \X� ¥W~ S¢U �ZRrOU ST§U PfµT^U Srk¢PXQ WwRQ
STtU _i¤µXRN Sr \X� sÕTQU. eeTU Y] SQU ·Qe¤RQTU [PS�
ST� £YXSTU lkc\r S~P []iX, �eeTU Y� £ecP �qPORSTP, õP
V\gerQ S~ �WrQiTP. �^kXqfiXU lPYT�TU µXkcµXSQ\~U îP
YQYgR\rQ ST§U [iQkµT§U WgPSX YQXSQk]PXQ \X� YQ� ¼iµTPN-
XU �qrQP. Øig\erQSTU � ��]RQTU, Ì T� £RSriTP S~ ßPTµX
�� }\TSrQP~U� VW]krRXP, e]qrQ WgPSX mrtP \X� µRWri S~
W�i [r� \QPrtRkXQ. �gPSX Y� S� qrPfµrPX YQYgR\rQ ��PXQ
\X� Xy�gPrRkXQ \XS� liQP. |cµf\iQSTU Y], ©U PrORS� VW -̂
kfµcP, PrXPNXU ��YciNScU WXR�P S�P VWQRScµ�P VµWrQ-
ifSXSTU YQYgR\rQP e]qrSXQ WgPSX _i¤µXSX R^PSrk¢PXQ
V\ WXPSTNOP [SfµOP [r� \QPT^µ]POP, ½ R^PSNkrSXQ \X�
WgeQP YQXeZrSXQ.
×�P Y� WiTRk¤RO ¯eNqT^U Wri� S�P RT�QRS�P ef-
qT^U. �Qk]XRQP TÅSTQ S~P �PkiOWTP µ]SiTP ¼WgPSOP
S�P _icµgSOP r¡PXQ. |Q� ST�ST Ty scST�RQ S� �^RQ\�
\X� S� TyigPQX, [ee� Si]WTPSXQ Wi~U S� [Pki�WrQX.
·geQRSX Y� WgPSOP S®P S�P WTeQSrQ�P q]PrRQP R\T-
WT�RQP. °geeQRSX r¡WrP � �iOSXqfiXU WgPSXU ST§U
[Pki�WT^U �ZRrQ qrP]RkXQ �µTNT^U. |QYgR\T^RQP T¨P
T� RT�QRSX� ST§U PrXPNXU S� WTeQSQ\� _i¤µXSX \X� S®P
YQXer\SQ\®P S]_PcP, ÒPX YrQPT� �RQ e]qrQP \X� VP SÀ
[qTip \X� VP S� YQ\XRSciNª. ÎPQTQ µ�P S�P WTeQS�P
XySTtU VWQSNkrPSXQ ©U R�Xeri�U S~P vSSO efqTP
\irNSSO WTQT�RQ \X� S®P RT�NXP WTeeT� [iq^iNT ̂
[WTYQYTµ]PTQU. eeTQ Y� \X� �T�T�PSXQ, µ® T� PrXPNXQ
WiTY�RQ S®P S�P WiTWXSfiOP [irS¤P.
�ee� VqÍ vYTµXQ �i�P STRTZST^U �QeTRf�T^U VPkgYr
[qrik]PSXU \X� Wri� S¢U [eckrNXU ViNsTPSXU. °X� lSQ vYQ-
�92
TP YQg\rQµXQ S®P ¹^_®P qPT§U S�U �k¤PXU P�P Wi�ScP
S¢U �QeTRT�NXU WfeQP qrP]RkXQ�.
�TQTZSTQU efqTQU cy�igPkcµrP YQ� WgRcU S¢U P^\SfU.
ØeNT^ Y� �XP]PSTU [P]RScµrP ©U \XSX�cRfµrPTQ Wi~U
S~P �rQiXQw. ¬ Y� �kcPXtTU r¡WrPÇ ��erZRXSr [qXkÀ SZ-
_�� \X� WiTR]kc\r \Xe� �]PQX. صrtU Y� [WreNWTµrP S~
�RS^ �]eSQRSX YQX\rNµrPTQ \X� _giQP l_TPSrU S� [PYiN,
ÂU WTee�P [qXk�P \X� \Xe�P uµtP µrS]YO\rP.
/(*'(*2##
�. ?($2%$.&4$' B$%L &-)"BD &K.D, b$+D0C"BD&' .$
4)2)%4/6 B"#: ¶¢µX WifRkrU. 2. ¶iX_rt efqª Y� WTee�
WifR\rQSXQ RT�g.
R=#'%A#. 1=%"'%*2%@, =%7G#@ 7 I("@6=#$%\
ê �rtP��, [qq]eerQP �X\rYXQµTPNTQU, �SQ SÀYr
°rNµrkX STtU \rNPOP m¤µXRQ WrQkfµrPTQ.
?/B)./@ I")&&4/6
3(01#0%
WiT�XNPO (2)3)@/%L -("2"@
KFhoµI 4+$&%L (.4. &$>)., &$5()
XHUKFhoµI -)J+$,$%L, ()-&-'C$%L
u SigWrsX, cU &%)+
VIUKFhoµI (2/-)@/%L - ()-2'@)4, - 4$4)"-+/*) &)-&%)'./"
STIKFhoµI .$+$,$%L, -)J+$-,$%L %( -&"-+)@"; STIKFhg-µUI &%2"B/%L&', (2/./-B$%L&'
JfHKFhoµI 4+$&%L -B"&%" (.4. .)%&$>)
S~ YfqµX, XSTU B."./", D#"./", @),B$% (.4. !",5(-&)-$.')7)
� :)./6&4$' a)2B$ �rtPr &))%-"%&%-D"% $%%/#"&4)6 �]Pr.
�93
scS]O /&4$%L, /&&+"@)-$%L
VIVmJYG )*D#$%L [PSN + gen. -B"&%) S~ �STµTP, T^ ."@"+/B$'
#$&%/�$, $%)B \QP]O @-/,$%L&' (.4. ')%$-&)-$.')7)
TeLJKFhoµI (2/*$-+'%L
S~ YQ\XRS¤iQTP, T^ &D@ YgkµUI +"b$%L VImYgIµUI (r¨, \X\�U ) &.!.)
.$3)@/%L&' - 4$4)B-+/*) &)&%)'.//, 2$&()+)b"-.// @D3$
u q]PrRQU, rOU 2)b@"./", (2)/&3)b@"./"
u [e¤krQX, rNXU (2$-@$, /&-%/.$
S~ �]PQTP, T ̂ ()@$2)4 @+' ,)&%'
� ��YciNScU, T^ -K3)@"� /J 1*@"2
XHKIKFhoµI 4+$&%L .$(2)-%/-, (2)%/-)()&%$-+'%L (.4. (%&)&$>()
XTLKFhoµI )%4+$@K-$%L � �iOSXqfiXU, T^ !2)%$-,)2
S~ �¢µX, STU `$,; )2$%)2-&4$' %2/*D.$
�^RQ\fU, ¤, fP "&%"&%-".-.K6, a/J/#"&4/6
S~ \r�geXQTP, T^ ,+$-.)"; ,+$-$; 4$(/%$+
µXkcµXSQ\fU, ¤, fP B$%"B$-%/#"&4/6
R\TSrQPfU, ¤, fP %"B.K6
SÀYr J@"&L
u ¼iµTPNX, XU ,$2B)./', &+$b"..)&%L
S~ m¢µX, STU &+)-), (2/4$J
u £ec, cU +"&; B$%"2/'
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
µSsª\ JUM�TlVU µV � ZSX�P lSJª JUM�Tlp X[M ZS-
XLPS, lSm X�M f_QtM µI_ XWsKµU eZ{P X]M ZPIRiXpM. (�%.
g0, g5)
¡VdPS\ XSQLp\ µK`VMm OZUXWsVU� (g :)5. 5, 22)
�`UlSW� M�µI\ IG lVdXSU� (g :)5. g, 9)
¼_Mm `{ � sV[\ nsVXI Xc µLHK, ¾M �lSTXIM SGX]M OM X�
T�µSXU lSsª\ �sLHKTVM. F~ `{ ºM Xc ZiMXS ¾M µLHI\, ZIY
X[ T]µS; ¼YM `{ ZIHHc µ{M µLHK, ¾M `{ T]µS.ÓG `qMSXSU `{
� o�sSHµ[\ V~ZVdM X� QVUPWa QPVWSM TI_ IGl nQp, � ZiHUM N
lV�SH� XId\ ZITWMa QPVWSM eµ]M IGl nQpa xHHc ZIHH�
�94
µ�HHIM Xc `IlIYMXS µLHK XIY T�µSXI\ xTsVMLTXVPS
eZiPQVUM xMSJlSdS OTXUM, lSm Ô `IlIYµVM xXUµ�XVPS VrMSU
XIY T�µSXI\ XIqXIU\ XUµ�M ZVPUTTIXLPSM ZVPUXWsVµVM,
lSm Xc xTQtµIMS Nµ]M VGTQKµITqMKM ZVPUTTIXLPSM nQVU,
Xc `{ VGTQtµIMS Nµ]M IG QPVWSM nQVU� (g 2"4. g2, g8-24)
S~ Wif�XSTP, T^ )-�$ u _rNi, _rQifU 2D4$ �SQµTU, TP (2"J/2$"BK6,
."@)&%)6.K6 WriQSNkcµQ .$+$,$%L, (2/@$-
-$%L [R_¤µOP, TP ()&%K@.K6,
*"J)*2$J.K6
u ryR_cµTRZPc, cU *+$,)-(2/&%)6.)&%L, 42$&)%$
WriQRRfU, ¤, fP .$3)@'C/6-&' - /J*K%4"
ryR_¤µOP, TP *+$,)(2/-&%)6.K6, 42$&/-K6
� WTZU, WTYfU .),$
45 96&61$:;(*#.
�®P WwRXP VeWNYX µT^ rhU R� [PXSNkcµQ, ·¤Sci ST�
ÐrT�, �ZeX�fP µr ¥W~ S®P R\]WcP RT^. (!)&+"@)-$./"
B)+"*.$)
u R\]Wc, cU ()42)-
<="%;*(*#.
I. H(2"@"+/%" &+e@D0C/" a)2BK )% YNYOµQ / )*2$JD6%"
4 ./B &))%-"%&%-D0C/" )% SNkcµQ: YNYOµQ, YQYfXRQP, YQ-
YTNc, YNYT^, VYNYT^U, YNYTRT, VYQYfµcP, lYTSr, YfU, lYT^,
YT�RX, YfµrPTU, YfRkO, Y�RTµrP, YTk¤RrSXQ, VYrY�\r-
RXP, Y]YTSXQ.
II. !"2"-"@/%" (2/-"@"..K" a)2BK / )*2$JD6%" $.$+)-
,/#.K" a)2BK $)2/&%$: VWrSNkrPST �P, VWrSNkrRT �P,
VWQSQkrtPST �P � VWQSNkrRkr, � �WetSXQ � V�P VWQSQk¢Rkr.
!"2"-"@/%", )*2$JD' &))%-"%&%-D0C/" (2"J".%.K"
�95
a)2BK: V�P [WTSrk�RQP, [PSQSrk¢PXQ, [PXSrkrtrP,
WiTRSrk]PSOP.
III. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK: S]kc\XU � lkc\XU � VWQSQk]PSrU �
VWQk]PSrU � VWQSrk]PSrU � YQXSQkrtrP �P � YQXkrtrP �P �
YQXSrkrtrP �P � WiTRrSNkrQU � WiTRSQkrNU � WiTRkrNU �
WiTRSrkrNU.
IV. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ a)2BK ,+$,)+$ \rt-
µXQ: �. �� èeecPrU YrQWPT�PSrU l\rQPSTÇ \rNµrPTQ ±RkQTP
\X� lWQPTP. 2. �rNkrRkr STtU PfµTQU STtU \rQµ]PTQU. 3. ä]i-
�cU uSScµ]PTU T£SO YQ]\rQST, µRSr [W]�^qrP. 4. �� [q-
iT� T£SO YQX\rtRkXQ VYf\T^P µRSr µcY�P lSQ ��PXQ. 5. �P
STtU |re�TtU WTeeT� [PYiQgPSrU [P]\rQPST. 6. }S]�XPTU
VeXNXU VW]\rQST SÀ ST� óe^µWQTPN\T^ \r�XeÀ. 7. ¬ Y¢-
µTU R^q\rNRkO ©U &P R�µa.
�96
2"?) 5 4
*cµQ; ÒRScµQ (42)B" ÉRSc\X). Accusativus cum infinitivo - )%.)&/-
%"+L.)B (2/@$%)#.)B (2"@+)-b".//. 8+$,)+K, &+)b.K" & ÒcµQ / ÒRScµQ.
&Q3R8Q �oµI
8+$,)+ ÒcµQ =".<+(&A (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ ²-) - )&.)-" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ /B""% ,D&%)" (2/@K3$./" .$@ .$-#$+L.)6 6)%)6. :&%)2/#"&4/ J@"&L %$4 b", 4$4 / D ,+$-,)+$ YNYOµQ / SNkcµQ, *K+) D@-)"./" .$#$+L.),) &),+$&-.),) ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-K, $ /B"..): ÒcµQ < * RNRcµQ (,+$-,)+L.$' )&.)-$ ²- < Rr-).
?4B87BO= ^89NO RQ3R8Q3 �oµI =61+$%')
Praesens indicativi activi ÒcµQ =".<+(D Futurum indicativi activi vRO C ="B+D, @0!0 =".<+(&A Aoristus indicativi activi ì\X C =".+(+ Perfectum indicativi activi r \X C (0?$) =".+(+ Perfectum indicativi med.-pass. r µXQ C (0?$) =".+(+ .(5,
C (0?$) =".+(% Aoristus indicativi passivi r kcP 5$%C =".+(+)
:B"0%&' %$4b" )%,+$,)+L.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" ²SfU =".+(%%<7, &"&, '"," 5"?%" =".+(&A / ²S]TU !"+?%<7 @<&A =".+(%%<5.
(D9:p=BC= RQ3R8Q3 �oµI =61+$%')
Indicativus Praesens Imperfectum Aoristus
act. med. act. med. act. med.
Sg. � ÒcµQ ÒrµXQ ÒrQP �]µcP ì\X rÒµcP 2 ÒcU ÒrRXQ ÒrQU ÒrRT ì\XU r RT
3 ÒcRQ(P) ÒrSXQ ÒrQ ÒrST ì\r(P) r ST
�97
Pl. � ÒrµrP �]µrkX ÒrµrP �]µrkX r µrP rÒµrkX
2 ÒrSr ÒrRkr ÒrSr ÒrRkr r Sr r Rkr
3 �wRQ(P) ÒrPSXQ ÒrRXP ÒrPST r RXP r PST
NB x)2BK /B("2a"4%$ ÒrQU / ÒrQ )*2$J)-$.K 4$4 D &+/%.K3 ,+$,)+)- .$ -]O. x)2B$ � +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ ÒrQP )*-2$J)-$.$ () $.$+),// &) 2 / 3 +/�)B.
Coniunctivus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg. � �� ��µXQ ³ ³µXQ
2 �ÀU �À åU å
3 �À �¢SXQ å åSXQ
Pl. � ��µrP ��µrkX ³µrP ³µrkX
2 �¢Sr �¢Rkr ìSr åRkr
3 ��RQ(P) ��PSXQ ³RQ(P) ³PSXQ
Optativus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg. � �rNcP �rNµcP rÒcP rÒµcP
2 �rNcU �rtT rÒcU r T
3 �rNc �rtST rÒc r ST
Pl. � �rtµrP �rNµrkX r µrP, rÒcµrP rÒµrkX
2 �rtSr �rtRkr r Sr, rÒcSr r Rkr
3 �rtrP �rtPST r rP, rÒcRXP r PST
Imperativus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg. 2 ÒrQ! ÒrRT! ÉU! T¨!
3 �]SO! �]RkO! ÉSO! ÉRkO!
Pl. 2 ÒrSr! ÒrRkr! ÉSr! ÉRkr!
3 �]PSOP! �]RkOP! ÉPSOP! ÉRkOP!
�98
NB 5 a)2B" 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ /B("2$%/-$ .$-&%)'C",) -2"B"./ @"6&%-/%"+L.),) J$+),$ )4).#$./" -r, 4)-%)2)" &+/-$"%&' & ,+$&.KB )&.)-K (ÒrQ < Òrr =".<+(7). 5 a)2-
B" 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ /B("2$%/-$ $)2/&%$ )4).#$-./" -U (ÉU ="B+)).
Infinitivus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
�]PXQ! ÒrRkXQ! r PXQ! ÉRkXQ!
Participium
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
m �rNU, �]PSTU! �]µrPTU! r U, ÉPSTU! ɵrPTU!
f �rtRX, �rNRcU! �rµ]Pc! r RX, rÒRcU! ²µ]Pc!
n �]P, �]PSTU! �]µrPTP! ÉP, ÉPSTU! ɵrPTP!
S$%&6$+, 1$6;*+( 1 ]LµV
H% ,+$,)+$ ÒcµQ =".<+(&A D()%2"*/%"+L.K (2"a/4-
&$+L.K" a)2BK, .$(2/B"2: [�NcµQ "&=0.'(&A, ".&(9-
+C&A, =$4$.&(9(&A, V�NcµQ 9<=0.'(&A, =".<+(&A, V�NcµQ
=".<+(&A, V�NrµXQ %(=4(9+C&A .9") 5<.+), ?$+(&A, \Xk-
NcµQ =0.'(&A, "=0.'(&A, WXiNcµQ =4"=0.'(&A, R^PNcµQ
./9(&<9(&A, ="%)5(&A.
&Q3R8Q �JKoµI
8+$,)+ ÒRScµQ .&(9)&A (,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-$ RSX-) -
)&.)-" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./, 4$4 / ,+$,)+ ÒcµQ, /B""%
,D&%)" (2/@K3$./" .$@ .$#$+L.)6 6)%)6. :&%)2/#"&4/
J@"&L *K+) D@-)"./" .$#$+L.),) &),+$&.),) ,+$,)+L.)6
)&.)-K, $ /B"..): ÒRScµQ < * RNRScµQ.
�99
?4B87BO= ^89NO RQ3R8Q3 �JKoµI 1'%7#')
Praesens indicativi activi ÒRScµQ .&(9+D
Futurum indicativi activi RS¤RO @0!0 .&(9)&A, =".&(9+D
Aoristus indicativi activi lRScRX C =".&(9)+
Aoristus II indicativi lRScP C .&(+, ".&(%"9)+.C
Perfectum indicativi activi ÉRSc\X C .&"D
Perfectum indicativi med.-pass. �
Aoristus indicativi passivi VRSgkcP C @<+ =".&(9+$%
NB H@./ a)2BK ,+$,)+$ ÒRScµQ .&(9)&A /B"0% ("2"3)@.)" ($4%/-.)" / ($&&/-.)") J.$#"./", @2D,/" b" � ."("2"3)@.)", 4$4, .$(2/B"2, a)2B$ -%)2),) $)2/&%$ lRScP C .&(+, )*2$-J)-$..$' () %/(D 4)2."-),) $)2/&%$ (&B. D2)4 5�), /+/ a)2-
B$ $4%/-.),) ("2a"4%$ ÉRSc\X C .&"D.
:B"0%&' %$4b" )%,+$,)+L.K" (2/+$,$%"+L.K" RSX-
SfU =".&(9+$%%<7, '"&"4<7 5"?$& @<&A =".&(9+$% /
RSXS]TU !"+?%<7 @<&A =".&(9+$%%<5.
(D9:p=BC= RQ3R8Q3 �JKoµI 1'%7#')
Indicativus Praesens Imperfectum
act. med act. med.
Sg. � ÒRScµQ! ÒRSXµXQ! ÒRScP! �RSgµcP!
2 ÒRScU! ÒRSXRXQ! ÒRScU! ÒRSXRT!
3 ÒRScRQ(P)! ÒRSXSXQ! ÒRSc! ÒRSXST!
Pl. � ÒRSXµrP! �RSgµrkX! ÒRSXµrP! �RSgµrkX!
2 ÒRSXSr! ÒRSXRkr! ÒRSXSr! ÒRSXRkr!
3 �RSwRQ(P)! ÒRSXPSXQ! ÒRSXRXP! ÒRSXPST!
Aoristus I Aoristus II
act. med act. med.
Sg. � lRScRX! VRScRgµcP! lRScP! �
2 lRScRXU! VRS¤RO! lRScU! �
3 lRScRr(P)! VRS¤RXST! lRSc! �
200
Pl. � VRS¤RXµrP! VRScRgµrkX! lRScµrP! � 2 VRS¤RXSr! VRS¤RXRkr! lRScSr! � 3 lRScRXP! VRS¤RXPST! lRScRXP! �
NB 5 @$+L."6`"B D4$JK-$0%&' %)+L4) a)2BK -%)2),) $)2/-&%$, ("2-K6 b" $)2/&% )*2$JD"% -&" a)2BK 2",D+'2.) () %/-(D &/,B$%/#"&4),) $)2/&%$.
Coniunctivus Praesens Aoristus II
act. med. act. med.
Sg. � �RS� �RS�µXQ RS� � 2 �RSÀU �RSÀ RSÀU � 3 �RSÀ �RS¢SXQ RSÀ �
Pl. � �RS�µrP �RS�µrkX RS�µrP � 2 �RS¢Sr �RS¢Rkr RS¢Sr � 3 �RS�RQ(P) �RS�PSXQ RS�RQ(P) �
NB 5 &+/%.K3 a)2B$3 ,+$,)+$ ÒRScµQ "&%L 2'@ )&)*"..)&%"6 () &2$-."./0 &) &+/%.KB/ ,+$,)+$B/ .$ -gO. 5 4).�0.4%/-"
g + c > ¢, g + � > À: �RSgcSr > �RS¢Sr; �RSg� > �RSÀ.
Optativus Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg. � �RSXNcP �RSXNµcP RSXNcP � 2 �RSXNcU �RSXtT RSXNcU � 3 �RSXNc �RSXtST RSXNc �
Pl. � �RSXtµrP �RSXNµrkX RSXtµrP, RSXNcµrP � 2 �RSXtSr �RSXtRkr RSXtSr, RSXNcSr � 3 �RSXtrP �RSXtPST RSXtrP, RSXNcRXP �
Imperativus Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
Sg.2 ÒRSc! ÒRSXRT! RS¢kQ! �
3 �RSgSO! �RSgRkO! RS¤SO! �
20�
Pl. 2 ÒRSXSr! ÒRSXRkr! RS¤Sr! �
3 �RSgPSOP! �RSgRkOP! RSgPSOP! �
NB 5 a)2B" 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ /B("2$%/-$ .$-
&%)'C",) -2"B"./ @"6&%-/%"+L.),) J$+),$ )4).#$./" -r, 4)-
%)2)" &+/-$"%&' & ,+$&.KB )&.)-K (ÒRSc < ÒRSXr .&(9A). 5
a)2B" 2 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$ /B("2$%/-$ $)2/&%$
)4).#$./" -kQ (RS¢kQ .&(%A).
Infinitivus
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
�RSgPXQ! ÒRSXRkXQ! RS¢PXQ! �!
Participium
Praesens Aoristus
act. med. act. med.
m �RSgU, �RSgPSTU! �RSgµrPTU! RSgU, RSgPSTU! �
f �RSwRX, �RSgRcU! �RSXµ]Pc! RSwRX, RSgRcU! �
n �RSgP, �RSgPSTU! �RSgµrPTP! RSgP, RSgPSTU! �
S$%&6$+, 1$6;*+( 1 ]^WLµV
H% ,+$,)+$ ÒRScµQ .&(9)&A D()%2"*/%"+L.K (2"-
a/4&$+L.K" a)2BK, .$(2/B"2: [PkNRScµQ =4"&)9"-
=".&(9+C&A, [�NRScµQ "&.&(9+C&A, 0!(+C&A, [�NRSXµXQ
"&.&(9(&A, "&.&0=(&A, YQNRScµQ 4(..&(9+C&A, 4(>Õ$!)-
%C&A, V�NRScµQ .&(9)&A 9" ,+(9$, \XkNRScµQ 0&9$4-
?!(&A, !$+(&A, =".&(%"9+C&A, µrkNRScµQ =$4$.&(9+C&A,
5$%C&A, WiTNRScµQ .&(9)&A 9=$4$!), R^PNRScµQ .&(-
9)&A 95$.&$, ."@)4(&A.
202
/#*'%01#1
I).&%2D4�/' accusativus cum infinitivo B)b"% *K%L
D()%2"*+".$ 7 D9C]358>B8N 85B84C5=Q6B8N D9=]-
Q8p=BCC, .$(2/B"2:
×�P V�Q]µrkX V�cq¤RXRkXQ Wri� ST� µrqgeT^
WTe]µT^, ÂP ÐT^\^YNYcU e]qrQ \NPcRQP µrqNRScP
qrP]RkXQ STtU èeecRQ(P)... � :$=$4A 5< /"&)5 4(..'(>(&A
" 9$+)'"7 9"7%$, '"&"4(C, '(' ,"9"4)& �0')!)!, .&(+( 9$-
+)-(7B)5 ="&4C.$%)$5 !+C ,4$'"9...
5 %$4)B &+D#$" (2/ ("2"-)@" .$ 2D&&4/6 'JK4 -/./%"+L-
.K6 ($@"b (ÂP) B)b"% *K%L ("2"@$. /B"./%"+L.KB
('"&"4(C), /.a/./%/- (qrP]RkXQ) � +/#.)6 a)2B)6 ,+$-
,)+$ (.&(+(), $ D(2$-+'0C/6 ,+$,)+ (- @$..)B &+D#$"
,+$,)+ 2"#/ e]qrQ) B)b"% *K%L (2"@&%$-+". -) --)@.)B
(2"@+)b".// ('(' ,"9"4)& �0')!)!).
[=Q8D8BB=44P3: 78EB3
(43;�404 RR. ]8 ".d.)
×�P V�Q]µrkX V�cq¤RXRkXQ Wri� ST� µrqgeT^ WTe]-
µT^, ÂP ÐT^\^YNYcU e]qrQ \NPcRQP µrqNRScP qrP]RkXQ
STtU èeecRQ \X� µ]irQ SQP� S�P �Xi�giOP \X� VW� WertR-
STP [Pki�WOP. ·® WXiQ�µrP S~P \XQi~P ST� scSrtP S�U
XhSNXU, ÒPX R^PQ¢Sr, � µXkcSXN, YQ� SN u S�P �kcPXNOP
WTeQSrNX �iQRSX YQX\rQµ]Pc VSigWc rhU [Y^PXSOSgScP
\X� [keQOSgScP.
�i�STP µ�P T� �X\rYXQµfPQTQ V\ WTeeT� _ifPT^ S®P
YcµTSQ\®P S�P �kcPXNOP WTeQSrNXP VµNRT^P. |rZSriTP
Y� VWZkrRkr, �SQ T� �kcPXtTQ µrS� S~P �riRQ\~P Wfer-
µTP ST§U PcRQ�SXU R_rY~P VYTZeORXPÇ TyYrP� V�NrRXP
203
[WTRS¢PXQ S¢U R^µµX_NXU TyY� [r� [�NrPST S¢U [YQ\NXU.
|Q� ST�ST V\rtPTQ WTeeg\QU V�NrPST S¢U Ver^kriNXU. �~
Y� SiNSTP T� �kcPXtTQ \XNWri kXeXSST\iXST�PSrU �µOU
\X� S¢U \XS� q¢P uqrµTPNXU V�]µrPTQ WTeeXtU S¢U �WrN-
iT^ WferRQ \X� VPNTSr STtU �X\rYXQµTPNTQU VWTe]µT^P.
�]eTU Y], ÒPX WerNO üPQX [WTYQYTtPST, WTee�U [WTQ\NXU
rhU S®P }Q\reNXP \X� Wi~U S~P ¶fRWTiTP lWrµ¹XP \X�
PX�U Sr \X� �PYiXU V\rtRr [�rtRXP, µRSr T� °TiNPkQTQ
\X� T� ·rqXirtU V\WeXq]PSrU SÀ Xy�XPTµ]P� S�P �kc-
PXNOP VµWTiNo R^P]RScRXP STtU �X\rYXQµTPNTQU \X� �e-
eTQU �reTWTPPcRNTQU.
°XSXRSgPSOP T¨P S�P Äee¤POP rhU WferµTP �riQ-
\e¢U RSiXScq~U \XSXRSXkr�U ³Yr STtU WTeNSXQU YQre]_-
kcÇ ��� WTe]µQTQ µ]qX Wrs~P R^PQRSwRQP ©U uµtP VWQkc-
RfµrPTQ. ¶TZeTPSXQ q�i ¥µwU [�QRSgPXQ VµT� \X� ST§U
¥µrS]iT^U R^µµg_T^U YQQRSgPXQ. �ee� uµrtU XySTtU [Pk-
NRSXµrP S� µX\i� SrN_c \X� S~ S�P SiQ¤iOP We¢kTU \X�
S� WTee� SgeXPSX [iq^iNT^ S� VP S� �XikrP�PQ [WT-
\rNµrPX. |Q� ST�ST S®P µ�P _�iXP V�Q�µrP S� RSiXS�
XyS�P. �~ Y� PX^SQ\~P [�Q]RkO rhU kgeXSSXP ©U YQX-
�kriT�P ST§U eQµ]PXU \X� S�U [WTQ\NXU V\rNPOP�.
�£SOU Vq]PrST. �� Y� qrOiqT� [qrik]PSrU rhU S� S�P
�kcP�P SrN_c r¡YTP ÊiqQRµ]PTQ ST§U ²X^S�P [qiT§U
¥W~ S�P WTerµNOP YQX�kXi]PSXU \X� ±_kXQiTP S~P �r-
iQ\e]X. �ee� S� ST� �RSrOU WigqµXSX SX_]OU rhU [WT-
iNXP \X� \NPY^PTP µrSrRSgkc. �� q�i SiNSª lSrQ �T�riT�
eTQµT� qrPTµ]PT^ WTeeT� [W]kXPTP, VP T U \X� �riQ-
\e¢U, ÂU S®P WfeQP \irNSSTPX \X� \XeeNTPX \XkQRS�U \X�
ST§U WTeNSXU Wi~U [PYirNXP \X� �µfPTQXP WiTSi]WOP
Ty\ VW]WX^ST.
204
/(*'(*2##
�. ·® WXiNrQ S~P \XQifP. 2. �y WgPSrU V�QwRQP� rhU WfPSTP
mfTQ. 3. �y_ � SfWTU S~P �PYiX, [ee� � [P®i S~P SfWTP \XkNR-
ScRQ SNµQTP. 4. |QTq]PcU ViOSckr�U ¥W� �er�gPYiT^, rj SQPTU
Y]TQSTÇ �·Q\ifP, � l�c, � µrSgRSckQ [W~ ST� ueNT^�.
>*(0?6'
�i_NYXµTU � �XRQer§U ViOSckrNU, SNU WiT]RSc\r S¢U
}WgiScUÇ ��� PfµTQ, � l�c, � \X� X� [i_X� \XS� ST§U Pf-
µT^U�.
3(01#0%
�oµI (D&4$%L
S_FoµI (D&4$%L, .$&K+$%L; S_FgµUI b"+$%L, &%2"-B/%L&'
TUeFoµI )(D&4$%L, (2)(D&-4$%L, @)(D&4$%L
u XhSNX, XU (2/#/.$, )&.)--$./"
JfHFoµI ()./B$%L
X_FoµI )%(D&4$%L; med. -)J-@"2b/-$%L&'
S�FoµI -K&K+$%L
YUhFoµI )(D&4$%L
�JKoµI &%$-/%L; ÒRSXµXQ med. . aor. lRScP &%)'%L
YUhFJKoµI D&%$.$-+/-$%L, ()&%$.)-+'%L
X_FJKoµI )%&%$-+'%L, D@$+'%L
JfHFJKoµI &)&%$-+'%L, )*�"@/.'%L (.4. .).&$5()
VIFJKoµI )%@"+'%L, J$&%$--+'%L )%&%$%L
XHhFJKoµI
(aor. act. [PS]RSc-RX) (2)%/-)()&%$-+'%L, &%$-/%L .$(2)%/-
µghFJKoµI ("2"&%$-+'%L, ("2"B".'%L
XHFJKoµI (aor. med. [P]RScP) &%$-/%L %( -&"-+)@"
S_FJKoµI &%$-/%L -) ,+$-" TeLFJKoµI &%$-/%L -("2"@/ � ¶fRWTiTU, T^ ò)&a)2 � ·rqXirZU, ]OU B",$2"�,
b/%"+L =",$2K
� ÐT^\QYNYcU, T^ xD4/@/@
u \NPcRQU, rOU @-/b"./"
� !)@2$JDB"-$"%&' S~ £YOi.
205
kXeXSST\iXS]O -+$&%-)--$%L .$ B)2"
� mfTU, T^ ()%)4, 2"4$
S~ SgeXPSTP, T ̂ %$+$.%, B"-2$ -"&$; &DBB$ @".",
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�VrZVM `{ X� xM`Pm X� }KPcM nQIMXU X�M QVdPSa nJVUPV
lSm TX�sU V~\ X[ µLTIMa lSm xMSTXc\ nTXK. (u'. 6, 8)
F~PtMKM x�WKµU eµdM, V~PtMKM X�M Oµ�M `W`pµU eµdMa IG
lSsª\ � l�TµI\ `W`pTUM OJª `W`pµU eµdM� (�%. g4, 27)
�MYM j]µVM OcM eµVd\ TXtlVXV OM l_PW�. (g �$.. 3, 8)
^Uc XIYXI xMSHiRVXV X�M ZSMIZHWSM XIY sVIY, �MS `_-
MKs�XV xMXUTX�MSU OM X� NµLP¤ X� ZIMKP� lSm ¯ZSMXS
lSXVPJSTiµVMIU TX�MSU. ÖX�XV I�M ZVPUjpTiµVMIU X�M oT-
��M eµ]M OM xHKsVW¤ lSm OM`_TiµVMIU X[M s�PSlS X�\ `U-
lSUITqMK\ lSm eZI`KTiµVMIU XI�\ Z�`S\ OM kXIUµSTW¤ XIY
VGSJJVHWI_ X�\ V~PtMK\� (½*. 6, g3-g5)
�rifU, g, fP &D3)6 u WXPTWeNX, XU ()+.)"
-))2Db"./" WTPcifU, g, fP (+)3)6,
@D2.)6, &4-"2.K6 \XSriqgsTµXQ &)-"2`$%L,
/&()+.'%L
WriQs�PP^µXQ ()@()'&K--$%L&'
u ¯R�ZU, ¯R�ZTU *"@2$, *)4$ VPYZO .$@"-$%L � k�iX�, X\TU ($.�/2L ¥WTY]O ()@-'JK-$%L, )*D-
-$%L&' u ²STQµXRNX, XU ,)%)-.)&%L
45 96&61$:;(*#.
}SX^i~P q�i ¥WTµrNPXU, SÀ SX�À WXirYfkc, ©U XyS~U
�k]ecRrÇ \X� [PXRS�U V\ Pr\i�P lROR] µr S~P WeXP�-
µrPTP �PkiOWTP. (?%/3/2$ -)&42"&.$' .$ «8)&()@/,
-)JJ-$3�», ,+$& 2)
206
}¤µriTP � |rRWfScU S¢U \SNRrOU WXiNRSXSXQ �QegS�
\X� RSX^i� WXiXYNYTSXQ � \SNRScU S�P ¼WgPSOP, ©U [µ-
P~U WiTRXqfµrPTU SÀ hYNo �T^e¤RrQ� (?%/3/2$ .$ «8)&-
()@/, -)JJ-$3�» 5"+/4)6 !'%./�K, ,+$& 6)
��QegSª WXiNRSXSXQ, Ì Sifµª WXiNRSXPSXQ TyiX-
P�P X� Y^PgµrQU� (?%/3/2$ .$ «8)&()@/, -)JJ-$3�» 5"-
+/4)6 !'%./�K, ,+$& 6)
¥WTµ]PO, aor. ¥W]µrQPX %"2("%L
� \SNRScU, T^ %-)2"� � [µPfU, T� ',.".)4, $,."�
u �TZecRQU, rOU -)+', b"-+$./"
u YZPXµQU, rOU &/+$
<="%;*(*#.
I. H*2$JD6%" )&.)-K -&"3 -2"B". )% ,+$,)+)- \XkNcµQ /
V�NrµXQ (med.); @+' 4$b@)6 )&.)-K )*2$JD6%" /.a/./-
%/- / (2/#$&%/".
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / ("2"-"@/%": WXirNU, R^PNrQU,
[�QrNU, V�NrQ (2), R^P¢\X, R^Prt\X, \XkQrNc, [�rNc, �SXP
V�QÀ (2), ÒPX V�À (2), WXiQ]PSOP (2), WXi]PSOP (2).
III. !"2"-"@/%" &+"@D0C/" ,+$,)+L.K" a)2BK / J$B"-
./%" (2"J".%.K" a)2BK $)2/&%.KB/, / .$)*)2)%: V�Nr-
RXQ, V�T�, �WfSXP V�Q¢Rkr, rjkr V�rtT, V�NrPST.
IV. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / @+' 4$b@),) ,+$,)+$ @$6%" .$-
#$+L.D0 a)2BD: [WrtPXQ, [�rtPXQ � ÒPX [W�, ÒPX [�� �
V�P [W¢Sr, V�P [�¢Sr � [�rNc �P, [WrNc �P.
V. H% 4$4/3 @-D3 ,+$,)+)- )*2$JD0%&' a)2BK WXi�RQP
/ ì\rP? H(2"@"+/%" {%/ a)2BK.
VI. !)-%)2/%" D(2$b."./' 33, V / 5�, I, 2�6 / III, 3.
207
VII. H*2$JD6%" 4 (2/-"@"..KB a)2B$B (2"J".&$ &))%-
-"%&%-D0C/" a)2BK con., opt., imperat. / imperf.: [�NR-
ScU, WiTQRSwRQP, [PkNRSXRXQ, [PNRSXRkr.
VIII. H*2$JD6%" $4%/-.K" /.a/./%/-K praes., fut. / aor.
@+' WiTNRScµQ, B"@/$+L.K" @+' R^PNRSXµXQ, ($&&/-.K"
@+' YQNRSXµXQ.
IX. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' )&)*)" -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./"
J$+),)-: �. �� PQ\�PSrU [r� SifWXQTP ÒRSXPST. 2. �ifWXQTP
RScRgµrPTQ [W¢ekTP. 3. �iQRSXqfiXU ST§U ÈOPXU lWrQRr
S�P �riR�P [�NRSXRkXQ. 4. ¬ �iQRSTU SÀ WferQ VWQRSXk¤-
RrSXQ. 5. ·® YQNRSXRkr, � RZµµX_TQ. 6. �� PcRQ�SXQ WTeeg-
\QU STtU �kcPXNTQU [PkNRSXPST. 7. �� }WXiSQwSXQ TzWTSr Yc-
µT\iXSNXP \XSrRS¤RXPST. 8. ÖW~ S�P �X\rYXQµTPNOP �e-
eTQU Y¤µTQU WTeeg\QU S^iXPP�U \XSrRSgkc.
208
2"?) 5 5
+RSc\X; ("2a"4%.K" a)2BK: S]-kPc\X, rjOkX, lTQ\X, W]WTQkX, Y]YTQ\X, \gkcµXQ.
A()%2"*+"./" ÉRSc\X.
[=9^=P5 RQ3R8Q3 �JKoµI 4537C56 � �JKoYU
x)2B$ ÉRSc\X (2"@&%$-+'"% &)*)6 &+$*K6 ("2a"4% &
&Daa/4&)B \- )% ,+$,)+$ ÒRScµQ .&(9)&A, /B"0C/6
%)+L4) ."("2"3)@.)" J.$#"./" C .&"D. !"2a"4%.$' )&-
.)-$ .$ \- (2"@&%$-+".$ - )&.)-.)B - "@/.&%-"..)B
#/&+" /J�'-/%"+L.),) .$4+)."./', - )&%$+L.K3 a)2B$3
+/#.K" )4).#$./' )*K#.) (2/&)"@/.'0%&' ."()&2"@-
&%-"..) 4 )&.)-" (&/+L.K6 ("2a"4%). x)2BK & &Daa/4-
&)B \- / *"J .",) B),D% &)&DC"&%-)-$%L 4$4 @D*+"%K.
!"2a"4% ,+$,)+$ ÒRScµQ ." /B""% ()+.)6 ($2$@/,BK.
Indicativus Coniunctivus
Sg. � ÉRSc\X! ²RS¤\O
2 ÉRSc\XU ²RS¤\�U
3 ÉRSc\r(P) ²RS¤\�
Pl. � ÉRSXµrP, ²RS¤\XµrP ²RS�µrP, ²RS¤\OµrP
2 ÉRSXSr, ²RS¤\XSr
3 ²RSwRQ(P), ²RS¤\XRQ
Imperativus:
Sg. 2 ÉRSc\r (ÉRSXkQ)
3 ²RSc\]SO (²RSgSO)
Optativus - ²RS¤\TQµQ
Infinitivus - ²RSgPXQ, ²RSc\]PXQ
209
Participium:
m. ²RS�U, ²RS�STU; ²RSc\�U, ²RSc\�STU;
f. ²RS�RX, ²RS�RcU; ²RSc\^tX, ²RSc\^NXU;
n. ²RSfU, ²RS�STU; ²RSc\fU, ²RSc\fSTU.
H% )&.)-K ("2a"4%$ ,+$,)+$ ÒRScµQ )*2$JD0%&' %$4-
b" a)2BK plusquamperfectum (r�RS¤\c, r�RS¤\rQP) -
J.$#".// /B("2a"4%$ C .&"C+ / futurum III activi (²RS¤-
�O C @0!0 .&"C&A).
Plusquamperfectum RQ3R8Q3 �JKoµI
Ñ/�) Singularis Pluralis
� r�RS¤\rQP! ÉRSXµrP!
2 r�RS¤\rQU! ÉRSXSr!
3 r�RS¤\rQ! ÉRSXRXP, r�RS¤\rRXP!
NB x)2BK ,+$,)+$ ÒRScµQ, )*2$J)-$..K" )% )&.)-K &/+L.),) ("2a"4%$ (*"J &Daa/4&$ -\), -) B.)b"&%-"..)B #/&+" (+0&4--$B("2a"4%$ ." /B"0% (2/2$C"./'.
[=9^=P5BO= ^89NO: KZhHoYU, g�GhU, nLIYU,
TZTLIhU, VZVLIYU, YmhoµUI
A ."4)%)2K3 @2"-.",2"#"&4/3 ,+$,)+)- D()%2"*/-
%"+L.K /&4+0#/%"+L.) /+/ (2"/BDC"&%-"..) a)2BK
("2a"4%$. �$4)-K a)2BK S]kPc\X C 05$4, rjOkX C
=4)9<', lTQ\X C ="/"?, Y]YTQ\X C @"D.A, \gkcµXQ C
&/bD, $ %$4b" ,+$,)+ T¡YX C >%(D, ) 4)%)2)B &B. D2)4 56.
!("A(0' W_X`LY[
�$4 b", 4$4 / ,+$,)+ ÒRScµQ, ,+$,)+ [WTkPçR\O 05)-
4(&A )*2$JD"% a)2BK ("2a"4%$ & &Daa/4&)B -\ (&+$*K6
("2a"4%) / *"J .",) (&/+L.K6 ("2a"4%).
2�0
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � S]kPc\X SrkP¤\O SrkPXNcP
2 S]kPc\XU
3 S]kPc\r(P) SrkPgSO
Pl. � S]kPXµrP
2 S]kPXSr
3 SrkPwRQ(P),
SrkP¤\XRQ(P)
Infinitivus - SrkPc\]PXQ, SrkPgPXQ
Participium - SrkPc\�U, ^tX, fU; S]kPr�U, �RX, fU
!"2a"4% ,+$,)+$ [WTkPçR\O ." /B""% ()+.)6 ($2$-
@/,BK. :B"0%&' %$4b" )%@"+L.K" a)2BK (+0&4-$B-
("2a"4%$: Sing. 3 � VSrkP¤\rQ, Pl. 3 � VSrkP¤\rRXP /+/
VS]kPXRXP.
!("A(0' MaOX[ # bNVY[
9"4)%)2K" ,+$,)+K /B"0% %)+L4) a)2BD ("2a"4%$ /
(+0&4-$B("2a"4%$, (2/#"B ("2a"4% D()%2"*+'"%&' -
J.$#".// .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./, $ (+0&4-$B("2a"4% � -
J.$#".// /B("2a"4%$. �$4)-K ,+$,)+K: rjOkX C )5$D
"@<'%"9$%)$, C =4)9<' (plqp. rh�krQP); lTQ\X C ="/"?, C
'(?0.A (part. VTQ\�U, VTQ\^tX, VTQ\fU ="/"?)7, a)2B$
&2. 2)@$ rh\fU .=4(9$!+)9", $.&$.&9$%%", )% ."" .$2"#/"
rh\fSOU .=4(9$!+)9", plqp. VÕ\rQP).
!("A(0' c_cNVX[
H% ,+$,)+$ WrNkO 0@$?!(&A .$2'@D & a)2B)6 &+$*)-
,) ("2a"4%$ W]WrQ\X C (0?$) 0@$!)+ )*2$JD"%&' &/+L-
.K6 ("2a"4% W]WTQkX - J.$#".// C (0?$) 0@$?!$%, C
09$4$%, C 9$4D.
2��
!("A(0' T_TNVY[
H% B$+)D()%2"*/%"+L.),) - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ ,+$-
,)+$ YrNYO @"C&A.C )*2$JD"%&' 4$4 a)2B$ &+$*),) ("2-
a"4%$ Y]YTQ\X - J.$#".// C @"D.A, %$4 / a)2B$ &/+L.),)
("2a"4%$ Y]YQX ()&.)-$ YrYQ-). H% Y]YTQ\X D()%2"*/-
%"+L.K -&" a)2BK ("2a"4%$ / (+0&4-$B("2a"4%$, a)2-
BK )% Y]YQX ()B"C".K - %$*+/�" ./b".
Indicativus Imperativus Infinitivus
Sg. � Y]YQX YrYQ]PXQ 2 Y]YQXU! Y]YQkQ! Participium 3 Y]YQr(P) YrYQ�U, fSTU
Pl.� Y]YQµrP YrYQ^tX, ^NXU 2 Y]YQSr YrYQfU, fSTU 3 YrYNXRQ(P)
H% )&.)-K YrYQ- -)JB)b.K %$4b" a)2BK (+0&4-$B-
("2a"4%$: Pl. 3 � VY]YQRXP /+/ VYrYNrRXP.
!("A(0' YdXLµ[V
A()%2"*/%"+L.$' - (2)J" (2"a/4&$+L.$' a)2B$
\gkcµXQ )% ,+$,)+$ ìµXQ .)!$&A ()&.)-$ u(R)-) () a)2-
B" '-+'"%&' B"@/$+L.)-($&&/-.KB ("2a"4%)B, $ () J.$-
#"./0 � {%) .$&%)'C"" -2"B'. d%)% )%+)b/%"+L.K6
,+$,)+, 4$4 / ,+$,)+ \rtµXQ, )%.)&/%&' 4 ("2-)6 ,2D((" II
($%"B$%/#"&4),)) &(2'b"./' / '-+'"%&' ."@)&%$%)#.KB.
Praesens Imperfectum Imperativus
Sg. � \gkcµXQ V\Xk¤µcP, \Xk¤µcP! 2 \gkcRXQ V\gkcRT, \Xk¢RT! \gkcRT 3 \gkcSXQ V\gkcST, \Xk¢ST! \Xk¤RkO
Pl. � \Xk¤µrkX V\Xk¤µrkX, \Xk¤µrkX! 2 \gkcRkr V\gkcRkr, \Xk¢Rkr! \gkcRkr 3 \gkcPSXQ V\gkcPST, \Xk¢PST! \Xk¤RkOP
2�2
Infinitivus - \Xk¢RkXQ
Participium - \Xk¤µrPTU, \Xkcµ]Pc, \Xk¤µrPTP
NB x)2BK 4).�0.4%/-$ / )(%$%/-$ {%),) ,+$,)+$ -&%2"#$-0%&' 2"@4).
)9y�=BC= N8Ry�=4573 /^CB
(404 R. ]8 ".d.)
�riQ\e]T^U SrkPc\fSTU �k¤PcRQ µrqgec �P [�T^eNX,
\X� ryk§U P]XQ YQX�TiX� Vq]PTPST. �iQg\TPSX q�i lSc
V\rtPTU SÀ WferQ V�rQRS¤\rQ, \X� T� WTetSXQ rh�krRXP
WrNkrRkXQ XyS� VTQ\fSQ VP SÀ [qTip VPNTSr S� |Q� S� [R-
SigWSTPSQ \X� �iTPS�PSQ. �ee� � WferµTU TzWO VWXZRX-
ST, \X� �eeTQ YcµXqOqT� ST� Y¤µT^ WiT]RScRXP. °e]OP
� �^iRTY]¹cU, ÂP T� SfSr \OµªYTWTQT� ©U �PYiX YcµTSQ-
\~P \X� [WXNYr^STP ßPSX lR\OWSTP, kiXRZSXSX \XS�
q¢P \X� \XS� kgeXSSXP STtU �reTWTPPcRNTQU VW]krST
\X� [PYirNOU µX_fµrPTU VP SÀ S¢U ·X\rYTPNXU [\SÀ
lWrRrP. ·rS� SX�SX �e\Q�QgYcU, ryqrP®U \X� WXPT�iqTU
PrXPNXU, lWrQRr S~P Y¢µTP S®P \XkrRSc\^tXP [i_®P Xy-
�gPrQP WiTR\S�µrPTP �No S®P }Q\reNXP \X� S®P �Q�ZcP.
�TtU efqTQU XyST� WrWTQkÍU � Y¢µTU µ]qQRSTP WXirR-
\rZXRr PX^SQ\~P YQX\TRNOP SiQ¤iOP \X� YQRµ^iNOP [P-
Yi�P. �ee� VP SÀ }Q\reNo uSSck]PSrU \X� ¥W� �e\Q�QgYT^
WiTYTk]PSrU T� �kcPXtTQ VPS~U ¯eNqOP VS�P \g\QRSX
YQ]\rQPST.
�ZRXPYiTU q�i � }WXiSQgScU ST� S�P �reTWTPPcRN-
OP PX^SQ\T� WiTrRSc\ÍU \X� XhR_i�P R^µµX_NXP STtU
�]iRXQU WTQcRgµrPTU Ty µfPTP S~ S�P �kcPXNOP £RSX-
STP PX^SQ\~P VP SÀ ÜriRTP¤Rª YQ]�krQirQP, [ee� \X�
2�3
WgPSXU ST§U R^µµg_T^U XyS�P [W]RScRrP. �]eTU Y� T�
�reTWTPP¤RQTQ V\gkcPST Wi~ ST� �rQiXQ�U \X� RtSTP rhU
�RS^ rhR�]irRkXQ Ty\ rjOP. �£SOU rhU µrqNRScP [WTiNXP
\XSXRSXk]PSrU T� WTetSXQ Wi]R�rQU rhU S®P }WgiScP [�-
rtRXP ©U rhi¤PcP WTQcRTµ]PT^U. �� T¨P °TiNPkQTQ V\]-
er^RXP S~P �ZRXPYiTP V\rNPTQU �\XP®P YN\cP VWQkrtPXQ
e]qTPSrUÇ �Æ£Sc u WfeQU WTee�P ±Yc SZiXPPTU \Xk]RSc-
\r \X� WgPSOP �µTNOU SZiXPPTU \XSXRS¤RrSXQ, V�P µ®
XyS®P WTik¤RcSr�. �]eTU Y� T� �kcPXtTQ WrWTQkfSrU SÀ
�^RgPYiT^ ryPTNo S®P rhi¤PcP VY]�XPST, [ee� YrQP® YN-
\c YTS]X �P. ÁPXq\gRkcRXP q�i WgRXU S�U PX�U WXiX-
YT�PXQ \X� [PXSi]WrQP S� SrN_c. �i~U STZSTQU T� PQ\�P-
SrU V¹c�NRXPST S®P \XkrRS�RXP WTeQSrNXP YQXeZrQP \X�
µrSXRS¢RXQ S®P YcµT\iXSNXP rhU ¯eQqXi_NXP. �iTrRSg-
kcRXP �iX �RSrOU SiQg\TPSX SZiXPPTQ, TÝ VRkeT§U WT-
eNSXU [YN\OU YQ�\TPSrU \X� ST§U WeT^RNT^U R^e�PSrU
ST§U [RSrNT^U T£SO YQ]krRXP, µRSr WTeeT� Wri� ST� �NT^
YrYTQ\fSrU l�^qTP. �iQR� µ�P lSrRQP £RSriTP u YcµT\iX-
SNX WgeQP [POik�kc, [ee� Ty\]SQ YZPXµQU TzSr VµWTiNX
TzSr ße�TU �P STtU �kcPXNTQU.
3(01#0%
KZhHoYU *K%L B"2%-KB
�JKoYU &%)'%L (+(&. sto) YUhZJKoYU &)&%)'%L, *K%L
()&%$-+"..KB, &DC"&%-)--$%L
g�GhU (2/-K4$%L, /B"%L )*K4.)-"./"
nLIYU *K%L ()3)b/B, 4$-J$%L&'
WiTR\SgTµXQ @)()+./-%"+L.) (2/)*2"%$%L
TZTLIhU *K%L D*"b@"..KB YmhoµUI &/@"%L
rhR�]iO -.)&/%L
u rzPTQX, XU @)*2)b"+$-%"+L&%-), *+$,)2$&()+)-b"./"
[PXSi]WO )(2)4/@K-$%L
2�4
u ¯eQqXi_NX, XU )+/,$23/', -+$&%L ."B.),/3
�YQ\TU, TP ."&(2$-"@+/-K6, .$2D`$0C/6 (2$-)
VZVLIYU (Y]YQX) *)'%L&' u ÜriRfPcRTU, T^ »"2&)."&
�iTPSgO ,2"B"%L ,2)B)B � �^iRTY]¹cU, T^ 4)b"-./4 � \OµªYTWTQfU, T� 4)B"-
@/),2$a
[RSigWSO ()2$b$%L B)+-./"6
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�� `Il]M kTXiMSU RHVZLXp µ� ZLT�. (g 2"4. g0, g2)
yÆ`I� �TXKlS OZm X�M sqPSM lSm lPIqpa OiM XU\ xlIqT�
X�\ �pM�\ µI_ lSm xMIW}� X�M sqPSM, lSm V~TVHVqTIµSU
ZP[\ SGX[M lSm `VUZMtTp µVX� SGXIY lSm SGX[\ µVX� OµIY.
(�="'. 3, 20)
FrZVM `{ � ±SYHI\a OZm XIY RtµSXI\ µSWTSPI\ kTX�\
V~µU, I´ µV `Vd lPWMVTsSU� (6$C%. 25, g0)
�OZ�HsSM `{ xZ[ ¸MXUIQVWS\ lSm ²lIMWI_ ²I_`SdIU lSm
ZVWTSMXV\ XI�\ ÅQHI_\ lSm HUsiTSMXV\ X[M ±SYHIM nT_-
PIM n}p X�\ Z�HVp\ MIµWjIMXV\ SGX[M XVsMKlLMSU. (6$C%.
g4, g9)
±VZIWsSµVM `{ OM l_PW� O�� eµ�\, �XU Ô ZSPSJJLHHI-
µVM lSm ZIUVdXV lSm ZIUtTVXV. (2 �$.. 3, 4)
\iTZO &%D#$%L [PTNqO )%42K-$%L YrQWP]O )*"@$%L
S~ �¢µX, XSTU &D@"6&4)" 42"&+), &D@
eQkgsO ()*/-$%L 4$B.'B/ RZiO %$C/%L, -)+)#/%L
45 96&61$:;(*#.
�°X� q�i ST� kXPgST^ \XSXiq¤RXU S®P hR_ZP, STtU
SrkPr�RQ WwRQP [�kXiRNXP WXi]R_rU SÀ [PXRSgRrQ RT^,
}OS¤i� (?%/3/2$ .$ 3-$+/%"3 -)&42"&.$', ,+$& 4)
2�5
\XSXiq]O )%B".'%L, D(-2$J@.'%L
u [�kXiRNX, XU ."%+".-.)&%L, *"&&B"2%/"
u hR_ZU, ZTU &/+$, B),DC"&%-)
<="%;*(*#.
I. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK / ("2"-"@/%": [WTYNYORQP, [WTYN-
YTSXQ, [WTSNkcRQP, [�NcRQP, [�NRScRQP � YQXSQk]XRQP, T£-
SO YQg\rQPSXQ, YQQRSwRQP � VWQSQkrNU, VWQSQk]µrPTU, V�QrNU,
V�Q]µrPTU, V�QRSgU � µrSXYNYT^, µrkNRSc � WXiXYQYfPXQ,
WXiQ]PXQ � WiT]YO\XU, WiT]RScRXU � R^P]krRXP, R^Prt-
RXP, R^P]RScRXP.
II. !"2"-"@/%": �. ¬ \ZiQTU YQ�\OP S~P [WTYigPSX YT�-
eTP V\]er^RrPÇ �èRSc\r�. ¬ Y� r�RS¤\rQ. 2. �yY�P ÉRSc-
\rP TzSr ²RS¤�rQ, [ee� WgPSX \QPrtSXQ \X� µrkNRSXSXQ.
3. ¬ Y¢µTU WiT]RScRr S~P ·QeSQgYcP ST� RSiXST�. �
ØY]OU ST� RSiXST� WiT]RSc. � ÖW~ S¢U V\\ecRNXU ST�
RSiXST� WiTrRSgkc. � �T� RSiXST� WiTrRSc\ÍU (WiTrR-
SÍU) \XeeNRScP PN\cP VPN\cRrP. 4. �Teeg\QU PcRQ�SXQ
S¢U R^µµX_NXU [�NRSXPST. � �T� WTe]µT^ qrPTµ]PT^ lSQ
WerNT^U [W]RScRXP. � eeT^U � �ZRXPYiTU S¢U R^µµX-
_NXU [W]RScRrP. � ÎPQTQ \X� �No [WrRSgkcRXP. � �T� �R-
SrOU \r\^\eOµ]PT^ WgPSrU ±Yc [�rQRS¤\rRXP ([�]RSX-
RXP).
III. !"2"-"@/%": �. �N ÉRSXSr [WTiT�PSrU; 2. �TeeT� ÉRSX-
RXP VP STtU |re�TtU [PYiQgPSrU. 3. Ø q¢ YT\rt µ�P ²RSg-
PXQ, \QPrtSXQ Y]. 4. �y\ [r� [qXk~P ¾P rhc RÕsrQP S� \Xk-
rRS�SX. 5. �TeeT� YrYQfSrU ST§U SiQg\TPSX S^igPPT^U
l�^qTP. 6. ·cYr�U \X\�U erq]SO ST§U SrkPr�SXU. 7. ��
WTetSXQ Ve^WT�PST [\TZTPSrU ST§U WerNRST^U S�P rhU
S®P }Q\reNXP Wer^RgPSOP SrkPgPXQ.
2�6
2"?) 5 6
¿¡µQ, rhµN, �cµN, T¡YX. 52"B"..K" (2/@$%)#.K" (2"@+)-
b"./' (�WfSr, rh) & )(%$%/-)B; T¡YX + participium; RZPTQYX VµX^-S� + participium; V�fP 4$4 partici-pium absolutum.
I ("2-)6 ,2D((" ,+$,)+)- II &(2'b"./' )%.)&'%&'
%$4b" / ."B.),)#/&+"..K" $23$/#"&4/" ,+$,)+K & 4)2-
."-KB (2"J".&)B (*"J D@-)"./' - )&.)-" .$&%)'C",)
-2"B"./). H./ ." /B"0% ()+.)6 ($2$@/,BK -&"3 -2"-
B". / '-+'0%&' ."@)&%$%)#.KB/. �$4)-K ,+$,)+K r¡µQ
="7&), rhµN @<&A, �cµN ,"9"4)&A.
&Q3R8Q g�µI - #?'#, =6B'#
8+$,)+ r¡µQ ()&.)-$ rQ/Q-) - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ /.@/-
4$%/-$ /B""% J.$#"./" *D@DC",) -2"B"./ (C ="7!0), -
/.a/./%/-", (2/#$&%/'3 / )(%$%/-" � J.$#"./" .$-
&%)'C",) /+/ *D@DC",). (5 &BK&+" .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./
)*K#.) D()%2"*+'"%&' ,+$,)+ li_TµXQ )!&).)
Praesens
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � r¡µQ jO jTQµQ, hTNcP
2 r¡! j�U! jTQU! jkQ!
3 r¡RQ(P)! j�! jTQ! jSO!
Pl. � jµrP jOµrP jTQµrP
2 jSr! jcSr! jTQSr! jSr!
3 jXRQ(P)! jORQ(P)! jTQrP! hfPSOP,
jSORXP!
2�7
Imperfectum
� íX, írQP íµrP
2 írQRkX, írQU! íSr!
3 írQ(P)! íRXP, írRXP!
Infinitivus � h]PXQ.
Participium � m. h�P, hfPSTU, f. hT�RX, hTZRcU, n. hfP,
hfPSTU.
Adiectivum verbale � hS]TP /+/ hScS]TP (VRSN) !"+?%"
)!&).
NB 5 "@/.&%-"..)B #/&+" /.@/4$%/-$ (2"@&%$-+".$ &/+L.$' &%D(".L ,+$&.),) )&.)-K (rQ).
x)2BK /.@/4$%/-$ / /B("2$%/-$ .$&%)'C",) -2"-
B"./ � {.4+/%/4/. A ,+$,)+)- & (2"a/4&$B/ - {%/3
a)2B$3 D@$2"./" () -)JB)b.)&%/ ("2".)&/%&' .$ (2"-
a/4&, .$(2/B"2: �WrQµQ 07!0, �WQSr 07!)&$.
&Q3R8Q glµF, 9+')
8+$,)+ rhµN /B""% )&.)-D VR-, 4)%)2$' - 2'@" a)2B
(2"%"2("-$"% 2$J+/#.K" a)."%/#"&4/" /JB"."./'.
Praesens
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � rhµN � rjcP
2 r¡! íU! rjcU! jRkQ!
3 VRSN(P)! í! rjc! lRSO!
Pl. � VRµ]P �µrP r¡µrP
2 VRS]! �Sr! r¡Sr! lRSr!
3 rhRN(P)! �RQ(P)! �RQ(P)! lRSOP, ßPSOP!
2�8
Imperfectum
� �, �P �µrP
2 �RkX! �Sr, �RSr!
3 �P! �RXP!
Infinitivus � r¡PXQ.
Participium � m. üP, ßPSTU, f. T¨RX, TzRcU, n. ßP,
ßPSTU.
NB x)2BK /.@/4$%/-$ .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./, 42)B" r¡, � {.4-
+/%/4/, "&+/ )./ D()%2"*+".K - J.$#".// &-'J4/.
A ,+$,)+)- & (2"a/4&$B/ D@$2"./" () -)JB)b.)&%/
("2".)&/%&' .$ (2"a/4&, .$(2/B"2: WgirQµQ =4).0&-
.&90D, WgirRSr =4).0&.&907&$.
H &(2'b".// ,+$,)+$ rhµN - /.@/4$%/-" *D@DC",)
-2"B"./ Db" ,)-)2/+)&L - D2)4" 9. 1 /B"..), ). /B""%
)4).#$./' B"@/$+L.),) J$+),$ %"B$%/#"&4),) &(2'b"-
./', 42)B" a)2BK %2"%L",) +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),) #/&+$
(lRSXQ � *"J &)"@/./%"+L.)6 ,+$&.)6). 5 %$*+/�" ./b"
()B"C".K %$4b" @2D,/" a)2BK aD%D2DB$ {%),) ,+$,)+$.
Indicativus Optativus Infinitivus Participium
Sg. � lRTµXQ! VRTNµcP! lRrRkXQ! VRfµrPTU!
2 lR�, lRrQ lRTQT VRTµ]Pc
3 lRSXQ lRTQST VRfµrPTP
Pl. � VRfµrkX VRTNµrkX
2 lRrRkr lRTQRkr
3 lRTPSXQ lRTQPST
&Q3R8Q _oµF &676"#')
8+$,)+ �cµN ,"9"4)&A /B""% )&.)-D �c-/�X-. :&()+L-
JD"%&' / @2D,$' a)2B$ & {%/B b" J.$#"./"B � �gR\O.
2�9
Praesens
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � �cµN �� �XNcP
2 �çU, �¤U! �ÀU! �XNcU! �gkQ!
3 �cRN(P)! �À! �XNc! �gSO!
Pl. � �Xµ]P ��µrP �XtµrP
2 �XS]! �¢Sr! �XtSr! �gSr!
3 �XRNP! ��RQ(P)! �XtrP! �gPSOP!
Imperfectum
� l�cP l�XµrP
2 l�cRkX, l�cU! l�XSr!
3 l�c! l�XRXP!
Infinitivus � �gPXQ.
Participium � �gR\OP.
Futurum � �¤RO.
Aoristus � l�cRX.
NB x)2BK /.@/4$%/-$ .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./, 42)B" a)2BK 2 Sg. �çU, �¤U, / /B("2$%/-$ .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ � {.4+/%/-4/. A (2"a/4&$+L.K3 ,+$,)+)- D@$2"./" - {%/3 a)2B$3 ()
-)JB)b.)&%/ ("2".)&/%&' .$ (2"a/4&.
&Q3R8Q L�VU 5*%')
?2"@/ ,+$,)+)-, D()%2"*+'0C/3&' (2"/BDC"&%-
-"..) - ("2a"4%" (&B. D2)4 55), .$/*)+"" D()%2"*/%"+L-
.KB '-+'"%&' ,+$,)+ T¡YX >%(&A ()&.)-$ hY-/rhY-/rhYr-
/ThY-). 5 {%)B ,+$,)+" )&)*"..) '&.) (2)'-+'"%&' 2"-
JD+L%$%/-.)" J.$#"./" ("2a"4%$: C 0>%(+ � C >%(D. !+0-
&4-$B("2a"4% /B""% J.$#"./" /B("2a"4%$ C >%(+.
220
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � T¡YX rhY� rhYrNcP
2 T¡RkX rhYÀU rhYrNcU jRkQ
3 T¡Yr(P) rhYÀ rhYrNc jRSO
Pl. � jRµrP rhY�µrP rhYrtµrP
2 jRSr rhY¢Sr rhYrtSr jRSr
3 jRXRQ(P) rhY�RQ(P) rhYrtrP jRSOP
Infinitivus - rhY]PXQ
Participium - rhY�U, fSTU; rhY^tX, XU; rhYfU, fSTU
NB I)."#.K6 &),+$&.K6 )&.)-K -Y- ("2"@ µ, S, k ("2"3)@/% - -R-. I).�0.4%/- / )(%$%/- )*2$JD0%&' )% 2$&`/2"..)6 )&-.)-K rhYr-. 5) B.)b"&%-"..)B #/&+" )(%$%/-$ -)JB)b.K /
a)2BK, )*2$J)-$..K" () $.$+),// & "@/.&%-"..KB #/&+)B: rhYrNcµrP, rhYrNcSr, rhYrNcRXP.
Plusquamperfectum Futurum
Sg. � ÏYc, íYrQP! rjRTµXQ!
2 ÏYcRkX, íYrQU! rjR�!
3 ÏYrQP, íYrQ rjRrSXQ
Pl.� íRµrP, íYrµrP rhRfµrkX
2 íRSr, íYrSr rjRrRkr
3 íRXP, íYrRXP rjRTPSXQ
Adiectivum verbale - hRS]TU!
NB !+0&4-$B("2a"4% /B""% 4$4 *)+"" $23$/#"&4/", %$4 / *)+"" ()J@./" a)2BK. 5 aD%D2DB" #$C" D()%2"*+'0%&' B"-
@/$+L.K" a)2BK, .) -)JB)b.K / $4%/-.K" (rjRO).
/#*'%01#1
�. 5 D2)4" 37 - &-'J/ & )%.)&/%"+L.KB/ (2"@+)b"./'B/
Db" D()B/.$+/&L (2"@+)b"./' /%"2$%/-.K", - 4)%)-
22�
2K3 2"#L /@"% ." ) "@/./#.K3, $ ()-%)2'0C/3&' @"6&%-
-/'3. �$4/" (2"@+)b"./' B),D% *K%L ." %)+L4) )%.)&/-
%"+L.KB/, .) /, - #$&%.)&%/, -2"B"..KB/ (& &)0J$B/,
)J.$#$0C/B/ '",!(, .$(2/B"2, & &)0J)B rTuKg). >+'
-K2$b"./' - /%"2$%/-.)B (2"@+)b".// @"6&%-/', ()-
-%)2'-`",)&' - (2)`"@`"B -2"B"./, D()%2"*+'"%&'
8D535C7 .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ /+/ $)2/&%$.
2. 5 D2)4" 36 Db" `+$ 2"#L ) (2"@/4$%/-.)B (2/#$&%//
(2/ ,+$,)+$3 #D-&%-"..),) -)&(2/'%/', 4)%)2)" &%$-/%-
&' - -/./%"+L.)B ($@"b" - 4$#"&%-" (2/+)b"./' 4 @)-
()+."./0 D(2$-+'0C",) ,+$,)+$. 5 2"JD+L%$%" ()+D#$-
"%&' 4).&%2D4�/' accusativus cum participio. �$4)" b"
D9C>345C= -)JB)b.) / (2/ ,+$,)+$3 BK&+/, .$(2/-
B"2, D9C RQ3R8Q= L�VU 5*%'). 7&+/ +),/#"&4)" ()@-
+"b$C"" (2/#$&%/' )@/.$4)-) & ()@+"b$C/B D(2$--
+'0C",) ,+$,)+$, %) ).) (2/ (2/#$&%// ." -K2$b$"%&',
/ %$4/B )*2$J)B ()+D#$"%&' ." accusativus cum partici-
pio, $ %)+L4) (2/#$&%/" - /B"./%"+L.)B ($@"b". 9$-
(2/B"2:
ÈRkQ VW� XyS�U S�U kZiXU [�Qqµ]PTU � >%(7, -&" &<
=4)B$+ ' .(5<5 !9$4C5.
1.$+),/#.) D()%2"*+"./" (2/#$&%/' - /B"./%"+L.)B
($@"b" / - -K2$b".// & (2"a/4&$+L.KB ,+$,)+)B
JWHLIVU SµUfK� 165*%7%') 5% 1696e:
RZPTQYX VµX^S� YrNP� rhiqXRµ]PTU � C .">%(D, -&" ."-
9$4B)+ 0?(.%"$.
3. !2/#$&%/' *"J+/#.K3 ,+$,)+)-, D()%2"*+"..K" - $4-
4DJ$%/-" / ,2$BB$%/#"&4/ ." &-'J$..K" ./ & 4$4/B #+"-
.)B (2"@+)b"./', .$JK-$0%&' participium absolutum,
.$(2/B"2, V�fP 5"?%" ()% l�rRSQ):
222
°XNWri V�~P XyS� �^qrtP V\ S�P YrRµ�P Ty\ [WçrQ �
×"&C 5"?%" @<+" $50 @$?(&A, "% %$ 0B$+ )> &D4A5<.
(8P935 C =R8 y>=BCPC
}O\igScU PrXPNR\ª ärPT��PSQ ßPTµX [WXPS¤RXU
WTS� WXiQ]PXQ Ty\ rjX, [ee� Wi~U XySfPÇ �¸gkQ, � �]e-
SQRSr, � l�c, � WT� WOeT�PSXQ T� h_kZrU;� �T� Y�
[WT\iQPXµ]PT^Ç ��P S� eQµ]PQ�, V\rtPTU WgeQP ±irSTÇ
��T� T� \]iXµTQ;� ¬ Y] �cRQPÇ �|¢eTP �SQ VP S� \riXµrQ-
\��. }O\igScU Y]Ç �Ëi� T¡RkX, �WT^ ¾P r£iTQU S®P [ir-
S®P \X� ST§U [qXkT§U �PYiXU;� �\rNPT^ Y� Ty �gR\TP-
STU rhY]PXQ, }O\igScUÇ �èWT^ �iX, � l�c, � \X� µgPkX-
Pr�. °X� V\rtPTU ÉRWrST \X� µXkcS®U Vq]PrST XyST�.
�®P [i_®P }O\igScU eQkT\fWTU îP £RSriTP VSigWr-
ST Wi~U S~ �QeTRT�rtP. ¿ySre�U �P ST� q]iTPSTU R_¢µX
\X� XhR_i~P S~ WifROWTP. ¬WfSr WriQNTQ VP �RSrQ, R^P-
çrQ WXPSTNTQU [Pki�WTQU YQXerqfµrPTU Þ PrXPNXQU Þ VP-
Yf�TQU m¤STiRQP Þ YcµQT^iqTtU Þ YTZeTQU. �XPSX_T� Y�
Vs¤SrQ, SNU rhYrNc S~ [eck�U \X� S~ [qXk~P \X� S~ YN\XQTP.
��¡YX µ]P, � l�XR\rP, � XyS~U TyY�P rhY�U. éRSQU �P SQ
rhYÀ ± SQ rhY]PXQ YT\À, ST�STP rjOkX ViOSwP \X� Ve]q-
_rQP. �TeeT� q�i S®P ²X^S�P S]_PcP r¨ jRXRQP µRWri T�
_Xe\rtU S~ _Xe\rZrQP. �N Y� S®P ¹^_®P Ê�rert, TyYr�U
XyS�P T¡YrP�.
�]eTU Y� V_kiTN SQPrU ST� q]iTPSTU \XScqficRXP, \X�
T� S¢U ueQXNXU YQ\XRSX� \XS]\iQPXP XyST� S~P kgPXSTP
©U YQX�krNiTPSTU ST§U P]T^U \X� rhR�]iTPSTU \XQP� YXQ-
µfPQX. °XNWri V�~P XyS� �^qrtP V\ S�P YrRµ�P Ty\ [W-
çrQ. �£SO q�i °iNSOPQ S� �Neª VP S� YrRµOSciNª WXi-
fPSQ YQre]_kcÇ �}ZPTQYX VµX^S� S®P WXSiNYX Ty\ [YQ\¤-
223
RXU. ¿jWri u WXSi�U �XNPrSXQ Vµ� [YQ\¤RXRX, �µOU TyYr-
P� SifWª �Xµ�P [PSXYQ\cS]TP r¡PXQ. �� q�i PfµTQ VWQ-
RSgPSrU ³Yr ¾P �XtrPÇ ,�£SOU r¡ RT�fU, � }�\iXSrU,
µRSr Ty\ T¡RkX µcSi~U \X� WXSi~U \X� �eeOP WiTqfPOP
SQµQOS]iXP T¨RXP S®P WXSiNYX S®P Rr qrPP¤RXRXP \X�
ki]¹XRXP \X� WXQYrZRXRXP; |Q� ST�ST Yrt WigSSrQP \X�
WgR_rQP, ½ ¾P WiTRSgSS� WXkrtP., �X�SX [\TZRXU, �
�NeSXSr, Ty\ �WrQµQ ©U YT�eTU �WQRSTU�.
ÆyST� Y� SrkPr�STU T� µXkcSX� XyS� µPcµrtX lkrRXP
\geeQRSX. �egSOP µ�P \X� �QeTRT�NXU \X� WTQ¤RrOU Vµ-
WrQifSXSTU S� }O\igST^U YfqµXSX VP WTeeTtU YQXef-
qTQU VY¤eORr, ärPT��P Y� S~P �NTP \X� S~P SifWTP V\rN-
PT^ [\iQ��U [P]qiX¹rP.
C'"+760 #5 '"%&(?##
�y P�P \XSrtYTP Wi�STP, [ee� WTeeg\QU
�iX_rtXP ¯iq®P ©U [µ¤_XPTP \X\fP.
}T� q�i WXi~P q¢P S¤PYr \X� YfµT^U l_rQP
°TZ�OU �riTZR� \irQRRfPOP �T^erZµXSX
�fqOP µXSXNOP T£Pr\� V\WrRÀ _kTPfU.
Eur. Med. 443 sqq.
(&+)-$ ;J).$, )*2$C"..K" 4 ="@"")
3(01#0%
g�µI /@%/ ((&&. =4$>$%. 9 >%(-$%)) fut.)
WgirQµQ ("& r¡µQ) (2)3)@/%L B/B) (fut.)
_oµF ,)-)2/%L
� h_kZU, ZTU 2K*$
�ifµcP Aor. II (&2. ViOSgO) &(2)&/%L
L�VU J.$%L
_mJYG ,)-)2/%L
VSiXWfµcP Aor. II 4 Si]WTµXQ ()-)2$#/-$%L&'
�QeTRT�]O +0*/%L BD@-2)&%L, a/+)&)a&%-)-$%L
S~ R_¢µX, STU -."`.)&%L, &)&%)'./" (.4. ./$5()
224
S~ WifROWTP, T^ +/�), ("2&).$, B$&4$
WriNrQµQ ("& r¡µQ) )*3)@/%L
RZPrQµQ (r¡µQ) &3)@/%L&' (fut.)
\XScqTi]O )*-/.'%L; @)4$-JK-$%L (.4. '(&$,"4)C)
S~ YXQµfPQTP, T^ *)b"&%-) T� YrRµTN, �P 2"B./ �WrQµQ ("& r¡µQ) D3)@/%L,
D@$+'%L&' (fut.) S~ YrRµOS¤iQTP, T^ %02LB$,
DJ/+/C" JWHLIVU &)J.$-$%L
WiTRSgSSO (2/4$JK-$%L, (2"@(/&K-$%L
�WQRSTU, TP ."-"2.K6, ()-@)J2/%"+L.K6, ." -.D-`$0C/6 @)-"2/'
S~ µPcµrtTP, T^ ($B'%./4 � YQgeTqTU, T^ 2$J,)-)2 RZPrQµQ (rhµN) *K%L -B"&%"
� ärPT��P, �PSTU I&".)-a).%
S~ �TZer^µX, STU -)+', (2/4$J
� _Xe\rZU, ]OU B"@.K3 @"+ B$&%"2, 4DJ."�
� YfµTU, T^ @)B, b/+/C" rjWri 2$J Db
qrPPgO ()2)b@$%L \XkTigO &B)%2"%L, J$B"-
#$%L
\T��TU, c, TP +",4/6
� eQkT\fWTU, T^ 4$B".)%"&
µgSXQTU, XNX, XQTP (D&%)6, %C"%.K6
V\WNWSO -K($@$%L, *K%L /J,.$..KB
[µ¤_XPTU *"&()B)C.K6, ."-)JB)b.K6, ."(2")@)-+/BK6
[PSXYQ\]O &)-"2`$%L ."-&(2$-"@+/-)&%L - )%-"%
u ueQXNX, XU ,"+/{', &D@ (2/&'b.K3
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
yFJ� V~µU X[ �H�S lSm X[ Ï, HLJVU lqPUI\ � sV�\, � ÉM
lSm � ºM lSm � OPQ�µVMI\, � ZSMXIlPiXpP. (�="'. g, 8)
wIYXI `L �KµU, x`VH�IW, �XU TcP} lSm S¬µS RSTUHVWSM
sVIY lHKPIMIµ�TSU IG `qMSXSU IG`{ N �sIPc X�M x�sSPTW-
SM lHKPIMIµVd. (g 2"4. g5, 50)
ØHVJIM I�M SGX�a ZIY OTXUM � ZSXtP TI_; ¸ZVlPWsK ²K-
TIY\a IÐXV Oµ{ I�`SXV IÐXV X[M ZSXLPS µI_a V~ Oµ{ Ù`VUXV,
lSm X[M ZSXLPS µI_ ®M Ù`VUXV. (�%. 8, g9)
vr`S lSm XSZVUMIYTsSU, Ir`S lSm ZVPUTTVqVUM� (�)+.
4, g2)
225
�SGXIm JcP I�`SXV �XU V~\ XIYXI lVWµVsSa lSm JcP �XV
ZP[\ eµ�\ ºµVM, ZPIVHLJIµVM eµdM �XU µLHHIµVM sHWRV-
TsSU, lSsª\ lSm OJLMVXI lSm I�`SXV. (g �$.. 3, 3-4)
µSm XW\ � lSl�TpM eµ�\ OcM XIY xJSsIY jKHpXSm JLMK-
TsV; yzHH� V~ lSm ZiTQIUXV `Uc `UlSUITqMKM, µSliPUIU. w[M
`{ ��RIM SGX]M µ� �IRKs�XV µK`{ XSPSQs�XV. (g E$&4. 3,
g3-g4)
� WXPST\igSOi, TiTU -&"-@"2b/%"+L
\eciTPTµ]O ()+D#$%L - .$-&+"@&%-)
u �kTig, wU %+"./" u [�kXiRNX, XU ."%+"./" SXWrQPfO &B/2'%L µX\giQTU, X, TP *+$b"..K6
WriQRRrZO /J)*/+)-$%L, *K%L - /J*K%4"
keN�O %"&./%L, @$-/%L \X\fO )*/b$%L, (2/%"&.'%L � sceOS¤U, T� 2"-./%"+L,
(2/-"2b"."� SXigSSO -)+.)-$%L
45 96&61$:;(*#.
¸XNPrQ µTQ ©U �PkiOWTU, �cR�P u ��kTiTU \fic Wi~U
S~P [i_QRSigScqTP, \X� W�U �k]qq� i¤µXSX ¥W�i �P-
kiOWTP; µrS� VµT� l�cU q�i S~P Ðr~P lRrRkXQ \X� R\c-
P�RrQP VP SÀ µ¤Sio µT^� (?%/3/2$ .$ «8)&()@/, -)J-
J-$3�» ò+$,)-"C"./')
��kTiTU, TP ."%+"..K6, ."-/..K6
�k]qqTµXQ (2)/J.)&/%L, /J@$-$%L J-D4
� [i_QRSigScqTU, T^ ,+$--.K6 -)".$#$+L./4, $3/&%-2$%/,
u µ¤SiX, XU D%2)*$
<="%;*(*#.
I. !"2"-"@/%": jkQ Tj\XYr, jRkQ RT�fU, jRkQ TyY�P Wig�XU,
("2"(/`/%" {%/ &+)-)&)#"%$./', B".'' @$..D0 ,+$-
226
,)+L.D0 a)2BD .$ �) imperat. 3 sg. 2) imperf. � sg. 3) part.
praes. act. - .$#$+L.)6 a)2B" / 4) inf. praes. act.
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK )% rhµN, r¡µQ / ÒcµQ: [WQ]PXQ, [�Q]-
PXQ � V�P [�À, V�P [WÀ, �SXP [WN�, ÂU ¾P [�QÀ � rjkr
[�rtrP, rjkr [WrtrP � rjkr WXirtrP (2) � VWr� [WÀRXP,
VWr� [W¢RXP � [WQS]TP VRSNP, [�rS]TU VRSNP.
III. !"2"-"@/%": �. �N �ÀU, � �]eSQRSr; 2. |Q� SN TyY�P l�c-
RkX; 3. �T� �Sr; 4. ËiX RZPTQRkX RrX^S� [YQ\¤RXU;
5. �fSr uµtP RZPQSr; 6. ËiX µ® [W¢Sr; 7. �fRTQ [WNXRQP;
8. Ëi� Ty\ VµT� WXi]RrRkr; 9. ¿jkr �XtSr, WfSriTP V\rNPª
R^P¢Sr Þ �eeª SQPN. �0. �y\ jRµrP, WTtTP l_rQ SifWTP.
227
2"?) 5 7
8+$,)+K & (2"J".&)B () )*2$J�D ÒRScµQ; ,+$,)+K .$ -P^µQ.
8+$,)+K WNµWecµQ, ¯PNPcµQ, R^µ-µrNqP^µQ; infinitivus futuri () )*-2$J�D ßµP^µQ.
&Q3R8QO 4 D9=A=B48N D8 8@93Acy �JKoµI
I ("2-)6 ,2D((" II &(2'b"./' )%.)&'%&' %$4b" ."-
&4)+L4) ,+$,)+)- & )&.)-)6 .$ X-, .$(2/B"2: ¯PNPcµQ
=4)%".)&A ="+A>0, (Vµ)WNµWecµQ %(="+%C&A, YZPXµXQ
5"-A, VWNRSXµXQ >%(&A. 5 .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ )./
&(2',$0%&' () %/(D ,+$,)+$ ÒRScµQ. 5 "@/.&%-"..)B
#/&+" /.@/4$%/-$ @"6&%-/%"+L.),) J$+),$ (2"@&%$-+".
@)+,/6 -$2/$.% )&.)-K, -) B.)b"&%-"..)B #/&+" �
42$%4/6. H&.)-$ (2"J".&$ /B""% D@-)"./". 5 B"@/$+L-
.)B J$+)," D@-)"./' ."%.
x)2BK @2D,/3 -2"B". D {%/3 ,+$,)+)- )*2$JD0%&'
%$4 b", 4$4 / D ,+$,)+)- I &(2'b"./'.
Activum
Praesens
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � WNµWecµQ WNµWeO WQµWeXNcP
2 WNµWecU! WNµWe�U! WQµWeXNcU! WNµWec!
3 WNµWecRQ! WNµWe�! WQµWeXNc! WQµWegSO!
Pl. � WNµWeXµrP WNµWeOµrP WQµWeXNcµrP
2 WNµWeXSr WNµWecSr WQµWeXNcSr WNµWeXSr
3 WQµWewRQ(P)!WNµWeORQ(P)!WQµWeXNcRXP!WQµWegPSOP!
228
Imperfectum
� VWNµWecP VWNµWeXµrP
2 VWNµWecU! VWNµWeXSr!
3 VWNµWec! VWNµWeXRXP!
Infinitivus � WQµWegPXQ.
Participium � m. WQµWegU, gPSTU, |
f. WQµWewRX, WQµWegRcU,
n. WQµWegP, WQµWegPSTU.
Medium-passivum
Praesens
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � WNµWeXµXQ WNµWeOµXQ WQµWeXNµcP
2 WNµWeXRXQ! WNµWe�! WNµWeXQT! WNµWeO!
3 WNµWeXSXQ! WNµWecSXQ! WNµWeXQST! WQµWegRkO!
Pl. � WQµWegµrkX WQµWe�µrkX WQµWeXNµrkX
2 WNµWeXRkr! WNµWecRkr! WNµWeXQRkSr!WNµWeXRkr!
3 WNµWeXPSXQ!WNµWeOPSXQ!WNµWeXQPST! WQµWegRkOP!
Imperfectum
� VWQµWegµcP VWQµWegµrkX
2 VWNµWeO! VWNµWeXRkr!
3 VWNµWeXST! VWNµWeXPST!
Infinitivus � WNµWeXRkXQ.
Participium � m. WQµWegµrPTU,
f. WQµWeXµ]Pc,
n. WQµWegµrPTP.
NB H4).#$./" 2 Sg. -RXQ - /.@/4$%/-" )&%$"%&' - ."/JB"..)B -/@", - 4).�0.4%/-", )(%$%/-", /B("2$%/-" / /B("2a"4%"
&/,B$ -K($@$"%.
229
S$%&6$+ *% -`fµV
I) -%)2)6 ,2D((" ,+$,)+)- II &(2'b"./' )%.)&'%&'
%$4/" ,+$,)+K, D 4)%)2K3 B"b@D ,+$,)+L.)6 )&.)-)6 /
)4).#$./'B/ - .$&%)'C"B -2"B"./ / /B("2a"4%"
-&%$-+'"%&' &Daa/4& -P^, "&+/ )&.)-$ )4$.#/-$"%&' .$
&),+$&.K6 J-D4 (YrN\P^µQ ="'(><9(&A, ,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-
-$ YrQ\-) /+/ &Daa/4& -PP^, "&+/ )&.)-$ )4$.#/-$"%&' .$
,+$&.K6 J-D4 (R\rYgPP^µQ 4(..$)9(&A, ,+$,)+L.$' )&.)-
-$ R\rYX-). 9$ &%K4" &),+$&.)6 )&.)-K / 4)2.' -)JB)b-
.$ $&&/B/+'�/': ßee^µQ < ßeP^µQ ,0@)&A, s�PP^µQ <
s�RP^µQ "="C.<9(&A.
Activum
Praesens
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � YrN\P÷µQ YrQ\PZO YrQ\PZTQµQ
2 YrN\P÷U! YrQ\PZ�U! YrQ\PZTQU! YrN\P÷!
3 YrN\P÷R(P)! YrQ\PZ�! YrQ\PZTQ! YrQ\PZSO!
Pl. � YrN\P^µrP YrQ\PZOµrP YrQ\PZTQµrP
2 YrN\P^Sr! YrQ\PZcSr! YrQ\PZTQSr! YrN\P^Sr!
3 YrQ\PZXRQ(P)!YrQ\PZORQ(P)!YrQ\PZTQrP! YrQ\PZPSOP!
Imperfectum
� VYrN\P÷P VYrN\P^µrP
2 VYrN\P÷U! VYrN\P^Sr!
3 VYrN\P÷! VYrN\P^RXP!
Infinitivus � YrQ\PZPXQ.
Participium � m. YrQ\P�U, YrQ\PZPSTU,
f. YrQ\P�RX, YrQ\PZRcU,
n. YrQ\PZP, YrQ\PZPSTU.
Futurum � YrN�O (&(2',$"%&' 4$4 �^eg�O).
230
Aoristus � lYrQ�X (&(2',$"%&' 4$4 V�ZeX�X).
Perfectum � Y]YrQ_X (&(2',$"%&' 4$4 Wr�ZeX_X).
Plusquamperfectum � VYrYrN_c, -rQP (&(2',$"%&' 4$4
VWr�^eg_c, -rQP).
Medium-passivum Praesens
Indicativus Coniunctivus Optativus Imperativus
Sg. � YrN\P^µXQ YrQ\PZOµXQ YrQ\P^TNµcP
2 YrN\P^RXQ! YrQ\PZ�! YrQ\PZTQT! YrN\P^RT!
3 YrN\P^SXQ! YrQ\PZcSXQ! YrQ\PZTQST! YrQ\PZRkO!
Pl. � YrQ\PZµrkX YrQ\P^�µrkX YrQ\P^TNµrkX
2 YrN\P^Rkr! YrQ\PZcRkr! YrQ\PZTQRkr! YrN\P^Rkr!
3 YrN\P^PSXQ!YrQ\PZOPSXQ!YrQ\PZTQPST! YrQ\PZRkOP!
Imperfectum
� VYrQ\PZµcP VYrQ\PZµrkX
2 VYrN\P^RT! VYrN\P^Rkr!
3 VYrN\P^ST! VYrN\P^PST!
Infinitivus � YrN\P^RkXQ.
Participium � m. YrQ\PZµrPTU,
f. YrQ\P^µ]Pc,
n. YrQ\PZµrPTP.
Futurum med. � YrN�TµXQ (&(2',$"%&' 4$4 �^eg�TµXQ).
Aoristus � VYrQ�gµcP (&(2',$"%&' 4$4 V�^eX�gµcP).
Futurum pass. � YrQ_k¤RTµXQ (&(2',$"%&' 4$4 �^eX_-
k¤RTµXQ).
Aoristus pass. � VYrN_kcP (&(2',$"%&' 4$4 V�^eg_kcP).
Perfectum med. (pass.) � Y]YrQqµXQ (&(2',$"%&' 4$4
Wr�ZeXqµXQ).
Plusquamperfectum � VYrYrNqµcP (&(2',$"%&' 4$4 VWr-
�^egqµcP).
23�
-3P35 R9=>=4P8E 478@8]O
(338 R. ]8 ".d.)
�P S� WTe]µª, ÂP T� �reTWTPP¤RQTQ \X� �kcPXtTQ
VWTe]µcRXP [ee¤eTQU, WXk¤µXSX Vq]PrST SÀ ÄeegYQ,
T X Ty_ ÉSriX VP jRª _ifPª. �PrWNµWeXST q�i µrS� ST�-
Yr ST� WTe]µT^ u ÄeecPQ\® q¢ WferOP [PXSiXWrQR�P
\X� VµWicRkrQR�P, WTeeT� Y� �PkiOWTQ l�r^qTP Þ [W]-
kP�R\TP, � µ�P V\ eQµT�, � Y� V\ �fPT^.
�� T¨P �X\rYXQµfPQTQ \XNWri PQ\¤RXPSrU �µOU S¢U uqr-
µTPNXU Ty\ ÊPNPXPSTÇ \XSXRSXk]PSrU q�i rhU \XQPT§U [q�-
PXU VPNTSr uSS¤kcRXP. �]eTU Y� Ty\ æR_ZPkcRXP S®P Äe-
egYX WiTYfPSrU R^µµX_NXP WTQ¤RXRkXQ STtU �]iRXQU. �i-
SX�]i�cU SfSr �XRQer§U îP rhi¤PcP �QXNOU lWiX�r, \X� R_r-
Y~P WgPSrU T� èeecPrU rjXRXP XyS~P WgeQP l_rQP S�U S�P
Ã�POP WferQU ©U ¥Wc\fT^U. ·fPTQ T� Ðc�XtTQ WTee®P [P-
YirNXP [WTYrQ\PZPSrU STtU }WXiSQgSXQU [PS]RScRXP. �WX-
µrQP�PYT^ RSiXScqT�PSTU rhU S®P �reTWfPPcRTP rhR�X-
efPSrU S~ RSigSr^µX V\rNPOP T£SO YQrR\]YXRXP, µRSr S®P
S¢U }WgiScU [i_®P rhU [r� [W�erRXP. �T� Y� �WXµrQP�P-
YT^ [WTkXPfPSTU \X� u S�P Ðc�XNOP uqrµTPNX [W�erST.
�ee� \XQP~U \NPY^PTU SÀ S�P Äee¤POP Ver^kriNo V\-
�ZRrRkXQ lµreerP. ¸NeQWWTU q�i � S�P ·X\rYfPOP �X-
RQer§U S� V\rt lkPc VPriq�U R^PY¤RXU V�T^erZRXST VWQ-
RSgµrPTU S�U S�P Äee¤POP YQX�Ti�U STZST^U �No rhU µN-
XP R^µµX_NXP R^sr^qPZPXQ. �ÅSTU � [P®i [r� VYrN\P^ �N-
XQfP Sr \X� YTeri~P k^µfP. ¿h�krQ ST§U [Pki�WT^U µwe-
eTP _i^R� Þ efqTQU WrtRXQ. �ee� T� �kcPXtTQ XyS�
�PXPSQ�kcRXP WrWTQkfSrU S� |cµTRk]PrQ, ÂU YrQPTSg-
STQU efqTQU STtU WTeNSXQU lYrQ�rP, ©U Tj\TQ \Xk¤µrPTQ Ty-
Y�P ¯PQPwRQ S®P \TQP®P Ver^kriNXP, \X� V\]er^Rr µ®
232
WXirtPXQ S~P ROSciNXU \XQifP. �ee� ¸NeQWWTU SXtU S�U
Ðc�XNOP \X� �kcPXNOP �geXq�Q R^µµrN�XU S~ RSigSr^-
µX XyS�P YQrR\]YXRrP. �\ S¢RYr T¨P S¢U uµ]iXU u S¢U
ÄeegYTU Ver^kriNX WgPSOU [WOe�erQ. °ZiQTU �iX qr-
PfµrPTU R_rY~P WgRcU S¢U ÄeegYTU ¸NeQWWTU ST§U Y¤-
µT^U R^Pr\gerRrP rhU S~P ÃRkµ~P ©U \XSXRS¤ROP S�P
�XPree¤POP R^µµX_NXP. -µTRr SfSr Wi~U S®P �RNXP
WTirZRrRkXQ ©U Ver^kri�ROP ST§U V\rt èeecPXU \X�
VµWi¤ROP S� S�P �riR�P �XRNerQX.
�iQR�P lSrRQP £RSriTP XyST� �TPr^k]PSTU �e]�XP-
YiTU � ^�~U XyST�, YQ]WiX�rP, ½ � WXS®i V�TZerST, [WT-
YrN�XU WTee� \X� kX^µgRQX liqX.
/(*'(*2##
�. ¿h µ® �^eg��U µN\i�, [WTertU S� µrNsTPX. 2. �PYi~U
YQ\XNT^ \XiW~U Ty\ [Wfee^SXQ. 3. ÜifPTU YN\XQTP �PYiX
YrN\P^RQP µfPTU, \X\~P Y� \¾P (\X� ¾P) VP uµ]io qPTNcU
µQp.
>*(0?6'
�� �er�gPYiª VP ÃeNª kZTPSQ l�c �rir§U YrN�rQP S®P
�giQYTU eZiXP. ��®P �_Qee]OU, � l�c �e]�XPYiTU, � rh
l_rQU, Yrt�TP, \X� Wi~ S¢U eZiXU S~ Yfi^�.
R=#&"%@@%
¬ àr§U [PS� W^i~U W�i üWXRrP �eeT, q^PXt\XUÇ
rjkr Y� µ¤Sr q^P® µ¤Sr S~ W�i V�gPc.
W�i µ�P Y® SX_]OU \X� R�]PP^SXQÇ u Y� q^P® W�i
�R�rRSTP, �eTqrifP, WgPSTS� [PXWSfµrPTP.
233
3(01#0%
jRTU, c, TP 2$-.K6 (.4. )>"-&$45<, )>"@(4<)
WNµWecµQ .$()+.'%L
SµTFµTboµI .$()+.'%L
WNµWicµQ &b/,$%L
SµTFµTeoµI ()@b/,$%L
� �fPTU, T^ D*/6&%-)
�HFHoµI (2/.)&/%L ()+LJD; �HFHUµUI ()+D#$%L /+/ /B"%L ()+LJD
�NXQTU, XNX, XQTP (&('?$ !90/ "'"%-(%)7) .$&/+L&%-".-.K6; -K.Db@"..K6
VgFYHfµI ()4$JK-$%L XTLVgFYHfµI -K4$JK-$%L R\rYgPP^µQ 2$&&"/-$%L
VIUJYgVmHHfµI 2$&4/@K--$%L, 2$&&"/-$%L
XTubbfµI ,D*/%L, %"2'%L; XTubbfµUI (perf. [WfeOeX) (),/*$%L
R^PY]O &-'JK-$%L, &)"@/-.'%L
srZqP^µQ J$(2',$%L, &)"@/-.'%L
JfwgWsHfµI &)(2',$%L, &)-"@/.'%L
� _i^RfU, T� J)+)%)
Tj\TQ @óB$
µgFsHfµI .5. µNqP^µQ
µNqP^µQ &B"`/-$%L
R^µµrNqP^µQ &B"`/-$%L
T� �XP]eecPrU, OP -&" ,2"4/
�µHfµI 4+'&%L&'
� �WXµrQP�PYXU, T^ d($-B/.).@
� |cµTRk]PcU, T^U >"B)&-a".
�eTqrifU, g, fP b,D#/6
WgPSTSr ()&%)'..)
J`ZHHfµI ,$&/%L
[PgWSO �) (2/-'JK-$%L, (2/42"(+'%L 2) -)&(+$-B".'%L
¯WgsO @$-$%L - 4$#"&%-" &(D%./4$
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
µSm IG`Vm\ RiHHVU IrMIM MLIM V~\ xTlI�\ ZSHSUIq\a V~ `{
µt, Çt}VU � IrMI\ XI�\ xTlI�\ lSm � IrMI\ xZ�HH_XSU lSm I|
xTlIW xHHc IrMIM MLIM V~\ xTlI�\ lSUMIq\. (3'. 2, 22)
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e¤RTµrP, r¥i¤RTµrP, [PXµP¤RTµrP, Si�RTµrP � qrP¤Rr-
SXQ, WrRrtSXQ, [WTYigRrSXQ, e¤¹rSXQ, S]�rSXQ, SrZ�rSXQ �
Xy�ck]PSrU, qPORk]PSrU, YQYX_k]PSrU, Sµck]PSrU, ec�-
k]PSrU � WrWO\�U, rhec��U, VeceX\�U, ereck�U, uµXi-
Sc\�U, WrWTPk�U � µrµP¢RkXQ, c¥i¢RkXQ, qrqrP¢RkXQ,
VWQere¢RkXQ.
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BD / @+' 4$b@),) ,+$,)+$ )(2"@"+/-
%" .$#$+L.D0 a)2BD: SrNPT^RQP, SNPT^RQP, SrPT�RQP, SrN-RT^RQP � lWQPTP, lWQWSTP, lWQTP � WrNRrSXQ (2), WrQRk¤Rr-
SXQ � WrNRrQP, WrRrtP � W]WTQkXU, W]WTPkXU � YrYiX\]-
PXQ, [WTYrYiX\]PXQ � ²e�µrP, Ve�µrP.
III. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./"
(2/#$&%/'. 8@" - +$%/.&4)B 'JK4" (2/#$&%.KB 4).&%-
2D4�/'B &))%-"%&%-)-$+/ *K /.a/./%/-.K"? !"2"-"-
@/%" {%/ (2"@+)b"./' .$ +$%/.&4/6 'JK4: �. �er�gP-
243
YiT^ [WTkXPfPSTU T� �kcPXtTQ X¨kQU R^P�µTRXP ©U V\-
�XeT�PSrU ST§U ·X\rYfPXU. 2. �ee� [�QRSgµrPTQ Ty\
leXkTP S~P �er�gPYiT^ YQgYT_TP. 3. |cµTRk]PcU Ty\
VWXZRXST ST§U èeecPXU [PXµQµPçR\OP S¢U Ver^kriNXU.
4. �� �RSrOU [WTYi�U \X� YQO_kr�U ¥W~ S�P WTerµNOP
l�^qrP rhU P¢RfP SQPX. 5. �Wr� ÏRkrST \r\^\eOµ]PTU ¥W�
XyS�P, lWQr �giµX\TP. 6. �TeeT� S�P �kcPXNOP Ve -̂
WT�PST [WrRSricµ]PTQ ST� VPYf�T^ WTeNST^. 7. °XNWri
¹r^Rkr�U S�P Ver^kriNXU VeWNYOP �µOU µrqNRST^ VWXN-
PT^ [r� �XP¤RrSXQ ��QTU üP. 8. �TeeT� S�P ¥RS]iOP Xy-
S~P VkXZµXsTP ©U µ]qQRSTP m¤STiX ßPSX.
244
2"?) 5 9
<$J+/#.K" -2"B".$ ,+$,)+)- & 2$&`/2"..)6 )&.)-)6; l_O.
Genetivus (2/ µ]erQ; VWQµre]TµXQ; dativus (2/ �_kTµXQ. 8+$,)+K, &+)b.K" & l_O.
"3AQC>BO= 79=N=B3 RQ3R8Q87
4 934�C9=BB8E 84B878E
9"4)%)2K" @2"-.",2"#"&4/" ,+$,)+K /B"0% .$2'@D &
42$%4)6 )&.)-)6 )&.)-D, 2$&(2)&%2$."..D0 & ()B)CL0
&Daa/4&$ r/c. M$&%L {%/3 ,+$,)+)- )% 2$&(2)&%2$."..)6
)&.)-K )*2$JD"% .$&%)'C"" -2"B', $ -&" )&%$+L.K" -2"-
B".$ /+/ ."4)%)2K" /J ./3 )*2$JD0%&' )% 42$%4)6 )&-
.)-K: qXµ]O ?$%)&A.C ()&.)-$ qXµ-, qXµr-, qXµc-): fut.
act. � qXµ�, -rtU, aor. act. � lqcµX, perf. act. � qrqgµc\X.
!2)#/" ,+$,)+K {%)6 ,2D((K .$&%)'C"" -2"B' )*2$JD-
0% )% 42$%4)6 )&.)-K, $ )&%$+L.K" -2"B".$ /+/ ."4)-
%)2K" /J ./3 )*2$JD0%&' )% 2$&(2)&%2$."..)6 )&.)-K:
�TZeTµXQ /"&$&A ()&.)-$ �T^e-, �T^ec-): fut. med. �
�T^e¤RTµXQ, aor. pass. � V�T^e¤kcP, perf. med.-pass. � �r-
�TZecµXQ.
&Q3R8Q njG.
&Q3R8QO, 4Q8pBO= 4 njG.
A ."4)%)2K3 ,+$,)+)- & 2$&`/2"..)6 )&.)-)6 )*2$-
J)-$./" )&.)- B)b"% &)(2)-)b@$%L&' #"2"@)-$./"B
4)2."-),) ,+$&.),), 4$4 D ,+$,)+$ l_O )5$&A ()&.)-$
Rr_-, R_-, R_c-): fut. act. � É�O ()&.)-$ ²_- < Rr_-) /+/
R_¤RO, aor. act. � lR_TP, perf. act. � lR_c\X, perf. med.-
245
pass. � lR_cµXQ. :B("2a"4% {%),) ,+$,)+$ /B""% a)2BD
r¡_TP < *lRr_TP.
8+$,)+ l_O D()%2"*/%"+". & (2/&%$-4$B/: µrS]_O
(+ gen.) =4)%)5(&A 0-(.&)$, )5$&A !"+D 9 -$5-+)@",
WXi]_O !".&(9+C&A, WiTR]_O =4)@+)?(&A, "@4(�(&A,
(WiTR]_O S~P PT�P "@4(�(&A 9%)5(%)$), =4$9"./"!)&A,
¥WQR_P]TµXQ "@$�(&A.
/#*'%01#1
�. H% ,+$,)+$ µ]eO >(@"&)&A ()&.)-$ µre-, µrec-): fut.
act. � µre¤RO, aor. act. � Vµ]ecRX, perf. act. � µrµ]ec\X
)*K#.) D()%2"*+'0%&' a)2BK 3 +/�$ "@/.&%-"..),)
#/&+$ - *"J+/#.)B J.$#".// (µZbgI � $.&A >(@"&(, µr-
e¤RrQ � @0!$& >(@"&( / %. @.). !2/ {%)B +/�), 4)%)2),)
#%)-#%) J$*)%/%, D4$JK-$"%&' - @$%"+L.)B ($@"b", $
(2"@B"% J$*)%K � - 2)@/%"+L.)B (genetivus obiectivus).
9$(2/B"2:
TyY�P µ]erQ S�P R\OµµgSOP µTQ � 5%$ %$& %)'('","
!$+( !" %(.5$B$'.
2. 5 J.$#".// >(@"&)&A.C D()%2"*+'"%&' (2)/J-)@.K6
)% µ]eO (2"a/4&$+L.K6 )%+)b/%"+L.K6 (deponens pas-
sivum) ,+$,)+ STIµgbZLµUI (/+/ VWQµ]eTµXQ) & a)2B$-
B/: fut. med. � VWQµre¤RTµXQ, aor. pass. � VWrµre¤kcP,
perf. pass. � VWQµrµ]ecµXQ, 4)%)2K6 %$4b" D(2$-+'"%
2)@/%"+L.KB ($@"b)B (genetivus obiectivus).
3. 5 D2)4" 40 Db" D4$JK-$+/&L ,+$,)+K, 4)%)2K" &)32$-
.'0% 42$%4/6 4)."#.K6 ,+$&.K6 )&.)-K .$&%)'C",)
-2"B"./ -) -&"3 ,+$,)+L.K3 a)2B$3, (2/#"B ()&+" )&-
.)-K -&%$-+'"%&' -R-, "&+/ J$ )&.)-)6 &+"@D0% &),+$&.K"
246
-µ, -S, -k. �$4)- / ,+$,)+ �jhLµUI .$4!)&A.C, %$,"!"9(&A
()&.)-$ � [_krR-, fut. med. � [_k]RTµXQ, aor. pass. � �_-
k]RkcP). d%)% ,+$,)+, *D@D#/ ,+$,)+)B, -K2$b$0C/B
#D-&%-) (verbum affectuum), D(2$-+'"% @$%"+L.KB ($-
@"b)B (dativus causae).
�QQCBCAN
�e]�XPYiTU WTerµ�P STtU ¶X\SiNTQU V\rt VqrqXµ¤\rQ
WXik]PTP \XeeNRScP ùºO�gPcP ßPTµX. �ee� � ^�fU, ÂP
VSrSf\rQ V\rNPT^ ±Yc [WTkXPfPSTU, S¢U �XRQerNXU Ty
µrS]R_rP. �XtU q�i lSQ îP R§P SÀ µcSi� V�TPrZkc. �TtU
T¨P �er�gPYiT^ RSiXScqTtU TyY�P �eeT Vµ]ecRrP Þ µr-
SXR_rtP ©U µX\iTSgSOP \X� WeT^RQOSgSOP _Oi�P, \X�
TyY�P \geeQTP lYT�rP XySTtU Þ �i�XQ S�P �Xi�giOP Vk-
P�P. �� T¨P YQgYT_TQ \XeTZµrPTQ �eeTU �eeT^ ¥Wri-
R_rtP �T^eck]PSrU VµX_]RXPST [ee¤eTQU, ÉOU u µrqgec
�er�gPYiT^ [i_® YQrµrµ]iQRST rhU VPNXU �XRQerNXU, ³P
X� µ]qQRSXQ �RXP u Æjq^WSTU \X� u }^iNX \X� u ·X\r-
YTPNX.
·rS� T¨P ¯eNqTP _ifPTP WTeeT� S�P �Xi�giOP µr-
µrQqµ]PTQ STtU èeecRQP VµrµXk¤\rRXP ²eecPNsrQP. �� Y�
P]TQ \ZiQTQ èeecPrU ßPSrU S~ q]PTU Ty_ ìSSTP S�P WgeXQ
RXSiXW�P ST§U VPTN\T^U VWNrsTP VWQµreTZµrPTQ S¢U hYN-
XU ryYXQµTPNXU, µRSr XyS�P Sr T� kcRX^iT� VPrWe¤Rkc-
RXP _i^RT� \X� X� WferQU V\TRµ¤kcRXP µrqXeTWirW]R-
SXSX.
�£SO T� S�P �riqXµcPNOP �XRQertU PQ\¤RXPSrU ST§U
ÚXegSXU \X� Thck]PSrU SÀ S�P kr�P �TckrNo RrR�RkXQ
S~P eXµWi~P ST� |Q~U �Oµ~P [P]krRXP, ÂP \X� T� P�P
�PkiOWTQ kX^µgsT^RQP.
247
�XR�P Y� S�P WferOP ße�ª \X� \geerQ ¥Wrirt_rP u
�er�gPYirQX. �\rt q�i T� �STerµXtTQ µRWri T� WifSriTQ
S�P Æhq^WSNOP YrRWfSXQ WTeeT§U �fiT^U V\ S�P VµWf-
iOP \X� ViqXS�P \X� qrOiq�P V�rWNrsTP. �ee� XySTtU Ty
µfPTP Vµ]ecRr S¢U _icµgSOP \S¤RrOU, [ee� \X� S~P
PT�P WiTRrt_TP SXtU Sr S]_PXQU \X� VWQRS¤µXQU. �£SOU
�Yi^k¢PXQ V\]er^RXP S~P µ]qXP �giTP, TÅ S� �OS� STtU
PXZSXQU PZ\SOi X� �YT� VYrN\P^PST. �P Y� S� ·T^RrNª
\X� VP SÀ �Q�eQTk¤\� V\gkcPST WTeeT� �PkiOWTQ VWQµr-
eTZµrPTQ WXPSTNOP µXkcµgSOP. �TeeT� PrXPNXQ V\rt
VµgPkXPTP _Xi]PSrU SÀ S�P YQYXR\geOP RT�No. �i_Qµ¤-
YcU, � lPYT�TU µc_XPQ\fU, ÂU £RSriTP [WQÍP Ù_rST rhU
S®P }Q\reNXP, P]TU îP VP �er�XPYirNo V�QfSr^rP. ¿y\erN-
YcU Y� �ecP S®P µXkcµXSQ\®P R^P]qiX¹r, \X� �iNRSXi-
_TU VYNYX�r S®P q¢P Wri� ST� ueNT^ \X� ST� hYNT^ WfeT^
RSi]�rRkXQ, \X� �iXSTRk]PcU V\rt P]TP S¢U q¢U WNPX\X
lqiX¹rP.
�PSX�kX �iX WTeeX� µ^iQgYrU [PYi�P �qrNiTPST,
·X\rYfPrU, èeecPrU, ÆhqZWSQTQ, ÃT^YXtTQ. �gPSrU uee¤-
PQsTP, Ty_ èeecPrU ßPSrU, [ee� \TRµTWTetSXQ, ©U l�X-
RXP.
/(*'(*2##
�. �NXP �Qe�P RrX^S~P Ty_ �rQU �NeT^U. 2. ��P l_O-
µrP _i¤µXS�, É�TµrP �NeT^U.
3(01#0%
sUµZG + acc. b"./%L&' (%( '"5-+)@"); qXµ]TµXQ + dat. -K3)@/%L J$BDb
µZbgI µTQ + gen. B".' J$*)-%/% #%)-+/*)
²eecPNsO ()@2$b$%L ,2"-4$B, ,)-)2/%L ()-,2"#"&4/
STIµgbZLµUI (VWQµ]eTµXQ) J$*)%/%L&'
u \S¢RQU, rOU (2/)*2"%"./"
248
L�LµUI (T¡µXQ) @DB$%L, ()-+$,$%L
S~ ��U, �OSfU &-"%
u �Q�eQTk¤\c, cU */*+/)%"-4$, 4./,)32$./+/C"
S~ µgkcµX, XSTU D#"./", J.$./"
L�jLµUI D3)@/%L, D@$+'%L&'
u µXkcµXSQ\¤, ¢U B$%"B$-%/4$
� \TRµTWTeNScU, T^ ,2$b-@$./. B/2$
µgKUµZbgI µTQ ' 2$&4$/-$-0&L
�jhLµUI &"2@/%L&', .",)-@)-$%L
XTZjLµUI -)J@"2b/-$%L&' njgI T£SOU (r¨) *K%L - %$-
4)B (3)2)`"B) &)&%)'.// �TIJjHZLµUI )*"C$%L
�
�iNRSXi_TU, T^ 12/&%$23, J.$B"./%K6 D#".K6 {()-3/ {++/./JB$
� �iXSTRk]PcU, T^U d2$-%)&a".
� ÃT^YXtTU, T^ /D@"6 ¶g\SiQTU, X, TP *$4%2/6-
&4/6; � ¶. *$4%2/"� � ¿y\erNYcU, T^ 7-4+/@
u ¿yi�Wc, cU 7-2)($
� ÚXegScU, T^ ,$+$% S~ ·T^RrtTP, T^ 32$B =DJ
� �riqXµcPQfU, T� ("2,$-B"�
� �STerµXtTU, T^ !%)+"B"6 ()5C 5%",)/ #(4$7 ½,)=&()
u
ùºO�gPc, cU <)4&$.$
� �giTU, T^ B$'4
eNXP &+/`4)B
µc_XPQ\fU, ¤, fP /J)*2"%$-%"+L.K6; B"3$./#"&4/6
WiTR]_O S~P PT�P )*2$-C$%L -./B$./"
� WfeTU, T^ ()+0&, ."*"&-.$' )&L, ."*)
V\WQ]sO -K%"&.'%L, -Kb/-B$%L
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
�lSm HLJI_TUM SGX�a `U`iTlSHV, IG µLHVU TIU �XU
xZIHHqµVsS; (3'. 4, 38)
ÌLJp `{ XId\ xJiµIU\ lSm XSd\ QtPSU\, lSH[M SGXId\
OcM µVWMpTUM b\ lSJ�a V~ `{ IGl OJlPSXVqIMXSU, JSµKTi-
XpTSM, lPVdXXIM JiP OTXUM JSµ�TSU � Z_PIYTsSU. wId\ `{
JVJSµKl�TUM ZSPSJJLHHp, IGl OJª xHHc � lqPUI\, J_MSd-
lS xZ[ xM`P[\ µ� QpPUTs�MSU,- OcM `{ lSm QpPUTs�, µVML-
Xp �JSµI\ � X� xM`Pm lSXSHHSJtXp,- lSm �M`PS J_MSdlS
µ� x�ULMSU. (g 2"4. 7, 8-gg)
249
yFHVqsVPI\ JcP ÉM Ol ZiMXpM Z�TUM OµS_X[M O`IqHp-
TS, �MS XI�\ ZHVWIMS\ lVP`tTpa lSm OJVM�µKM XId\ ²I_`SW-
IU\ b\ ²I_`SdI\, �MS ²I_`SWI_\ lVP`tTpa XId\ eZ[ M�µIM b\
eZ[ M�µIM, µ� ÉM SGX[\ eZ[ M�µIM, �MS XI�\ eZ[ M�µIM
lVP`tTpa XId\ xM�µIU\ b\ �MIµI\, µ� ÉM �MIµI\ sVIY xHH�
nMMIµI\ ¡PUTXIY, �MS lVP`iMp XI�\ xM�µI_\a OJVM�µKM
XId\ xTsVMLTUM xTsVMt\, �MS XI�\ xTsVMVd\ lVP`tTpa XId\
Z�TUM JLJIMS ZiMXS, �MS ZiMXp\ XUMc\ T�Tp. ±iMXS `{
ZIU] `Uc X[ VGSJJLHUIM, �MS T_JlIUMpM[\ SGXIY JLMpµSU.
(g 2"4. 9, g9-23)
µ]eO /.%"2"&)-$%L, J$./-B$%L
� �qXµTU, T^ ."b".$%K6, *"J*2$#.K6
µ]PO, aor. lµrQPX )&%$-$%L-&', (2"*K-$%L
Vq\iXSrZO -)J@"2b/-$%L&'
qXµ]O b"./%L&' W^ifTµXQ 2$Jb/,$%L&' _OiNsO )%@"+'%L \XSXeegSSO >!. (2/B/2'%L lPPTµTU, TP ()&%D($0C/6
() J$4).$B
45 96&61$:;(*#.
}¤µriTP ROSciNX S� \fRµª q]qTPrPÇ #ROµrP S�
[PXRSgPSQ V\ Sg�T^ \X� [i_cq� S¢U sO¢U uµ�P� (�2)-
($2L -)&42"&.)6 D%2"./ () %2/&-'%)B)
#YO, aor. íRX ("%L � [i_cqfU, T� )&.)-$%"+L, %-)2"�
<="%;*(*#.
I. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ D()%2"*+"./" ,+$-
,)+)- µ]eeO / µ]erQ: �. ·® µree¤R�U S� Y]TPSX WTQ¢RXQ.
2. ×�P Ty µreecS]TP, [ee� WiX\S]TP VRSNP. 3. �Wr� Vµ]e-
ecRrP � �e\Q�QgYcU R§P S� PX^SQ\� WerZRrRkXQ rhU S®P
}Q\reNXP, WTeeT§U WTeNSXU r er eZWc \X� �f�TU. 4. �µ]-
250
ecRr S� }O\igSrQ S¢U S�P �kcPXtOP WXQYrNXU. 5. ·®
VWQµreckÀU �eeOP Wi�P RrX^ST� VWQµreck¢PXQ, �WOU
©U �]eSQRSTU lR�. 6. �TtU �kcPXNTQU £RSriTP µrSrµ]ecRr
S¢U WXeXQwU YQX�TiwU.
II. !"2"-"@/%", )*2$C$' -./B$./" .$ a)2BK ,+$,)+$
l_O: �. �r� STtU [qXkTtU YQYXR\geTQU _giQP É�TµrP.
2. �k¤PcRQP Ty\ V�¢P STtU �]PTQU µrSXR_rtP S¢U WTeQSrN-
XU. 3. ×�P, � µXkcSXN, Y]TQ ¾P WiTRR_rtP S~P PT�P STtU
µXk¤µXRQP. 4. �riQ\e¢U WgPSOP ¥Wrirt_r SÀ ST� e]qrQP
[irSÀ. 5. �� �kcPXtTQ �T^eck]PSrU (Vkre¤RXPSrU) STtU
ÈORQ �T¤krQXP WXiXR_rtP ¥W]R_TPST PX^SQ\~P W]µ¹rQP.
6. ¿h [W]_rRkr S¢U £�irOU, r¨ l_rQ.
III. !)-%)2"./" #$&%/�K �P: �. ¿h µ® VWQµreckrNcU S�P
YrfPSOP, � WXS¤i RT^ [_krRkrNc �P. 2. ¬ RT�~U Ty\ �_-
krSXQ, �SXP ¼µXiSÍP Verq_kÀ. 3. ·cY�P ¥WQR_PT�, Wi�P
¾P eTqNR�, rh ST�ST YQXWig�XQ YZPXRXQ. 4. ä]i�cU S�P
Äee¤POP ¥Wri]R_rP �P, rh µ® ÐrµQRST\e¢U STtU �kcPXN-
TQU VW]RSc. 5. �éRSQU ¾P Yf�� S¢U [irS¢U µrSXR_rtP, �
l�c }O\igScU, � ST�STP rjOkX V�rSgsrQP�. 6. ¬ XySfUÇ
�Î�r^qTP �P, � l�c, � V\ ST� YrRµOSciNT^, rh YN\XQTP \X�
[qXk~P �P�. 7. �RkeT� ¾P rjc [PYifU, T¡µXQ, _Xi¢PXQ
µ�P \XeTtU WigqµXRQP, [_krRk¢PXQ Y� XhR_iTtU.
25�
2"?) 6 0
8+$,)+K & &D((+"%/-.KB/ )&.)-$B/.
&Q3R8QO 4 4yDDQ=5C7BONC 84B873NC
9"*)+L`$' ,2D(($ ,+$,)+)- @2"-.",2"#"&4),) 'JK4$
(2/ )*2$J)-$.// -2"B". /&()+LJD"% )&.)-K, (2)/J-"-
@"..K" )% 2$J+/#.K3 4)2."6, *+/J4/3 () J.$#"./0. �$-
4/" ,+$,)+K .$JK-$0%&' &D((+"%/-.KB/ ()% +$%/.&4),)
&+)-$ suppletivus !"="+%)&$+A%<7). !)@)*.K" ,+$,)+K
"&%L / - @2D,/3 'JK4$3, .$(2/B"2, - 2D&&4)B ($.&A, .)
@0!0) / +$%/.&4)B (sum, .) fui).
�$4)-K, .$(2/B"2, ,+$,)+K:
X�i]O @4(&A ()&.)-$ ¼Qic-, ¼Qir-, ²e-): fut. act. � X�i¤-
R�, aor. act. � r eTP, aor. pass. � ýi]kcP, perf. act. � .ic\X,
perf. med.-pass. � .icµXQ;
li_TµXQ =4)/"!)&A ()&.)-$ Vi_-, Vek-, Ve^k-, Ver^k-,
rh): fut. act. � r¡µQ, VerZRTµXQ, aor. act. � �ekTP, perf. act. �
Ve¤e^kX;
VRkNO $.&A ()&.)-$ VRkQ-, VY-, VYr-, �Xq-): fut. act. �
lYTµXQ, aor. act. � l�XqTP, perf. act. � VY¤YT\X, perf. med.-
pass. � VY¤YrRµXQ;
e]qO, [qTirZO ,"9"4)&A ()&.)-$ erq-, [qTir^-, VW-,
Vi-, Vic-, mc-): fut. act. � Vi�, -rtU, e]�O, aor. act. � r¡WTP,
r¡WX, ler�X, aor. pass. � Vâm¤kcP, Ve]_kcP, perf. act. � rj-
ic\X, perf. med.-pass. � rjicµXQ, e]erqµXQ;
�igO 9)!$&A ()&.)-$ �iX-, hY-, ¯W-): fut. act. � ß¹TµXQ,
ß¹rQ, aor. act. � r¡YTP, aor. pass. � ü�kcP, perf. act. � ²�iX-
\X, ßWOWX, perf. med.-pass. � �µµXQ, ²�iXµXQ;
Si]_O @$?(&A ()&.)-$ Sir_-, YiXµ-, YiXµc-): fut. act. �
YiXµT�µXQ, -rt, aor. act. � lYiXµTP, perf. act. � YrYigµc\X;
252
�]iO %$.&) ()&.)-$ �ri-, Th-, VPrq\-, VPr\-): fut. act. �
TjRO, aor. act. � ±Prq\TP, ±Prq\X, aor. pass. � �P]_kcP,
perf. act. � VP¤PT_X, perf. med.-pass. � VP¤PrqµXQ.
)8B=c R9=>=4P8R8 NC93 C =R8 B34Q=]C=
�P S� XyS� lSrQ, VP Ì T� ùºOµXtTQ S¤P Sr }Q\reNXP \X�
S®P ·X\rYTPNXP \X� S®P ÄeegYX XyS®P \XSXRSir¹gµr-
PTQ S®P °Xi_cYfPX r eTP \X� YQ]�krQiXP, ýi]kc \X� YQr-
�kgic \X� u °fiQPkTU. �� q�i ùºOµXtTQ lµWTiTQ, TÝ �kT-
Pri�U ²Tig\rRXP V\rNPXU S�U WferQU VµWTiNo WeT^RNXU
qrqrPcµ]PXU, �k]ecRXP \X� XyST� WiQgµrPTQ \X� WOe¤-
RXPSrU We]TP \riYXNPrQP. �\ Y� S¢U °TiNPkT^ S¢U ýicµ]-
PcU [WcP]_kc WgPSX S� [qgeµXSX rhU S®P ùº�µcP. �£-
SOU V\rt T� S�P WeT^RNOP T¡\TQ VPrWe¤RkcRXP [PXkc-
µgSOP \X� [PYiQgPSOP, \X� T� ùºOµXtTQ ±i�XPST _Xi¢PXQ
SÀ S�P Äee¤POP S]_P�. �\ STZST^ T¨P ST� _ifPT^ Ty\
¯eNqTQ èeecPrU ü�kcRXP VP SÀ ùº�µ�. �i�STP µ�P ì\TP
ÄeecPQ\T� YT�eTQ hXSiT� \X� WXQYXqOqT� ßPSrU. ·rS� ¯eN-
qTP _ifPTP WTeeT� m¤STirU \X� �QefRT�TQ ÄeecPQ\T�
²\fPSrU [W]eQWTP S®P WXSiNYX ©U TjRTPSrU S®P ²X^S�P
RT�NXP rhU S®P ùº�µcP. þRSriTP Y� WTeeT� ùºOµXtTQ,
µRWri °Q\]iOP, rhU S�U �k¤PXU íRXP ©U µXkcRfµrPTQ
S� S�P Äee¤POP µXk¤µXSX \X� ¯¹fµrPTQ S� S�P WXi-
rece^kfSOP _ifPOP µPcµrtX \X� Tj\TQ ViT�PSrU Wri�
S�P V\rt �\T^Rµ]POP \X� ʵµ]POP. �fSr \X� T� ùºOµXtTQ
µRWri T� èeecPrU �XRQeQ\�U \X� k]XSiX \X� PXT§U «\T-
YfµcRXP. �ee� \X� ST�ST mcS]TP VRS� ST§U ùºOµXNT^U
µXkcS�U qrP]RkXQ S¢U ÄeecPQ\¢U WTQ¤RrOU \X� mcSTiQ-
\¢U \X� R^qqiX�¢U. |Q\XNOU �iX rjic\r WTQcS¤U SQU ùºO-
µXtTU S®P ÄeegYX PrPQ\cµ]PcP PQ\¢RXQ ST§U PrPQ\c\f-
253
SXU. ã Y� WXi� S�P Äee¤POP VµrµXk¤\rRXP \X� ½ XyST�
WiTRrSrk¤\rRXP, SX�SX rhRcP]_kc rhU �eeXU _�iXU ¥W�
XyS�P ýicµ]PXU.
|Q� ST�ST liTQSf SQU �P, � SQ uµrtU WXirQe¤�XµrP
Wi~U S�P Äee¤POP. �y µfPTP ViT�µrP Wri� S�P kX µ̂X-
RNOP erQ¹gPOP, ½ R^PrNer\SXQ \X� R]ROSXQ VP WTeeXtU
S¢U ¿yi�WcU WferRQP. ·]µPcRT Y� \X� ST§U èeecPXU S�
WgRcU S]_PcU \X� VWQRS¤µcU RSTQ_rtX Þ c¥ic\]PXQ Þ
WiTRc_]PXQ µRWri S¢U hXSiQ\¢U \X� S¢U qrOqiX�NXU \X�
S¢U [RSiTPTµNXU. �y_ vSSO _giQP R_�µrP STtU WTQcSXtU
\X� �QeTRf�TQU XyS�P. éSQ uµrtU \Xk� uµ]iXP WTeeTtU
ÄeecPQ\TtU ¯PfµXRQ _i�µrkX, WgPSrU jRXRQP.
¿yYXNµTPrU �iX PTµQRS]TQ rhRNP, TÝ ¾P XyST� S¢U Äe-
ecPQ\¢U qe�SScU lµWrQiTQ �RQP. ÚP�RTPSXQ q�i RX�]R-
SXSX V\ S�P ¥W~ S�P Äee¤POP \X� ùºOµXNOP WrWiXqµ]-
POP V\��PXQ S®P P�P ¿yi�WcP.
/(*'(*2#.
�iQRSTS]ecU S¢U WXQYrNXU S�U µ�P mNsXU WQ\i�U r¡PXQ
l�c, ST§U Y� \XiWT§U qe^\rtU.
R=#'%A#.
�Tee� WQÍP \X� WTee� �XqÍP \X� WTee� \X\� rhWÍP
�Pki�WT^U \rtµXQ �QµO\i]OP ùºfYQTU.
3(01#0%
VWiQgµcP (&&. ("4).& ' ÊP]T-µXQ
[WT�]iO D.)&/%L, D-)@/%L � WXQYXqOqfU, T� -)&(/%$-
%"+L, .$&%$-./4 (.4. =$!(,",)
WXi]i_TµXQ (2)3)@/%L B/B) WXiXeXµ�gPO (2/./B$%L,
("2"./B$%L
WiTgqO (2)-)@/%L -("2"@, ()*Db@$%L; itr. /@%/ -("2"@
254
� °Q\]iOP, OPTU E/�"2).
u °fiQPkTU, T^ I)2/.a
ùºfYQTU, X, TP 2)@)&&4/6, � ùº. 2)@)&"�
u \eNPc, cU +)b"
S~ erN¹XPTP, T^ )&%$%)4; pl. )&%$.4/
u µOiNX, XU ,+D()&%L
WQ\ifU, g, fP ,)2L4/6
S~ RSTQ_rtTP, T^ &%/3/', {+"-B".%
u [RSiTPTµNX, XU $&%2).)-B/'
u mNsX, ¢U 4)2".L
45 ,676&6 8%7('%
yzHHc xMiTXKsU lSm TX�sU OZm XI�\ Z�`S\ TI_a V~\ XIY-
XI JcP Ä�sKM TIU, ZPIQVUPWTSTsSU TV eZKPLXKM lSm µiP-
X_PS ÈM XV Vr`V\ µV ÈM XV o�stTIµSU TIU, O}SUPIqµVMI\ TV
Ol XIY HSIY lSm Ol X]M OsM]M V~\ IÛ\ OJª xZITXLHHp
TV� (6$C%. 26, g6-g7)
yFHVqTIµSU `{ ZP[\ eµ�\ �XSM ÍSlV`IMWSM `ULHspa
ÍSlV`IMWSM JcP `ULPQIµSU, ZP[\ eµ�\ `{ X_Q[M ZSPSµV-
M] � lSm ZSPSQVUµiTp, �MS eµVd\ µV ZPIZLµfKXV I´ OcM
ZIPVqpµSU. (g 2"4. g6, 5-6)
µSm X�XV xZIlSH_�stTVXSU � �MIµI\, M � µqPUI\ ²K-
TIY\ xMVHVd X� ZMVqµSXU XIY TX�µSXI\ SGXIY lSm lSXSP-
JtTVU X� OZU�SMVW¤ X�\ ZSPI_TWS\ SGXIY� (2 �$.. 2, 8)
�IGl �XSlXtTSµVM OM eµdM IG`{ `pPVcM �PXIM O�iJI-
µVM ZSPi XUMI\� (2 �$.. 3, 7-8)
�(²KTIY\ ¡PUTX�\) � µ�MI\ nQpM xsSMSTWSM, �]\ I~l]M
xZP�TUXIM, M Vr`VM IG`Vm\ xMsP�ZpM IG`{ ~`VdM `qMSXSUa
Á XUµ� lSm lPiXI\ S~�MUIM, xµtM. (g :)5. 6, g6)
WiT_rQiNsTµXQ ,)%)-/%L, .$-J.$#$%L
� ¥Wci]ScU, T^ &+D,$
V�XNiO /JKB$%L WXiX_rNµXsO (2)-)@/%L
J/BD
45 96&61$:;(*#.
¿h \X� VP Sg�ª \XS¢ekrU, [kgPXSr, [ee� ST� /YT^
\XkrterU S®P YZPXµQPÇ \X� [P]RScU ©U PQ\cS¤U, ÜiQRS� �
255
ÐrfU, q^PXQ�� µ^iT�fiTQU �krq�gµrPTU, _XNirSr, \X�
STtU RTtU [WTRSfeTQU rhi¤PcP YOiTZµrPTU, � STtU WrRT�-
RQ WXi]_OP [PgRSXRQP. (I).@$4 !$&3/)
óikiNROµrP ßikiT^ �Xk]TU \X� XPS� µZiT^ S~P £µ-
PTP WiTRTNROµrP S� YrRWfScÇ \X� ÜiQRS~P ¯¹fµrkX YQ-
\XQTRZPcU veQTP WwRQ sO®P [PXS]eeTPSX. (:2B)& 5 ("&-
./ 4$.).$ !$&3/)
<="%;*(*#.
I. 9$J)-/%" .$#$+L.D0 a)2BD .$&%)'C",) -2"B"./ @+'
&+"@D0C/3 4)2."6 / D&%$.)-/, - 4$4/3 a)2B$3 ,+$,)+$
).$ /&()+LJD"%&': hY-, VY-, Vi- (2), �Xq-, ²e-, YiXµ-, ThR-,
mc-, Vek-, ¯W-.
II. H(2"@"+/%" a)2BK: TjRrQ, Th¤R� � T¡µXQ, �µµXQ �
Ve�P, ²e�P � VW�ecRrP, VWiNXST, [W]YTST � ¯P¤RrQ, ÊP¤-
R� � ¯P¢RXQ, VOP¢RkXQ � ViT�PSrU, VifµrPTQ, rhicµ]PTQ �
Vece^k]PXQ, VPcPT_]PXQ, rhec�]PXQ, ereck]PXQ � li_TP-
SXQ, �i_TPSXQ, ±i_TPST.
III. !"2"-"@/%": �. ¿jkr S� rhicµ]PX ¯ik�U R\]¹XQRkr. 2.
¬ RT�~U \X� S� ST� �NT^ Wgkc mpTP ¾P VP]q\TQ. 3. �� VP
�RSrQ \r\^\eOµ]PTQ [ee¤eT^U ±iTPST, SN lYTQPST \X� WN-
TQPST. 4. }O\igScU ±irST S~P ärPT��PSX, WT� WiNXQST
S®P [irS¤P. ¬ Y� Ty\ l�c rhY]PXQ. 5. �� �kcPXtTQ rhU �e-
eXU _�iXU lWer^RXP, ÒPX ©U WertRSX üPQX WiNXQPST \X�
WOeTtrP. 6. �iX_rtU \ZiQTQ [r� V�T�T�PST, µ® T� YT�eTQ
[WTYigµTQrP. 7. �� WXeXQTN, �WfSr �gqTQrP \X� WNTQrP,
l\rQPST VP \eNPXQU. 5 4$4/3 a2$J$3 )(%$%/- B)b"% *K%L
J$B".". @2D,/B .$4+)."./"B, / 4$4/B /B"..)?
256 257
?(%?$%.E z?"v.
%/*<?0## 2[?x"#<*x#01%.d
&0/&?0?$
258
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
�qXµXQ [qgRTµXQ �qXRgµcP
[qq]eeO [qqre� ±qqrQeX
[qrNiO [qri� ±qrQiX
�qP^µQ ��O lX�X (��X)
�qO ��O ±qXqTP
#YO #RTµXQ íRX
XhY]TµXQ XhY]RTµXQ æYrRgµcP
XhP]O XhP]RO ÏPrRX
XhPNSSTµXQ XhPN�TµXQ
X�i]O X�i¤RO r eTP
XjiO [i� �iX
XhRkgPTµXQ XhRk¤RTµXQ æRkfµcP
XhR_ZPO XhR_^P� ÏR_^PX
[\X_NsO ±\X_TP
(�\g_cRX)
[\]TµXQ [\]RTµXQ �\rRgµcP
[\TZO [\TZRTµXQ ±\T^RX
[eXegsO [eXeg�TµXQ �egeX�X
[egTµXQ
[erN�O
[erN¹O ±erQ¹X
[e]�O [er�¤RO �e]�cRX
[e]O [e]RO ($%%. [e�) ±erRX
¼eNR\TµXQ ¼e�RTµXQ $%%. ²geOP, veOP
259
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
�qgRkcP
�qq]ekcP ±qqre\X ±qqreµXQ
�q]ikcP [q¤qri\X [q¤qriµXQ
VgqcP lXqX lXqµXQ
±_kcP �_X �qµXQ
ÏRkcP
æY]RkcP ÏYrRµXQ
æP]kcP ÏPr\X ÏPcµXQ
æPN_kcP ÏPQqµXQ
ýi]kcP .ic\X .icµXQ
±ikcP �i\X �iµXQ
ÏRkcµXQ
æR_ZPkcP ÏR_^µµXQ
[\g_cµXQ
�\TZRkcP [\¤\TX ±\T^RµXQ
�e¤kcP [egecµXQ
�erN�kcP
(�eN�cP)
[e¤eQ�X [e¤eQµµXQ
(±e(r)QµµXQ)
[e¤er\X [e¤erRµXQ
$%%. ²geO\X,
veO\X
260
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
[eQSXNPO ±eQSTP
[eegSSO [eeg�O ±eeX�X
ÓeeTµXQ ¼eT�µXQ uegµcP, uefµcP
[eZR\O [eZ�O ±e^�X
¼µXiSgPO ¼µXiS¤RTµXQ
(9� -S¤RO)
vµXiSTP
[µ�Q]PP^µQ [µ�Q]RO �µ�NrRX
[PXeNR\O [PXe�RO [P¤eORX
¼PYgPO ¼Y¤RO ÉXYTP
[PTNqO [PTN�O [P]ª�X,
{(. [P��X
([PTNqP^µQ) (±PTQ�X)
[Wr_kgPTµXQ [Wr_k¤RTµXQ [Wc_kfµcP
([WT)YQYigR\O ([WT)YigRTµXQ ([W)]YiXP
[WTkP¤R\O [WTkXPT�µXQ [W]kXPTP
[Wfee^µQ [WTe]RO ($%%.
[WTe�)
[W�erRX
([WOefµcP)
ÓWSO Ó¹O ì¹X
[iXiNR\O [i� (/).. �iRO) �iRX, ±iXiTP
[i]R\O [i]RO ±irRX
[i\]O [i\]RO ±i\rRX
[ifO [ifRO ±iTRX
¼iWgsO ¼iWg�O
(¼iWgRO)
viWXRX
(viWX�X)
26�
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
�eeg_kcP
(�eegqcP)
±eeX_X ±eeXqµXQ
uµXiS¤kcP
uµgiSc\X uµgiScµXQ
�µ�NrRµXQ
[Pce�kcP [P¤eO\X [P¤eOµXQ
{(. ÉXYX
[PrÕ_kcP [P]ª_X,
[P]ªqX
[P]ªqµXQ
([P¤TqX)
[W¤_kcµXQ
([WT)Y]YiX\X
S]kPc\X
[WTe�er\X
([WfeOeX)
v�kcP ìµµXQ
±ikcP �iXiX
�i]RkcP [i¤ir\X ±irRµXQ
±i\rRµXQ
�ifkcP [i¤iT\X [i¤iTµXQ
uiWgqcP
(uiWgRkcP)
viWX\X viWXRµXQ
262
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
�i_O �i�O �i�X
Xy�gPO Xy�¤RO cz�cRX
[�Q\P]TµXQ [�N�TµXQ [�Q\fµcP
�_kTµXQ [_k]RTµXQ
�XNPO �¤RTµXQ l�cP
�geeO �Xe� l�XeTP
�Q�i�R\O �i�RO
�QfO (sgO) �Q�RTµXQ V�NOP, V�NO\X
�egWSO
�eg¹O l�eX¹X
�eXRSgPO �eXRS¤RO l�eXRSTP (9�
V�egRScRX)
�e]WO �e]¹O l�er¹X
�eNSSO �eNRO l�eQRX
�e�R\O µTeT�µXQ lµTeTP
�fR\O �TR\¤RO
�TZeTµXQ
�T^e¤RTµXQ
qXµ]O $%%. qXµ�, ()J@.
qXµ¤RO
lqcµX
(9� VqgµcRX)
qregO qregRTµXQ (9�
qregRO)
Vq]eXRX
qck]O qck¤RO Vq¤kcRX
qcigR\O qcigRTµXQ, -RO Vq¤iXRX
qN(q)PTµXQ qrP¤RTµXQ VqrPfµcP
263
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
±i_kcP �i_X �iqµXQ
cy�¤kcP cz�c\X cz�cµXQ
[�tqµXQ
�_k]RkcP
V�gkcP �]�c\X
V�e¤kcP �]�ec\X �]�ecµXQ
V�i�kcP �]�iO\X �]�iOµXQ
�r�NO\X �r�NOµXQ
V�eg�kcP
(V�eg�cP)
�]�eX�X �]�eXµµXQ
V�egRSc\X
V�e]�kcP �]�er�X �]�erµµXQ
µ]µ�eO\X
V�T^e¤kcP,
��T^e¤kcP
�r�TZecµXQ
VqXµ¤kcP
qrqgµc\X qrqgµcµXQ
VqregRkcP
qrq]eXRµXQ
q]qckX
qrq¤iX\X
9� VqrP¤kcP q]qTPX qrq]PcµXQ
264
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
qQqP�R\O qP�RTµXQ lqPOP
qeZ�O
qeZ¹O lqe^¹X
qig�O qig¹O lqiX¹X
qiZsO qiZ�TµXQ
q^µPgsO q^µPgRO VqZµPXRX
YXNP^µQ YXNRO lYXQRX
YXNTµXQ YgRTµXQ VYXRgµcP
Yg\PO Y¤�TµXQ lYX\TP
YrNYO YrNRTµXQ lYrQRX
YrN\P^µQ YrN�O lYrQ�X
Y]i\TµXQ lYiX\TP
Y]iO (YrNiO) Yri� lYrQiX
Y]O� Y¤RO lYcRX
Y]O2 Yr¤RO VY]cRX
YQXe]qTµXQ YQXe]�TµXQ
YQYgR\O YQYg�O VYNYX�X
YNYOµQ Y�RO lYO\X
YQ�\O YQ��O VYNO�X
YT\]O Yf�O lYT�X
YigO YigRO lYiXRX
YZPXµXQ Y^P¤RTµXQ
YZO YZRTµXQ VY^RgµcP
VgO VgRO rjXRX
265
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
VqP�RkcP lqPO\X lqPORµXQ
VqeZ�cP
(VqeZ�kcP)
q]qe^µµXQ,
lqe^µµXQ
Vqig�cP q]qiX�X q]qiXµµXQ
Vq^µPgRkcP qrqZµPX\X qrqZµPXRµXQ
Y]YXRµXQ
VY¤_kcP Y]Yc_X Y]YcqµXQ
Y]YTQ\X (Y]YQX)
VYrN_kcP Y]YrQ_X Y]YrQqµXQ
VY]i_kcP Y]YTi\X
VYgicP Y]YXi\X Y]YXiµXQ
VY]kcP Y]Yr\X Y]YrµXQ
VYr¤kcP YrY]c\X YrY]cµXQ
YQre]_kcP YQrNerqµXQ
VYQYg_kcP YrYNYX_X YrYNYXqµXQ
VYfkcP Y]YO\X Y]YOµXQ
VYQ�_kcP YrYNO_X YrYNOqµXQ
YrYf\c\X Y]YT\SXQ
VYigRkcP Y]YiX\X Y]YiX(R)µXQ
VY^P¤kcP YrYZPcµXQ
VYZkcP (lY^P) Y]Y^\X
rhgkcP rjX\X rjXµXQ
266
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
VqrNiO
Vqri� ±qrQiX
²sTµXQ ²YT�µXQ
Vk]eO, k]eO Vkre¤RO �k]ecRX
VeXZPO VegRO ($%%. Ve�) ±eXRX
Ve]q_O Ve]q�O ±erq�X
VereNsO VereN�O
Ée\O Ée�O rÒe\^RX
VWNRSXµXQ VWQRS¤RTµXQ �WQRS¤kcP
ÉWTµXQ ɹTµXQ ²RWfµcP
liYO li�O li�X
VirNYO VirNRO ±irQRX
VirNWO VirN¹O ±iQWTP
lâmO Vâm¤RO ±âmcRX
li_TµXQ VerZRTµXQ
(r¡µQ)
�ekTP
ViOSgO ViOS¤RO �ifµcP
VRkNO lYTµXQ l�XqTP
r¥iNR\O r¥i¤RO rÅiTP
l_O É�O (R_¤RO) lR_TP
ɹO ²¹¤RO v¹cRX
srZqP^µQ srZ�O lsr^�X
s�PP^µQ s�RO lsORX
vYTµXQ uRk¤RTµXQ
267
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
�q]ikcP Vq¤qri\X
(Vqi¤qTiX)
Vq¤qriµXQ
�egkcP Ve¤eX\X Ve¤eXµXQ
�e]q_kcP Ve¤erqµXQ
r�e\ZRkcP rÒe\^\X rÒe\^RµXQ
lTiqX
�irNRkcP Vi¤irQRµXQ
Vi¤iQµµXQ
Ve¤e^kX
�Y]RkcP VY¤YT\X VY¤YrRµXQ
r¥i]kcP r£ic\X r£icµXQ
VR_]kcP lR_c\X lR_cµXQ
VsZqcP, VsrZ_kcP lsr^qµXQ
Vs�RkcP lsO\X lsORµXQ
vRkcP
268
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
kgWSO kg¹O lkX¹X
k]iTµXQ k]iRTµXQ
keN�O
keN¹O lkeQ¹X
ki�R\O kTiT�µXQ lkTiTP
kZO kZRO lk^RX
ÒcµQ vRO ì\X
�egR\TµXQ �egRTµXQ �eXRgµcP
ÒRScµQ RS¤RO lRScRX (lRScP)
\XkXNiO \XkXi� V\gkciX
(²\gkXiX)
\XkrZYO \Xkr^Y¤RO \Xkc�YTP
(V\gkr^YTP)
\XNP^µXQ
\XNPO \XP� l\XPTP
\XNO, \gO \XZRO l\X^RX
\Xe]O \Xe]RO,
$%%. \Xe�
V\gerRX
\gµPO \XµT�µXQ l\XµTP
\XSXYXikgPO \XS]YXikTP
(\XS]YiXkTP)
\rNiO \ri� l\rQiX
\rerZO \rerZRO V\]er^RX
\rigPP^µQ \rigRO V\]iXRX
269
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
VSg�cP S]kXµµXQ
Vk]icP
VkeN�cP
(VkeN�kcP)
S]keQµµXQ
VSZkcP S]k^\X S]k^µXQ
rÒkcP r \X r µXQ
9� �egRkcP
VRSgkcP ÉRSc\X
V\XkgikcP
\r\gkXiµXQ
\]\XRµXQ
V\XZkcP \]\X^\X \]\X^µXQ
V\e¤kcP
\]\ec\X \]\ecµXQ
\]\µc\X
\XSXYrYgikc\X
V\gicP \]\XiµXQ
V\rerZRkcP \r\]er^(R)µXQ
V\igkcP
(V\rigRkcP)
\]\iX\X \]\iXµXQ
270
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
\riYXNPO
\riYXP� V\]iYXPX
\rZkO \rZRO l\^kTP
\Q_gPO \Q_¤RTµXQ l\Q_TP
\N_icµQ _i¤RO l_icRX
\egsO
\egq�O l\eXq�X
\egO (\eXNO) \eXZRTµXQ
(9� \eXZRO)
l\eX^RX
\egO \egRO l\eXRX
\erNO \erNRO l\erQRX
\e]WSO \e]¹TµXQ,
\e]¹O
l\er¹X
\eNPO \eQP� l\eQPX
\fWSO \f¹O l\T¹X
\Ti]PP^µQ \Ti]RO V\firRX
\igsO \r\ig�TµXQ,
\ig�O
l\iXqTP, l\iX�X
\irµgPP^µQ \irµgRO,
$%%. \irµ�
V\i]µXRX
\iNPO \iQP� l\iQPX
\iZWSO \iZ¹O l\i^¹X
\SgTµXQ \S¤RTµXQ V\ScRgµcP
\SrNPO \SrP� l\SrQPX, l\SXPTP
\^P]O \ZRO l\^RX
27�
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
\r\]iYc\X
(\r\]iYX\X)
\]\r^kX
\]\eXqqX
(\]\ecqX)
V\eXZRkcP
\]\eX^(R)µXQ
V\egRkcP
V\erNRkcP \]\erQ(R)µXQ
V\e]�kcP
(V\egWcP)
\]\eT�X \]\erµµXQ
V\eNkcP \]\eQµXQ
V\fWcP \]\T�X \]\TµµXQ
V\Ti]RkcP \r\firRµXQ
\]\iXqX
V\irµgRkcP
\r\i]µXRµXQ
V\iNkcP \]\iQ\X \]\iQµXQ
V\iZ�cP \]\i^�X \]\i^µµXQ
V\S¤kcP \]\ScµXQ
l\STPX
272
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
eXq_gPO e¤�TµXQ leX_TP
eXµ�gµO e¤¹TµXQ leX�TP
eXPkgPO e¤RO leXkTP
egR\O Veg\cRX
(leX\TP)
e]qO�
e]�O ler�X
e]qO2 e]�O
(Vi�)
ler�X
(r¡WTP)
erNWO erN¹O leQWTP
eNRRTµXQ eNRTµXQ VeQRgµcP
(VeQSfµcP)
µXNPTµXQ µXPT�µXQ
µXPkgPO µXk¤RTµXQ lµXkTP
µg_TµXQ µX_]RTµXQ,
$%%. µX_T�µXQ
VµX_rRgµcP
µrkZR\O µrkZRO
µ]eeO µree¤RO Vµ]eecRX
(�µ]eecRX)
µ]eO µre¤RO Vµ]ecRX
µ]PO µrP� lµrQPX
µc\gTµXQ
µNqP^µQ µN�O lµQ�X
µQµP¤R\O µP¤RO lµPcRX
PrQ\]O PrQ\]RO
273
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
Ve¤_kcP rjec_X rjecqµXQ
Ve¤�kcP rjec�X rjecµµXQ
e]eckX e]ecRµXQ
e]eX\X
Ve]qcP
(Ve]_kcP)
rjeT_X rjerqµXQ,
e]erqµXQ
Ve]_kcP
(Vâm¤kcP)
e]er_X,
rjic\X
e]erqµXQ,
rjicµXQ
VerN�kcP e]eTQWX e]erQµµXQ
VµgPcP µ]µcPX
µrµgkc\X
µrµg_cµXQ
VµrkZRkcP
µrµ]ec\X
µrµ]Pc\X
µ]µc\X
VµN_kcP (VµNqcP) µ]µQqµXQ
VµP¤RkcP µ]µPcµXQ
274
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
P]µO
Prµ� lPrQµX
P]O� PrZRTµXQ lPr^RX
P]O2 P¤RO lPcRX
P]O3 P¤RO
�XNPO
�XP� l�cPX
�]O l�rRX
Thµ�sO Thµ��TµXQ ÙµO�X
TjTµXQ (T¡µXQ) Th¤RTµXQ
Tj_TµXQ Th_¤RTµXQ
ßee^µQ ¯e� ({(. ¯e]RO) üerRX
¯eTeZsO ¯eTeZ�TµXQ
ßµP^µQ ¯µT�µXQ üµTRX
¯PNPcµQ ¯P¤RO üPcRX
�igO
ß¹TµXQ r¡YTP
ßiP^µQ/ßiP^µXQ ßiRO/¯iT�µXQ �iRX/ÊifµcP
¯iZSSO ¯iZ�O üi^�X
¯R�iXNPTµXQ ¯R�i¤RTµXQ ÊR�ifµcP
¯�rNeO ¯�rQe¤RO Ê�rNecRX
(ü�reTP)
¯�eQR\gPO ¯�e¤RO ��eTP
WXNsO WXN�TµXQ
(WXQ�T�µXQ)
lWXQRX
275
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
VPrµ¤kcP
(VPrµ]kcP)
PrP]µc\X PrP]µcµXQ
VP¤kcP
P]Pc(R)µXQ
V�gPkcP l�XRµXQ
(l�XµµXQ)
«¤kcP
Ù_cµXQ
¯e�er\X (ßeOeX)
ʵf(R)kcP ¯µ�µT\X ¯µ�µTRµXQ
ÊP¤µcP
ü�kcP
(²OigkcP)
ßWOWX
(V�iX\X)
�µµXQ
(V�iXµXQ)
ßiOiX
ÊiZ_kcP ¯i�i^_X ¯i�i^qµXQ
ü�ec\X
W]WXQ_X W]WXQRµXQ
276
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
WXNO WXNRO (WXQ¤RO) lWXQRX
WgR_O WrNRTµXQ lWXkTP
WgSSO WgRO
WXZTµXQ WXZRTµXQ VWX^RgµcP
WrNkO WrNRO lWrQRX
(lWQkTP)
WrNiO Wri� lWrQiX
WregsO
WregRO VW]eXRX
W]µWO W]µ¹O lWrµ¹X
W]ikO W]iRO lWriRX
(lWiXkTP)
WrSgPP^µQ WrSgRO VW]SXRX
W]STµXQ WS¤RTµXQ VWSfµcP,
VWSgµcP
W¤qP^µQ
W¤�O lWc�X
WNµWecµQ We¤RO lWecRX
WNµWicµQ Wi¤RO lWicRX
WNPO WNTµXQ lWQTP
WQWigR\O
WNWSO WrRT�µXQ
WegsO Wegq�O lWeXq�X
WegSSO WegRO lWeXRX
We]\O We]�O lWer�X
277
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
VWXNRkcP W]WXQ\X W]WXQRµXQ
W]WTPkX
W]WXRµXQ
VWXZ(R)kcP W]WX^µXQ
lWrNRkcP W]WrQ\X
(W]WTQkX)
W]WrQRµXQ
VWgicP W]WXiµXQ
VWregRkcP
(VWegkcP)
W]WecµXQ
VW]µ�kcP W]WTµ�X W]WrµµXQ
VWrSgRkcP W]WSXµXQ
WrWfScµXQ
VW¤_kcP
(VWgqcP)
W]WcqX W]WcqµXQ
VWe¤RkcP
VWi¤RkcP W]Wic(R)µXQ
VWfkcP W]WO\X W]WTµXQ
VWigkcP W]WiX\X W]WiXµXQ
lWrRTP W]WSO\X
VWegq_kcP
VWegRkcP W]WeXRµXQ
VWe]_kcP (VWeg\cP)
W]Wer_X W]WerqµXQ
278
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
We]O WerZRTµXQ
(Wer^RT�µXQ)
lWer^RX
We¤SSO
We¤�O lWec�X
WeZPO
We^P� lWe^PX
WP]O WPrZRTµXQ
(WPr^RT�µXQ)
lWPr^RX
WTk]O WTk¤RO
(WTk]RTµXQ)
VWfkcRX
(VWfkrRX)
WigSSO
Wig�O lWiX�X
WSXNO WSXNRO lWSXQRX
W^PkgPTµXQ WrZRTµXQ VW^kfµcP
mXNPO mXP� lâmXPX (lâmXRX)
m]O m^¤RTµXQ
(9� irZRO)
VâmZcP
m¤qP^µQ m¤�O lâmc�X
mQq]O
mNWSO mN¹O lâmQ¹X
m�PP^µQ, mOPPZO m�RO lâmORX
R�]PP^µQ R�]RO lR�rRX
R�]PP^µXQ R�¤RTµXQ lR�cP
RrNO RrNRO lRrQRX
RrZO med. VRRr^gµcP
(VRRZµcP)
lRRr^X
279
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
VWerZRkcP
W]Wer^\X W]Wer^RµXQ
VWe¤qcP
(VWegqcP)
W]WecqX W]WecqµXQ
VWeZPkcP
(VWeZkcP)
W]We^\X W]We^µXQ
VWig_kcP W]WiX_X
(W]WiXqX)
W]WiXqµXQ
VWSXNRkcP lWSXQRµXQ
W]W^RµXQ
lâmXµµXQ
VâmZc\X
VâmgqcP lâmOqX
lâmQqX
VâmN�(k)cP lâmQµµXQ
Vâm�RkcP
VR�]RkcP lR�rRµXQ
lR�c\X
VRrNRkcP R]RrQRµXQ
VRRZkcP lRR^µXQ
280
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
R\gWSO R\g¹O lR\X¹X
R\rYgPP^µQ R\rYgRO,
$%%. R\rY�
VR\]YXRX
R\]eeO lR\ceX (lR\ecP)
RWgO RWgRO lRWXRX
RWrNiO RWri� lRWrQiX
RW]PYO RWrNRO lRWrQRX
RSgsO RSg�O lRSX�X
RS]eeO RSre� lRSrQeX
RSrPgsO RSrPg�O VRS]PX�X
RSi]�O
RSi]¹O lRSir¹X
R�geeO R�Xe� lR�ceX
R�gsO,
$%%. R�gSSO
R�g�O lR�X�X
R�sO (RÕsO) R�RO lRORX
SgSSO
Sg�O lSX�X
SrNPO SrP� lSrQPX
Sre]O Sre]RO (Sre�) VS]erRX
S]µPO Srµ� lSrµTP (lSXµTP)
S]iWO
S]i¹O lSri¹X
SrZ_O SrZ�O lSr^�X
S¤\O S¤�O lSc�X
28�
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
VR\g�cP lR\X�X lR\XµµXQ
VR\rYgRkcP
VR\]YXRµXQ
VRWgRkcP lRWX\X lRWXRµXQ
VRWgicP lRWXiµXQ
VRWrNRkcP lRWrQ\X lRWrQRµXQ
VRSgecP lRSXe\X lRSXeµXQ
VRSig�cP
(VRSi]�kcP)
lRSiT�X lRSiXµµXQ
VR�gecP lR�Xe\X lR�XeµXQ
VR�gqcP
(VR�g_kcP)
lR�XqµXQ
VR�kcP R]RORµXQ
VSg_kcP
(VSgqcP)
S]SX_X S]SXqµXQ
VSgkcP S]SX\X S]SXµXQ
VSre]RkcP SrS]er\X SrS]erRµXQ
VSµ¤kcP S]Sµc\X S]SµcµXQ
VS]i�kcP
(VSgiWcP)
VSZ_kcP S]Sr^_X S]S^qµXQ
VSg\cP (VS¤_kcP) S]Sc\X
282
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
SNkcµQ k¤RO lkc\X
SN\SO S]�TµXQ lSr\TP
SNPO SNRO lSQRX
SQSi�R\O Si�RO lSiORX
Si]WO Si]¹O lSir¹X
(lSiXWTP)
Si]�O
ki]¹O lkir¹X
Si]_O YiXµT�µXQ lYiXµTP (lkir�X)
Si]O Si]RO lSirRX
SiN�O
SiN¹O lSiQ¹X
Si�qO Si��O lSiO�X (lSiXqTP)
S^q_gPO
SrZ�TµXQ lS^_TP
SZWSO S^WS¤RO
(SZ¹O)
lS^¹X
(lS^WTP)
SZ�O lk^¹X
¥WQR_P]TµXQ ¥WTR_¤RTµXQ ¥WrR_fµcP
¥�XNPO ¥�XP� £�cPX
£O £RO ÅRX
�XNPO
�XP� l�cPX
�]iO TjRO ±Prq\TP
(±Prq\X)
283
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
VS]kcP S]krQ\X S]krQµXQ
VS]_kcP S]ST\X
VSNRkcP S]SQ\X S]SQRµXQ
VSi�kcP S]SiOµXQ
VSigWcP
(rSi]�kcP)
S]SiT�X SrSiXµµXQ
VSig�cP
(Vki]�kcP)
S]SiT�X S]kiXµµXQ
YrYigµc\X
VSiN�cP
(VSiN�kcP)
S]SiQ�X S]SiQµµXQ
S]SiOqµXQ
S]Sr^_X
(SrSZ_c\X)
VSZWcP
(VSZ�kcP)
S]S^µµXQ
VSZ�cP S]S^�X S]k^µµXQ
¥W]R_cµXQ
¥�gPkcP £�XRµXQ
£RkcP
V�gPcP
(V�gPkcP)
W]�cPX W]�XRµXQ
�P]_kcP VP¤PT_X VP¤PrqµXQ
284
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
�rZqO �rZ�TµXQ
(�rZ�T�µXQ)
l�^qTP
�cµN �¤RO l�cRX
�kgPO �k¤RTµXQ,
�kgRO
l�kcP,
l�kXRX
�k]qqTµXQ �k]q�TµXQ V�krq�gµcP
�krNiO
�kri� l�krQiX
�kNPO, �kNO �kNRO l�kQRX
�^egSSO �^eg�O V�ZeX�X
�ZO �ZRO l�^RX (l�^P)
_XNiO _XQi¤RO
(9� _Xi¤RTµXQ)
V_gicP
_XegO _XegRO V_geXRX
_XPYgPO _rNRTµXQ l_XYTP
_gR\O _XPT�µXQ l_XPTP
_]O _]TµXQ l_rX
_igTµXQ _i¤RTµXQ V_icRgµcP
_igO _i¤RO l_icRX
_iNO _iNRO l_iQRX
_�PP^µQ,
$%%. _fO
_�RO l_ORX
¹geeO ¹Xe� l¹ceX
¹XZO ¹XZRO l¹X^RX
¹rZYO ¹rZRO l¹r^RX
285
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
W]�r^qX
l�kX\X
l�krqµXQ
V�kgicP l�kXi\X,
l�kTiX
l�kXiµXQ
V�kNkcP l�kQµXQ
V�^eg_kcP Wr�ZeX\X Wr�ZeXqµXQ
W]�^\X
\r_gic\X \r_gicµXQ,
\]_XiµXQ
V_XegRkcP \r_geXRµXQ
\]_XPYX
\]_cPX
V_ZkcP \]_^µXQ
V_i¤RkcP \]_icµXQ
V_i¤RkcP \]_icRµXQ
V_iNRkcP \r_iN(R)µXQ
V_�RkcP
\]_ORµXQ
l¹Xe\X
V¹XZRkcP l¹X^RµXQ
V¹rZRkcP l¹r^RµXQ
286
Praesens Futurum Aoristus a.-m.
¹Z_O
¹Z�O l¹^�X
Êk]O üRO (Êk¤RO) lORX (�RX)
ÊP]TµXQ ÊP¤RTµXQ VOPcRgµcP
(VWiQgµcP)
287
Aoristus p. Perfectum a. Perfectum m.-p.
V¹Z_cP
(V¹Z_kcP)
l¹^qµXQ
V�RkcP lO\X lORµXQ
VOP¤kcP V�PcµXQ
288
(?!#" /%*#
A2)4 3�...........................................................................................5
H*2$J)-$./" &%"("."6 &2$-."./' .$ -NOP, -QRSTU..........5
:B".$ &)*&%-"..K" III &4+)."./'.....................................7
8+$,)+K VWNRSXµXQ, YZPXµXQ ..............................................8
!"2"3)@ 1a/. 4 @"B)42$%// ............................................9
A2)4 32.........................................................................................�3
Verba contracta .$ -]O.........................................................�3
H%($@"./" /)./6�"- )% ("2&/@&4),) �$2'..................�6
A2)4 33.........................................................................................2�
Verba contracta .$ -gO ........................................................2�
8+$,)+ lRScRX / ."4)%)2K" &+)b.K" & ./B ,+$,)+K ............................................................................23
<$J,2)B -)&&%$./' /)./6�"-...........................................26
A2)4 34.........................................................................................3�
Verba contracta .$ -fO.........................................................3�
=$2$a).&4$' */%-$............................................................33
A2)4 35.........................................................................................37
H&)*"..)&%/ verba contracta.............................................37
!)3)@ I&"24&$ .....................................................................4�
A2)4 36.........................................................................................45
Aoristus II activi / medii ()4).#$./")..............................45
5)J-2$%.K" B"&%)/B"./' (pronomina reflexiva)..........46
?))%.)&/%"+L.K" B"&%)/B"./' / .$2"#/' ..................48
=Db"&%-"..$' &B"2%L &($2%$.�"- (2/ x"2B)(/+$3 ...................................................................5�
A2)4 37.........................................................................................56
!2)#/" B"&%)/B"./' / .$2"#/'. H%.)&/%"+L.K" B"&%)/B"./'..................................................................56
9Db@$ / 2$J@)2 D ,2"4)-. x"B/&%)4+ ............................60
289
A2)4 38.........................................................................................64
Aoristus et futurum passivi ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/ .........................................................................64
A()%2"*+"./" ($&&/-.K3 $)2/&%.K3 a)2B D verba deponentia ............................................................68
=)2&4)" &2$b"./" (2/ ?$+$B/." .................................70
A2)4 39.........................................................................................75
Perfectum et plusquamperfectum medii-passivi et activi ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/ ..................75
I)."� !"2&/@&4/3 -)6.....................................................83
A2)4 40.........................................................................................88
9"2",D+'2.K" a)2BK ,+$,)+)- & ,+$&.KB/ )&.)-$B/ .........................................................................88
A2)4 4�.........................................................................................95
Futurum / aoristus passivi ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ (&+$*K6 $)2/&%)..........................................95
>-" /&%)2// ) x"B/&%)4+"...............................................98
A2)4 42.......................................................................................�02
Perfectum / plusquamperfectum medii-passivi ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ (2",D+'2.)" )*2$J)-$./") ................................................................�02
<$J-/%/" $a/.&4)6 @"B)42$%// ...................................�05
A2)4 43.......................................................................................��0
Perfectum activi ,+$,)+)- & ."BKB/ )&.)-$B/ (2",D+'2.)" )*2$J)-$./") ........................................��0
5K&`/6 2$&�-"% $a/.&4)6 @"B)42$%// (2/ !"2/4+".........................................................................��3
A2)4 44.......................................................................................��7
1)2/&%.K" / ("2a"4%.K" )&.)-K ."4)%)2K3 ."(2$-/+L.K3 ,+$,)+)- (J$@."'JK#.K" / ,D*.K" )&.)-K) ............................................................��7
A2)4 45.......................................................................................�24
H*2$J)-$./" a)2B ,+$,)+)- & JD*.KB/ )&.)-$B/...�24
290
Futurum contractum ,+$,)+)- .$ -NsO ...........................�25
!2"*K-$./" - 1a/.$3 .....................................................�28
A2)4 46.......................................................................................�33
H*2$J)-$./" &D((+"%/-.K3 &%"("."6 &2$-."./' .....�33
1a/.K � �".%2 4D+L%D2K / )*2$J)-$./' ...................�34
A2)4 47.......................................................................................�38
I)+/#"&%-"..K" #/&+/%"+L.K" (numeralia cardinalia) ......................................................................�38
:B".$ #/&+/%"+L.K" .......................................................�4�
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