卫星大地测量探测技术及应用 许厚泽 中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所...
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200910
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GNSS GPS Glonass GalileoTopex, JasonHY-II Icesat InSar CHAMP, GRACE GOCE
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GPSSLRVLBISASGAG
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VLBI25VLBI
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VLBI NETWORK
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SLRLageos-1
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SLR NETWORK
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GPS GPS
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GPS , , , , :: 2420000km. , 4, 55, , 11h58m: : , (), , 4, 4.t, x, y, z, , >4, .
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GPS Satellite
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( ) , L1 1575.42MHz L2 1227.6MHz L P C/A D ()L1 P, C/A, D L2 PDP, 10mC/A, 30m (SA100m)
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, () , ,
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(), , . ., , .(), :h
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GEOSAT1985-3-12
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ERS-1 1991-7-17
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Topex/Poseidon1992-8-10
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ERS-21995-4-21
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GFO(Geosat-Follow-On) 1998-2-10
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JASON(T/P-follow-on) 2000-5-18
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ENVISAT2000-5
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Sea Surface Topography observed from Topex/Poseidon
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M2
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When La Nia 98 takes over El Nio 97
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An altimetric view of the seafloor
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(October 1992)Wind speed (October 1992) (October 1992)
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T/PTide Gauge
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1.2.
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16th Century17th18th19th20th21stEarths Gravity MeasurementHistory
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Satellite Gravity MeasurementPrinciple
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CHAMPGOCEGRACEInternational Satellite Gravity Missions
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SSTSGG 1969 SST 1979 GRM 1980 1985 Geosat 1987 , 1990-91 AristotelesGradio 1992 Topex/PoseidonGPS 1995 CHAMP 1996 GRACE GOCE 1997 1998 22IUGG IAG2NASAESAGRACE GOCE 2000.7.15 CHAMP 2002.3.19 GRACE 2009.3 GOCE
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Launch: July 2000
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SST - hlGPS SatellitesEarthMassanomaly3-D accelerometerCHAMP ConceptH = 470 - 300 km,polar, circular orbitT = 5 years,High-Low-SST(d = 20 000 km) + accelerometryd
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Launch: March 20021cm-geoid with a spatial resolution of 200 km and temporal variations
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May 3, 2003Gravity anomaly and intersatellite range changes when GRACE flying the Qinghai-Tibet Platean
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SST - hlGPS SatellitesEarthMassanomalySST - llGRACE ConceptH = 470 - 300 km,polar, circular orbitT = 5 years,Low-low-SST(d = 250 km, sd=10 mm) + accelerometryd
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H = 240 kmdrag-freesun-synchronouslaunch: 2006T = 20 monthsgradiometry1cm-geoid with a spatial resolution of 100 km
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SGGEarthMassanomalyGPS SatellitesSST - hlGOCE ConceptGradiometry: differential accelerometry within the satellited = 30 cmsa = 8 mEd1 E = 1 Etvs = 10-9 s-2
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Main points of satellite technique Low orbit (400km) Near polar orbit GPS space borne receiver (cm accuracy) 3D accelerometer to measure and substract the non-conservation forces Satellite-satellite range and range-rate measurement Gravity gradiometer
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CHAMP GRACE GOCE GFZ NASA DLR ESA 2000.7.15 2002.3.17 2009.3 (y)5 ~ 105 ~ 102 (km)454 ~ 300500 ~ 300250 ~ 240 (o)878996.5 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.001 (km) 22050 SST-HL SST-HL/LL SST-HL/SGG
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CHAMP GRACE GOCE GPS (cm) 1031 (m/s2 )310-9 310-10 K (m/s) 10-6 (/s2) 310-12
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CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE
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Cumulative Geoid Height Errors (10-2 m)
Degree(L)EIGEN-CHAMP03SCHAMP(Energy)EIGEN-GRACE02SGRACE(Energy)GRACE(Semi-analytic)GOCE(SGG)200.4560.3730.0760.0450.0660.625504.0854.2260.2280.2110.1991.18670 18.419 17.2730.8130.8120.8061.7131005.7564.8855.5032.228120 18.938 17.316 18.3952.4312004.6822509.055
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Before satellite gravity (20 years data)Advances in Earths Gravitational FieldGRACE mission(111 days measurements)GRACE mission(13 months measurements
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Static satellite gravity field
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OutlineGRACE data span now >6 yrsSeveral Science Data System (SDS) centers (e.g. CSR, GFZ, JPL, CNES)
post-processing improvement (Spectrum interference )Mass changes detection (Three Gorges region, Sumatra earthquake, sea level changes, etc) stripe
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Cumulative Geoid Error CurvesError curves provided by GFZ Potsdam
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Inversion of gravity modelDynamic orbit integration methodEnergy conservation method
Gravity models GGM01C (CSR MODEL) EIGENGRACE02 (GFZ MODEL)
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IGG MODELGRACE data:Level 1B data products, including K-band range and range rate, orbit , accelerometer and star camera assembly data et al.Dynamic models Plantetary Ephmerides:DE-200 Background static gravity field:GGM01C Solid tidal corrections:Wahr(1981) Ocean tidal corrections:CSR3.0 Polar motion:IERSC04 Uniform time system: all change to UTC
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1 Problems with GRACE L2 data
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Stokes
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22)
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22
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2005321.63 mGal 2.92 mGal0.69 mGal2.0 mGal1.0-2.0 mGal
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228000 222.9 mGal3-5mGal
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ETOPO5 Obtained from altimetric graivty anomaly
A Shaded-relift image of the bathymetry over the East China Sea
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183mETOPO5252m
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Tectonic setting
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mGal
ABCD1795231917922125-5.3-4.8-6.9-7.95.24.42.16.70.9-0.4-2.0-0.51.81.72.12.92.01.72.92.9
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The interrelation of gravity, gravity variation, mass transports and mass anomalies
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Science, Wahr, 2006
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GRACE(without PGR)PGR model Mass changes over AntarcticaPGR correction applied, Paulson et al. 2007 (a) East Antarctica Ice Sheet;b West Antarctica Ice Sheet;cLarsen Ice Sheet (Point C)GRACE(with PGR)GRACE
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MODISICESat, GRACE2003-2008GRACEICEsat2
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The Greenland ice sheet is the 2nd largest ice cap on Earth, and contains ~ 2.5 million cubic kilometers or 10% of total global ice mass. The glacial complex in southeast Greenland is among the most active glaciers.Science, Chen, 2006
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IAG, Ramillien, 2006
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+++--5
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Water Storage Changes over China landNorth Niemeng region (-), North China(-), Lower Reaches of Yangtze river (-), Middle and Upper Reaches of Yangtze river (+), Tian mountain snowfield (-), Himalayas Icefield (-).Tian mountain snowfield Himalayas IcefieldNorth NiemengNorth ChinaLower Reaches of Yangtze riverMiddle and Upper Reaches of Yangtze riverWenchuan Earthquake??
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(400).
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GRACEGRACE23.29/.,,! 77.80,33.20.
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GRACE- 19.32/48/42/197640/
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GRACE- 17.82/,
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,GRACE15.3/.80.60,42.1081.50,42.4082.30,42.80
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,5~10,11~4,
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,,.
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IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report,2006 192021
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10 40
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SLVtotal = SLVsteric + SLVmass + GRACE
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Seasonal Variations Removed60-Day SmoothingGIA Correction AppliedRate = +3.3 0.4 mm/year(GIA Correction Applied)http://sealevel.colorado.edu
22 1mm/600km
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2.60.4 mm/yr2.8 mm/yr ICE-4G)()C.K. Shum, 2007,IUGGIB correction (ECMWF) applied
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GRACE1.4 mm/yrBouhours)
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GIA: -0.3mm/yr GIA: +1.4mm/yr2003-2006GRACE
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+3.2 0.6 mm/yrGRACE : ocean mass variations from GSMAltimetry SLA minus GRACE : steric height variationsTotal Sea level variation budgetSteric Component (by combining altimetry and gravimetry data) : ~ 1.9 0.3 mm/yr Ishii: steric component+1.9 0.1mm/yr (Willis)Before 2003, not afterAltimetry SLA
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CMONOC ,
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GRACE Observed Gravity Change (15 gal)Seismic Model Predicted Gravity ChangeGalGal2005Nature, Han & Shum, 2006
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ABSumatra-earthquake regionSumatra-earthquake region
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122 20073210633 35.681.6 7.3 ----1 2008-05-12 14:28 31.0, 103.4 8.0 7-------7
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GRACE show that a rising rate is 12.1 mm/y.An notable change: water storage or solid mass redistribution? (2008.5.12,M7.9,N30.99,E103,36,Depth 19.0km)Wenchuan Earthquake
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globalDynamicSteric4-D3-DRegionalSpaceGroundGlobal changes:Sea level change, Ice balanceocean currents and water storage etc.
Disaster monitoring:Earthquake, volcano, ionosphere etc.National defence:Spaceflight technology improvement.ApplicationsPowerful geodesy
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Thank you!
******Slide to introduce the sea level change time series from altimetry (note that this has some animations - modify this if you dont like it).Point out the change in MSL during the 1997-98 ENSO event.**
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