علم المواد التطبيقي والتآكل

אאאאאאאא

١٦١١٦١

א ١٦١

אאאא

،،אא،אW

אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?אא אא ?? ?אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא

אאאאאK

؛ א אא אאK

אאאא

א ١٦١

אאאא

אא א א א א א אאאKאאאא

א אאא،אאאאאK אאאאאאאא،

אאאאKאאאאKאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאK אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

א ١٦١ אא אאאא א

- ١ -

F١ J١EאW אאאא

،אאאא،אא،אא،אאK

אאאאאאאאKאא،אאא

אאאKאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאK F١ J٢EאאW

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

١K ،א ٢K אאאא، ٣K ،אא ٤K ،אאאאאאא ٥K אאאא، ٦K ،אאאאא

- ٢ -

٧K אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

٨K אK אאאאאאא،

אאאאFא١٩٧٥E١٨Kאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאאאא

،אאא،אאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

١K ،א ٢K ،אאא ٣K אאאאK

- ٣ -

F١ J٣EאאאW אאאאאא

K،אאW

Zn + 2 HCl → Zn Cl2 + H2

אאאאאא

אKאאאW

Zn + 2 H+ + 2Cl- → Zn2+ + 2Cl- + H2

אא،אא

אאאאW

Zn + 2 H+ → Zn2+ + H2

F١ J١EאאאאאK

- ٤ -

אאא،

١ J א(Anodic reaction)אאW

Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-

٢ J אא( Cathodic reaction)אאW

2 H+ + 2e- → H2

אאאאH٢א

אאאאא،H١K

א(M)א،אאW

M → M n+ + ne-

nא،אא( Transfered electrons )אאKאאFAnodic reactionEא،

אאא،אאKאאאאאאאאא∆GאF

אאEא∆Gאאאא،אאK

- ٥ -

אאא(M)אאאאאאאW

Fe → Fe 2+ + 2e-

Al → Al 3+ + 3e-

אאאאאא،אא،،Kאאא

،FFECathodic reactionE،אאאאW

O2 + 2H2 O + 4 e- → 4OH-

אאא،אאKאאאאאאאא

אא،אאFאEאאאא،אFאEאא

א،אאאFאE،אאאאKFEא،

،אאאK

- ٦ -

אאFאE،אW

١ JאאאאאאאW

2H+ + 2 e- → 2H → H2

٢ J אאאאW M3+ + e- → M2+

Fe3+ + e- → Fe 2+

Sn4+ +2e- → Sn2+

٣ JאאאאאאאאאאW

O2 + 2H2 O + 4 e- → 4 OH-

O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- → 2H2 O

٤ Jאאאאא،אאאאאאאOH-H+ W

2H2 O + 2 e- → H2 + 2 OH-

- ٧ -

F١ J٤EאאW אאF١ J٢Eאא

אKאאאא(Aqueous corrosion )אאW

١ J א(Anode)Wאאאא

אאאאאאK ٢ J א(Cathode)Wאאאאאא

אK ٣ J אFאE(Electrolyte)Wאאאא

אאאK ٤ J Wאאאאא

F١ J٢EאאאK

- ٨ -

F١ J٥EאאW

אW אאאא(Salt

drop experiment ) אF١ J٣E٣٪אאא

FאאאאEאFאאאאאאKE

אא،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאFאEFאאEאFאFEאאאEאK

אאאאאKאאFאEאFאאאE

אאאאאKא،אאאFאאEא

אKאאאאאאאאאK

- ٩ -

F١ J٣EאאW JאאאאאFEאFKE

Jא،אאאאK JאאאאK

F١ J٦Eא(Passivity)W

אאאאאא،אאאא

אאKאא،אאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאK

אF١ J٤Eאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאא،אאאא،א

- ١٠ -

Bאאאאאא(Critical current)،אDא

EאD-Eאא(Passive current)،אאאאאא

אאאKE،אאא،אאאא،אאא

אאK،אאאאאאאאא،א

F١ J٤EאאאK

- ١١ -

F١ J٧Eא(Faraday experiment)W א F١ J٥ E א א א

١٨٤٠KאאאאאאW

١K אאאאאאאאK

٢K ؟א،אאאאא ٣K א،אאאK ٤K אאאאאK

אאא؟

אF١ J٥EאאK

- ١٢ -

F١ J٨Eא(Polarization)W

אאאאאאאאאא،אא

א،אאאאא،אא(Anodic reaction)א

Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-

אא( Cathodic reaction)אאW

2 H+ + 2e- → H2

F١ J٩EאאW אW

Wאא(Activation polarization)W אאא

אאאאF١ J٦KE ١K ،אאא ٢K אא،אא ٣K ،אאאא ٤K אאK

אאאאאאאK

- ١٣ -

F١ J٦EאאאאK

Wאא(Concentration polarization)W אאאאאא

אאKאF١ J٧KE

F١ J٧EאאאאאK

- ١٤ -

אאא

אאאK אאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאאא

א،אאאאK

- ١ -

אאאאאאאא

א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא

- ١٥ -

F٢ J١Eאא( Free energy, ∆G)W אאא،אאאאאא

אאאא(Spontaneous) ،אאא

אא( Free energy, ∆G)אאאKאאW

Mg + H2O + ½ O2 → Mg O2 , ∆G = -142600 cal.

Cu + H2O + ½ O2 → Cu(OH)2, ∆G = -28600 cal. Au + 3/2H2O + 3/4O2 → Au(OH)3, ∆G = +28600 cal.

א∆Gא،אאא∆Gא

אא،∆G∆GאK∆Gאאא

∆G אאK

F٢ J٢Eא( Electrode potential )W

אאאאאאאאאאאK אא

Electrode potential )Eא،،אאאKאאאאK

- ١٦ -

F٢ J٣Eאא( Standard electrode potential, E° )W אאZ١L،

٢٥◦אאE◦אאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאW ∆ G◦ = - n F E

nZאאאM → M n+ + ne- FZאא( Faraday constant = 96500 coulomb/equivalent ) EZא( Cell potential , V )

אE◦אKאאE◦

אאא(Potential standard hydrogen electrode)אאאאאא

אKאאאא،אאאאE◦אאאאא،אאK

Fאאא،א

אא،אאEK

אא،אא( Electrochemical series)אF٢ J١E،

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאFאE،אא

אאאאFאKE

- ١٧ -

F٢ J١EאאאאאK

- ١٨ -

אE◦،אאאא،אא

אאאאK

F٢ J٤Eא(Ecell )W א

א،אאא،אאאא،אא

אאאW

Cu + Zn+2 = Cu+2 + Zn

אאא،אאאאא،אא( Reduction potential )אא

F٢ J١E،W

Cu = Cu2+ + 2e- , E° = - 0.342 V vs. SHE אאאאK

Zn+2 + 2e- = Zn , E° = - 0.762 V vs. SHE

אא א אא א

אK Cu + Zn+2 = Cu+2 + Zn

אאאW

Ecell = E°(Cu) + E° (Zn)

Ecell = ( - 0.342 V ) + ( - 0.762 V ) = - 1.104 V vs. SHE

- ١٩ -

אא،∆ G◦ ،אא،אאאאאאאאK

Cu + Zn+2 ← Cu+2 + Zn

Zn + Cu+2 → Cu + Zn+2

אאאאאאאאK

WאאאאאאאW

3Pb + 2Al+3 Z 3Pb+2 + 2 Al

3Pb Z 3Pb+2 + 2e- , E° = + 0.126 V vs. SHE

אאאאK

2Al+3 + 3e- Z 2 Al , E° = - 1.662 V vs. SHE

Ecell = E°(Pb) + E° (Al)

Ecell = ( + 0.126 V ) + ( - 1.662 V ) = - 1.536 V vs. SHE

- ٢٠ -

،אא∆ G◦ ،אא،אאאאאאא

אKאאW

3Pb + 2Al+3 ← 3Pb+2 + 2 Al

3Pb+2 + 2 Al → 3Pb + 2Al+3

אאאאאאאאK

Wאאאאא

אאW Zn + 2 HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- , E° = + 0.762 V vs. SHE 2H+ + 2e- → H2 , E° = 0.000 V vs. SHE

Ecell = E°(Zn) + E° (H) Ecell = ( + 0.762 V ) + ( 0.000 V ) = + 0.762 V vs. SHE

،אא∆ G◦ ،אא

،אאאאאאאאאאK

- ٢١ -

F٢ J٥Eאאא(Reference electrodes)W

אאאאא،אKאאאאא

אאאא٦٥٤א،אאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאF٢ J١KEאF٢ J٢EאאאאK

F٢ J١Eאא،אאK

- ٢٢ -

F٢ J٢EאאאאאK

F٢ J٦EאאW

אאאאאא،אאאאא

א(Nernst equation )K אאאW

a A + m H+ + ne- = b B + d H2O

(Nernst equation )W

E = E° + 2.3 (RT/nF) log [(אא) / ( אא ) ]

E = E° + 2.3 (RT/nF) log [(A)a (H+)m/ (B)b (H2O)d ] W E = אא E°Zאאאא n Z אאאK C Z אאFLKE T Z אאא(K)K F Z אאK R Z אאאK

- ٢٣ -

אאאאאאאאאאW

אאאאW

אאH+אאK

אאאאאF٢ J٣E

F٢ J٣EאאאK

א אא א

- ٢٤ -

F٢ J٧E(Pourbaix diagrams )W

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK א(Pourbaix diagrams)א

אאא(Applied potential)אאא(pH)Kאאא،،א

אאאאאאא(Thermal equilibrium)K

،אאאאא٧אאW

Fe → Fe++ + 2e א٢٥،א

אE = E◦ אא١

L،אאאאE◦–٤٤}٠אZ١LK ،א١C١٠ J٢

،אאאאW -0.5V0.059--0.44

)101log( 22059.0

×+= −oEE

C logEE 2059.0+= o

- ٢٥ -

אאZ١C١٠ J٦אW

אאאאZ J٤٤}٠

אאאZ١LאZ J٠٥אZ١C١٠ J٢LאאאאZ J٦٢}٠،

אZ١C١٠ J٦LK٠٦٢}٠אאאא

٥٠אאא،אאאא(Immunity)אKא،אא

אא،אא١L،אאאא،F٢ J٤Eא

אאאא(Film passive)א،אא،אא

(Passivity)KאF٢ J٤Eאאאאאא،אאאאאאFא

אאאZ١٠Lאאא،–٢Z١٠ J٢L،١٠ J٦LאKE

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאW

-0.62V0.18--0.44

)611log(2059.044.0EE

−−×−−=

- ٢٦ -

- ٢٧ -

F٢ J٤EK

אF٢ J٤Eאא

אאKאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאW

- ٢٨ -

אWא corrosion CAN occur אWאcorrosion CAN NOT occur

אאאאאאאF٢ J٥KE

F٢ J٥EK

- ١٥ -

אאאאאאאא

- ٢٩ -

F٣ J١Eא אאאאאK

אאאFאאEאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאFאאEא

אאאאKאאאאK

F٣ J٢EאאW

אאא،אאאא א،א א K

אאאאא K אאאאאKאאאאאW

- ٣٠ -

אאאאאאF٣ J١Eא،K

- ٣١ -

F٣ J١EאאK

F٣ J٣EאאW אאא

אאאאאאאK אאא،א

א(Corrosion rates)Kא،،FE◦ ZאFEאא J٦٧}١،Z J٤٤}٠

KEאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאא،Kאא،אאאא،

אאאא(Corrosion current)אאא

،אאאאא אאאאK

אאאאאW

- ٣٢ -

∆m= K I t

W ∆m Z אאt I = אFE t Z אFE K Z אאDאאC٩٦٥٠٠

אאFאאא

אאא(Polarization curves)،אFEא

FEאאאאKאא،אאא

א،F٣א J١ J،E

F٣ J١EאאK

- ٣٣ -

א،אאאאאא(Mixed corrosion potential)F٣א J

١ JEאאא–،א–،א

אFאEאאאK

אא،א(Concentration polarization)אאאאאא

F،אא…אE،אאאאאאא(Activation polarization)אאאא

،אאאאא ( Linear polarization resistance )אא(Resistance polarization)אאא

אאאK

אא( Linear polarization resistance )W

،אאאאאאאאKא

אאאא±٢٠אKאאאאF٣ J٥KEאאאW

- ٣٤ -

βa ،βcא،F٣ J٣EאKאF٣ J٢EאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאW

We: is the electrochemical equivalent = molecular wt./no. of electrons involved in the anodic reaction;

d: is the density of the tested material (g/cm3);. Icorr: corrosion current (µA/m2).

- ٣٥ -

F٣ J٢EאאK

- ٣٦ -

F٣ J٣EאאאK

F٣ J٤EאאW

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאאא(Electrical resistance probes)אF٣ J٤KE

- ٣٧ -

F٣ J٤EאאK

אאאאאאW

R = ρL/A

ρ : resistivity, L: length and A: cross-sectional area of the conductor.

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאF٣ J٣KE

F٣ J٣EאאאאK

א א ١

٣ J٥ א ١٠

אאאאאאאא

א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א

- ٣٨ -

אאאאאאאאF٤ J١EK

F٤ J١EאאK

- ٣٩ -

F٤ J١EאאאW

א،אאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאא،אאKאאאאאא

،א،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא٣٪F٠٠٠}٣٠

אEאאKאאאאאא(Low alloy steels )،אKאאא

(Carbon steel )אאKאא(Corrosion allowance )١٠אאאאא

אאאאאF٢٥EאF٤ J١EאאאאK

- ٤٠ -

F٤ J١EאאאאK

א אL(µpy)

אאא ٨٠ J٣٠٠ א٦٠ א J٢٠٠ א٢٠ א J٦٠ ١٥ א J٣٠

١٠ א J٥٠ ١٠ א J٨٠ א–٩٠ J٥ ١٠ J٥٠

א–٧٠ J٣٠ ٥}٢

١ –– ١

F٤ J٢EאאW אאאאאאאא

א،،אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאא

אFאאאאEאאאאאא

- ٤١ -

אאא،אאאKאאאאאאאא،אFא

אEא،אאאאKאאא

،אאאKאL،אא٣}٠א

KאאאאKאF٤ J٢Eאא،

אאאאKF٤ J٢EאאאאאאK

F٤ J٢Eאא،אאאא

- ٤٢ -

F٤ J٢EאאאאאאK

F٤ J٣Eאא(Pitting corrosion )W אא(Pitting corrosion )،

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

א،אאאאא(Surface defects)،אאאKאאאאא

א،אאאKאאא،אאאאאאאKאאא،א

،אאאא،אאאאאK

- ٤٣ -

F٤ J٣EאאK

אF٤ J٤EM(aerated)א،א

אאאFאאEאאאK،אאאאאא

אMClאאאאKאאFאEאאFKEאא،אאאאKאא

،،אא،אאאאאא(stagnant waters)،אא(stainless steels)אא

אאאKאאFאאאEא،אFאאאEא

FאאKEאF٤ J٣Eאאאאאאא٣١٦אא

א(hastelloy C, F)אK

- ٤٤ -

F٤ J٣EאאאאאאK

א אL

(µmpy ) א٤٠٠ א–٨٠٠ ١٠٠٠–٣٠٠٠

א١٥٠ א–٣٠٠ – ٣٠–١٥٠

١٥٠٠–١٨٠٠ ٥٠–١٨٠٠

א א––

F٤ J٤Eאא(Crevice corrosion )W אאא(Crevice corrosion)אאא

אא،،אאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאא(Mill scale)אאאאאאאאאאא(Differential

aeration zones)Kאאאא،אא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא(Gaskets)אאאאאאאא(Spot welding)،F٤ J٥KE

אאאאאאK

- ٤٥ -

F٤ J٥EאאK

F٤ J٥Eאא(Intergranular corrosion )W אא(Intergranular corrosion)אאא

אא(Grain boundaries)אאKאאאFאאEא

Kאאאאא(Alloying additions)،،אאא(Segregation)אאא

אKאאאאאאKאאF٣٠٤אW١٨–٨E

אא(Chromium depletion)אא(Sensitized)٥١٠–٧٨٧○،אאאא

אF٤ J٦E،אאאאFאE٪אאK

אאאא١٠٩٣○،אאא(Strong carbide formers)א،א

אאאאאKאאאאא٠٢}٠K٪

- ٤٦ -

F٤ J٦EאאK

- ٤٧ -

F٤ J٦Eאא(Stress corrosion)W

אאאאאאאאאאא،אK

אאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאא(Stress corrosion cracking)א،אאאאאאא

(Residual)אKא(Static)(Dynamic)Kאאאא،אאK

א(Corrosion fatigue )אאאא،אאאא،Kאא

א،אא،אאKאKאא،،א

אאאKאאאאא،אאאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאאKאאא(Aluminum brass)אאאאאK

אאאK

F٤ J٧Eאא( Erosion corrosion )W אא(Erosion corrosion)אאאא

אאא(Abrasion)א(Wear)،אאאאאאאא

אאאFאא(Stainless steel)אאKאאאא

،אאאאאאאK

- ٤٨ -

אאאא( Waves)א(Groves)אאאאא(Directional pattern)Kאא

אאאאאא،אאאא(Bends)אא(Elbows)אא(Tees)אא،אא(Impellers)،א(Propellers)،אא(Agitated vessels)אאא

א(Tturbine blades)א(Orifices) Kאאאא،אאF٤ J٤Eא

אאאאאK

- ٤٩ -

F٤ J٤Eאאא

א א א

٣}٠L

א٢}١

א١}٨

L א٢٥٤ ٧٢ ٣٤ א א٤٥ א J ٢٧٠

١٧٠ ٢٠ ٢ א אאא٣٣٩ ١ ٤ א

٥ J ٢٨٠ אF١٠٠٪E

٢ J ٢٣٦

אא– ٢ J ١٠٥ ٩٠–١٠–٨}٠

٥ J ١٩٩

٧٠–٣٠–٥}٠

٢ J ١٩٩

٧٠–٣٠–٥}٠

١ ٣٩ ١

١ א ١ ٣١٦ ٣

١ J ٣ א J

- ٥٠ -

אאW FE אאא (Turbulent corrosion)אאאא

( Inlet tubeאאאאאאcorrosion )،אאאK

FE אא(Iimpingement corrosion)אאאאאאאאאאא

אK FE אא(Cavitations corrosion)אא

אאאFאאאE،אאאאKאא

אאאאK FE אא(Fretting corrosion)אא

אאא،אאאאאאאאאK

F٤ J٨Eאא(Bacterial corrosion )W

אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא٨٠Kאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאWאאא(Anaerobic bacteria corrosion)אאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאK،אאאא

א،אא،אאאKאאא(Aerobic bacteria corrosion )א

- ٥١ -

אא٥٪אאאאK

אאאא

אאאאאאאא

א ١٦١ אא אאאא אא

- ٥٢ -

אא(Corrosion control)،אא،אאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאא،אאאאאאאאאK

אאא،אאאאאאאאאKא

אא،א،אא،،אאאאK

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאא،א،אאא

אאאאאאאאאK

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאא،אאא،אאאאאKאאא

אאא(Corrosion inhibitors)אאאאK

אאאא،אאאאאא(Immunity)א،א

אא(Passivation)K

- ٥٣ -

F٥ J١EאאW אא(Cathodic protection)אא

אאKאאאאאאK

א،،אאאאאאאאK

אאWאא(Impressed current technique) אאKאF٥ J١E

،אאאioא،א،אאE1Fi1E

א،אא،אאE2Fi2Eא،אK

אE2אKאאאא

א(Hydrogen damage)،،אאK

F٥ J١EאאאאK

אF٥ J٢E،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،

- ٥٤ -

אאאKא،אאאאאאאאא،אאא،אא،א،אK

F٥ J٢EאאאK

(Sacrificial anode technique)אאWאא

אאא(Auxiliary electrode)א،אאא

Kאאאא،אאאאא،אאאKאאאא،

٢}١F٣}١אKEאF٥ J٢٣EאאאאאאK

،אאאא،אאאאא،אאאא،אא،א

- ٥٥ -

F٥ J٣EאאאאאK

F٥ J٢EאאW

אא(Anodic protection)אאאאאא،א

אאאאא،אאאאא(Passive oxide films)א،

אKאא،אאאאאK

- ٥٦ -

F٥ J٣EאW א(Corrosion inhibitors)

אאאאאאאא،אא

FאEאאFאאEאKאאאאאאאא

אאאF٥ J١EאאK

- ٥٧ -

F٥ J١Eאא

א א א pHZ٨ א ٥ J١٠א

א אFאonce

through א א pHZ٨

א ١٠אא א ٠ J٢٠אא

אFאאEcirculating

א א ١}٠ J١٪

א ١}٠–١٪ אאH

١H٪١}٠٪

אא אאא ١٠אא א ١٠ J٢٠א

א א א א

٥}٠٪ אstorage tanksא א

٠٪K אpicking א ١}٠ J١٪

- ٥٨ -

F٥ J٤EאאW אא(Metal coating) ،א

אא،אאאFEאאאאאאאאא،

،א،אאאאאא(Hot forming)אא(Hot dipping)אא(Electroplating)א(Cementation)א(Cladding)אא(Gun

spraying)אא(Vapor deposition)K،אאאא،אא

א(Galvanizing steel)Kאא(Galvanized steel)،אאאא،א،אאאאאKא

אאאאא(Tin plate of steel)،אאאאא

אאאא(Tin cans)אאאאאאאFא–א–א–

א–אE،א٢٥KאאאK

F٥ J٥EאאW

אאא(Chemical coating)Kאאאא،،،אאא

אא،אאאאאKא(Chemical conversion coatings)

،אאאאFאאאאאE

אאאאאK

- ٥٩ -

אא(Phosphate treatment)،אאאאאאא

אKאFאאAnodizingEאאאאא،א

Kאא،אאאK F٥ J٦EאW

אאא(Paints)אאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאא،אאאא،אא،א(Pigments)אאא(Fillers)א

אאאKאאאKאאאא(Descaling)

אא(Degreasing)אאאאאאאאKאאא،אK

- ٥٥ -

אאאאאא

אאאאאאאא

אאא

א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא

- ٦٠ -

F٦ J١EאאW אאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאKאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

Kאאאאאאאאא،

אאאאאאאאאאKאאW

WאאFPropertiesE،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK WאאFPerformanceEאאא،

Kאאאאאא Wאא(Structure and Composition )،

אWאאFSynthesis and ProcessingEאאא،אאאאאאK

- ٦١ -

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK

F٦ J٢EאאאאW א א אא א א א א

אאאאאאאא،אאW

א(Hardness)W

אא،אאאאאאא אא א

אאאאאאK

א(Brittleness)W א F Eא א

אא،KאאK

א(Tensile strength)W

אא א א א א א א ،א א א א א אא

אאא (Ultimate strength)K

א(Ductility)W אאאאאא،אאא

אא א א א ،א א

- ٦٢ -

אאא،אKאאאאאאK

א(Fatigue)W

אאא(Cyclic)אאKאאאא

א،אאאאK

א(Toughness)W

א،אאאאא K א א א

אאאאK

א( Elasticity)W א א א א א א Kא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

א(Modulus of elasticity)W

א א (stress)א אא א אא(strain)אאאאK

- ٦٣ -

F٦ J٣EאאW אאאאאאאאא

אאא،אאW

١ Jאאאא( Metals and Alloys ) W א א א אאאא אא

אאאאאא،אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאא

،אאאאא אאאאאאK

٢ Jאאאאא( Polymers and Plastics )W

אאאאאאאא،אKאא

אאאאאKאאאאFאEאאאKאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK

- ٦٤ -

אאאFאאאEאאא(Thermo Sets)אאאא(Thermo Plastics)א(Elastomers)אאאאאאאKאאא

אאאא>אאאאאKאF٦ J١Eאאאאא

٢٠٠٠K

- ٦٥ -

F٦ J١Eאאאא٢٠٠٠אK

א אא א ١٩١٩٢٠

אא٢٣٣٧ J א٤٦٤٩ J א١٣١٤ J

א٢٦٧٦ Jאא٥٩٨١ J

א٢٩٦٤ J א٤٨٥١ J

א١٧٢٠٢٥א٧٧١٠א J ١١١٥א J ٢٢٢٨א J

א٤٢٥٤٦٠אאא١٤١٣١٥

א J١١١٥א١٤١٣١٥

א٤٢٧٦א J ٢٤٤٠א J ١٠א J J

א٤٤٨٠٨٩אא J١٧ J

א J٥٥ J א J٦٦ J J٥١ J

א J٢٤٣٠א١٠٣٣١٥

אא٤١٤٩٥٩

- ٦٦ -

٣ Jאאא( Ceramics )W אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אא،אאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאFאEאFאEאאאא٠Kאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאKאאא

א،Wאא( Traditional Ceramics )אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאFאEאאאאאאאאאאKא

אWאא( Advanced Ceramics )،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

٣٠٠٠Kאאאאאא( Fe3O4 )FEאאאאKאא

אאאאאאא( YB2 Cu3 O7 )Kאא(Laser Glasses)אאאא

- ٦٧ -

(High Purity Silica) אא(Optical Glasses)אאאK

٤ Jאאא( Composites )W

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

א،(Matrix Material) א،(Stiffness) אKאאא

אאאאאאאאא א K א א

אאאאא، אאאאאאא K א א א אאא

אאא אא אאא א אא א א א א א ،

א Kא א אאאא אא א א K

אאאאאאאאא K א אא

א א K אא אא א אאאאא(Glass Fibers)אאאא

אאאאאאK

- ٦٨ -

F٦ J٤EאאאאאW אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאK،אא

אאא،אאא،אאאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאא

אאאK،אאאא،א

אאאאאאאא،א

אאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאא،אא،אאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאא،אאאאאאא

אKאאאאא،א،אא،א

- ٦٩ -

אKאאאאאאאאK

،אאא،אאא

אאאא،אאא JאאאאKאא

،א،אאאאאאאאאא

אK א،אאאאאא

،אאאאKאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאKאא،אאאא

،אאאK אא،א،אאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK ،אא،אא

אאאאאאא،אאא،אאKאא

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאא

- ٧٠ -

،אאKאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאK،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא،א

אאאאK

F٦ J٣ J١EאW אאאאאאאא

אאWאא אאאF٤}١E٪،

אאאF١E٪אF٣}١E٪אF٠٥}٠E٪אF٠٥}٠KE٪א

אאאאאאאאאאאK

- ٧١ -

אאא،אאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאF٣}٠ J٦}٠KE٪

אאאא،אאאאW ١ JאאאאWאא

١٥}٠٪אאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאK ٢ JאאאWF١٥}٠ J٣}٠E٪אא

אאאא،אא،אאאKאאאאא

F١١٠٠ J١٢٠٠KE ٣ JאאאWF٣}٠ J٦}٠E٪א

אא،אאאאאK

٤ JאאאWF٦}٠ J٤}١E٪אאאאאאK

،אאאא(Rust)،אאאאאא،

אאאאא(Atmosphere)אא،

- ٧٢ -

אאאאאאאא(Galvanized steel)אKאאא א

אאאאאאK

אאWאא אאאאF٢ J٤E٪

אF١ J٣KE٪אאאאKאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאKאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאא١٤٪אK

אאWאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאF٥E٪אאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאא،אא

- ٧٣ -

אאאKאאאאא

F٦ J٣ J٤Eאאא אאאאאא

אאאאKאאא،אא

אאאאאאאאאאא،

F٢}٠E٪،אאאKאאא

٦ J٣ J٤אא

אKאאאאאאF١٢E٪אא،

אאאאאאK،אאF١٢E٪،

א،אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאKאאא

- ٧٤ -

אאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאא،אא

אאאK אאאא،אא

W אאWאאא

אאWאאאא אאWאאא אאאWאאאא

אאWאאאא אF٦ J٢Eאאאאאאא

אאאK،אאאא(Designation No.)אאא،אא

אF٦ J٢Eאאאאאא(The American Iron and Steel Institute –AISI)אא،،

F١٨ J٢٠٪EF٨ J١٠٪EF٠٨}٠E٪،AISIאאF٣٠٤E،אאא

אאKאא،אאאא(Unified Numbering

System ,UNS) אאאא(American Society of Testing Materials, ASTM)אאא(Society

of Automotive Engineers, SAE) א(S)אא(UNS)אא،אאN

- ٧٥ -

F٦ J٢Eאא

UNS No.

S31603

S31600 S30403

S30400

S30100

316L 316 S04L 304 301

UNS No.

S31254

N08904 S30815 S31000 S32100

254SMO

904L 253MA™

310 321

אאא

UNS No.

S44600

S44400 S43000 S40900

446 444 DIN 14003™ 3CR12™

430 409

UNS No.

S44004 S43100 S42000 S41000

440C 431 420 410

UNS No.

S32760

S32550 S32750 S31803 S32304

Zeron 100™

Ferralliw™

m255™

2507 2205 2304

UNS No.

S15500 S17700 S17400

15-5PH 17-7PH

or 631

17-4PH or 630

- ٧٦ -

אאWאאא אאאא

אאאאא،Kאאאאאאא،אאא

אאא(Quenching)אאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאK،אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאא

א(Ball Bearings)א(440) אאאא،אאKאF٤٢٠EאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאKאF٤١٦Eא،אא

אאאאאאאאאKאF٤٣١EאF٢٥}١ J٥}٢E٪אא

אאאF١٥ J١٧E٪אאאאK

אאWאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאא،אא،א

אאאא،אא،אא،

אאאא،אאK

- ٧٧ -

אאא٤٣٠،אאאאאא،א

אאא،א،אאאאאא

אא،אא،א18:8אKאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKא٤٤٢٤٤٦

אאאאאאא،אאאאאא

אא،אאא٤٠٥אאאא،א،א

אאאאאK אאאאאאאא،

אאא١٨W٨אאאאK

אאWאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאא،אK

- ٧٨ -

אאאאאאאאא،א CD-4M Cu،אאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאK אאאאאF٣٠٤EF٣٠٤LEF٣١٦EF٣١٦LEא،F٦ J٣EK

٣١٦אאאאאאKאאF٣٠٤LEאF٣٠٤E،אא

אאאאאאאא٣٠٤אאא،אא

،אאאא،אאאאאF٣٠٨EF٣٠٩EF٣١٠EF٣١٤KEאF٣١٠EF٢٠ J٢٥Eאאאאא

אאאאאK

F٦ J٣EאאF٣٠٤EF٣٠٤LEF٣١٦EF٣١٦LE ٪ ٪ ٪ ٪ א

18.0 - 20.0 8.0 - 10.5 - 0.08 max 30418.0 - 20.0 8.0 - 10.5 - 0.03 max 304L16.0 - 18.0 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 0.08 max 31616.0 - 18.0 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 0. 316L

אאאWאאא

אאאאאאF٤٢٧ J٥٨٣Eאא،

אאF١٣٧٥EאF٦ J٣E،،אאאאאאא

- ٧٩ -

אאאאF٣٠٤Eאא،CD-4MCuאאאאK

אאWאאאא

אאאא(Duplex Stainless Steels)אאאא،א،

،אאאאאא،אאאאא،אאא

אא،אאאא،אאאCD-4MCuאא

F٣א J٤KE،אאאא٦٠٪א٤٠٪א،،א

אKאאאאאא،(Ferralium)א،

٢٦٪א٥}٥٪٣٪א،٥٠٪א٥٠٪٥٠٪١٠٥٠Kא

Kאאאאאאא،،אאא

אאאאאאאאא،א

אאאK

٤ J٤א אאאאאא(Reactive)

،אא،

- ٨٠ -

אא،אאאאא،א،

אאאאFAnodizingKE،אאאאאא

א،אאאאאא،אKא

،אאאאא،אאK

אא،،אאאאאא،א،

אא(American Aluminum Association)K א،אא،אאא

אאKאאאאא،אא

אאאא،אאאאFאאEאאאאאא

F٢}٩٩E٪،אאאאאKאאאא

אKאאאא،אאא–،א

א،אאאK אאאאאאKא

אF٣٠٠٣EאאאאאאF٦ J٤Eאאאא،

אKאאא–אאF٥٠٥٢KEאאאאאאאאא

- ٨١ -

א،–א–אאאא،אאאאא،אא

א،אא،אאאאאא،אאאאא

(Si+Mg)אF٦٠٦٣EאF٧}٠٪EF٥}٠٪Eא،،אאא

אK،אאאאHאאHאHאא

אא،אא،אאאאא

אאאאאK ،،אאאאא

אאאאאאא،،א

אא،א،אאאאאאFאא

אאEאאאא(Temper Des-ignation)אF٧ J٤EאאאאאאאאKאאאא(O)אאK

אא(H)אאאאאא،א(H)אאאא

،אאא١٨Hאא،א١٤Hא،אאא١٢Hא

אאKאא(T)אא،אאאאא،אאא(T)אא

אאKאF٧ J٤E،אאא،אאF٠ J١١٠٠Eאא

- ٨٢ -

אא،אאF١٤H J١١٠٠KEאאF٧ J٤Eאא

אאאF٦T J٧٠٧٥אאאאאF١١٠٠KE אא

אאאאKEאא_אאF٤٣EאF٥E٪א

F٣٥٦EאF٧E٪F٣}٠E٪،אאK

א–א–אאF١٩٥KE،אאאאאאK

٥ J٤א

אאאאאאאאאא

אKאKאאאאאא

KאאאאאאF٣٠٠ J٤٠٠EאאאKא

אאאאK אאאא

אאאאאאF٢١٠EאF١٤٠٠

EאאאK אאאאאא Jא

אאא (Brass)א،אאאאאאאא

- ٨٣ -

KאאאאאאFNickel SilverEאאא

،א،אאאא،?F?(Everdurא

אאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאKא،אאאאאאאאאאא

،א Jא،אאאK

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٦ J٤א

אאאאאאאא،

،אא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،אא

،אאאאF٢E٪،אאאא،K

אאאאאאא،אאאF١٠KE٪אFInconelEאאאאF٩ J٤E

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

- ٨٤ -

،א،אאאאאאאאK אאאאא

אאאאFאEאאאאאאאא

אא–אF٣٥٪EF٢٠٪EF٥٢EאKא،א–

אא،אKא JCFHestalloy –CEאאאא?–B

F?B JHestalloyEאאK–DF D JHestalloy E،

אאאK?א J٦٠٠F600 InconelEאא،אא

אאאאK

٧ J٤א ،אאאF١٧٤٠E،

אF٢٧١٠EאF٧٨٠٠KEאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאFAnodesEאאא

אאKאאאא

- ٨٥ -

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאKא

א،אאאK،אאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אא،אאאאאא،אKאK

אאאאאאאKאאאאאK،אאאאאK

אKאאאF١٠٠ J٣٥٠KEא

א–א،אא٥}١٪אאאאא،F٢٠٠ J٢٨٠E

אאF٥ J٤E٪א،Kאאאאאאא

אאאF١٤E٪F١E٪،אאאאF٢٢KE٪

٨ J٤א

אאאאאאאאא،אK

אא،אאא

- ٨٦ -

?אאFGalvanized SteelEאאFHot DippingEאFSprayingEאK

،אא–אא،אאאא–F١}٤E٪אא،–א

אF١E٪KאאאאאFDie-CastingEא FPressure Die-castingKE

،אא،אאאאאK

٩ J٤א

אאF٣}١١E،א،א

א،Kאאאאא

אאFSulfidesEאאKאאאאאאאאא

،אאא،אאאאF١١ J١EאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אK אאאא،

אאFBearingsE،א،אא–،،א

אאאFSoft SolderingEאאאאFTerneplateKEא

אאאאאאא

- ٨٧ -

אאאFאאEאאא(Safety Plugs)،אאאאא،אאאא

אF٥٠E٪אF٢٥ J٣٠E٪אאאKאאאאאאK

אאא،אאאא،?אא?(Chemical Lead)א

F٠٦}٠E٪אאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאK

١٠ J٤א אאא،אא

،אאאא،אאאאאKאא،אא

،אאאא،אאאאאא،אא

(Hot Dipping)،אKאאאא،אאKא

،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאK،אאאאאא،אK

،אאאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאKאאאאK

- ٨٨ -

אאאאאאאK،אא

אאאאאאאאאKאא(Foils)א

אאאא،אאאאאאאאKאאא (Mineral

Acids) אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאKא

אא،אאאKאאאKאאא??(Pewter)א

א،אאF٦ J٧E٪F١ J٢E٪K،אאאאאאאא

،אאאF١٧٥EאאKאא

אאKאאאאאאאאK

١١ J٤א

אאאאאKאאאא،

א–א Jא–אאKאאא،א

אK،אאאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאKאאאאאא

אFEא،א

- ٨٩ -

אFאאEאאאK

אאKאאאאאאא،א

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאF٧٠EאאF٥٠E٪،אF٣٢٠KE

١٢–٤א

אאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאKאא

אאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אF٣٠E٪

אKאאאאאאאKאא

אאא،אאא،אאאאאF١٥}٠E٪K

- ٩٠ -

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאF١٠ J٤EאאאאאK

١٣ J٤אאא (Refractory Metals) אא،אאאאאא،אא،אאאא

אF١١ J٤KEאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אK

٢ J١٣ J٤אW אאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאא(MoO3)אאא

F٧٠٠EאאאאאK

٣ J١٣ J٤אW אא،אאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאKא

אאאFאאEKאאא،אאאאא

אאאK ،אאאא

אאאאאK

- ٩١ -

٤ J١٣ J٤אW אאאאא

אF١١ J٤Eאאאאאאא،אא،אאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאאF١٦٥٠E١٤٠K

٥ J١٣ J٤אW

אאאא،אאאאא(Thermal Neutron Cross Section)

אאאאKאאאאKאאא

אאאFאאEא،אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאKאאאא،אאאאאאא،אא

אאאאKאאאFא

אEאKאF١١٢EאF٤٢٥EF٥٦٠EאאK

١٤ J٤אא (Noble Metals)

،אאאאאאאF٢ J٣KEאאאא

אFאאאאKEא

- ٩٢ -

FEאא،אאאKאאאא

א،אאא،אאKאאאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאKאF١٢ J٤EאאאאאK

١ J١٤ J٤אW

אא،אא،אאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאKאאא،אאאאאK،א

،אאאF٢٤E،אאאF١L٢٤EאKאאF٥٠E٪F١٢EאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאKאאא

אא(Aque Regia)אאאאאאK

٢ J١٤ J٤אW אאאא

אאאאאאאא(Thermocouples)(Pt-PtRh)אאאא(Crucibles)אא

אאאאאאאF١٨٠٠Eאאאאא

- ٩٣ -

אאאKאאאאאKא،אא

אKא،אאאאF70Au 30PtEא(Spinnerets)אאKא

א(Anodes)אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאא

אF١٢ J٤KEאאאאאאKאאאאאא

- ٩٤ -

٣ J١٤ J٤אW אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא(Bus-bar)אאאאKא

אאKאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

(Autoclaves)א،אאאאאאאא،אאK

،א،א،אא(Tarnishing)אא،H2S

אאאKאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאK

א ١٦١ אא אאאא

- ٩٥ -

אא 1. Fontana, M.G. and Greene, N.D., Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-

Hill, 1978. 2. Laque, F .L., Marine Corrosion: Causes and Prevention, J. Wiley,

1975. 3. Nace Corrosion Engineers Reference Book, 3ed., NACE

International, 2002. 4. Uhlig, H.H., Uhlig Corrosion Handbook, Electrochemical Society,

John Wiley, 2 ed, 2000. 5. Denny, A.J., Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, 2ed., Prentice-

Hall Inc. 1996. 6. Dillon, C. P., Corrosion Control in the Chemical Industries,

McGraw-Hill, 1986. 7. Verink, E. D. and Syrett, B. C., Testing Made Easy: The Basics,

Corrosion Testing Made Easy, NACE International, 1994. 8. Neil, G. T. etl., Testing Made Easy: DC Electrochemical Test

Methods, Corrosion, NACE International, 1998. ٩K ،אא،אא،א

،א١٩٩٠אK ١٠K אאא،אא،א،

١٤١٦،١٩٩٥K

א ١٦١ א אאאא

א F١ J١EאW ................................................................................................. ١

F١ J٣EאאאW ........................................................................ ٣

F١ J٤EאאW ................................................................................... ٧

F١ J٥EאאW .................................................................. ٨

F١ J٦Eא(Passivity)W ...................................................................................... ٩

F١ J٧Eא(Faraday experiment)W ............................................................. ١١

F١ J٨Eא(Polarization)W ........................................................................... ١٢

F١ J٩EאאW ............................................................................................ ١٢

F٢ J١Eאא( Free energy, ∆G)W ................................................................ ١٥

F٢ J٢Eא( Electrode potential )W .............................................................. ١٥

F٢ J٣Eאא( Standard electrode potential, E° )W ............................. ١٦

F٢ J٤Eא(Ecell )W .............................................................................. ١٨

F٢ J٥Eאאא(Reference electrodes)W ............................................... ٢١

F٢ J٦EאאW ...................................................................... ٢٢

F٣ J١Eא ................................................................................................ ٢٩

F٣ J٢EאאW ........................................................................................ ٢٩

F٣ J٣EאאW ..................................................................................... ٣١

F٣ J٤EאאW ........................................................................................ ٣٦

F٤ J١EאאאW ...................................................................................... ٣٩

F٤ J٢EאאW ............................................................................................ ٤٠

F٤ J٣Eאא(Pitting corrosion )W ............................................................... ٤٢

F٤ J٤Eאא(Crevice corrosion )W ........................................................... ٤٤

F٤ J٥Eאא(Intergranular corrosion )W ................................................ ٤٥

F٤ J٦Eאא(Stress corrosion)W ............................................................... ٤٧

א ١٦١ א אאאא

F٤ J٧Eאא( Erosion corrosion )W .......................................................... ٤٧

F٤ J٨Eאא(Bacterial corrosion )W ......................................................... ٥٠

F٥ J١EאאW .......................................................................................... ٥٣

F٥ J٢EאאW ........................................................................................... ٥٥

F٥ J٣EאW ............................................................................................. ٥٦

F٥ J٤EאאW .............................................................................................. ٥٨

F٥ J٥EאאW ............................................................................................ ٥٨

F٦ J١EאאW .................................................................................................. ٦٠

F٦ J٢EאאאאW ................................................................................. ٦١

F٦ J٣EאאW ................................................................................................. ٦٣

F٦ J٤EאאאאאW .............................................................. ٦٨

٤ J٤٧٩ ............................................................................................... א

٥ J٤٨٢ ............................................................................................... א

٦ J٤٨٣ ................................................................................................ א

٧ J٤٨٤ ............................................................................................ א

٨ J٤٨٥ ................................................................................................. א

٩ J٤٨٦ .............................................................................................. א

١٠ J٤٨٧ ............................................................................................. א

١١ J٤٨٨ ....................................................................................................... א

١٢–٤٨٩ ............................................................................................ א

١٣ J٤אאא (Refractory Metals) ............................................................... ٩٠

١٤ J٤אא (Noble Metals) ...................................................................... ٩١

א٩٥ .................................................................................................................. א

علم المواد التطبيقي والتآكل

Documents

خواص المواد

الإحصاء التطبيقي

النحو التطبيقي

تكنولوجيا المواد

علم المواد

عرض المواد السمعية

المواد التجارية

نشاط المواد الإثرائية

الفصل النظري التطبيقي

علم الاجتماع التطبيقي، محمد...

المواد المضافة

المواد المستعملة الأنشطة

تكنولوجيا المواد الكهرويائية

نسب استهلاك المواد

إدارة المواد

المواد الملونة.docx

49faq- المواد الغذائية.doc

خصائص المواد الهندسية

تحليل السلوك التطبيقي

علم الاعداد (علم اعداد) و علم جفر...