© 2015 pearson education, inc. figure 13.1 the major respiratory organs shown in relation to...

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures.

Nasal cavity

Nostril

Larynx

Trachea

Right main(primary)bronchus

Right lung

Diaphragm

Left main(primary)bronchus

Left lung

Oral cavityPharynx

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures.

Alveolarduct

Alveolarpores

Alveolus

(b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue,showing the final divisions of therespiratory tree (120×)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures.

Nasal cavity

Nostril

Larynx

Trachea

Right main(primary)bronchus

Right lung

Diaphragm

Left main(primary)bronchus

Left lung

Oral cavityPharynx

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.

Nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx Larynx

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus

Posterior nasalaperture

Frontal sinus

• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula

• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil

Esophagus

Trachea

• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril

Hard palateSoft palate

Tongue

Hyoid bone

• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.

Nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx Larynx

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus

Posterior nasalaperture

Frontal sinus

• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula

• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil

Esophagus

Trachea

• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril

Hard palateSoft palate

Tongue

Hyoid bone

• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.4a The larynx.

Body of hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Laryngeal prominence(Adam’s apple)

Cricothyroid ligament

Cricotracheal ligament

Epiglottis

Thyrohyoidmembrane

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Anterior superficial view

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.

Nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx Larynx

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus

Posterior nasalaperture

Frontal sinus

• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula

• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil

Esophagus

Trachea

• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril

Hard palateSoft palate

Tongue

Hyoid bone

• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.4c The larynx.

Epiglottis

Hyoid bone

Thyroidcartilage

Lateralthyrohyoidmembrane

Corniculatecartilage

Arytenoidcartilage

Glottis

Cricoidcartilage

Trachealcartilages

Photograph of cartilaginous frameworkof the larynx, posterior view

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.

Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

Vocal fold (true vocal cord)

Glottis

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.

Nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx Larynx

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus

Posterior nasalaperture

Frontal sinus

• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula

• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil

Esophagus

Trachea

• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril

Hard palateSoft palate

Tongue

Hyoid bone

• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.

Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

Vocal fold (true vocal cord)

Glottis

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.

Nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx Larynx

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus

Posterior nasalaperture

Frontal sinus

• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula

• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil

Esophagus

Trachea

• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril

Hard palateSoft palate

Tongue

Hyoid bone

• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.3a Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus.

Posterior

Lumen oftrachea

Anterior

Esophagus

Seromucousgland insubmucosa

Mucosa

Trachealismuscle

Submucosa

Hyalinecartilage

Adventitia

(a)

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Figure 13.3b Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus.

(b)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.7 Conducting zone passages.

Superior lobe of right lung

Middle lobeof right lung

Inferior lobeof right lung

Trachea

Superior lobeof left lung

Left main(primary)bronchus

Lobar (secondary)bronchus

Segmental (tertiary)bronchus

Inferior lobeof left lung

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.4b Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.

(b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above.

Sternum

Pericardialmembranes

Pleural cavity

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

Right lung

VertebraPosterior Esophagus

(in posterior mediastinum)

Root of lung at hilum• Left main bronchus• Left pulmonary artery• Left pulmonary vein

Left lung

Thoracic wall

Pulmonary trunk

Heart (in mediastinum)Anterior mediastinum

Anterior

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Figure 13.5a Respiratory zone structures.

Alveolar duct

Respiratorybronchioles

Terminalbronchiole

(a) Diagrammatic view of respiratorybronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Alveoli

Alveolar duct

Alveolarsac

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures.

Alveolarduct

Alveolarpores

Alveolus

(b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue,showing the final divisions of therespiratory tree (120×)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier).

Endothelial cellnucleus

Alveolar pores

Capillary

Macrophage

Nucleus ofsquamousepithelial cell

Alveoli (gas-filled airspaces)

Red bloodcell incapillary

Surfactant-secreting cell

Squamousepithelial cellof alveolar wall

Red blood cellCapillary

Alveolus

Alveolar epithelium

Fused basementmembranes

Capillary endothelium

CO2

O2

Respiratorymembrane

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.12 Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure relationships.

Atmospheric pressure (Patm)0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg)

Thoracic wall

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Transpulmonarypressure4 mm Hg(the differencebetween 0 mm Hgand −4 mm Hg)

Intrapleuralpressure (Pip)−4 mm Hg(756 mm Hg)

Intrapulmonarypressure (Ppul)0 mm Hg(760 mm Hg)

Diaphragm

Lung

0

– 4

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.

TracheaThymus

Apex of lung

Right inferior lobe

Horizontal fissure

Right superior lobe

Oblique fissure

Right middle lobe

Heart(in mediastinum)

Diaphragm

Base of lung

Intercostal muscleRib

Parietal pleuraPleural cavityVisceral pleura

Leftsuperior lobe

Obliquefissure

Left inferiorlobe

Cardiac notch

Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

Lung

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier).

Endothelial cellnucleus

Alveolar pores

Capillary

Macrophage

Nucleus ofsquamousepithelial cell

Alveoli (gas-filled airspaces)

Red bloodcell incapillary

Surfactant-secreting cell

Squamousepithelial cellof alveolar wall

Red blood cellCapillary

Alveolus

Alveolar epithelium

Fused basementmembranes

Capillary endothelium

CO2

O2

Respiratorymembrane

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homeostatic Imbalance 13.7 A colored chest X-ray showing a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 13.10 Gas exchanges in the body occur according to the laws of diffusion.

O2 CO2

CO2 O2

CO2O2

O2 CO2 CO2O2

CO2 O2

CO2O2

Inspired air: Alveoliof lungs:

Externalrespiration

Pulmonaryarteries

Alveolarcapillaries

Pulmonaryveins

Bloodleavinglungs andenteringtissuecapillaries:

Bloodleavingtissues andenteringlungs:

Heart

Tissuecapillaries

Systemicveins

Internalrespiration

Systemicarteries

Tissuecells: