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© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Seven: Making Decisions about Drug Use
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Drugs
Drug = any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical or physical nature alters structure or function in the living organism
Psychoactive drug = any substance capable of altering feelings, moods, or perceptions
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Process Addictions
Compulsively engaging in behaviors such as gambling, shopping, gaming, sexual activity
Cause serious financial, emotional, social, and health problems
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The Process of Addiction
Addictive behavior has three common aspects:•Exposure: Introduced to the drug or behavior
that is considered pleasurable
•Compulsion: Time, energy, and money are spent to pursue the behavior. Normal behavior has already degenerated
• Loss of control: Addicted people lose the ability to control their behavior and results in addiction to more than one drug or behavior
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Codependence
Applies to people who are close to an individual who is addicted to something
Characteristics of codependents:•Focused on protecting or coping with the
addict•Lose their sense of identity •Experience stress, often resulting in
chaotic behaviors, addictions, and physical illnesses
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Basic Drug Terms and Concepts
Central nervous system Routes of drug administration Drug misuse Drug abuse Drug dependence
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Central Nervous System
Neuron: A nerve cell•Axon: The portion of a neuron that conducts
electrical impulses to the dendrites of adjacent neurons
•Dendrite: The portion of a neuron that receive electrical stimuli from adjacent neurons
Synapse: The location at which an electrical impulse from one neuron is transmitted to an adjacent neuron
Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that transfer electrical impulses across the synapses between nerve cells
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Action of Psychoactive Drugs on the Central Nervous System
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Drug Administration Routes of administration• Inhalation• Injection•Absorption• Ingestion
Dose-response curve: The size of the effect of a drug is related to the amount of the drug administered
Threshold dose: The smallest amount of a drug that has an observable effect
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Drug Misuse and Abuse
Drug misuse: Inappropriate use of legal drugs intended to be medications•Intentional or unintentional
Drug abuse: Any use of a drug in a way that is detrimental to health or well-being
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Drug Dependence
Addiction/physical dependence: Compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a substance, habit, or practice to such a degree that cessation causes severe emotional or physiological reactions• Withdrawal illness: Uncomfortable response of the body as it
attempts to maintain homeostasis in the absence of a drug
• Tolerance: An acquired reaction to a drug in which the continued intake of the same dose has diminished effects
Psychological dependence: Craving a drug for emotional reasons and to maintain a sense of well-being
Intoxication: Dysfunctional and disruptive changes in physiological and psychological functioning, mood, and cognitive processes
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Dynamics of Drug Abuse
Individual factors•Genetics •Personality, attitudes,
beliefs • Interpersonal skills,
self-esteem
Environmental factors•Home and family•School•Peers•Community
Societal factors•Youth subculture
•Modeling and advertising
•Self-medication movement
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Six Categories of Psychoactive Drugs
1. Stimulants
2. Depressants
3. Hallucinogens
4. Cannabis
5. Narcotics
6. Inhalants
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Past Month Use of Selected Psychoactive Drugs among Americans 12 and Older
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Stimulants
Key actions: Stimulate the function of the central nervous system• Increased heart rate, blood pressure, brain function
• Feelings of energy, exhilaration
Examples: •Cocaine
•Amphetamine
•Methamphetamine
•Caffeine
•Ritalin
•Adderall
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Depressants
Key actions: Slow the function of the central nervous system•Reduced heart and breathing rates, blood pressure
• Lowered inhibitions, impaired judgment
•Sedation, drowsiness, loss of consciousness
Examples:•Barbiturates
•Rohypnol
•Alcohol
• Tranquilizers
•GHB
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Hallucinogens
Key actions: Altered states of feeling and perception (hallucinations, distortions of reality)• Increased temperature, heart rate, blood pressure•Weakness, tremors, nervousness, paranoia•Synesthesia (sensation of combining of the senses)
Examples: • LSD•PCP•Mescaline•Ecstasy and designer drugs
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Cannabis
Active ingredient: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Key actions: •Euphoria, confusion•Slowed thinking and reaction time•Impaired balance and coordination•Cough, frequent respiratory infections
Examples: •Hashish•Marijuana
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Narcotics (Opiates)
Key actions:•Relief of pain, euphoria•Reduced heart rate and blood pressure•Sedation, drowsiness, confusion
Natural and synthetic; derived from the Oriental poppy plant
Examples: •Opium•Morphine•Heroin•Oxycodone
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Inhalants
Volatile compounds Key actions: •Unpredictable, drunklike effects; aggression•Euphoria•Damage to respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Examples: •Gasoline•Glues•Paint•Aerosol propellants•Nitrites (“laughing gas”)
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Combination Drug Effects
Synergistic effect = heightened or exaggerated effect produced by the concurrent use of two or more drugs
Additive effect = combined (but not exaggerated) effect produced by concurrent use of two or more drugs
Potentiated effect = the use of one drug intensifies the effect of a second drug
Antagonistic effect = effect produced when one drug reduces or offsets the effects of a second drug
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Societal Response to Drug Use
Early prevention programs Drug testing Treatment and intervention Nationwide organizations to increase
awareness
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Preventing Drug Use
Primary prevention: Measures intended to deter first-time drug use•Education
Secondary prevention: Measures aimed at early detection, intervention, and treatment; targets those who are starting to experiment •Hotlines, counseling•Screening•Employee assistance programs
Tertiary prevention: Treatment and rehabilitation of dependent users
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Drug Testing
Increasingly popular prevention tool Federal employees and contractors Many private companies test to screen
job applicants or monitor employee drug use
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Treatment and Intervention
Treatment•College or University Settings•Community programs•Hospital facilities•Private facilities
Intervention: An organized process that involves encouraging a chemically addicted individual to enter into drug treatment
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Facts about Substance Abuse Treatment
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Chapter Seven: Making Decisions about Drug Use
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