© 2009 delmar, cengage learning chapter 1 introduction to the structural units

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 1

Introduction tothe Structural Units

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

A and P

•Anatomy– Shape and structures of an organism’s body and the relationship

of one body part to another

•Physiology– Function of each body part and how the functions of the various

body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism

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Branches of Anatomy

• Gross anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy

• Developmental anatomy

• Comparative anatomy

• Systematic anatomy

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Terms for Location or Position and Directions

• Anterior or ventral– Front or in front of

• Posterior or dorsal– Back or in back of

• Cranial and caudal– Refer to direction of either toward the “head end” or “tail end”

• Superior and inferior– Above or below another

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Terms for Location or Position and Directions, etc.

• Medial and lateral– Toward the midline or away from the midline

• Proximal and distal– Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin

• Superficial or external– On or near the surface or deep (internal)

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Body Planes and Sections

• Sagittal plane– Right and left parts

• Midsagittal plane– Equal right and left parts

• Coronal (frontal) plane– Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane

• Transverse or cross section– Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts

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Animation – Body Planes

Click Here to play Body Planes animation

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Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity– Brain and spinal cord

– Cranial cavity

– Spinal cavity

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity– Abdominal cavity

– Pelvic cavity

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Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

• Epigastric region (upper)– Just below sternum

• Right and left hypochondriac– Just below ribs

• Umbilical (middle)– Located around the navel

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Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

• Right and left lumbar– Extend from anterior to posterior

• Hypogastric (lower)– Pubic area

• Right and left iliac– Also called right and left inguinal areas

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Smaller Cavities

• Orbital cavity– Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts

• Nasal cavity– Parts that form the nose

• Buccal cavity– Teeth and and tongue

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Life Functions

• Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc.

• All living organisms are capable of carrying

on life functions

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Life Functions

• These functions allow living organisms to live, grow and maintain themselves

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Life Functions

• Movement– Muscle system

• Ingestion– Digestive system

• Digestion– Digestive system

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Life Functions

• Transport– Circulatory system

• Respiration– Respiratory system

• Synthesis – Digestive system

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Life Functions

• Assimilation– Digestive system

• Growth– Skeletal system

• Secretion– Endocrine system

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Life Functions

• Excretion– Urinary system

• Regulation (sensitivity)– Nervous system

• Reproduction– Reproductive system

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Human Development

• Cells

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ system

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Body Processes

• Metabolism– Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair,

energy release, use of food, and secretions• Anabolism

– Building up

• Catabolism– Breaking down

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Homeostasis

• Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits

• Essential to survival

• Works on a negative feedback system

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Metric System

• Measurements for length, weight and volume

• It is a decimal system

• Based on the power of ten

• Uses prefixes, such as centi-, milli-, and micro-

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Metric System

• Lengths measured in meters

• Weights measured in grams

• Volumes measured in liters

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Medical Highlights

• Some recent advances– MRI

– CAT scans, Organ transplants

– Joint replacements

• Future developing technology will be in biotechnology and nanotechnology