ammonia refrigeration & scenario in industrial refrigeration...r404a-air cooled r717-ammonia-water...
TRANSCRIPT
-
Ammonia Refrigeration & Scenario in Industrial Refrigeration
By
Ramesh Paranjpey
ASHRAE Fellow Life member
5th March 2014
-
Basic Components Of A Refrigeration
System
-
Refrigerant Flow Path
-
Refrigerant ?
-
REFRIGERANT EVALUATION PROCESS
1. ENVIRONMENT
2. PERFORMANCE
3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY
4. TOXICITY/SAFETY
5. FLAMMABILITY
6. MATERIAL CPMPATIBILITY
7. STABILITY
8. COST
-
THERMAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
•BOILING POINT
•DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE
•DISCHARGE PRESSURE
•SPECIFIC VOLUME
•DENSITY
•LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION
•COMPRESSOR DISPLACEMENT
•HORSE POWER PER TON
•COP
-
Ammonia Refrigeration & Scenario in Industrial Refrigeration
Why Ammonia ?
5th March 2014
-
Reasons for Selecting Ammonia Refrigerant
• ODP-0
• GWP < 1
• Atmospheric Life- 0.01 years
• Natural Refrigerant
• Highest Efficiency-Better Heat Transfer
Properties
• Easier Oil Management
• Low Cost-Easy Availability
-
Natural Refrigerants
(Zero ODP & Ultra-low GWP Refrigerants)
• Hydrocarbons (HC-290, HC-600a)
• Ammonia (R-717)
• Carbon Dioxide (R-744)
• Water (R-718)
• Air
-
Refrigerants Time-line
1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 20001850
SO2NH3
CFCs
CH3Cl
HCFCs
HFCs
HCs
air
water
CO2
© A Pearson 1999
-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
TOXICITY HOW MUCH
HOW LONG
FLAMABILITY
EXPLOSIVENESS
ODOUR PUNGENT
DETECTABLE-5PPM ONWARDS
LEAKAGE TENDENCY LESS LOSS-PURGING/LEAKS
8.2CFT/LB AGAINST1.2CFT/LB
FOR R-22
MOISTURE TOLERENCE IMMENSE-AQUA/AMMONIA
OIL MISCIBILITY IMMISCIBLE
-
ASHRAE Standard 34.1-2013-Toxicity/Flammability
Flammability in Air @ 60°C & 101.3 kPa ASHRAE Standard Safety Group
Higher Flammability
LFL or ETFL60 ≤ 100 g/m3 OR HOC ≥ 19 MJ/kg
A3 B3
Lower Flammability
LFL or ETFL60 > 100 g/m3 & HOC < 19 MJ/kg
A2 B2
Lower Flammability
LFL or ETFL60 > 100 g/m3 & HOC < 19 MJ/kg
with a maximum burning velocity of ≤ 10 cm/s
A2L B2L
No flame Propagation A1 B1
Flammability in Air @ 60°C & 101.3 kPaLower Toxicity
OEL ≥ 400PPM
Higher Toxicity
OEL
< 400 PPM
LFL = Lower Flammability Limit
ETFL60 = Elevated Temperature Flame Limit @ 60°C
HOC = Heat Of Combustion, OEL-Occupational Exposure Limit
-
Toxicity
5 PPM Onwards Detectable
25 PPMDetected by most – no health hazard exposure
10 – 15 years
100 PPM No dangerous effects, minor irritation.
400 – 700
PPM
Irritation Eyes, Nose, Mucous . Lead to
dryness
1700 PPM Cough, Cramp, Serious Irritation, Injuries
2000 PPM Can Lead to Death
7000 PPM Lethal within few minutes
-
Comparison of Various RefrigerantsASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Table 9-29.9
-
Refrigerant Capacity-
TR
Shaft
Power
HP/ TR
R 717 104.4 245.2 2.349
R-22 104.7 264.9 2.530
R134a 53.8 148.6 2.762
R404A 97.9 290.8 2.970
R 507 102.2 302.3 2.958
R410A 151.5 415.3 2.741
Comparison at -200 F/+95 0F
-
Ammonia Refrigerant v/s R-22
1. Specific heat of liquid is 4 times - 4 to 1
2. Latent heat of vaporization is- 6 to 1
3. Liquid thermal conductivity is -5.5 to 1
4. Viscosity is less- 0.8 to1
5. Liquid density is less - 0.5 to 1
-
Field of Applications
1. Ice Plants-commercial/amusement centers
2. Cold storages-Fruit/Vegetables/meat/Fish/Seeds/Dry
fruits
3. Freezing of foods-Fish/meat/Fruits/Vegetables
4. Breweries/ Dairies
5. Chemical/Dyestuff –process cooling
6. Concrete cooling-Dams/Roads/Runways
7. Water Chillers-Air conditioning
8. Thermal storages-Heat Pumps
9. Super markets-Ammonia/CO2 cascade
10.Industrial Process/Fertilizer plants
11.Bottling Plants-Coca Cola/Pepsi
-
Comparison R404a V/S Ammonia For cold room Design
Basis-3 Rooms, Each 12mx24mx9m-Sotage 500 Ton each
Temperature -200 C, For storage of Frozen Products,
Refrigeration load 3x42kW=126kW
R404a-Air Cooled R717-Ammonia-Water cooled
2units per Room screw compressors-6nos.
Power 22.7 kW each with air cooled
condenser
Two stage reciprocating compressor 4
cylinder, 1 No 54.4 kW power
Evaporator Star Coolers Model 2383, each
2 Fans -999W, with electric defrost each
with 18 kW heaters
Evaporator Star coolers-2383-3fans
0.5kW, gravity flooded, water defrost
Piping, controls, gas insulation etc Evaporative condenser-200 kW heat
rejection, Receiver, piping, gas, controls
,insulation etc.
Total cost without Duty 74,90000 Total cost 4234000+ standby compressor
motor
Total power with out defrost 117.3 kW 68.5 kW
-
Recent Trends
1. Semi Hermetic Compressors with aluminum
windings
2. High Speed screw compressors-3600 RPM
3. Low Charge systems with high side Float
4. Use of PHE foe condenser/Chiller
5. Air Cooled Ammonia systems with wet pads
6. Direct Expansion systems using miscible oils
7. Ammonia-CO2 Cascade for Super markets
8. Heat pump applications
9. Ammonia blends with DME to reduce toxicity
-
Pump Circulation overfeed Design systems
-
ECO Mesh Ammonia Air cooled condenser
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=RMecJ1Um2ChU7M&tbnid=EOu7dLSoK8g1_M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.starcooler.co.in/air-cooled-condensers-ecomesh-cooling.html&ei=ZfcSU6XGIsSFrQeXtYCIAQ&bvm=bv.62286460,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFUp8jaAl6l6ytNWN7cMTnZVSEbJg&ust=1393838285140277
-
Aluminum Coolers
-
Modern Packaged Ammonia Systems
•New design (PHEs or spray type shell & tube evaporator)
•Liquid injection system
•Better efficiency (>30%) than HFC134a
•Less charge (0.02 to 0.5 kg/kW) for dry and flooded evaporation
•Higher discharge pressure (up to 40 bar)
•Safety level increased significantly towards “zero leak”
•Used in Europe for both display cabinets and space conditioning
-
Ammonia for A/C and Commercial Refrigeration
•Ammonia A/C with central plants
•Ammonia display freezer cabinets
•Independent circuits
•Secondary refrigerants used
•Risk free AC&R
-
PACKAGE CHILLER
-
AIR COOLED AMMONIA PACKAGE
CHILLER
-
WATER COOLED PACKAGE CHILLER-SCREW
COMPRESSORS & PHE CONDENSER/COOLER
-
WATER CHILLER USING RECIPROCATING
COMPRESSOR
& ENCLOSED PHE CONDENSER/COOLER
-
PACKAGE MILK CHILLER WITH ‘U’ TUBE
ACCUMULATOR
-
Falling Film Water Chiller
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=Falling+film+water+chillers&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=R2jZBF8MU0OTIM&tbnid=fCUE72vQO0spUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.patkol.com/index.php?tpid=0026&ei=3h0fUuLwCsKHrgeXj4HQCQ&bvm=bv.51495398,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEoKFh1RVWmwhKK0UqMdFwZhOF6sg&ust=1377857312333300
-
SPIRAL FREEZER
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=spiral+freezer&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=k20VEzQ1eNvLkM&tbnid=3iG1UXRjS-dV9M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://my.packexpo.com/pei2012nn/Public/Booth.aspx?IndexInList=&Upgrade=&FromPage=nzcust_ALExhibitorSearch.aspx&BoothID=119962&Task=ProductsDetails&PRODID=19011&ei=HJFjUe3TGpDs0gXd_oD4BQ&psig=AFQjCNFFAGYaI7SsHACfu3Uk1XvXLWP1Qg&ust=1365565888415475
-
IQF
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=iqf&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ipdi5Lz3Ip53GM&tbnid=jN6qPK8g-FJwkM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.slattumprodukter.no/default.pl?showPage=167&ei=b5JjUcilLdOz0QXIuoCgCg&bvm=bv.44990110,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNGaFVogupsorAnYWYQkCqGCWTGa2Q&ust=1365566267360168
-
IQF
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=IQF&source=images&cd=&docid=a83SsebnurnkIM&tbnid=C49ULbI7pSdJvM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.ramtechrefrigeration.co.in/iqf-freezer.html&ei=WJNjUeznA4TZ0QXO9oCoBA&bvm=bv.44990110,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNF5M68cdVtRK_kpPXDxufSRoNrBZg&ust=1365566593886238
-
SPIRAL FREEZER
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=spiral+freezer&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_1q2uchx_8l_WM&tbnid=zYL6uYbZmiQqxM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.freezer-services.co.uk/freezer-services-news&ei=qJRjUY2TKeeK0AWFu4GQCw&bvm=bv.44990110,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNGcxehY57hVcqnDGDBrit1agiaimw&ust=1365566984965314
-
PLATE FREEZER
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=Plate+freezer&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=e4DPr9LbYDcHwM&tbnid=mK9ixwOZatKSIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://worldbase.xm15.host.35.com/products1.asp&ei=vZVjUcXGG-ec0AXMmoGQBg&bvm=bv.44990110,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNHGHb0eI2fEuwMfUNWvGD_xIP9ayw&ust=1365567190025210
-
CO2 Ammonia Cascade
-
AMMONIA-CO2 BRINE SYSTEM –FRUIT STORAGE-
HOLLAND
-
AMMONIA CHILLER AT HEATHROW AIRPORT
-
AMMONIA-CO2 BRINE SYSTEM –FRUIT STORAGE-
HOLLAND
-
AMMONIA -CO2 CASCADE
-
Thank you
Any Questions ?
Cell No.: 9822398220
mailto:[email protected]