amerikan yuzyili

7/29/2019 Amerikan Yuzyili

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iekiersz ............................................................................................ 7

Brke .................................................................................. 11

Amerik Yzy Dru Amr:Trihe Ks Bir Bk ............................................................. 21

Suk Sv Yr: Dehet Degesi? ........................55

Svyeter Biriii Dms ......................................119

1990 2001 Yr: Smr, Smr .................175

11 Eye Dru:Bize Nee Nefret Eiyrr? ...............................235

11 Ey 2001 Amerik Hegemysk Cii Tehit ve Amerik Strtejieri ...........265

Su ........................................................................................ 313


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Balarken

Albert Borgman postmodern toplumu Marlboro Man ile aklar.Bizlerin onu ok sevdiimizi, nk onun amzn ruhunu yan-stan bir ahsiyete sahip olduunu syler.1 Gerekten, AmerikaBirleik Devletlerinin (ABD) son yllarda izledii politikalarnbetimleyen en uygun simgelerden birisinin bu olduunu syleye-biliriz; zgrce ahlanan atnn zerinde zgrce gezinen, kementsallayan, srsne yn veren, srden ayrlmalar engelleyen veonlar damgalayan bir cowboy.2 Belinde tabancasn, aznda iseMarlborosunu, yani kapitalist deerlerin, globallemenin, ok ulus-lu irketlerin en iyi simgelendii bir nesneyi tayor. Rodmannbir Alman dergisinden alntlad gibi, Amerika imdi uluslarara-s ilikilerin Schwarzeneggeridir; pazularn gsteriyor, gze batyor vekorkutuyor.3

Bugn saylan bu deerler etrafnda ekilleniyor dnyamz. Ki-mileri liberalizmin zaferini, kimileri kapitalizmin hakimiyetini, ki-

mileri postmodernizmi, kimileri de demokrasinin zaferini ilan edi-yor. nsan haklar ve onuru kimsenin dilinden dmyor. SovyetlerBirliinin k sonrasndaki zafer haykrlar ierisinde Francis

1 Albert Borgman, Society in the Postmodern Era The Washington Quar-terly, Winter 2000, 23:1, s. 1892 Cowboy mentalitesi iin bknz: Russel Freedman, Cowboys of the Wild West,New York: Clarion Books, 19853 Peter Rodman, Uneasy Giant: The Challenges to American Predominance,Washington: Nixon Center, 1999, s. 6


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Fukuyama Tarihin Sonunu ilan eiinde, aslnda Hegelin, Marxnveya saysz diyalektikilerin ok nceleri yaptndan farkl bir ey

yapmyordu. Tarihin sonunun geldii, bir dzenin artk deime-yecek derecede yerletii yanlgsna ok insan dmt gemite.Haa 1900l yllarn banda baz bilimadamlar artk kefedi-lecek bireylerin kalmad inancyla kylerine ekilerek iftilikyapmay bile tercih etmilerdi.

Halbuki, tarih sona ermemi, bilimsel bulular bitmemi, biiisylenen herey dier bir balangcn hareket noktas olmutur. De-iimin iyi ya da kt olduu veya niteliklerin deiip deimedii

ayr bir tartma konusu. Gerek olan bir ey varsa, o da u andabir deiim yayor olduumuzdur. Henz temelleri olumam,yap talar tam olarak oturmam, dizginlenememi ve damgala-namam bir deiim. Fukuyama deiimin iyi ynde ilerlediini vesonuta iyi olan liberal-kapitalist deerlerin hakim olduunu okabuk ilan ediyor. Bu deerlerin insanln ulat en son ve sonrasolmayan bir aamas olarak gryor. Gizliden gizliye bu deerlerininsan doas ile uyumlu olduunu ve uyumlu olann kazandn,

sonrasnn aranmasnn gereksiz olduunu dnyor.4

Marxda ayn eyi 150 yl nce sylyordu, fakat tam tersini.Marx, insann oluum srecindeki ilk aamann, yani komn (ilkel)yaam tarznn, insan doasna en uygun yaam pratiklerini iin-de barndrdn, insanln eninde sonunda bu aamaya benzerbir yaam tarzna ulaarak kurtulua ereceini, asl erdemli olannbunu baarmak iin almak olduunu, gerek eitliin, hrriyetinve insanca yaamn ancak komnel yaamlarda mmkn olduu-nu iddia ediyor; bu srecin hzlanmas iin ii snf proleteryayisyan etmeye aryor, onlar tarafndan mutlaka kurulacak prole-terya diktatrl sayesinde insanln son aamas olan komnistretim ve yaam biimine ulaacan bekliyordu. Bu da insanlnkurtuluu yani en son evresi olacakt.5 Marxn umutlar 1917 y-lnda Lenin tarafndan Rusyada yeertilmiti. Fakat, onun haleeri70 yl ierisinde tm komnist idealleri Sovyet mparatorluunun

4 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, New York: FreePress, 1992.5 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto.


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aralar haline getirmeyi ve sonuta kendi imparatorluklaryla bir-likte 1989 ylnda ykmay baarmlard.

Amerikal stratejist Zbigniev Brzezinski ise, Sovyetler Birliininknden sonraki durumu 19. yzyl imparatorluklar ana geridn olarak nitelendirmektedir. Ona gre, bu an en byk, ei-ne tarihte rastlanmam, gerek anlamda kresel imparatorluuAmerika Birleik Devletleri tarafndan kurulmutur ve yklmasneredeyse imkanszdr. Bu yargsn ABD ile tarihin byk impa-ratorluklar olan Roma, Byk Britanya ve Mool imparatorluk-larn karlatrarak pekitirir. Ona gre, ABD btn imkanlarn

seferber eiinde dnyann gelmi gemi en byk gcdr vekarsnda durabilecek baka bir g yakn bir gelecekte ortayakmayacaktr.6

ABDnin yaklak drt asr sren bat medeniyetinin iinden -kan en byk g olduunu kabul etmek gerekir. Sanayileme vekeierin getirdii yaylmaclk, ilk olarak Portekiz, spanya, Hol-landa, Byk Britanya, Fransa gibi imparatorluklarn dnya gcolarak ykselmelerini salamsa da, ABDnin dnya hakimiyeti

kendinden nceki batl glerin hakimiyetinden farkllk arzeder.Tarihte genellikle grlen igal yntemleri ve askeri g kullanmametodlar, ABD iin en azndan 2003 ylna kadar eski biimleriylegeerli deildir. 2003 ylndaki Irak igali de daha nceki igaller-den farkl olacaktr. ABD askeri gcn bir tehdit ve caydrma ara-c olarak kullanmakta, bylelikle politikalarn dier lkelere dikteedebilmektedir. Dnya siyasetinin istikrar ve kresel kontrol buekilde salanabildii ve korunabildii mddete bu durum devametmitir.

Siyaset bilimci ve stratejist Samuel Huntington ise, dikkatleribaka bir noktaya eviriyor, dnyann gelecekte medeniyetler ara-s byk atmalara sahne olacan syleyerek, bat medeniyetini(ABD ve Avrupa) buna hazrlanmaya davet ediyordu. Bu erevede,dnyay bat ve dierleri (the west and the rest) olarak ikiye blyor,dolays ile tm dnyay bat medeniyetinin karsnda gstererek,gelecek medeniyet savalarnn bat ile tm dier medeniyetler ara-

6 Zbigniev Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard; American Primacy and itsGeostrategic Imperatives, New York: Harper Collins Pub., 1997.


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snda cereyan edeceini ilan ediyordu. Bugn yaayan medeniyetle-ri tek tek karlatryor ve bat medeniyeti dndaki medeniyetlerin

bu sava kazanabileceine ihtimal vermiyordu.7

Durum gerekten byle midir? Pax Americana (Amerikan Bar-dzeni) kuruldu mu? Henz bir dzen kurulmad. Belirli belirsizbaz gstergeler de yok deil. 1950-1990 yllar arasnda sren SoukSava dzeninin biii kesin. Sovyetler Birliinin dalmas bu d-zenin bitiinin birinci iareti idiyse, on eski Dou Blou lkesininAvrupa Birliine ve NATOya katlm en son aamay oluturu-yor. Eski dzen bii, ancak yeni dzen henz olumad. Grnrde

Amerika Birleik Devletlerinin oluum srecinin banda bulunanyeni dzenin (ki bazlar oktandr Yeni Dnya Dzeni olarak ad-landrmaya balad) en temel aktr olacann belirtileri var. Buarada, Avrupa Birliinin bir sredir yeni dzen ierisinde aktif yeralma abalar da sryor. Bunu baarabilecek mi? Ya da uzun s-redir ekonomik ve askeri bir dev olma yolunda salam admlarlayryen in hangi konumu benimseyecek? slam dnyas bu s-rete nasl bir rol stlenecek? Medeniyetler arasnda bir uzlama m,

yoksa, atma m meydana gelecek?Bu adan, 9/11 olarak literatre geen, New Yorkdaki kiz Kule-lerin ve Amerikan Savunma Bakanlnn (Pentagon) bir ksmnnyklmas sonucunu douran saldry nasl aklayacaz? Bu sald-rlar henz kurulmakta olan Amerikan mparatorluunun sonunugetirmekte olan bir darbe midir, yoksa imparatorluun gerek ku-rulu yl mdr? Saldr sonrasnda gelien olaylara (Afganistan veIrak gali) bakldnda, byk bir imparatorluun kuruluuna vehakimiyet alanlarnn geniletilmesine dnk atlmlarn ivme ka-zanmas sreci gzlenmektedir. Ancak henz hi bir ey kesin deil.Olaylar hzla bir noktaya doru ilerliyor. nsanln nereye doruilerlediini kesin ifadelerle imdiden sylemek zor. Terr, atma,evre sorunlar, kitle imha silahlar, fakirlik, intiharlar, alkol ve uyuturucubamll: gelecekte dnya siyasetinin alaca ekil ne olacak? Herey belirsiz, herey bulank, herey karamsar bir tablonun ipular-n veriyor. nsanln byk bir ksm alk snrnda yayor. Haa

7 Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of WorldOrder, New York: Simon&Schuster, 1996.


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olduka byk bir insan kitlesi alk snrnn altnda yaayp l-yor. Birlemi Milletler (BM), Avrupa Gvenlik ve birlii Tekilat

(AGT), NATO gibi rgtlenmeler sorunlarn zmne yardmcolabilecekler mi? Souk sava dneminin kurumlar yeni dnemikuatabilecek midir?

Siyaset lozofu Thomas Hobbes, insann en temel ihtiyacnngvenlik yani kendi hayatn koruma veya varln srdr-me gds olduunu syler.8 nsan topluluklar, ona gre, srf buyzden zgrlklerinden fedakarlk etmiler ve devleti olutu-rarak onun muazzam hakimiyetine boyun emilerdir. Hobbesun

bunlar syledii gnlerden itibaren yzyllar geti. Birok ciddigelimenin varlna ramen, dnyann byk blmnde insanlarhalen geleceklerinden endie ierisindeler. Bu endienin en bykksmn yaamda kalabilmek endiesi oluturuyor. Dnyann biryerindeki greceli istikrar, gveni, huzuru ve maddi refah btndnyann tekilerine ramen srdrebilmek mmkn mdr?Marlboro Manin dier-teki blgelerdeki hakimiyetine ne zama-na kadar msamaha gsterilebilecek?

Maddi hayat ve canllar dnyas byk bir kirlilik ve iklim dei-iklii tehlikesi ile kar karya. Ozon tabakasndaki delik ciddi bo-yutlara ulayor, dnyann ss hzla artyor ve byk buzullar ya-va yava eriyor. Yeryz rmaklarnn nemli bir blmnde canlhayat tkenme noktasna gelmi, denizler petrol ve sanayi atklarierisinde maviliklerini kaybetmiler, kirli ve ldrc bulutlar biroraya bir buraya seyahat ediyor, nkleer santraller doay radyo-aktif maddeler ile dolduruyor, nkleer atklar ise patlamaya hazrbomba halinde ortaya kacaklar gn bekliyorlar. Tm bunlar yenidnemde zmlenebilecek mi? Gelecekte insanlar zgr, mutlu,karnlar doymu, gvenlik endielerinden kurtulmu, ocuklarnngelecei greceli olarak teminat altna alnm, evre sorunlarndanarndrlm bir dnyada yaayabilecekler mi? Yine insanln karkarya kald yoksulluk, yerel atmalar, siyasi istikrarszlk, ye-tersiz beslenme, salk sorunlar gibi insanlk dramlar ile mcadeleiin ne yaplacak?

8 Bknz; T. Hobbes, Leviathan, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.


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Yeni dnemde kim stnlk iddiasn tayorsa, btn bu sorun-larn zmne ilikin grleri oluturmak durumundadr; bunla-

r inandrc olarak ortaya koymak ve gereini yapmak zorundadr.Eskiye ve mevcuta artk tahamml edilemez bir noktaya gelinmitir.te, nemli sinyallerini yava yava grmekte olduumuz ve yeniolumakta olan dnya dzeni byle bir ortam ierisinde ilerliyor.

ABD, 1500l yllardan bu yana olduka ilgin bir ekilde evrildi.Bu devletin kurucular, oluum srecinin banda olan her devletgibi, idealler etrafnda toplanan ve bu idealleri hem toplumsal alan-da, hem de devlet hayatnda en st yerlerde muhafaza edeceklerine

inanyorlard. nsan haklar ve zgrlkleri, siyasal srelere vatan-dalarn katlm (demokrasi), insan hayatnn ve onurunun savu-nulmas, adalet, eitlik, hrriyet, insan emeine sayg gibi ideallerdibunlar. Bunlar sadece Amerikan toplumunun deil, giderek tmtoplumlarn idealleri olmalyd. Dnyada gerek bar ve huzur an-cak bu ekilde salanabilirdi.

Bu toplumun kurucular 1700l yllarda bu idealler uruna sa-vatlar. lkelerinden igalcileri (ngiltere, Fransa, spanya) kovma-

y baardlar. Bamszlklarn ilan ederek gl siyasi ve ekonomikkurumlar ina eiler. Btn bunlar yaparken kendileri dndakimilletleri dnecek fazla vakitleri olmad. Zaten gleri buna yet-mezdi. Ancak, zamanla kendi yakn evrelerine gz atmaya bala-dlar. nce Latin Amerika halklarna, sonra Pasik Okyanusununtesinde yaayanlara ulamaya altlar. Haa, 1. Dnya Savandaortaya kp bu ilkeler etrafnda barn salanmas iin ura ver-diler. Wilson Prensipleri adyla anlan belgeleri ortaya alar ve kalcbarn salanmas iin tm sorunlarn birlikte oturulup konuu-laca ve zme balanaca Milletler Cemiyetinin kuruluundanc rol oynadlar. Ancak, Hitlerin zuhur ediini ve dnyada yolat felaketi nleyemediler.

Fakat, 2. Dnya Sava ile artk sahneden inmemek zere oyununnemli bir paras oldular. Sava bii. Birlemi Milletler Kuruldu.Sovyetler Birliinin sebep olduu komnist tehdit de 1990l ylla-rn bandan itibaren sona erdi. Tek egemen g artk ABD oldu. B-tn bu sre ierisinde bata var olan ideallerin akland ve uy-gulamaya konulduu ABD kaynakl ciddi bir birikim olutu. 1776


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tarihli Bamszlk Deklerasyonu, Wilson Prensipleri, Birlemi Milletlernsan Haklar Evrensel Bildirgesi, Sava Kurallarna ilikin Cenevre

Konvansiyonu, Milletler Cemiyeti, Birlemi Milletler, LaHey (The Ha-gue) Adalet Divan, Avrupa Konseyi, Avrupa Birlii, Avrupa Gvenlikve birlii Tekilat gibi birok belge ve organizasyona ya dorudan,yada dolayl byk katk yaptlar. Her ne kadar souk sava ylla-rnda nemli iaretleri grnse de, en sonunda 1990l yllar ile ba-layan ve 11 Eyll 2001 tarihinde gerekleen kiz Kule saldrsndansonra tamamen aa kan farkl bir sre ilemeye balad.

ABD artk dnyada tek bana ve snrszca hareket etmeye ba-

lad. Artk insan haklar ile ilgili idealler Amerikay balamaz birgrnm arzetmeye balad. Bundan sonraki politikalarnda Birle-mi Milletler kararlarn kendi karlarna uygun dt ldeizledi, haa ou zaman dikkate dahi almad. Irakn Kuveyti iga-li ile balayan srete ilk nceleri oluturmaya alt meruiyettezlerini zamanla terkederek, BM kararlarna dahi ihtiya duyma-dan tek yanl hareket ei. Kuveytin igali sona erdirildikten sonraSaddam Hseyinin peine derek onu iktidardan uzaklatrmaya

alt. Bu uurda binlerce sivilin lmyle sonulanan ekonomikambargo ve zaman zaman da belirli noktalara hava operasyonlarnadevam ei. Sonuta, tm tarafsz gzlemcilerin raporlarnn hilafnadavranarak ve dzmece belgeler ile Irakda Kitle mha Silahlarnn(KS) varl tezine dayanarak ve ngiltereyi yanna alarak Irak2003 ylnda igal ei ve bu lkeye demokrasi ve insan haklar ge-tireceini syledi. gal ile birlikte kitle imha silahlarnn buluna-mamas ok aknlkla karlanmad. BM silah denetileri bu trbiyolojik, kimyasal veya nkleer silahlarn Irakda olmadn, mev-cut zayf haliyle Saddam rejiminin bunlar onyllar boyunca rete-meyecei sonucuna oktan varmlard.

ABD, Birlemi Milletler insiyati ile kurulan Uluslararas SavaSular Mahkemesini kuran szlemeyi imzalamamakta direnmek-tedir. Bylece ileride sava suu olarak nitelenebilecek eylemleriyapabileceini (gemite de yapm olabileceini) zmmen kabuletmi olmaktadr. Dnyann felaketi ile zde hale gelen evre so-runlar da artk Amerikann ilgisini ekmiyor. Btn dnya seragaz salnmnn (iklim deiikliine yol aan gaz) % 25ini tek ba-


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na gerekletiren ABD, bu gazlar azaltc nlemler ieren KyotoProtokoln imzalamay reddetmektedir. Amerikan ok uluslu ir-

ketleri krlarn tarihin hi bir dneminde grlmemi oranda yk-seltirken, fakir lkelerden kaynak aktarm had saaya ulayor.Alk eken milyonlarca insann varl bugn dnyann yaaden byk sorunlardan birisi iken, birka clz giriim dnda bykbir umursamazlk hakim. Peki, cowboy kementini serbestce sallaypavlarn ele geirmeye ne zamana kadar devam edebilecek? Kesinkonumak iin ok erken.

Dnyann bilinen tarihinde saysz imparatorluklar, devletler ve

devletikler geldi geti. Binlerce sava, atma ve g mcadelelerisiyasi tarihin nemli konular arasnda yerlerini aldlar. Bugne ka-dar elde edilen bilgilerin nda, devletleri harekete geiren temelunsurun g ve ulusal karn korunmas olduu rahatlkla sylen-mektedir. G aray, Kenneth Minogueun deyimiyle, iki komudevletin hudut askerinin birbirlerini atk kalarla szmelerindeolduu gibi en temel politika gds haline gelmitir.9 Adalet, eit-lik, hrriyet, insan hayat ve onuru gibi yksek idealler devletler

tarafndan giderek gzard edilmektedir.Bu adan bir genelleme yaplrsa, devletler tarihi, klasik anlam-da bir varolma, g aray ve refahn (sahip olunanlarn) korun-mas abasnn anlatmna dnmtr. Her devletin olduu gibi,Amerika Birleik Devletlerinin de kuruluunda ve sonrasnda iz-ledii politikalarnda en nemli etkenin yine bu g aray oldu-unda phe yok. Baka bir ifadeyle, kendi geliim sreci boyunca,devlet glendike daha fazla g ve nfuz araynn n plana ge-tii gzlennektedir. Ancak, ilgin olan nokta ise, tamamyle idealistunsurlardan (bar, demokrasi, insan onuru ve haklar, kleliinkaldrlmas, vs) yola koyulan bir devletin, geldii aama itibariyle,realizm ve pragmatizmin en byk temsilcisi haline dnmesidir.Bugn ABD tarafndan izlenen realist ve pragmatist politikalar ne-ticesinde, bu devlet tarafndan ulusal karn her hal ve ara enst seviyelerde gzetildiinin, idealist ilkeler asndan merula-trlamayacak sava ve igallere giriildiinin, baskc diktatrlerin

9 Kenneth Minogue, Siyaset ve Despotizm: ok Ksa ve zl bir Giri, Ankara:Liberte Yaynlar, 2002.


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desteklendiinin, sivil hedeere kar askeri operasyonlar dzen-lendiinin (sivil-asker ayrmna ok da fazla dikkat edilmediinin),

ABD yanls iktidarlarn ibana gelebilmesi ya da ABD kartiktidarlarn ibandan uzaklatrlmas iin gizli ak komplolarabavurulmasnn saysz rnei bulunmaktadr. ok daha ilgin vedndrc olan ise, btn bu kar siyasetinin, g araylarnnidealist ilkeler ile perdelenmeye allmasdr.

Bu alma, bugn dnyann hegemonik gc olma iddiasntayan bir devletin ykseliinin ve zaman ierisindeki evrimininksa yksdr. Bu erevede, ncelikle, ABDnin kurulmasna ve

zaman ierisinde g biriktirmesine deinilecek, sonra SovyetlerBirliinin k incelenerek, bu kn ABD asndan sonu-lar deerlendirilecektir. Son blmde ise, 11 Eyll sonras oluandurumun tahlili yaplacaktr. Sre yeni olduu iin bu konudakiyorumlarn bu zaman ve mekann snrlar ierisinde gelitiini birkez daha hatrlatmakta yarar var.


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