americas on eve of invasion chapter 11 directions: thoroughly read chapter 11, pgs 234-254 print the...
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Americas on Eve of InvasionChapter 11
DIRECTIONS:
• THOROUGHLY READ Chapter 11, pgs 234-254
• Print the PwrPt outline (select “handouts”, 3 slides per pg)
• Take notes AND answer the questions within the outline
Aztecs
Incas
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Historicize Serve as “RVCs”, but built on cornOlmec (800-400 BCE)
No writing, but impressive calendars & art Religious inspired: pyramids, statues
succeeded in 400 CE – 800 CE by:
Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500
MayaIn Yucatan PeninsulaImportant city-state = Chichén Itzá
TeotihuacanIn Central MexicoAmericas’ 1st great city
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Toltec Heritage1000 – 1150 CE
Empire in C. Mexico w/ military ethic & sacrifice Legend of Topiltzin & Quetzalcoatl Influence Anasazi & Hopewell groups
The Aztec Rise to PowerAztecs = militant & religious
Power drawn from military strength, connection to Toltec culture
Use marshy island to end wandering: Tenochtitlan
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The Aztec Social ContractExpansion & conquest
results in change
Aztecs: chosen to serve gods Ritual human sacrifice grows
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Religion & Ideology of ConquestPolytheistic: world of gods
connected to natural world Many deities, each w/ different manifestations
Worship grouped into 3 cults Gods of Fertility & Agriculture
example: Tlatoc
Gods of Creation
Gods of Sacrifice & Warfare example: Huitzilopochtli
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Religion & Ideology of ConquestMost important ritual = sacrifice
Human-Gods relationship Expansion of Toltec traditions under Aztec
Additional complexity: Spiritual unity Addressed life’s central questions Fatalistic view of world
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QUESTION SLIDE
Answer the following question in your note taking space:
Compare & contrast the Aztec religion with Hinduism.
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Feeding the People: The EconomyLarge population required large,
stable food source Tribute from conquered lands Traditional ag by peasants = chinampas
Social Structure Clans = farming (some set aside) Exceptions: Nobility, Pochteca
Heavily state-controlled
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Aztec Society in Transition
Widening Social GulfAztecs’ original social structure
Calpulli – clans organized the empire
All people belonged to one, but…
Ranked based on leadership, marriage, military achievements
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Widening Social Gulf Expansion: transforms classes
Clans weaken & class divisions emerge Classes reinforced by uniforms & clothing
1. Nobility Powerful administrators & powerful military leaders
2. Small middle group Scribes, artisans, healers, pochteca
3. Commoners Worked estates like serfs at will of nobles Class reinforced by clothing
4. Slaves
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Overcoming Tech ConstraintsWomen: complementary role but
subordinate Helped in fields & reared children Cooked & prepared food
Lack of technology Limited social development Political-religious system based on intimidation
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A Tribute Empire Gov’t = collection of city-states
1. “Great Speaker” = ruler of Tenochtitlan Acted as emperor
2. Prime Minister = chief advisor
3. Governing Council
4. “Speaker”
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A Tribute EmpireEmpire never fully integrated
Tribute concentrated power, but… Local rulers given independence
Success = domination, not administration
Failure = division, fear, tribute
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HistoricizeGeography of mtns dividing valleys
makes broad civilization difficult However, several small states of interdependent
regions: coasts, highlands, valleys Serve as “RVCs”, but built on potatoes
Chavin & Moche (1200-200 BCE): religious & architectural heritage
Huari & Tihuanaco (550-1000 CE): establish highland terrace ag in cultural hearth of Inca
Chimor (900-1465 CE): economic & artistic heritage
Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas
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The Inca Rise to Power1350 CE—clans of common
language draw on tradition Center empire around city = Cuzco Pachacuti: emperor united group, began
territorial expansion “Twantinsuyu” or “Inca Empire” formed
Armies conquer areas from Ecuador to Chile Controlled 3000 miles, 9-13 million people of
different ethnicities & languages
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Conquest & ReligionReason for expansion?
Split inheritance
Central to religion = cult of the Sun Temple of the Sun
Lesser local animistic deities Served at temples by clans, priests, & women Offerings & sacrifices given Centers of festivals, rituals
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Techniques of Inca Imperial RuleCentral authority, provincial
bureaucracy & local autonomy
Integration of diversity based on reciprocity
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Techniques of Inca Imperial RuleEconomic considerations
Communities aimed at self-sufficiency, supported by state control
Class considerations Equal & interdependent genders? Nobility & Priests vs. Yanas & Ayllus
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Inca Cultural AchievementsArtRecord keeping Infrastructure
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QUESTION SLIDE
Answer the following question in your note taking space:
Compare and contrast the Incas and Aztecs?
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How Many People?Estimates for Western
Hemisphere vary
Historical context
Other Peoples of the Americas
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Differing Cultural PatternsEcological variety =
development continuum Chiefdom societies
Mixed societies (agriculture & hunting)
Hunter-gatherer societies
Commonalities
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QUESTION SLIDE
Answer the following question in your note taking space:
In what ways do the Americas challenge our definition of civilization?
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World Context & Global Connections
Isolation from world system clearly mattered