American Women’s History

Basic SourcesForerunners

The Movement BeginsWoman Suffrage

Division in the MovementTaking it to the Streets: Activists and Reformers

19 th Amendment and ERA The Thirties through The Fifties

Second Wave: The Sixties and SeventiesThird Wave: Eighties, Nineties, and Beyond

Basic Sources

American Women’s History: A Research Guide<includes Subject Index to Research Sources, State Index to Research Sources, Research Tools: finding primary sources, Research Tools: finding secondary sources, and Shortcuts to Popular Sourceshttp://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women.html

Battle for Suffrage, 1848-1920.PBS American Experience overview essay of the history of the U. S. suffrage movement. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/peopleevents/pande09.html

Center for American Women and Politics<current and historical information on American women in politics, including data on the gender gap and voting patterns, as well as links to Women’s PACs.http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/~cawp/

History of African American women and gender<many essays on African American women’s history.http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/index-db.html

Internet Modern History Sourcebook <Scroll down for links to major sites on early feminism in USA, England, elsewhere:http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook18.html

Library of Congress (American Memory): Women’s History: 7 Collections<includes Broadsides and Printed Ephemera (ca. 1600-2000); Manuscript Division Selected Highlights; Woman Suffrage (books and pamphlets) 1848-1921; Woman Suffrage (photographs and prints) 1850-1920; Woman Suffrage (photographs) 1875-1938; Woman Suffrage (scrap-books) 1897-1911; and Women’s History, US-multiformat (American Women: A Gateway to Library of Congress Resources for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States): http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/

National Museum of Women’s History<”dedicated to preserving, interpreting, and celebrating the diverse historic contributions of women, and integrating this rich heritage fully into our nation’s history.”http://www.nmwh.org/

National Women’s History Project<focuses on the contributions of women throughout our history, and importantly, coordinates a project for ensuring that women and women’s roles are properly represented in American history texts.http://www.nwhp.org

The Roots of Individualist Feminism in 19th Century AmericaEssay by Wendy McElroy: http://www.wendymcelroy.com/fem1.htm

Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600-2000<an excellent site with numerous essays in the Documents section, as well as links to Archives and Webographies in Women’s History, Projects in Women’s History, Contemporary Women and Social Movements, and Teaching Links. http://www.binghamton.edu/womhist/

Women’s History Hotlist (Franklin Institute Resources for Science Learning)<largely focusing on US women and women’s history, this site is notable for its links to women in science, engineering, and history, with links as varied as soviet women pilots, women in Vietnam, quilting history, and women’s intellectual contributions to the study of mind and society.http://www.fi.edu/tfi/hotlists/women.html

Women’s History in America: presented by Women’s International Center <includes overview essay of women’s history, biographies of key American women in history, newsletter, awards, etc.http://www.wic.org/misc/history.htm

Women’s History Resources<U of Wisconsin Library’s in-depth resources for American Women’s History. Don’t miss it.http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/hist.htm

WWW-VL: History: USA: Women’s History<includes electronic research tools (links to reference, bibliography and link collections, electronic materials, collective and individual biography, important organizations, research and document centers, chronologies, topical issues, etc. http://vlib.iue.it/history/USA/women.html

Topics

Forerunners

Haudenosaunee Women and Descent through the Mother

“Government” Onondaga Nation: how Clan mothers select the chiefs for their people.http://www.onondaganation.org/government.html The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) and Feminism. http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/matrilineal.html

Knocking Down Straw Dolls: A Critique of Cynthia Eller’s The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won’t Give Women a Future. [Max Dashu explores the complexities of the argument about early societies in which women exercised real power, showing the flaws in Eller’s position.]http://www.suppressedhistories.net/articles/eller.html Onondaga Nation: The Onondagas are one of the six nations of the Haudenosaunee, known to European Americans as Iroquois. Clan mothers select tribal chiefs from among the most precocious boys; the chief serves in his role as long as he satisfies the mothers that he is acting for the good of the nation, but when he deviates from this, they can depose him. 258 C Route 11a, Onondaga Nation, Nedrow, NY 13120http://www.onondaganation.org/index.html Sisters in Spirit: Haudenosaunee Influence on Early American Feministshttp://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/book-sum/wagner4.html

Mary Wollstonecraft

Mary Wollstonecraft (brief biography)http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/marywollstonecraft.html Mary Wollstonecraft on Educationhttp://www.infed.org.uk/thinkers/wollstonecraft.htm Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft. [biography of Wollstonecraft, written by her husband, William Godwin, in entirety].http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_archives/godwin/memoirs/toc.html A Vindication of the Rights of Women [entire text, viewable chapter by chapter].http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WolVind.html http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/wollstonecraft/woman-contents.html

Abigail Adams

Biography: http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/abigailadams.html Letters to her husband on recognizing women: http://www.thelizlibrary.org/suffrage/abigail.htm National First Ladies’ Library (biography, bibliography of works, manuscript collections, and timeline): http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/

John Stuart Mill, “The Subjection of Women”

Modern History Sourcebook: “The Subjection of Women” [complete text online: Mill was among the first male feminists, and his essay remains an important contribution to early feminist thought].http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/jsmill-women.html John Stuart Mill. [Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry examines Mill’s life and thought, placing his feminist views in context of his other beliefs].http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/

Sarah GrimkéBiography: http://college.hmco.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/early_nineteenth/grimke_sa.html

Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (full text): http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/book-sum/grimke3.html Letter in Response to the Pastoral Letter: http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/340/grimkeletter.html The Power of Woman (review): http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-134257581.html

Margaret Fuller

Margaret Fuller biography:http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/fuller-m.html The Margaret Fuller Society. [with current events, articles, links, bibliographies, dissertations on Fuller].http://mendota.english.wisc.edu/~jasteele/index.html (Sarah) Margaret Fuller. [Fuller is not often given enough credit as a key precursor in the development of ideas leading to the Seneca Falls Declaration or as a major figure in the transcendentalist movement. Her Summer on the Lakes examined the lives of pioneer and Native American women in the Great Lakes region, and her Woman in the Nineteenth Century laid out an entire program of feminist empowerment.http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/fuller/ Summer on the Lakes. [Complete text online, with sources, chronology, bibliography, and related sites.]http://courses.washington.edu/hum523/Spring%201999/fuller/NoFrames.html

The Movement Begins: Seneca Falls. Stanton, Anthony, Sojourner Truth

Susan B. Anthony

Biography:http://www.susanbanthonyhouse.org/biography.shtml http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=13 Her Speech on a Woman’s Right to Vote: http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/anthony.htm Library and Papers of Susan B. Anthony at the Library of Congress:http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awrbc4/anthony.html http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/016.html The 1873 Trial of Susan B. Anthony. Tried for voting: biography, her letters concerning her vote, her speech on the right to vote, the complete trial record, her petition to Congress, the Supreme Court on the Right of Women to Vote, 19th Amendment text and history, ratification map, suffrage cartoons, links and bibliography): http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/anthony/sbahome.html Photocopy of an 1898 letter written by Anthony (view her handwriting), with brief bio and links: http://susanbanthony.net/

Library of Congress Seneca Falls Convention papers: a collection of newspaper clippings on the convention, kept by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,augmented by her daughter, and passed to the LOC—useful for the initial media reactions to the event: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr040.html

Lucretia Mott

Biography: http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=112 Lucretia Mott’s “Discourse on Woman” (December 17, 1849): http://gos.sbc.edu/m/mott.html

National Women’s Hall of Fame76 Fall Street P.O. Box 335, Seneca Falls, NY 13148Phone: 315 568 8060Website: http://www.greatwomen.org/home.php Email: greatwomen@greatwomen.org Includes permanent exhibit, artifacts of historical interest. Currently, there are 207 inductees; the Hall also hosts its annual Induction ceremony, celebrations, and events.

Report of the Women’s Rights Convention: minutes from the convention, with text of the Declaration: http://www.nmwh.org/exhibits/1848report.html

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (1848), founding document for the Suffrage Movement (complete text here):http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/Senecafalls.html http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/book-sum/seneca3.html http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/17.htm

Seneca Falls National Historic Park site: http://www.nps.gov/wori/

Sojourner Truth

Truth was the first to sound the note that white feminists need to recognize that women of color need recognition as well, and that their needs and sense of empowerment are often different from those of their white sisters. “Ain’t I a Woman?” (text of speech): http://afroamhistory.about.com/library/blsojourner_truth_womanspeech.htm Her biography, Narrative of Sojourner Truth, as dictated to Olive Gilbert: http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/truth/1850/1850.html Report on her famous speech at the Akron Convention: http://www.kyphilom.com/www/truth.html 1867 Speech delivered at the first annual meeting of the American Equal Rights Association: http://afroamhistory.about.com/library/blsojourner_truth_1867speech.htm

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Biography:http://www.nps.gov/archive/wori/ecs.htm http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=149 The Declaration of Sentiments: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/Senecafalls.html Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers at the Library of Congress: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/1998/ms998020.pdf Her address at the Seneca Falls Convention: http://www.nps.gov/archive/wori/address.htm Her address on “Solitude of Self” to the U. S. Congressional Committee of the Judiciary Hearing, January 18, 1892: http://gos.sbc.edu/s/stantoncady1.html Her comments on the book of Genesis in The Woman’s Bible: http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/blwomansbible02a1.htm Her speech on “The Destructive Male”: http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/stanton.htm The Woman’s Bible Index: http://www.sacred-texts.com/wmn/wb/

Susan B. Anthony HouseRestored with Anthony’s own furniture, the Anthony House sponsors many events, including the 19th Amendment Festival, the High Falls Film Festival (promoting films by women), a Legacy Race, reenactments, and an online newsletter. 17 Madison Street, Rochester, NY 14608Phone: 585 235 6124Website: http://www.susanbanthonyhouse.org/

Women’s Rights National Historical ParkWRNHP features a visitor’s center, the Wesleyan Chapel (site of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention that produced the famous Declaration of Sentiments and initiated the active pursuit of women’s rights in America), the Elizabeth Cady Stanton House, and the M’Clintock House. 136 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, NY 13148Phone: 315 568 2991Website: http://www.nps.gov/wori/

Woman Suffrage

African American Women and SuffrageBrief essay with links to African American women leaders.http://www.nmwh.org/RightsforWomen/AfricanAmericanwomen.html

Battle for Suffrage, 1848-1920.PBS American Experience overview essay of the history of the U. S. suffrage movement. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/peopleevents/pande09.html

Black Women Sent to the Back of the MarchRacism within the movement.http://womenshistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa010118b.htm

Carrie Chapman CattBiography of Catt and her work, with resources and links to papers and suffrage sites. http://www.iastate.edu/~isu150/history/catt.html

A History of the American Suffragist MovementTimeline of events.http://www.suffragist.com/timeline.htm

Ida B. Wells and the Alpha Suffrage Club of ChicagoBiography by Lee D. Baker: http://www.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html Ida B. Wells confronts race and gender discrimination: http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1996/iht319630.html

Lucy StoneBiography with links to other suffragist leaders and bibliographyhttp://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00663.html

Mary Church TerrellPresident of National Association of Colored Women and tireless advocate for suffrage.http://www.nmwh.org/RightsforWomen/Terrell.html

National Association of Colored WomenSpartacus overview: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAnacw.htm Official site: http://www.nacwc.org/intro.htm

Rights for Women: The Suffrage Movement and Its LeadersBrief essay on the 1910 reinvigoration of NAWSA. Links to pages on its leaders.http://www.nwhm.org/RightsforWomen/Reinvigorated.html

The Roots of Individualist Feminism in 19th Century AmericaEssay by Wendy McElroy: http://www.wendymcelroy.com/fem1.htm

Suffrage: A Research GuideExtensive bibliography of sources for detailed research.http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-suffrage.html

Suffragists Oral History Project<oral histories of leaders and participants in the woman suffrage movement. FIND THIShttp://library.berkeley.edu/BANC/ROHO/ohon-line/suffragists.html

Votes for Women<comprehensive site with links.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawshome.html

The Civil War

Civil War Nurses: http://www.civilwarhome.com/civilwarnurses.htm

<Clara Barton, nurse and founder of the American Red Cross: http://americancivilwar.com/women/cb.html

<Dorothea Dix: teacher, advocate for the mentally ill and poor, and eventually Superintendent of Union Army Nurses. She was once called “Dragon Dix” because she wouldn’t accept anything less than professional behavior, and General W. T. Sherman noted that “she ranks me.”http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/dorotheadix.html http://www.civilwarhome.com/dixbio.htm

<Hearts at Home: Southern Women in the Civil War: http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/hearts/

<Research Guide: The Civil War Period. Extensive bibliography with links:http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-cwar.html

<timeline, links to other pages, and photos, diaries, letters, personal papers of women during the war. http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/scriptorium/civil-war-women.html

<The Women’s Civil War: http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/bull/cwwomen.html

<Women were there: soldiers and physicians: http://userpages.aug.com/captbarb/femvets2.html

Division in the Movement: AWSA, NWSA: NAWSA

American Woman Suffrage AssociationLucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, the Women’s Journal: the less militant wing of suffrage, AWSA was primarily concerned with gaining the right to vote.http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWawsa.htm

National Woman Suffrage AssociationElizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony: NWSA grew out of the anti-slavery movement and the Seneca Falls demand for equality and the right to vote, but they also opposed the fourteenth and fifteenth amendment as unjust to women. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWnwsa.htm

National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, 1848-1921Library of Congress site features a timeline, related resources, images and illustrations, etc.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawshome.html

National American Woman Suffrage Association Records, 1894-1922Index of records at the New York Public Libraryhttp://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/rbk/faids/nawsa.pdf

Taking it to the Streets: Activists and Reformers

The British Example: Pankhursts and ActivismBritish Women’s Suffrage: activists and organizations, British women in the 19 th century, pressure groups, strategy and tactics, and parliamentary reform acts: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/resource.htm British Women’s Suffrage: multiple links, timeline, Scotland Yard spy photos of suffragettes:http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrageengland/Womens_Suffrage_British.htm Suffragette homepage: chronological story, images, key individuals, essays and external links, etc.: http://www.suffragette.co.uk/ Emmeline Pankhurst: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WpankhurstE.htm Emmeline Pankhurst: My Own Story, 1914. Excerpts from her autobiography:http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1914Pankhurst.html Christabel Pankhurst: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WpankhurstC.htm Sylvia Pankhurst: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WpankhurstS.htm Sylvia Pankhurst brief bio: http://sylviapankhurst.gn.apc.org/sylvia.htm Sylvia Pankhurst: Suffragette and Class Fighter. Essay by Jen Pickard.http://www.marxist.com/women/sylvia_pankhurst.html Sylvia Pankhurst Memorial Committee: http://sylviapankhurst.gn.apc.org/

Jane Addams and Hull House

Jane Addams Biography, with links and Further Reading: http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/ja_bio.html Hull House: http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/615.html Hull House Association: http://www.hullhouse.org/ Hull House Museum: http://wall.aa.uic.edu:62730/artifact/HullHouse.asp The Children’s Bureau: History and connection to Hull House: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAchildrenB.htm Adoption History Project: U. S. Children’s Bureau: http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~adoption/people/uscb.html Official site: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/

Florence Kelley and Labor Reform Florence Kelley biographies: http://www.boisestate.edu/socwork/dhuff/history/extras/kelly.htm http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/kelley.html Kelley on women, labor, and the power of the ballot: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5314/ The National Consumers’ League: http://www.nclnet.org/ and http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/national-consumers-league.htm Guide to the National Consumers’ League Files, 1904-1955: http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL05235.html

The Triangle Shirt Waist Factory Fire: this fire claimed the lives of 146 workers, mostly immigrant women, and was a seminal event in the organization of workers for decent working conditions; it also highlights the plight of working women during this era.The fire (with numerous documents): http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/narrative1.html The trial: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/triangle/trianglefire.html Essay by Doug Linder on the fire and trial: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/triangle/triangleaccount.html

Margaret Sanger and Birth Control About Margaret Sanger: background and brief biography: http://www.msu.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Sanger/Information.html Biography: http://www.gale.com/free_resources/whm/bio/sanger_m.htm Women’s eNews commentary on her legacy (reproductive freedom and racism), by Julianne Malveaux: http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/618 Planned Parenthood on Margaret Sanger’s legacy and project: http://www.ppct.org/facts/research/sanger.shtml In Her Own Words: “The Pivot of Civilization”: http://swiss.csail.mit.edu/~rauch/abortion_eugenics/sanger/

Emma Goldman: anarchist, advocate of sexual freedom, women’s independence, radical education, union organization and worker’s rightsJewish Women’s Archive biography: http://www.jwa.org/exhibits/wov/goldman/over.html The Emma Goldman Papers: a guide to her life and documentary sources: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/ In Her Own Words: the Emma Goldman Reference Archive, with her essays on numerous topics: http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/index.htm Emma on “The Philosophy of Atheism”: http://www.spunk.org/texts/writers/goldman/sp001502.html Emma on “Minorities versus Majorities”: http://ickevald.net/resistance/againstmassEmmaGoldman.htm

Emma on being deported: “I glanced up—the Statue of Liberty!”: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/15/

Alice Paul and the Hunger Strikers: Pushing the IssueAlice Paul biographies: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/people/1800s/paul_alice.html and http://www.alicepaul.org/alicepaul.htm 1913 Suffrage Parade: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/aw01e/aw01e.html Official Program of the Parade: http://womenshistory.about.com/library/pic/1913/bl_p_191301.htm National Woman’s Party: http://www.sewallbelmont.org/mainpages/aboutus_nwp-history.html Photos and timeline of the National Woman’s Party: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/suffrage/nwp/brftime.html Detailed Chronology of the National Woman’s Party:http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/suffrage/nwp/detchron.pdf Tactics and Techniques of the National Woman’s Party Suffrage Campaign: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/suffrage/nwp/tactics.pdf Hunger Strikes: Starving for Woman Suffrage: Ruza Wenclawska/Rose Winslow’s testimony: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5336/ Treatment of Suffragist Hunger Strikers at Occoquan Work House:http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage1900/a/suffrage_brutal.htm The Trials of Alice Paul and other NWP members: http://law.jrank.org/pages/2806/Trials-Alice-Paul-Other-National-Woman-s-Party-Members-1917.html The ERA: http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/

19 th Amendment and ERA

Alice Paul and the 19th Amendment: http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS122/Paul_Alice.html

Chronology of the ERA: http://www.now.org/issues/economic/cea/history.html

“Do we discard protective legislation for women?”: Two Labor Union Officials Voice Opposition to the ERA: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/7018/

Equal Rights Amendment homepage: http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/

Equal Rights Amendment. National Organization of Women page gives information on current push for adoption of the amendment: http://www.now.org/issues/economic/eratext.html

New York Times articles on Passage of the 19th Amendment, 1919-1920:http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1920womensvote.html

The Nineteenth Amendment and the War of the Roses: story of the ratification vote in Tennessee, with the tie-breaking of Harry Burn, who voted for suffrage because his mother urged him to “do the right thing.” http://www.blueshoenashville.com/suffragehistory.html

The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment, with introduction, pertinent cases, list of questions, and chronology of the ERA: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/era.htm

Social Revolution and the ERA. Jo Freeman’s analysis of why the ERA failed in 1973 and on its current relevance: http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/socrevera.htm

U.S. Constitution: 19th Amendment. FindLaw site gives amendment text, annotations, and pertinent legal cases: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment19/

U. S. Senate site: Vote for Women 1878-1920. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/A_Vote_For_Women.htm

Woman Suffrage and the 19th Amendment, with supporting documents from 1868 (“A Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution”) to the Ratification of August 24, 1920.http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/woman-suffrage/

Women’s Fight for the Vote. Introductory essay, articles on “Congress and Women’s Suffrage,” “The Ratification Fight,” and New York Times articles on ratification, as well as cases and a ratification map: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteentham.htm

The Thirties through The Fifties

Women and the Labor MovementA History of Women in Industry (overview of the entire history through WW II; click on “Depression/WWII” for this period): http://www.nwhm.org/exhibits/womenindustry_intro.html ILGWU Records at Cornell University: http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL05780.html International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union: http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/ilgwu.htm ILGWU organization and strike in Texas: http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/II/oci2.html ILGWU 1936 San Antonio strike photos: http://www.nlc.edu/~msimon/ilgwupics1.htm “Look for the Union Label”: the famous song advertising ILGWU and other union products:http://unionsong.com/u103.html Women’s Labor History Links: http://www.afscme.org/publications/10404.cfm Women’s Trade Union League: WW I to 1950: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/worklaborunions/a/wtul_4.htm

Women in The Great DepressionAmerican Women’s History Research Guide: Depression and the New Deal: http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-depression.html#bibliog Aspects of the Great Depression, by Tania Springer (overview with some discussion of women’s changing roles): http://history.binghamton.edu/resources/bjoh/depression.htm Dorothea Lange photos from the Great Depression:http://www.freedomvoices.org/pholist.htm Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement: http://www.catholicworker.com/ The Great Depression (changing roles): http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/snprelief1.htm Making Do: Women and Work. Three interviews with women who lived through the Great Depression: http://rs6.loc.gov/wpaintro/women.html

Women’s Work Relief During the Great Depression, by by Martha H. Swain: http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature49/women.htm

Women in World War IIAmerican Women’s History Guide to World War II: http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-wwii.html#bibliog Eleanor Roosevelt’s speech on V-J Day: http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/documents/speeches/doc026453.cfm Rosie the Riveter (women who entered the workforce en masse during the war): http://www.rosietheriveter.org/ and http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/journey/rosie-transcript.html and http://de.essortment.com/whowasrosieri_rslx.htm and http://womenshistory.about.com/od/rosie/Rosie_the_Riveter_Women_in_the_Factories_of_World_War_II.htm Women’s Army Corps (WACs): http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/wac/wac.htm Women Accepted for Voluntary Services: U. S. Navy, Marines, Coast Guard, Sea Services (WAVEs): http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/prs-tpic/females/wave-ww2.htm and http://www.womenofthewaves.com/ and http://www.mariner.org/women/military/waves.htm Women and the Homefront During World War II: Women’s Contribution to the War:a page with an enormous variety of links on many topics: http://www.teacheroz.com/WWIIHomefront.htm

The FiftiesAfrican American Women 1950-1959: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/aframwomentimeline/a/aaw1950_time.htm Lorraine Hansberry (first African American playwright to make it on Broadway, creator of first Pan-African-American heroine: http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~cybers/hansberry2.html / links to articles about A Raisin in the Sun: http://www.ncteamericancollection.org/awg_hansberry_lorraine.htm Rosa Parks and Civil Rights: the woman who changed a nation: Bio based on 1996 interview: http://www.grandtimes.com/rosa.html and Rosa Parks Institute for Self Development: http://www.rosaparks.org/ and article by Rita Dove: http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/parks01.html Mrs. America: Women’s Roles in the 1950s: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/p_mrs.html “Politics is a Pretty Personal Thing with Women”: a 1950s Look at the Impact of Women Voters: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6563/ Eleanor Roosevelt’s 1948 speech, “The Struggle for Human Rights”: http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorroosevelt.htm Eleanor Roosevelt and Human Rights (with her writings, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights): http://www.udhr.org/history/Biographies/bioer.htm What Happened to Rosie? http://honors.umd.edu/HONR269J//projects/hchunt/paper.htm A Woman’s Role in the 1950s: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/13216/a_womans_role_in_the_1950s.html Women and Marriage: The 1950s Hangover: http://www.cyberparent.com/women/marriage6.htm Women in Military Service: 1950s: http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/rr/s01/cw/students/leeann/historyandcollections/history/lrnmre1950s.html Women in the 1950s Workplace: http://honors.umd.edu/HONR269J//projects/hchunt/main.htm Wonder Woman and the Progression of Women’s Attitudess in the 1950s:http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/13465/wonder_woman_and_the_progression_of.html

Second Wave: The Sixties and Seventies

Birth Control Pill: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Birth-Control-Pill.html

Boston Women’s Health Book Collective: Our Bodies, Our Selves (break-through book in the women’s health movement): http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/about/history.asp and http://www.collectivejourneys.org/stories/bwhbc.html

Susan Brownmiller: Against Our Will (first book to define rape as a crime of power and intimidation rather than sex, Brownmiller launched a revolution in understanding the treatment of of both victims and perpetrators of this crime): http://www.susanbrownmiller.com/susanbrownmiller/index.html

But Some of Us Are Brave: A History of Black Feminism in the United States:http://www.mit.edu:8001/activities/thistle/v9/9.01/6blackf.html

But Some of Us Are Brave: The Courage and Vision of the SisterLove Women’s AIDs Project, by Layli Phillips: http://www.uga.edu/~womanist/phillips3.1.htm

Shirley Chisholm (cofounder of NOW, first African American woman in Congress and first woman to run for President): http://nh.essortment.com/shirleychisholm_ruol.htm and http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000371 . Her legacy:http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0104-20.htm

Coalition of Labor Union Women: http://www.cluw.org/about-leadingway.html and http://www.unionvoice.org/unionwomentakeaction/home.html

The Combahee River Collective Statement (Black Feminist Organizing): http://www.buffalostate.edu/orgs/rspms/combahee.html

Angela Y. Davis, legendary black feminist: http://humwww.ucsc.edu/HistCon/faculty_davis.htm , interview: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/133.html

Equal Pay Act (1963): http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/epa.html and http://nc.essortment.com/equalpayact_rvwx.htm

The ERA: with introduction, pertinent cases, list of questions, and chronology of the ERA: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/era.htm and Jo Freeman’s analysis of why the ERA failed in 1973 and on its current relevance: http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/socrevera.htm

Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A 1964 review of The Feminine Mystique by Evelyn Reed: http://www.marxists.org/archive/reed-evelyn/1964/friedan-review.htm “Madison Avenue versus The Feminine Mystique: How the Advertising Industry Responded to the Onset of the Modern Women’s Movement”: http://www.asc.upenn.edu/courses/comm334/Docs/femads.pdf “The Problem That Has No Name” (Chapter One):

http://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan1.html / “The Happy Housewife Heroine” (Chapter Two): http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst203/documents/friedan2.html “The Sexual Solipsism of Sigmund Freud” (Chapter Five): http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/friedan.htm Betty Friedan and the Radical Past of Liberal Feminism, by Joanne Boucher: http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue35/boucher35.htm

Catherine MacKinnon and Sexual Harassment Law (MacKinnon pioneered sexual harassment law and helped redefine behavior in the workplace: http://www.de2.psu.edu/harassment/generalinfo/background.html http://cgi2.www.law.umich.edu/_FacultyBioPage/facultybiopagenew.asp?ID=219

Kate Millett: Sexual Politics (a book which examined the previously unrecognized power politics of patriarchy): http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/millett-kate/sexual-politics.htm and http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/book-sum/millett.html

Patsy Takemoto Mink (first woman of color in House of Representatives): http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m000797 http://www.ptmfoundation.net/home.shtml

National Black Feminist Organization: http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fem/wallace.html

National Organization for Women (founded 1966): http://www.now.org/history/purpos66.html and http://members.aol.com/aacdrcnnea/1966now.htm and http://www.now.org/

National Women’s Political Caucus (1971): http://www.nwpc.org/

The Pill and the way it changed America (with Contraceptives Timeline): http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/

The Pill: a short history: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/250337.stm

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (Kennedy Administration, 1961): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women

The Redstockings Manifesto (1969): http://fsweb.berry.edu/academic/hass/csnider/berry/hum200/redstockings.htm

Reed v. Reed (1971): http://www.supremecourthistory.org/05_learning/subs/05_e01.html and http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0404_0071_ZO.html

Roe v. Wade (1972): http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.html

Title VII, 1964 Civil Rights Act (first law to prohibit discrimination on basis of sex): http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/vii.html

Title IX (prohibits sex discrimination in schools, thus paving the way for girls’ and women’sAthletics and other educational activities):: http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm and http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html

The Women’s Liberation Movement: Its Origins, Structures, and Ideas, by Jo Freeman:http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/womlib/

Third Wave: Eighties, Nineties, and Beyond

Madeleine Albright, first woman Secretary of State: http://secretary.state.gov/www/albright/albright.html

Antioch College Sexual Offense Prevention Policy (an important milestone in the development of such policies at colleges): http://www.antioch-college.edu/Campus/sopp/index.html

Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards, Manifesta: young women, feminism, and the future: Excerpt: http://www.feminist.com/resources/artspeech/genwom/whatisfem.htm Review: http://kimallen.sheepdogdesign.net/Reviews/manifesta.html Review: http://www.soundthesirens.com/reviews/books/book-manifesta.php A manifesto for Third Wave, with interview of Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards:http://www.alternet.org/story/9986/?page=1 Translating Third Wave Theory into Third Wave Activism: http://www.gwu.edu/~medusa/thirdwave.html

Beijing Women’s Conference: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/index.html and http://www.jofreeman.com/womenyear/beijing.htm and Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/e5dplw.htm

Carol Moseley Braun (first woman of color in the U. S. Senate): http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m001025 http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=17&category=politicalMakers

Amy Cohen vs. Brown University (case that strengthened Title IX): http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&case=/data2/circs/1st/952205.html&friend=nytimes

Equal Pay for Equal Work: http://www.stateaction.org/issues/issue.cfm/issue/EqualPay.xml

Eve Ensler and The Vagina Monologues: http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/606.cfm and http://www.vday.org/contents/vday/aboutvday/eveensler

Failure of the Equal Rights Amendment (1982): Jo Freeman’s analysis of why the ERA failed in 1973 and on its current relevance: http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/socrevera.htm

Susan Faludi and Backlash (1991): chapter one: http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst203/documents/faludi.html , reviews of Backlash: http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/faludi.htm , and the Mother Jones interview:http://www.motherjones.com/arts/qa/1999/09/faludi.html

Feminism’s Generation Gap, by Stephanie Herman:http://www.rightgrrl.com/steph/femgap.html

Feminist Majority Foundation: a major resource for contemporary feminists: http://www.feminist.org/

Geraldine Ferraro: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000088Also: http://www.suffragist.com/gf.htm

Carol Gilligan: In a Different Voice was a major milestone in discussions of women’s psychology, and Gilligan remains a major feminist philosopher: http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/gilligan.html , selected passages: http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/gilligan2.html , her moral development theory: http://www.psychology.sbc.edu/Gilligan.htm

The Guerrilla Girls (feminist guerrilla artists): http://www.guerrillagirls.com/ \Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Supreme Court Justice): http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/ginsburg.bio.html

Anita Hill and Sexual Harassment: http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/hill/hilloutline2.htm The Hearings (with Reading List): http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/H/htmlH/hill-thomash/hill-thomas.htm Ten years later: http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2002/april3/anitahill-43.html

bell hooksBiography: http://www.education.miami.edu/ep/contemporaryed/Bell_Hooks/bell_hooks.html Resources: http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/hooks.htm Links page: http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/litlinks/essays/hooks.htm bell hooks on education, by Barry Burke: http://www.infed.org/thinkers/hooks.htm bell hooks on “Racism, Gangsta Rap, and the Piano”: http://race.eserver.org/misogyny.html bell hooks on “Sisters of the Yam: Feminist Opportunism or Commitment to Struggle? Roiphe’s ‘The Morning After’ ignores the connection between maintaining patriarchy and condoning male violence against women.” http://race.eserver.org/sisters-of-the-yam.html Interview: Challenging Capitalism and Patriarchy: http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/dec95hooks.htm Excerpts from Feminism is for Everybody: http://www.gwu.edu/~medusa/2001/hooksII.html

Independent Woman’s Forum (an important site for current feminists): http://www.iwf.org/

International Women’s Issues (a major turn in American feminism, attending to feminist issues worldwide; see our own International Links: http://www.grcc.edu/ShowPage.cfm?PageID=12404

Lilith Fair (founded by Sarah McLachlan, this celebration of women’s music toured from 1997-1999 and raised awareness of women’s music: http://www.lilithfair.com/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilith_Fair

Madonna (damned by some as a setback to feminism and lauded by others for her masterful control of her own career, Madonna remains a controversial figure: http://ndnd.essortment.com/madonnabiograph_otk.htm Germaine Greer’s criticism: http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2006/07/30/madonna_blasted_by_feminist_author

Madonna and Textual Feminism: http://www.npboards.com/blog/?p=4

Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival (first offered in 1976, the festival is the oldest continuously running women’s music festival run, staffed, and performed by women. It is held on permanently established festival grounds near Hart, Michigan: http://www.michfest.com/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Womyn's_Music_Festival

Sandra Day O’Connor: Cornell U page on her career, with text of her opinions/decisions in a variety of cases: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/oconnor.bio.html Realistic Solutions to Feminist Fears, by Jessica McFadden (a review of means by which theory intersects with feminist activism): http://ayjw.org/articles.php?id=563526

Janet Reno (first woman Attorney General of the United States: http://www.wic.org/bio/jreno.htm

Dr. Sally Ride (first American woman in space): http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/ride-sk.html and http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96may/ride.html

Riot Grrls: http://eamusic.dartmouth.edu/~wowem/electronmedia/mish/riot-grrrl.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl and http://www.cs.xu.edu/~tankgirl/twelvelittlegrrrls/papers/mediagrrrl.html

Third Wave Feminism (a variety of sites defining the interests of young and contemporary feminists): http://www.livejournal.com/talkread.bml?itemid=9827282 and http://www.3rdwwwave.com/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-wave_feminism A manifesto for Third Wave, with interview of Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards:http://www.alternet.org/story/9986/?page=1 Generational rift with older feminists: http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/920/context/cover “The Personal is Political”: Third Wave Feminism and the Study of Gendered Organizations:www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/ejrot/cmsconference/2001/Papers/Gender/Cullen.pdf Third Wave Foundation: http://thirdwavefoundation.org/about/growth Toward a Third Wave Feminist Legal Theory, by Bridget J. Crawford (abstract):http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=887914 Translating Third Wave Theory into Third Wave Activism: http://www.gwu.edu/~medusa/thirdwave.html Young Women / Third Wave Links: http://www.feminist.com/resources/links/links_yw.html

U. S. Women’s Soccer Team and the Women’s World Cup (1999): http://womenshistory.about.com/library/weekly/ucwomenssoccer.htm http://www.womensoccer.com/usawomensworldcup99.html http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/1999/womens_worldcup/

Violence Against Women Act (1994, 1998): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act http://www.now.org/issues/violence/vawa/vawa1998.html full text (176 pages): www.nrcdv.org/docs/Mailings/2004/NRCDVNovVAWA.pdf

Naomi Wolf and The Beauty Myth (1991):Excerpt from The Beauty Myth: http://www.smccd.net/accounts/mathur/beauty_myth.doc

Wolf’s commencement address at Scripps College (“A Woman’s Place”): http://gos.sbc.edu/w/wolf.html Review: http://homestar.org/bryannan/wolf.html

Women at Work: Shifting Demographics: http://www.commondreams.org/pressreleases/Aug98/083198a.htm