By, Tyson Gannon

*American Revolution Part 1

*Ch. 14 The Atlantic*News

* The increased volume and predictability of shipping improved the flow of transatlantic information, eroding the colonial sense of isolation.

* Increased information from home-and greater colonial dependence upon it-stimulated the development of colonial newspapers.

* The London news afforded a barometer of political stability and foreign relations-both of great importance as the colonists became more involved in transatlantic commerce and more vulnerable to imperial warfare.

*Ch. 14 The Atlantic

*Trade

* During the eighteenth century, trade within the empire became increasingly complex.

* Rather than a simple, bilateral trade between the colonies and Britain, the empire developed a multilateral trading system that used bills of exchange drawn on London merchant firms to balance regional credits and debits.

* The improved flow of information and more complex patterns of commerce boosted economic growth in the colonies.

*Ch.15 Awakenings

*Establishments

*Most colonies’ founders believed that public morality, political harmony, and social order required religious uniformity.

*On pain of fines, jail, and whipping, they required the colonists to attend, and pay taxes for, one “established” church.

*At the end of the seventeenth century, most colonies offered less religious toleration than did the mother country.

*Ch.15 Awakenings*Growth and

Limits

* Despite the difficult conditions, every colonial region developed an extensive and conspicuous array of churches.

* Despite the impressive extensive growth in religion, many ministers complained that only a declining minority of adults qualified for full church membership and communion.

* In addition to the many denominational divisions, colonial churches were developing an internal rift between evangelicals and rationalists.

*Ch.17 The Great Plains

*Villagers and Nomads

* Until about A.D. 800 the Great Plains belonged to many small and dispersed bands of hunter-gatherers, who traveled on foot.

* Life in permanent, substantial, and prosperous villages encouraged the development of an elaborate annual cycle of religious ceremonies meant to ensure the continued success of crops and hunting.

* Nomads were mostly known as being buffalo hunters.

* Unlike the villagers, the nomads lived year-round in many small mobile camps with few possessions, little time for ceremonies, and scant surplus food.

*Ch.17 The Great Plains

*Horses and Guns

* The association of Great Plains Indians with the horse is relatively recent and depended upon the colonial intrusion.

*During the 18th century, as they obtained horses, the great plains peoples also acquired firearms.

* They sought guns to defend their villages and raid their enemies, but they continued to rely on the bow for hunting buffalo.

*Ch. 18 Imperial Wars and Crisis

*Renewed War

*During the 1720s and 1730s the dominant British politician, Sir Robert Walpole, preferred stability and peace over the costly uncertainties of a renewed war with France.

* In the press and Parliament, the war party fanned public outrage over the severe treatment of British sailors and smugglers by Spanish colonial authorities.

*Ch. 18 Imperial Wars and Crisis

*Balance of Power

* Savvy imperialists recognized that Indians determined the military balance of power within North America.

* Skilled at guerrilla warfare, Indians dominated the forest passages between the rival empires.

*A prolonged war depleted the supplies in New France and Louisiana, obliging more Indians to make peace with British officials so that they could obtain trade goods.