american revolution declaration of independence shot heard around the world constitution federal...
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Unit 2 causes of the american revolution
American Revolution Declaration of Independence Shot Heard around the World Constitution Federal Govt takes shape George Washington alliance with the
French
The French and Indian War
British Suggested that the colonies organize under a federal govt. This was called the Albany plan of union.
The French and Indian War was the British and its Indian allies and the French and its Indian allies.
Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1763. Ending French power in North America. Britain the loan super power in North America
Discontent
1763 Natives started attacking forts and towns
Proclamation of 1763- This limited western settlement from going across the Appalachians mountains
Taxes Sugar act- changed tax rates on sugar,
molasses imported from foreign colonies. (also silk, wine, coffee, pimento)
Taxation w/o represntation
Proclamation line of 1763
Stamp Act Crisis
Stamp act 1765- required for most printed material . Newspapers, pamphlets, wills, dice, and
playing cards
Declaratory act- which gave England the power to make laws for the colonies.
Townshend Acts- Charles Townshend introduced a new set of Regulations and taxes Revenue act of 1767- new customs
duties on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea. Allowed for writs of assistance- British officials
right to seize property without following due process.
Boston Massacre Sons of liberty encouraged colonist
to support the boycott of British goods.
1770 British troops fired into colonist in Boston killing a man named Crispus Attucks.
This became known as the Boston massacre.
Son’s of Liberty tarring and feathering tax collectors
Britain started intercepting colonist ships in the Atlantic ocean smuggling goods.
Thomas Jefferson- wanted colonies to create committee of correspondence-communication between colonies what Britain is doing. Unified colonies more
Boston Tea party
Dec. 1773 tea ships arrived from British east India company and colonist boarded ships and dumped tea in harbor. Became known as Boston tea party.
Boston Tea Party led to British passing the Intolerable acts. Boston harbor closed Military governor over Massachusetts Expanded Canadian boarder.
1st continental congress
First Continental congress met in Philadelphia. 1774 Wrote the declaration of rights and
Grievances- which expressed loyalty to the king but condemned the coercive acts.
A plan for every town to boycott British goods
Revolution Begins
. Town of concord created a special unit called the minutemen Minutemen- trained and ready to fight
the British at a minute’s warning.
Colonist divided
Loyalists- remained loyal to the king and felt British laws should be upheld. Govt. officials, merchants, landowners
Patriots- thought the British were tyrants. Artisans, farmers, planters, urban
workers
First shots of the war.
General Gage were going to seize a supply depot in concord.
To get there British army need to pass through Lexington.
Paul Revere and William Dawes were sent to Lexington to warn the people the British were coming (midnight Ride)
Dr. Samuel Prescott went to warn people of concord.
Midnight ride of Paul Revere
Shot Heard Around the World First shots of the war were at
Lexington . This is the shot heard around
the world. Concord there were about 400
minutemen. They pushed back the British.
Battle at bunker Hill Battle of bunker Hill- colonist turned
back two British advances. Proved colonist could stand with the
British army.
Decision for Independence
July 1775 Continental Congress sent the olive branch petition to the king. Stated the colonist were still loyal to the king
Same time radicals in Congress had ordered an attack on British troops in Quebec.
Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet called common sense which inspired the colonist to call for independence.
July 4 1776 Committee approved a document Thomas Jefferson had wrote most of the Declaration of Independence
The continental congress issued the Declaration of independence
The American Revolution had begun.
The two sides
British Gen William Howe commander of a
disciplined, well grained, and well equipped British army.
Continental Army- Army of colonist George Washington commander Was inexperienced, poorly equipped and had
difficulty keeping soldiers
British army had to fight the continental army and local militias. Militias often used Guerilla warfare- hid
behind trees, walls and then ambushed troops British needed to win war quickly before
public opinion changed. .
Northern Campaign
George Washington planned unexpected winter attacks on the British mercenaries called Hessians at Trenton an Princeton, NJ
He Lead his troops across the Delaware river.
Continental Army camped at Valley Forge for the rest of the winter.
Conditions were terrible at valley forge but Washington trained his army
Saratoga- is where 5000 British troops were taken prisoners and was the turning point of the war. This convinced France to send troops
Feb 1778- Americans signed two treaties with France. France 1st country to recognize the U.S. as
independent country
War at sea
American Warships attacked British merchant ships to disrupt trade.
Congress issued letters of marque- licenses to private ships owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships.
Southern Campaign
The British started focus attention on south, they thought they had more loyalist support
. Charles Cornwallis took over for Clinton in
south.
War in South
Battle at kings mountain- the militia destroyed the loyalist army. This battle was turning point of war in the south.
Francis Marion (swamp Fox)- most famous person who led hit and run raids on British camps.
We won the war.
Spring 1781 British invaded Virginia, hoping to keep the south
General Cornwallis linked up with Benedict Arnold to conquer Virginia.
Cornwallis troops had to retreat to Yorktown.
American and French troops surrounded Yorktown and the British surrendered on Oct 1781.
Treaty of Paris was signed on September3, 1783. British recognized the U.S. as a new nation
with Mississippi River as it western border.
Chapter 5 section 1
Nov 1777, continental congress adopted the articles of confederation. – loose union of that states under congress. 1st govt of United States
Articles- had power to declare war, raise armies and sign treaties .
National level could not impose taxes or regulate trade and only met once a year.
Shay’s rebellion- Massachusetts 1786 raised taxes
Farmers could not pay tax. Daniel shay led a rebellion with about 1200 farmers. They tried to seize a state arsenal.
This showed the weakness of the articles of confederation. Needed a stronger national govt.
Articles are Weak
Weaknesses Federal govt Could not tax Congress needed 9 states to pass a law Congress had no power to enforce laws Did not provide for a governor or courts States could ignore laws
United States won its independence from england. Peace treaty of Paris 1783.
People who supported a strong central govt. were called nationalist. Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander
Hamilton Virginia Plan
National govt. made up of 3 branches of Govt. Congress would be two houses(bicameral)
based on population Benefited large states.
New Jersey Plan
Wanted to Revise the articles to make central govt. stronger
Congress single house(unicameral) with each state having equal representation
Benefited small states
Compromises
Great Compromise House of Representatives- states represented
according to population Senate would have equal representation Voters elected house of representatives State legislature would choose the senators
Three-fifths compromise- for every five enslaved people they would count as three free person. Determining Representation and taxes
The new constitution would need 9 our of 13 states to ratify it.
3/5 and great compromises deal with representation in congress
Constitution
Constitution based on popular sovereignty- rule by the people.
Federalism- divided govt. between national and state
Separation of powers among the 3 branches Legislative- make laws(two houses) Executive – enforce laws Judicial –interpret
Montesquieu said need 3 branches (S o P)
5 Principles of the Constituion
1 .Checks and balances Keeps one branch from becoming to
powerful. Each branch can check or restrain the power of the other.
Amendments- change to constitutionProposal has to have 2/3 of
congressRatified by 3/4 of the states.
2. popular sovereignty- will of the people
3. Rule of law
Government is also limited by the rule of law. This means that the law applies to everyone
4. Separation of Powers
This split of authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is called the separation of powers. Baron de Montesquieu came up with
separation of powers
5. Federalism
Under federalism, power is shared by the national government and the states. Americans must obey the laws of both.
Federalist- people who supported the constitution.
Antifederalists- opponents of the constitution. They wanted a bill or rights Example John Hancock and Patrick Henry
The federalist explained why the constitution should be ratified in The Federalist papers. Written by James Madison, Alexander
Hamilton and John Jay
George Washington and James Madison presented strong arguments at the Virginia convention for ratification
A bill of rights was added and Virginia ratified constitution
By 1788 all but two states had ratified the constitution .
Bill of rights is the first 10 amendments James Madison is known as the father of
the Constitution
George Washington became the 1st president. Alexander Hamilton became head of the
treasury department. Judicial branch and the first federal judges
was established. John jay 1st chief justice of supreme court.
Alexander Hamilton got the bank of the united states started by using the necessary and proper clause.
Whisky Rebellion- Hamilton got a tax on American Whisky.
Western farmers were mad and started a rebellion.
Washington had to send 13,000 troops in. This showed the new constitution
was strong not like the articles
First two political parties
Congress split over Hamilton’s financial plan
Federalist- (James Madison,Hamilton and John Adams) strong national govt. in the hands of the wealthy
Republicans- ( Jefferson)- believed strength came from its independent farmers.
Washington’s Foreign Policy
Civil war in France- known as the French revolution
1793 France Declared War on Britain. Washington issued a proclamation that
U.S. would be neutral .
Jay’s Treaty gave Britain right to seize American cargo U.S. got most-favored nation status-
American merchants would not be discriminated against when they traded with Britain
Pinkney’s treaty- gave the U.S. right to navigate the Mississippi and deposit goods in New Orleans.
Washington farewell address
Avoid sectionalism Warned against political parties Entangled alliances United States should be neutral
(policy of Neutrality)
French angered over jay’s treaty stopped American ships. Adams sent negotiators to France. This became known as XYZ affair
Wanted a bribe