american involvement. prime minister (1946– 1955) president (1945– 1969) of the north vietnam,...
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American Involvement
Prime Minister (1946–1955)
President (1945–1969) of the North Vietnam, called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Lost power in late 1950s, but remained a figurehead
President of South Vietnam
Nationalistic Catholic Anti-communist Corrupt and
despotic
A US destroyer on patrol off the coast of Vietnam was torpedoed by No Vietnamese
Johnson asked and was given a resolution from the US Congress to engage in conventional warfare in Southeast Asia without a formal declaration of war
Secretary of Defense
Most important policy-maker of the Vietnam War
American military commander
Strategy of “attrition”, in other words, measured success in battle not by territory claimed, but by number of enemy killed
“body counts”
US sides with anti-communist South Vietnam even though its government is corrupt
ARNV (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) South Vietnam
North Vietnamese aided by
Vietcong (insurgents in the South fighting for the north; enemy of US)
A strategy of gradually intensified bombing of North Vietnam
Strategic; did not include airfields or missile sites under construction where Chinese or Soviet advisors would be; did not include dikes or dams or anything that would hurt civilian population;
January 30, 1968 Usually Tet had been observed as a truce time
General Westmoreland has just issued a statement that the enemy had been dispersed
North and Vietcong attacked key cities and every major American base in South Vietnam 30,000 from North or Vietcong were killed
Major psychological blow to the US Could the public believe military or
government officials? Presidential advisors began to devise plans
to disengage, believing goal of holding communism out of South Vietnam unlikely.
“Vietnamization” Rely on the Vietnamese to make
determinations
strengthen South Vietnamese military and government
disarm anti war movement at home by replacing US soldiers with So Vietnamese
negotiate with both North Vietnam and Soviet Union
intensive bombing
1968 there were 543,000 US troops in Vietnam
1971 reduced to 140,000 During the last four years of the war,
20,000 Americans died
Spring 1969 Nixon began a secret bombing campaign in Cambodia
April 1970, Nixon ordered a joint ARVN –US invasion of Cambodia
My Lai Massacre, March 1968 US Army Company tortured and
massacred a village of between 350 to 500 people
It was not reported until a year later Lt William Calley put on trial beginning
November 1970 He was the only one convicted
June 1971, publication of the Pentagon Papers, a secret government study critical of US policy in Vietnam.
Daniel Ellsberg, who worked on the project but did not feel anyone paid attention, gave a copy to the New York Times
Later published in book form
the New York Times said that the Pentagon Papers "demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress, about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance"
To ensure the possibility of public debate about the content of the papers, U. S. Senator Mike Gravel (D-Alaska) entered 4,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds.
After that, it could not legally be suppressed
US sent 2.6 million soldiers to Vietnam US spent more than $150 billion Unsuccessful in preventing the
unification of Vietnam under a communist government
Today the country is known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
North Vietnam’s poor economy made it need substantial assistance from China and Soviets In 1967 alone, China provided 600,000 tons of rice,
and small arms, ammunition; The Soviets contributed (to compete with China)
tanks, fighter planes, surface-to-air missiles, and other weapons.
Determination of the population Ability of the North Vietnamese government to
dispatch tens of thousands of citizens in the effort
Would a more aggressive (military) strategy have brought the Soviets and or China into the war?
Can strategic bombing work as well in the third world guerilla war as between major industrial powers?
Why did Johnson not do a full out bombing campaign? Concerned (like Truman) about upsetting China
that had nuclear weapons and 700 million men