American HistoryAmerican History

Mr. Phipps Mr. Phipps

American HistoryAmerican History

Mr. Phipps Mr. Phipps

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1914

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1914

Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestInterest

Alfred T. Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Argued that world domination requires naval superiority, and became the textbook for imperial strategists.

Military/Strategic Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Kipling: The White Man’s

BurdenThe Races of

Men

Social Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist Thinking

The responsibility of great civilizations to spread civility, culture, and Christianity to the savages, uncouth, and pagan.

American Missionariesin China, 1905

Traveling westward, from Hawaii to the Far East, Christian missionaries were often persecuted by existing

governments--the persecution than used as an example of how

uncivilized the “pagan” was.

Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

Closing the American Closing the American FrontierFrontier

Posited by Frederick Jackson Turner and other ardent expansionists, the “closing of the frontier” required the United States to expand in order to survive.

Hawaii became and American protectorate

in 1849, a result of economic treaties and internal pressure from

American sugar plantation owners.

Becoming AmericanBecoming American

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

The deposed queen of Hawaii, forced to relinquish her throne with increased pressure from internal interests, forced to

abdicate by her pro-American husband.

Reciprocity Agreement, 1875

McKinley Tariff, 1890

Hawaiian Abdication, 1893

Hawaiian Queen Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniLiliuokalani

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

To The Victor Go the SpoilsTo The Victor Go the Spoils

The annexation of Hawaii resulted in “pineapple fever” across the

United States, and prompted Hawaiian parties amongst the elite

of Washington, complete with luaus and leis.

Commodore Matthew Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan, Perry Opens Up Japan,

18531853

The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

Commodore Matthew Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan, Perry Opens Up Japan,

18531853

The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

The Opening of the OrientThe Opening of the Orient

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Japan recognized the Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants Japanese immigrants holding passports issued holding passports issued by other countries.by other countries.

The U.S. government The U.S. government forced integration of San forced integration of San Francisco schoolsFrancisco schools

1908 1908 Root-Root-Takahira AgreementTakahira Agreement..

Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry CabotSenator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)

Non-European Non-European powers,powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from excluded from owning territory in owning territory in the Western the Western Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

$7.2 million$7.2 million

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

““Seward’s Icebox”: Seward’s Icebox”: 18671867

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the U.S.Ambassador to the U.S.

The Letter: Criticized The Letter: Criticized President McKinley as President McKinley as weak and a bidder for weak and a bidder for the admiration of the the admiration of the crowd, besides being a crowd, besides being a would-be politician who would-be politician who tries to leave a door tries to leave a door open behind himself open behind himself while keeping on good while keeping on good terms with the jingoes terms with the jingoes of his party.of his party.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltAssistant Secretary of Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American nationalist.American nationalist.

Criticized President Criticized President McKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his position to Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.

The The “Roug“Roug

h h RidersRiders

””

The The “Roug“Roug

h h RidersRiders

””

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with and to Hell with Spain!Spain!

How prepared was the US for war?

How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War“That Splendid Little War

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

Great Great administrator.administrator.

William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the General of the

PhilippinesPhilippines

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: The Treaty of Paris: 18981898Cuba was freed from Cuba was freed from

Spanish rule.Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofRico and the island ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid Spain The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the $20 mil. for the Philippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomes an The U. S. becomes an imperial power!imperial power!

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against the Campaigned against the annexation of the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of Philippines and other acts of imperialism.imperialism.

Considered acts of Considered acts of imperialism to be un-imperialism to be un-AmericanAmerican

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

LeagueLeague

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

Cuba was not to enter into any Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its that would endanger its independence.independence.

The U.S. could intervene in Cuban The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent gov’t.efficient, independent gov’t.

Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. station.

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Cuban Cuban Independence?Independence?

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898

1900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..

PR became an “unincorporated territory.”PR became an “unincorporated territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

Constitutional rights were not automatically Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.extended to territorial possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898

1917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

Full territorial statusFull territorial status

Elected their own Elected their own legislators & governor legislators & governor to enforce local laws.to enforce local laws.

Could NOT vote in US Could NOT vote in US presidential elections.presidential elections.

Could be drafted or Could be drafted or serve in the militaryserve in the military

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

1850 1850 Clayton-Clayton-Bulwer TreatyBulwer Treaty..

1901 1901 Hay-Hay-Paunceforte TreatyPaunceforte Treaty. .

Philippe Bunau-Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent Varilla, agent provocateur.provocateur.

Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.

Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau-Varilla TreatyVarilla Treaty..

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

Panama CanalPanama Canal

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: the Monroe Doctrine:

19051905……Chronic wrongdoing… may Chronic wrongdoing… may

in America, as elsewhere, in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require ultimately require intervention by some intervention by some civilized nation, and in the civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United adherence of the United States to the Monroe States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the Doctrine may force the United States, however United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the or impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police powerinternational police power

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1882

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1882

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

Immigrant Immigrant

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

Taft’s Taft’s “Dollar “Dollar

Diplomacy”Diplomacy”Improve financial Improve financial opportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital to Use private capital to further U. S. interests further U. S. interests overseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability should create stability and order abroad that and order abroad that would best promote would best promote America’s commercial America’s commercial interests.interests.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.where he was murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.fought against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.the country.

Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.power in Mexico.

Emiliano Zapata

Emiliano Zapata

Venustiano Carranza

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U.S. should be The U.S. should be the conscience of the conscience of the world.the world.

Spread democracySpread democracy

Promote peacePromote peace

Condemn Condemn colonialismcolonialism

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

U.S. Global Investments &U.S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin Investments in Latin

America, 1914America, 1914

U.S. Interventions in U.S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-Latin America: 1898-

1920s1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”