AMERICANAND

JAPANESEOCCUPATION

ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEYAGUINALDOPH

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TREATY OF PARIS

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BATTLE IN MANILA BAY

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WORLD WAR II

INVASION

COMMONWEALTH

TUTELAGE

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TERRITORY

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ATTL

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HUKBO NG BAYAN LABAN SA HAPON

MACARTHUR

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ARCHBATAAN

INSU

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CYFI

LIPI

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ESIS

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LIBE

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RETALIATION

CORREGIDOR PEARL HARBOR BOMBING

ALLIED FORCES

IMPERIAL JAPANESE GOVERNMENT

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BASE

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LINGAYEN GULF

LUIS

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PUPPET GOVERNMENTPRESIDENT JOSE P. LAUREL ACQUISITION

American Occupation• Before the Battle in Manila• Aguinaldo’s Return• Philippine Independence• US Infantry Arrives in Manila• Mock Battle in Manila• Americans Occupy Manila• Malolos Congress• Treaty of Paris• Philippine-American War• The Capture of Aguinaldo• Philippines as U.S Territory• Commonwealth Period

Japanese Occupation• Japanese Invasion• The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor• Bataan Death March• Japanese Occupation• Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon • End of Japanese Occupation

BEFORE THE BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)• April 22 – U.S Asiatic Fleet under Admiral Dewey

anchored in the British Port of Hong-Kong.• April 23 – U.S Consul-Gen Pratt of Singapore was

informed by the arrival of Aguinaldo. Telegraph a letter of affirmation of Aguinaldo’s allegiance.

• April 24 – Received the response of Dewey notifying Aguinaldo to come join him.

• April 25 – Dewey was notified that war had begun and ordered to go to the Philippines and capture or destroy the Spanish vessels. Same day, left HK due to British neutrality regulation and anchored at Mirs Bay, China.

BEFORE THE BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)• April 26 – Aguinaldo sailed off going to Hong-Kong with

30,000 insurgent as land troops for the U.S forces.• April 27 – American squadron raised anchor and left

Mirs Bay going to Manila without any Filipinos on board.• May 1 – American squadron destroyed the antiquated

Spanish Fleet commanded by Admiral Patricio Montojo in Manila Bay.

• May 2 – Dewey notified Spanish Governor-General that Manila-Hong-Kong cable should remain neutral but later refuse thus, Dewey dredge up and cut the cable, ending the direct flow of information out of the Philippines.

AGUINALDO’S RETURN (1898)Since Dewey had no force with which to occupy Manila nor attack

the city, Dewey blocked the harbor and cabled Washington and asked for reinforcement.

• May 16 – Consul-Gen. Wildman of Hong-Kong, succeeded in getting Aguinaldo and his staff off for Manila on board the USS McCulloch.

• May 19 – Aguinaldo arrived in Manila and met Dewey.• May 24 – Aguinaldo proclaimed his revolutionary

government and summoned the people for his purpose of driving the Spaniards out forever.

AGUINALDO’S RETURN (1898)• May 29 – Aguinaldo visited Dewey on board stating his

expectation to make general attack by May 31st.• May 31 – Aguinaldo launched the attack and did not

succeed entirely but was able draw a cordon to Spaniard troops trapping them inside Manila.

• Early June – Aguinaldo’s forces had overwhelmed Spanish garrisons in Cavite and around Manila, surrounded the capital and kept the Spaniards inside Manila until American troop reinforcement could arrive.

PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE (1898)

• June 12 – Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Filipinos and the birth of Philippine Republic under the protection of the mighty and humane North American Union.

U.S INFANTRY ARRIVED in MANILA (1898)• June 30 – 1st American Infantry troops under Brig. Gen

Anderson arrived in Manila. Started positioning the troops around Manila and secure the line of advance pending the arrival of General Merritt.

• July 17 and 31 – 2nd and 3rd expedition under Brig. Gen. Greene and MacArthur respectively arrived in Cavite harbor.

• July 25 – Major General Merritt arrived and take over the command of American troops and together with Filipino insurgent battled against Spanish troops.

Purposefully, Merritt and Dewey left Aguinaldo out of any plans and preparations regarding the capture of Manila.

MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)• August 4 - Gov. Gen Jaudenes replaced the former gov.

gen. and devised a way to salvage the honor of his country.

Negotiations were carried out and a secret agreement was made between the governor and American military commanders

concerning the capture of Manila.

The Spaniards would put up only a show of resistance and, on a prearranged signal, would surrender..

The Spanish feared that the Filipinos were plotting to massacre them all. There was great fear that if the city fell to Aguinaldo

and his revolutionary forces, there would be hell to pay.

MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)• August 12 – signing of peace protocols between

American government and Spanish government.• August 13 – mock battle in Manila was staged, with

American Spanish commanders unaware that peace protocols had been signed few hours earlier before the battle commenced.

As the battle continue between America and Spain, Filipinos came to join in aid with the American forces unaware of the scripted

battle.

The staged battle ended after the Gen. Merritt answered upon the request of 600-700 American troops inside Intramuros to

protect Spanish troops from the Filipinos.

AMERICANS OCCUPY MANILA (1898)• August 13 – Gen. Merritt cabled US Army Adjutant-

General according to the increasing demand of a joint occupation in Manila.

• August 17 – Merritt received the following reply:"The President directs that there must be no joint occupation with the insurgents. The United States in the possession of Manila City, Manila Bay,

and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces. The

insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President. Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this

end. All law-abiding people must be treated alike."

MALOLOS CONGRESS (1898)• September 15 – A congress was opened in Malolos,

Bulacan to draw up a constitution for the First Philippine Constitution.

The Congress proceeded to elect its officers, namely, Pedro A. Paterno, President; Benito Legarda, Vice-President; Gregorio

Araneta, First Secretary; and Pablo Ocampo, Second Secretary.

• September 29 – The congress ratified the independence proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.

TREATY of PARIS (1898)• October 1– American and Spanish delegates opened

discussions in Paris to end the Spanish-American War.

On the same day, at Washington, D.C., Philippine ambassador Felipe Agoncillo and his secretary, Sixto Lopez, met with

President William McKinley but his request that Filipinos be represented at the Paris peace talks was rejected.

• December 10 – The Treaty of Paris was signed, thus ending the Spanish-American War. Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico and Cuba was granted its independence; in return, the US paid Spain the sum of US $20 million for the Philippines.

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899)• February 4 – Hostilities broke after two American

private on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, Manila.

This incident sparked the Philippine-American War, which would cost far more money and took far more lives than the Spanish–

American War.

• March 31 – Revolutionary capital, Malolos was captured but Aguinaldo and his government escaped to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.

• June 5 – Antonio Luna was killed by Aguinaldo’s guard in apparent assassination.

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899)• November 12 – Aguinaldo ordered a shift to guerilla

warfare which brought out frustrations to the Americans to capture the said leader.

• December 2 – Gregorio del Pilar was killed in the Battle of Tirad Pass.

With his best commanders dead and his troops suffering continued defeats, Aguinaldo and his force was pushed further into

Northern Luzon.

The CAPTURE of AGUINALDO (1901)

• February 8 – Six tired and famished guerillas surrendered at Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija including Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldo’s messenger.

Segismundo pinpointed the village of Palanan, in mountainous Isabela Province, as Aguinaldo’s headquarters and told Funston that there was

no more than fifty guards at Palanan in defense for Aguinaldo.

• March 23 – Aguinaldo was captured and brought to Manila.

Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to

lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war.

PHILIPPINES as U.S TERRITORY (1901-1930’s)• 1901 – Civil government was established in the

Philippines proclaiming William Howard Taft as the 1st American Gov. Gen. replacing the military governor Arthur MacArthur Jr.

Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the

responsibilities from the U.S Army.

• 1907 – Elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated becoming the lower house of the bicameral legislature, with appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house.

PHILIPPINES as U.S TERRITORY (1901-1930’s)• 1916 – Passage of Jones Act in which promised eventual

independence and instituted an elected Philippine Senate.

Under the U.S Government, the Philippines gradually developed. English language became the official language of the land and

industrialization flourished.

• 1920’s – Alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors-general, depending on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers vis-à-vis the Philippine legislature. Members to the elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete independence from the United States. Several independence missions were sent to Washington, D.C.

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1930’s-1940’s)• 1933 – The United States Congress passed the Hare-

Hawes-Cutting Act as a Philippine Independence Act.

Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from the Philippines, it was opposed by Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon, partially because of provisions leaving the

United States in control of naval bases. Under his influence, the Philippine legislature rejected the bill.

• 1934 – A revised act known Tydings-McDuffie Act was finally passed.

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1930’s-1940’s)

The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of

transition to full independence.

The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self-governing, though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required approval of

the United States president.

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1930’s-1940’s)

• March 1935 – A constitution was framed and approved by Franklin Roosevelt.

• May 14 1935 - a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles similar to the U.S. Constitution.

• 1935 – The commonwealth was established, electing Manuel L. Quezon as the president.

JAPANESE INVATION (1941)

• December 8 – Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines hours after the attack of Pearl Harbor.

Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places and launched a pincer drive on Manila. Aerial bombardment was followed by

landings of ground troops in Luzon.

MacArthur's indecision, combined with his poor military judgment and slackness in his command structure, led to the destruction

of half of his air force on the ground and his troops being denied adequate supplies to withstand a lengthy siege.

JAPANESE INVASION (1942)

Under the pressure of superior numbers, MacArthur and the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay where they

entrenched and tried to hold until the arrival of reinforcements, meanwhile guarding the entrance to Manila Bay and denying

that important harbor to the Japanese. But no reinforcements were forthcoming. Meanwhile the Commonwealth government

seek refuge in the Corregidor Island.

• January 2 – Manila was declared an open city and was occupied by the Japanese Arm Forces.

The FALL of BATAAN and CORREGIDOR (1942)

• March 1942 – Quezon and Osmeña fled the country and went to Washington D.C. carrying the Commonwealth government in exile. While MacArthur fled for Australia and promised to return.

• April 9, 1942 – The fall of United States-Philippine Forces on the Bataan Peninsula.

• May 6, 1942 – The final surrender of United States-Philippine Forces on Corregidor.

BATAAN DEATH MARCH (1942)

• April 9, 1942 – The Bataan Death March

Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the

infamous "Bataan Death March" to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as many as

10,000 men, weakened by disease and malnutrition and treated harshly by their captors, died before

reaching their destination.

BATAAN DEATH MARCH (1942)

JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)

The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the

Philippines.They initially organized a Council of State through which

they directed civil affairs

• October 14, 1943 – Japanese declared the Philippines an independent republic, headed by the President Jose Laurel.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)

Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese.

Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored political institutions - which later became a major domestic political issue-was

motivated by several considerations.

Among them was the effort to protect the people from the harshness of Japanese rule (an effort that Quezon himself had advocated), protection of family and personal interests, and a

belief that Philippine nationalism would be advanced by solidarity with fellow Asians.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)

Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by increasingly effective underground and guerrilla activity

that ultimately reached large-scale proportions. Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000

people were in guerrilla organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese underground were even

more numerous.

Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP)

One major resistance group in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis

Taruc, a communist party member since 1939.

• February 1942 – In Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting and agreed upon to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army.

Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP)

One major resistance group in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army organized in early

1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a communist party member since 1939.

• February 1942 – In Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting and agreed upon to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army.

The Huks armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon.

End of Japanese Occupation(1944)

• October 20, 1944 – MacArthur's Allied Forces landed on the island of Leyte accompanied by Osmeña, who had succeeded to the commonwealth presidency upon the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944.

Landings in other parts of the country followed, and the Associates pushed toward Manila. The landing was followed (Oct. 23–26)

by the greatest naval engagement in history, called variously the battle of Leyte Gulf and the second battle of the Philippine Sea.

End of Japanese Occupation(1945)

A great U.S. victory, it effectively destroyed the Japanese navy and opened the way for the recovery of all the islands.

• January 1945 – Luzon was invaded by MacArthur’s Forces and Manila was taken in February.

• July 5, 1945 – MacArthur announced “All the Philippines are now liberated.”

September 2, 1945 – Japan’s formal surrender to the U.S Forces.

The Japanese had suffered over 425,000 dead in the Philippines. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and monstrous physical

destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, and Manila was extensively damaged.