AMERICA IN WWII

1941-1945

The Allies

•ABC- 1 Agreement• Agreement with G.B.

• Get Germany first

• Foundation for American military strategy

• Held off the war in the Pacific for time being• Almost lost = Needed Time

Shock of War

• Executive Order 9066• Japanese = 110,000

• Pacific Coast

• Sabotage

• Concentration Camps = Internment Camps = Topaz

• Korematsu v U.S.• 1988

• $20,0

• U.S. unites• Ethnic groups = no division

• 00 = Camp Survivor

War Machine• Military Orders• $100 Billion = 1942• Snapped economy into order

•War Production Board (WPB)• Factories = Weaponry

• Bullets, aircraft, ships, tanks, machine guns

• Henry J. Kaiser• Shipbuilder = miracle man

• 14 Days

• Conserver Rubber• Japan invades Dutch East Indies = British Malaya• Speed Limit / Conserve gasoline

War at Home• Farmers increased output

•Office of Price Administration (OPA)• Inflation = Brought prices under control

• Regulations

• Ration Books• Meat, butter, gas

•National War Labor Board (NWLB)• Imposed ceiling on wage increases• Union membership increased

•Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act = June 1943• Authorized federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries

• Criminal offense = Strike against any government operated industry

Womanpower• Armed services• 15 million men

• 216,000 women

• Noncombat duties

• (WAAC’s) • Women’s Army Auxiliary

Corps

• (WAVES)• Navy

• (SPAR’s) • Coast Guard

• (WASPS)• Women Airforce Service Pilots

Cont.• Women• 6 million worked in the factories

• 3,000 Day Cares set up

• “Rosie the Riveter’s”

• Foreshadowed a revolution• Roles of women

Wartime Migrations• Accelerated South’s economy• Defense Contracts

• Federally financed Industrial facilities = $6 Billion

• Great Migration• African Americans

• Tensions over employment

• Philip Randolph• “Negro March on Washington” =

1941

• Demand equal opportunities = war jobs

• Roosevelt issues executive order• Forbids discrimination in defense

industries• Fair Employment Practices

Commission (FEPC)• Monitor compliance

• Membership increased in NAACP

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) = 1942• Nonviolent

Mexico•Bracero Program• Shorthanded = Factories/Farms• Agreement with Mexico = 1942

• Thousands of Mexican Agricultural workers = Braceros

• Harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West

Native Americans• Native Americans• Moved from Reservations

• Cities

• 25,000 served in Armed Forces• Navajos / Comanches

•“Code Talkers”• Incomprehensible to Germans

Holding Home Front

• War invigorated the economy• Took us out of Great Depression

• Macy’s = 1944• Anniversary of P. H. • Rang up biggest sales in history

• Americans had it good

• National debt skyrocketed• $10 Million an hour• War time bill = $330 billion

The Pacific

• Japanese overran the Pacific capturing:• Hong Kong• Dutch East Indies• French Indochina• Guam

• Malaya• Wake Island• Burma• Solomon Islands• Thailand• Much of China

Cont.

• Philippines• 80,000 American and Filipino troops battled the Japanese for control

•Douglas MacArthur• Commander of Allied forces

on the islands• “Backs against the wall”• Bataan• MacArthur ordered to leave

Doolittle’s Raid

• April 18, 1942• Lieutenant Colonel James

Doolittle• Led 16 bombers

• Bombed Tokyo• Surprise attack

• All 16 aircraft were lost • 11 crewmen were killed

/captured• The crews of 14 - in their

entirety returned

• Lifted spirits

Midway• Strategic Island north of Hawaii

• June 3, 1942• Scout planes found Japanese fleet = broke the code• Planes still on decks of carriers

• Japanese lost • 4 aircraft carriers• 1 cruiser • 250 planes

• “Avenged Pearl Harbor”

• Turning point• Began “island hopping”

Japanese Defense

•Kamikaze• Suicide-plane attacks• Crashed bomb-laded planes into Allied ships

• Philippines• 424 Kamikaze pilots • 16 ships sunk• 80 damaged

Iwo Jima• Critical to the U.S. as a base• Heavily loaded bombers might

reach Japan• 25 Day assault• Feb – March 1945

• Most heavily defended spot• 20,000 Japanese troops• Tunnels/Caves

• 4,000 marines died taking island

• Only 200 Japanese survived

Okinawa

• April 1945• U.S. Marines invaded

Okinawa

• Japanese unleashed 1,900+ Kamikaze attacks• Sinking 30 ships• Damaging 300+

• Fighting ended on June 21, 1945• 50,000 American casualties• 110,000 Japanese casualties

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Halting Hitler

•“Wolf Packs”• 1942• 500 merchant ships sunk• 111 in June

• Radar• Allies gain upper hand = 1943

Stalingrad• August 1942• Defend at all costs• Oil Fields

• Industrial Center

• Conquering house by house

• Winter• Soviets roll in fresh tanks• Surround Germans = Cut off

supplies

• Germans surrender • Jan. 31, 1943• Huge Death Tolls on both

sides

North Africa

• Assault on French-held North Africa• November 1942

•Dwight D. Eisenhower• Joint allied operation

• 400,000 men

• 850 ships

• German-Italians were trapped in Tunisia

• Surrendered in May 1943

Italy

• January 1943• Churchill/ FDR = Casablanca Conference

• Morocco (Africa)

• Step up Pacific War• Invade Sicily = Pressure on Italy

• “Unconditional Surrender”• Destroy governments

• Sicily falls August 1943• Mussolini kicked out

• Killed

• Italy surrendered unconditionally = Sept 1943

D-Day

• Big 3 meet• Stalin, Churchill, FDR• Tehran = Iran• Nov. 28 – Dec. 1, 1943• Cross Channel invasion

• June 6, 1944

• Dwight D. Eisenhower• Operation Overlord

• Normandy = Northern France• Omaha Beach

• Air / Land bombardment• 4,600 Vessels

• Force of 3 million

• 7 days of fighting• 80 miles strip of land

• 567,000 tons of supplies

• July 25

• George S. Patton = “Blood-n-Guts”• Gap in German Lines

• August 23 • Reached Seine River• 2 days later France liberated

• Sept. 1944• France, Belgium, Luxemburg freed

Battle of the Bulge• December 16, 1944• Belgium• Hitler wanted to split forces

• Last big push

• G.B. / American

• Captured 120 POW’s• Moved into large field =

mowed over

• Raged for 1 month

• Pushed Germans back• Huge loses

• 120,000

• 1,600 planes

• 600 tanks

• Germany could not recover

Election 0f 1944• Republicans = Thomas E. Dewey• Governor of New York• New Dealism / Change

• Democrats = FDR• Vice President = Truman• 4 Terms? / War

• FDR wins 432 to 99

Final Solution• 1939• ¼ million Jews remained in Germany

•Final Solution• Genocide• The deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population• Silenced political opposition• Targeted other groups• Gypsies• Freemasons – supporters of Jewish community• Jehovah’s Witnesses – Refused to join the army or salute Hitler• Sick / Weak / Handicapped

Final Stage• Began in Poland• Nazi Death Squads

• “Security Squadrons” (SS)• Shot on the spot

•Ghettos• Segregated Jewish areas

• Sealed off with barbed wire / stone walls

• Bodies pilled up in the streets• Factories built along ghettos

• Put to work

Concentration Camps

• Dragged from homes• Herded onto trains / trucks

• Shipped to concentration camps

• Camps turned over to the SS• Hunger, Humiliation, and work = Death

• Crude barracks – Thousand people in each

• Rats / Fleas

• Worked from Dawn to Dusk / 7 days

• Too weak = killed

Final Stage

•Early 1942• Phase of Mass murder• Poison Gas

• Built 6 death camps in Poland• Huge gas chambers• 12,000 killed each day

•Auschwitz• Largest of the death

camps

Cont.•Bodies buried in huge pits• Gave off a horrible smell

•Tried to cover up evidence• Crematoriums

•Used as experiments• Deadly germs• Study effects of disease

• Test methods of sterilization• Improve master race

Surrender• Soviets Reach Berlin April 1945• First to come upon camps

• FDR = Dies April 12, 1945• Truman now President

• Hitler commits suicide = April 30, 1945

• Germany surrenders• May 8, 1945

•V-E Day = Victory in Europe

Atomic Bomb

• Most ambitious enterprise in history• Best-kept secret• Manhattan Project

• 600,000 Americans were involved in the project• Albert Einstein

• Alamogordo, New Mexico• July 16, 1945• Blinding Flash• 180 miles away• Mushroom Cloud

Warning

• Potsdam Conference• Berlin = July 1945

• 17 day parley

• Stalin, Truman, Clement

• Stern ultimatum to Japan• Leaflets

Truman

• July 25, 1945• Truman ordered dropping for 2 atomic bombs

• U.S. warned Japan that it faced “prompt and utter destruction” unless it surrendered at once

Hiroshima and Nagasaki• August 6, 1945• B-29 Bomber• Atomic Bomb code name --- Little boy• Hiroshima

• Japanese military center• 43 seconds = 180,000

• Japan hesitant to surrender

• August 9, 1945• 2nd Bomber ---- code name --- Fat Man• Nagasaki

• Leveled half the city• 80,000

• 200,000+ people died as a result• Injuries, radiation

Surrender

• September 2, 1945• Emperor Hirohito horrified by the destruction

• Told Japan’s leaders to draw up papers to end the war

• Ceremonies took place on the U.S. battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay

•V-J Day = Victory in Japan

Casualties

• USSR

• Military Deaths = 10,000,000 • Civilian Deaths = 17,000,000• Cost = $192 Billion

• U.K.

• Military Deaths = 300,000• Civilian Deaths = 60,600• Cost = $120 Billion

• U.S.

• Military Deaths = 405,399• Civilian Deaths = 6• Cost = $316 Billion

• France• Military Deaths = 250,000• Civilian Deaths = 350,000

• Germany

• Military Deaths = 3,500,000• Civilian Deaths = 1,600,000• Cost = $272 Billion

• Italy

• Military Deaths = 242,000• Civilian Deaths = 60,000• Cost = $94 Billion

• Japan

• Military Deaths = 2,000,000• Civilian Deaths = 650,000

• China• Military Deaths = 2,000,000• Civilian Deaths = 7,750,000