Amendments 11-27Amendments 11-27

1111thth – Judicial limits (1795) – Judicial limits (1795)

““The Judicial power of the United States shall The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.”any Foreign State.” Partial Partial sovereign immunitysovereign immunity - Protects states from - Protects states from

certain types of legal liability (from citizens of certain types of legal liability (from citizens of other states and countries) other states and countries) revised Article 3 section revised Article 3 section 2.2.

Citizens of the states can sue their own states if a Citizens of the states can sue their own states if a federal law is violated federal law is violated andand the state agrees to it. the state agrees to it.

1212thth (1804) (1804)

Revised Electoral CollegeRevised Electoral College Pres and VP have separate elections Pres and VP have separate elections Suggests that both candidates should be from Suggests that both candidates should be from

different statesdifferent states If no candidate gets majority (270) for pres. the If no candidate gets majority (270) for pres. the

House decides from top 3 “vote getters”; each House decides from top 3 “vote getters”; each state delegation gets one votestate delegation gets one vote

If no VP candidate gets majority the Senate If no VP candidate gets majority the Senate decides from top 2 candidatesdecides from top 2 candidates

VP candidate must be eligible for president VP candidate must be eligible for president (35, natural born citizen, etc)(35, natural born citizen, etc)

1313th (th (1865)1865)

Ends slavery and other forms of Ends slavery and other forms of servitudeservitude

Does not apply to community service Does not apply to community service punishment, the draft, or taxationpunishment, the draft, or taxation

******14******14th (th (1868)******1868)******

States can’t deny a citizen’s States can’t deny a citizen’s privileges and privileges and immunitiesimmunities

States can’t deny citizens States can’t deny citizens due processdue process (rights of (rights of the accused protected from abuses by state and the accused protected from abuses by state and local gov’ts) local gov’ts)

States can’t deny States can’t deny equal protectionequal protection under the law under the law to all its citizensto all its citizens

These clauses have been referenced in many civil These clauses have been referenced in many civil liberties and civil rights cases against state and liberties and civil rights cases against state and local governments as well as the power behind local governments as well as the power behind US laws such as Civil Rights Act 1964 and the US laws such as Civil Rights Act 1964 and the Americans with Disability Act 1990.Americans with Disability Act 1990.

******14******14th (th (1868)******1868)******Slavery ReferencesSlavery References

Citizenship clauseCitizenship clause Gave former Gave former slaves and naturalized citizens the slaves and naturalized citizens the rights of other US citizens (Not rights of other US citizens (Not Native Americans until a law was Native Americans until a law was passed in 1924) overturned Dred passed in 1924) overturned Dred Scott v Sanford caseScott v Sanford case

Ended 3/5 compromise for House Ended 3/5 compromise for House Rep.Rep.

******14******14th (th (1868)******1868)****** Confederate soldiers and political Confederate soldiers and political

officer holders were barred from officer holders were barred from serving in US and state offices serving in US and state offices (unless a 2/3 vote permitted it)(unless a 2/3 vote permitted it)

US will not absorb the debts of the US will not absorb the debts of the former Confederacy or slave owners.former Confederacy or slave owners.

1515thth (1870) (1870) States can’t deny a person’s (male) States can’t deny a person’s (male)

right to vote based on race, color, or right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.previous condition of servitude.

National gov’t can enforce this with National gov’t can enforce this with appropriate legislation (ex – Voting appropriate legislation (ex – Voting Rights Act of 1965)Rights Act of 1965)

1616thth (1913) (1913) Created a standard federal income tax Created a standard federal income tax

based on individual citizen’s income.based on individual citizen’s income. Prior to this national gov’t got money from Prior to this national gov’t got money from

tariffs (tax on imports/exports)tariffs (tax on imports/exports) Expanded the size and scope of the Expanded the size and scope of the

national government because it created national government because it created more money for the nat’l gov’t.more money for the nat’l gov’t.

Some people say it violates the “rule of Some people say it violates the “rule of apportionment” in Article I which requires apportionment” in Article I which requires states to be taxed based on population states to be taxed based on population rather than income.rather than income.

1717thth (1913) (1913)

Direct election of US Senators by Direct election of US Senators by people of the state rather than state people of the state rather than state legislatures.legislatures.

18 (1919)18 (1919)

Prohibition of alcoholProhibition of alcohol

19 (1920)19 (1920)

Women can voteWomen can vote

Anthony (standing) with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

20 (1933)20 (1933)

Terms of Congress and President Terms of Congress and President changechange

Went from March to January to Went from March to January to shorten the lame duck periodshorten the lame duck period

21 (1933)21 (1933)

Repeal ProhibitionRepeal Prohibition Only one ratified by the people Only one ratified by the people

instead of state legislaturesinstead of state legislatures

22 (1951)22 (1951)

2 term limit for president2 term limit for president Created because of FDRCreated because of FDR Based on the wording a person can Based on the wording a person can

still serve 10 years if they take over still serve 10 years if they take over a president less than halfway a president less than halfway through that term then get elected to through that term then get elected to their own two terms.their own two terms.

23 (1961)23 (1961)

DC can have electoral college votes DC can have electoral college votes for president (3 votes currently)for president (3 votes currently)

Side note on DC – Residents of DC only Side note on DC – Residents of DC only have non voting representation in have non voting representation in the Housethe House

24 (1964)24 (1964)

No poll tax (people shouldn’t pay to No poll tax (people shouldn’t pay to vote)vote)

Poll taxes were created by southern Poll taxes were created by southern states to block African-Americans states to block African-Americans from voting by asking them to pay a from voting by asking them to pay a voting fee.voting fee.

25 (1967)25 (1967) Line of succession for president clarifiedLine of succession for president clarified After Kennedy’s assassinationAfter Kennedy’s assassination 8 deaths of presidents in office (Kennedy*, FDR, Harding, 8 deaths of presidents in office (Kennedy*, FDR, Harding,

McKinley*, Garfield*, Lincoln*, Taylor, Harrison) and 1 McKinley*, Garfield*, Lincoln*, Taylor, Harrison) and 1 resignation (Nixon)resignation (Nixon) * assassinated* assassinated That’s a 9/43 chance or about a 20% chanceThat’s a 9/43 chance or about a 20% chance..

Assassination AttemptsAssassination Attempts

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Harry TrumanHarry Truman Richard NixonRichard Nixon Gerald FordGerald Ford Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan Bill ClintonBill Clinton George W. BushGeorge W. Bush

26 (1971)26 (1971)

18 year-olds and up could vote18 year-olds and up could vote Amendments to Voting Rights Act in 1970 put Amendments to Voting Rights Act in 1970 put

voting age to 18 but Supreme Court said this voting age to 18 but Supreme Court said this provision could only apply to federal elections provision could only apply to federal elections initially.initially.

This constitutional amendment was passed to allow This constitutional amendment was passed to allow 18 and up the right to vote in state and federal 18 and up the right to vote in state and federal elections.elections.

Public pressure gained momentum to pass this Public pressure gained momentum to pass this because 18-20 year-olds were dying in Vietnam because 18-20 year-olds were dying in Vietnam and they couldn’t vote.and they couldn’t vote.

27 (1992)27 (1992)

If Congress gives itself a raise an If Congress gives itself a raise an election must take place before the election must take place before the raise can be given to Congress raise can be given to Congress membersmembers

Originally proposed with Bill of Rights Originally proposed with Bill of Rights in 1789.in 1789.

More important More important amendmentsamendments

12,13,14*,15,16,17,19, 22, 23, 24, 12,13,14*,15,16,17,19, 22, 23, 24, 2626