amcrps impervious ssp gb
TRANSCRIPT
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Impervious steel sheet pile wallsDesign amp Practical approach
ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Contents
Design approach
Rational analysis of impervious steel sheet pile walls 3
The concept of interlock resistance 4
In situ measurements 6
Practical use of the concept 8
Summary 13
Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
AZreg Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade ROXANreg Plus system andAKILAreg system are trademarks or registered trademarksof ArcelorMittal
1
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Design approach
Rational analysis of impervious
steel sheet pile walls 3
The concept of interlock resistance 4
In situ measurements 6
Practical use of the concept 8
Summary 13
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Two key areas of research were addressedbull Setting up a consistent theory to describe the leakage
behaviour through individual interlocksbull In situ tests on SSP walls
The research results are deployed to enable the designerto make a rational assessment of the rate of seepage for
a specific case A range of possibilities is discussed highlypermeable unsealed interlocks sealed interlocks for mediumpermeability and completely impervious welded interlocks
The cost involved in each case can be balanced againstthe seepage resistance requirements and the designer canchoose the most appropriate solution based on this analysis
Rational analysis
of impervious steel sheet pile walls
Until the end of the 1980rsquos no consistent methodologywas available for the assessment of the seepageresistance of steel sheet pile (SSP) walls The lack ofsuch a methodology can lead to an uneconomic designespecially in cases where the achieved seepage resistanceis substantially larger than the specific design requires
ArcelorMittal the worldrsquos leading producer ofsheet piles carried out in collaboration withDeltares (Delft Geotechnics) an exhaustiveresearch project on impervious steel sheet pileinterlocks
The aim of the project was to determine the rate of seepagethrough SSP with Larssen type interlocks for variousinterlock filler materials as well as for empty and welded
interlocks
3
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The concept of interlock resistance
1 Empty interlock 2 Interlock filled with Plugged Soil3 Interlock filled with Filler Material
Fig 1
relation between the discharge through the interlock in
the horizontal plane and the related pressure drop p2ndashp1 is roughly as depicted in (Fig 2) The hypothesis that nodischarge occurs in the vertical direction of the interlock ismore general than the commonly used Dupuit-Forchheimerassumption for the treatment of these kinds of flows seereference 2
The steel sheet piles themselves are completely impervious
and therefore the only possible route for the fluid to passthrough the wall is via the interlocks For porous mediumlike slurry walls the seepage problem can be treated withthe aid of Darcyrsquos law with a suitably chosen coefficient ofpermeability K
v = K bull i (1)
where v is the so-called filtration rate and i represents thehydraulic gradient
i = (983108p 983143w )s (2)
In a horizontal plane it is defined as the ratio of thedifference in pressure height (983108p 983143w ) and the length of thefiltration path (s) see reference 4
The (Fig1) shows a horizontal cross section of a SSPinterlock The positive pressure difference between thepoints A and B p2 ndashp1 is associated with a flow from B to A
The real kind of flow (pipe potential) is difficult todetermine but most likely it will not be a porous mediatype of flow and consequently Darcyrsquos law is not applicableto seepage through a SSP interlock To accommodate thisdifficulty researchers at Deltares introduced the concept of
ldquoInterlock Resistancerdquo
The (Fig3) shows a typical application of SSP with differentwater levels on either sides of the wall leading to a pressuredifference that depends on (z)Neglecting the vertical flow inside the interlock the
Fig 24
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b
p2(z) -p
1(z)
p1(z)
z
983143wmiddotH
H983143wmiddotH
p2(z)
A straight forward approach is to assume that the dischargeis proportional to the pressure drop
q(z) proportional to 983108p(z)
The proportionality coefficient is denoted by 983154
q(z) = 983154 bull 983108p(z)983143w (3)
The meaning of the symbols is as follows
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) pressure drop at level z [kPa] 983154 inverse interlock resistance [ms] 983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
Note that (3) does not assume a Darcy type of flow Allinterlock properties are encased in 983154 and this parameter isdetermined from in situ testsThe concept of this theory has been adapted in theEN 12063 (1999)
Fig 3
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Value available only at 150 kPa 4500
cost ratio = cost of the solution
cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
In situ measurements
In order to allow the design engineer to useequation (3) Deltares and ArcelorMittal carriedout eld tests on a large number of llermaterials The results of these tests yield valuesfor 983154
To expose the filler material to extreme site conditions thesheet piles have been driven in by vibrodriver Each fillermaterial has been applied in several interlocks
The discharge through each interlock was measured as afunction of the applied pressure drop using a special testapparatus see (Fig5) The time dependent behaviour ismonitored by taking readings at specific time intervals
Table 1 shows the relevant criteria for selecting a watersealing system for an SSP wall and the range of values
obtained from the tests for different types of filler materialsThe results of the empty interlocks are also shown It ismost important to note that the 983154 -values obtained forempty interlocks strongly depend on the soil properties thevariations being very large The test results are plotted in(Fig4) which generally confirms that the hypothesis whichleads up to formula (3) is well-founded (see also Fig3) atleast for a certain pressure range
The testing programme carried out by Deltares andArcelorMittal clearly demonstrates that the use of filler
products in the interlocks of a SSP wall considerably reducesthe seepage rate
Besides field tests proved that the filler material introducedinto the interlocks is confined inside the interlocks evenafter installation by a vibratory hammer provided that thespecifications of the manufacturer of the product and thespecific application procedures elaborated by ArcelorMittalare adhered to
Table 1
Watertightening System 983154 [10 -10 ms] Application of the system Cost ratio
Hydrostatic pressure 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlock gt 1000 - - 0
Interlock with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - easy 10
Interlock with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - easy 12
Interlock with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - with care 18
Interlock with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 with care 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0after excavation for the
interlockthreaded on jobsite
50
6
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 2752
leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 2852
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 352
Contents
Design approach
Rational analysis of impervious steel sheet pile walls 3
The concept of interlock resistance 4
In situ measurements 6
Practical use of the concept 8
Summary 13
Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
AZreg Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade ROXANreg Plus system andAKILAreg system are trademarks or registered trademarksof ArcelorMittal
1
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Design approach
Rational analysis of impervious
steel sheet pile walls 3
The concept of interlock resistance 4
In situ measurements 6
Practical use of the concept 8
Summary 13
2
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Two key areas of research were addressedbull Setting up a consistent theory to describe the leakage
behaviour through individual interlocksbull In situ tests on SSP walls
The research results are deployed to enable the designerto make a rational assessment of the rate of seepage for
a specific case A range of possibilities is discussed highlypermeable unsealed interlocks sealed interlocks for mediumpermeability and completely impervious welded interlocks
The cost involved in each case can be balanced againstthe seepage resistance requirements and the designer canchoose the most appropriate solution based on this analysis
Rational analysis
of impervious steel sheet pile walls
Until the end of the 1980rsquos no consistent methodologywas available for the assessment of the seepageresistance of steel sheet pile (SSP) walls The lack ofsuch a methodology can lead to an uneconomic designespecially in cases where the achieved seepage resistanceis substantially larger than the specific design requires
ArcelorMittal the worldrsquos leading producer ofsheet piles carried out in collaboration withDeltares (Delft Geotechnics) an exhaustiveresearch project on impervious steel sheet pileinterlocks
The aim of the project was to determine the rate of seepagethrough SSP with Larssen type interlocks for variousinterlock filler materials as well as for empty and welded
interlocks
3
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The concept of interlock resistance
1 Empty interlock 2 Interlock filled with Plugged Soil3 Interlock filled with Filler Material
Fig 1
relation between the discharge through the interlock in
the horizontal plane and the related pressure drop p2ndashp1 is roughly as depicted in (Fig 2) The hypothesis that nodischarge occurs in the vertical direction of the interlock ismore general than the commonly used Dupuit-Forchheimerassumption for the treatment of these kinds of flows seereference 2
The steel sheet piles themselves are completely impervious
and therefore the only possible route for the fluid to passthrough the wall is via the interlocks For porous mediumlike slurry walls the seepage problem can be treated withthe aid of Darcyrsquos law with a suitably chosen coefficient ofpermeability K
v = K bull i (1)
where v is the so-called filtration rate and i represents thehydraulic gradient
i = (983108p 983143w )s (2)
In a horizontal plane it is defined as the ratio of thedifference in pressure height (983108p 983143w ) and the length of thefiltration path (s) see reference 4
The (Fig1) shows a horizontal cross section of a SSPinterlock The positive pressure difference between thepoints A and B p2 ndashp1 is associated with a flow from B to A
The real kind of flow (pipe potential) is difficult todetermine but most likely it will not be a porous mediatype of flow and consequently Darcyrsquos law is not applicableto seepage through a SSP interlock To accommodate thisdifficulty researchers at Deltares introduced the concept of
ldquoInterlock Resistancerdquo
The (Fig3) shows a typical application of SSP with differentwater levels on either sides of the wall leading to a pressuredifference that depends on (z)Neglecting the vertical flow inside the interlock the
Fig 24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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b
p2(z) -p
1(z)
p1(z)
z
983143wmiddotH
H983143wmiddotH
p2(z)
A straight forward approach is to assume that the dischargeis proportional to the pressure drop
q(z) proportional to 983108p(z)
The proportionality coefficient is denoted by 983154
q(z) = 983154 bull 983108p(z)983143w (3)
The meaning of the symbols is as follows
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) pressure drop at level z [kPa] 983154 inverse interlock resistance [ms] 983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
Note that (3) does not assume a Darcy type of flow Allinterlock properties are encased in 983154 and this parameter isdetermined from in situ testsThe concept of this theory has been adapted in theEN 12063 (1999)
Fig 3
5
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Value available only at 150 kPa 4500
cost ratio = cost of the solution
cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
In situ measurements
In order to allow the design engineer to useequation (3) Deltares and ArcelorMittal carriedout eld tests on a large number of llermaterials The results of these tests yield valuesfor 983154
To expose the filler material to extreme site conditions thesheet piles have been driven in by vibrodriver Each fillermaterial has been applied in several interlocks
The discharge through each interlock was measured as afunction of the applied pressure drop using a special testapparatus see (Fig5) The time dependent behaviour ismonitored by taking readings at specific time intervals
Table 1 shows the relevant criteria for selecting a watersealing system for an SSP wall and the range of values
obtained from the tests for different types of filler materialsThe results of the empty interlocks are also shown It ismost important to note that the 983154 -values obtained forempty interlocks strongly depend on the soil properties thevariations being very large The test results are plotted in(Fig4) which generally confirms that the hypothesis whichleads up to formula (3) is well-founded (see also Fig3) atleast for a certain pressure range
The testing programme carried out by Deltares andArcelorMittal clearly demonstrates that the use of filler
products in the interlocks of a SSP wall considerably reducesthe seepage rate
Besides field tests proved that the filler material introducedinto the interlocks is confined inside the interlocks evenafter installation by a vibratory hammer provided that thespecifications of the manufacturer of the product and thespecific application procedures elaborated by ArcelorMittalare adhered to
Table 1
Watertightening System 983154 [10 -10 ms] Application of the system Cost ratio
Hydrostatic pressure 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlock gt 1000 - - 0
Interlock with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - easy 10
Interlock with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - easy 12
Interlock with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - with care 18
Interlock with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 with care 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0after excavation for the
interlockthreaded on jobsite
50
6
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
8
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Contents
Design approach
Rational analysis of impervious steel sheet pile walls 3
The concept of interlock resistance 4
In situ measurements 6
Practical use of the concept 8
Summary 13
Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
AZreg Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade ROXANreg Plus system andAKILAreg system are trademarks or registered trademarksof ArcelorMittal
1
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Design approach
Rational analysis of impervious
steel sheet pile walls 3
The concept of interlock resistance 4
In situ measurements 6
Practical use of the concept 8
Summary 13
2
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Two key areas of research were addressedbull Setting up a consistent theory to describe the leakage
behaviour through individual interlocksbull In situ tests on SSP walls
The research results are deployed to enable the designerto make a rational assessment of the rate of seepage for
a specific case A range of possibilities is discussed highlypermeable unsealed interlocks sealed interlocks for mediumpermeability and completely impervious welded interlocks
The cost involved in each case can be balanced againstthe seepage resistance requirements and the designer canchoose the most appropriate solution based on this analysis
Rational analysis
of impervious steel sheet pile walls
Until the end of the 1980rsquos no consistent methodologywas available for the assessment of the seepageresistance of steel sheet pile (SSP) walls The lack ofsuch a methodology can lead to an uneconomic designespecially in cases where the achieved seepage resistanceis substantially larger than the specific design requires
ArcelorMittal the worldrsquos leading producer ofsheet piles carried out in collaboration withDeltares (Delft Geotechnics) an exhaustiveresearch project on impervious steel sheet pileinterlocks
The aim of the project was to determine the rate of seepagethrough SSP with Larssen type interlocks for variousinterlock filler materials as well as for empty and welded
interlocks
3
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The concept of interlock resistance
1 Empty interlock 2 Interlock filled with Plugged Soil3 Interlock filled with Filler Material
Fig 1
relation between the discharge through the interlock in
the horizontal plane and the related pressure drop p2ndashp1 is roughly as depicted in (Fig 2) The hypothesis that nodischarge occurs in the vertical direction of the interlock ismore general than the commonly used Dupuit-Forchheimerassumption for the treatment of these kinds of flows seereference 2
The steel sheet piles themselves are completely impervious
and therefore the only possible route for the fluid to passthrough the wall is via the interlocks For porous mediumlike slurry walls the seepage problem can be treated withthe aid of Darcyrsquos law with a suitably chosen coefficient ofpermeability K
v = K bull i (1)
where v is the so-called filtration rate and i represents thehydraulic gradient
i = (983108p 983143w )s (2)
In a horizontal plane it is defined as the ratio of thedifference in pressure height (983108p 983143w ) and the length of thefiltration path (s) see reference 4
The (Fig1) shows a horizontal cross section of a SSPinterlock The positive pressure difference between thepoints A and B p2 ndashp1 is associated with a flow from B to A
The real kind of flow (pipe potential) is difficult todetermine but most likely it will not be a porous mediatype of flow and consequently Darcyrsquos law is not applicableto seepage through a SSP interlock To accommodate thisdifficulty researchers at Deltares introduced the concept of
ldquoInterlock Resistancerdquo
The (Fig3) shows a typical application of SSP with differentwater levels on either sides of the wall leading to a pressuredifference that depends on (z)Neglecting the vertical flow inside the interlock the
Fig 24
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b
p2(z) -p
1(z)
p1(z)
z
983143wmiddotH
H983143wmiddotH
p2(z)
A straight forward approach is to assume that the dischargeis proportional to the pressure drop
q(z) proportional to 983108p(z)
The proportionality coefficient is denoted by 983154
q(z) = 983154 bull 983108p(z)983143w (3)
The meaning of the symbols is as follows
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) pressure drop at level z [kPa] 983154 inverse interlock resistance [ms] 983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
Note that (3) does not assume a Darcy type of flow Allinterlock properties are encased in 983154 and this parameter isdetermined from in situ testsThe concept of this theory has been adapted in theEN 12063 (1999)
Fig 3
5
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Value available only at 150 kPa 4500
cost ratio = cost of the solution
cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
In situ measurements
In order to allow the design engineer to useequation (3) Deltares and ArcelorMittal carriedout eld tests on a large number of llermaterials The results of these tests yield valuesfor 983154
To expose the filler material to extreme site conditions thesheet piles have been driven in by vibrodriver Each fillermaterial has been applied in several interlocks
The discharge through each interlock was measured as afunction of the applied pressure drop using a special testapparatus see (Fig5) The time dependent behaviour ismonitored by taking readings at specific time intervals
Table 1 shows the relevant criteria for selecting a watersealing system for an SSP wall and the range of values
obtained from the tests for different types of filler materialsThe results of the empty interlocks are also shown It ismost important to note that the 983154 -values obtained forempty interlocks strongly depend on the soil properties thevariations being very large The test results are plotted in(Fig4) which generally confirms that the hypothesis whichleads up to formula (3) is well-founded (see also Fig3) atleast for a certain pressure range
The testing programme carried out by Deltares andArcelorMittal clearly demonstrates that the use of filler
products in the interlocks of a SSP wall considerably reducesthe seepage rate
Besides field tests proved that the filler material introducedinto the interlocks is confined inside the interlocks evenafter installation by a vibratory hammer provided that thespecifications of the manufacturer of the product and thespecific application procedures elaborated by ArcelorMittalare adhered to
Table 1
Watertightening System 983154 [10 -10 ms] Application of the system Cost ratio
Hydrostatic pressure 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlock gt 1000 - - 0
Interlock with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - easy 10
Interlock with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - easy 12
Interlock with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - with care 18
Interlock with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 with care 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0after excavation for the
interlockthreaded on jobsite
50
6
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Design approach
Rational analysis of impervious
steel sheet pile walls 3
The concept of interlock resistance 4
In situ measurements 6
Practical use of the concept 8
Summary 13
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Two key areas of research were addressedbull Setting up a consistent theory to describe the leakage
behaviour through individual interlocksbull In situ tests on SSP walls
The research results are deployed to enable the designerto make a rational assessment of the rate of seepage for
a specific case A range of possibilities is discussed highlypermeable unsealed interlocks sealed interlocks for mediumpermeability and completely impervious welded interlocks
The cost involved in each case can be balanced againstthe seepage resistance requirements and the designer canchoose the most appropriate solution based on this analysis
Rational analysis
of impervious steel sheet pile walls
Until the end of the 1980rsquos no consistent methodologywas available for the assessment of the seepageresistance of steel sheet pile (SSP) walls The lack ofsuch a methodology can lead to an uneconomic designespecially in cases where the achieved seepage resistanceis substantially larger than the specific design requires
ArcelorMittal the worldrsquos leading producer ofsheet piles carried out in collaboration withDeltares (Delft Geotechnics) an exhaustiveresearch project on impervious steel sheet pileinterlocks
The aim of the project was to determine the rate of seepagethrough SSP with Larssen type interlocks for variousinterlock filler materials as well as for empty and welded
interlocks
3
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The concept of interlock resistance
1 Empty interlock 2 Interlock filled with Plugged Soil3 Interlock filled with Filler Material
Fig 1
relation between the discharge through the interlock in
the horizontal plane and the related pressure drop p2ndashp1 is roughly as depicted in (Fig 2) The hypothesis that nodischarge occurs in the vertical direction of the interlock ismore general than the commonly used Dupuit-Forchheimerassumption for the treatment of these kinds of flows seereference 2
The steel sheet piles themselves are completely impervious
and therefore the only possible route for the fluid to passthrough the wall is via the interlocks For porous mediumlike slurry walls the seepage problem can be treated withthe aid of Darcyrsquos law with a suitably chosen coefficient ofpermeability K
v = K bull i (1)
where v is the so-called filtration rate and i represents thehydraulic gradient
i = (983108p 983143w )s (2)
In a horizontal plane it is defined as the ratio of thedifference in pressure height (983108p 983143w ) and the length of thefiltration path (s) see reference 4
The (Fig1) shows a horizontal cross section of a SSPinterlock The positive pressure difference between thepoints A and B p2 ndashp1 is associated with a flow from B to A
The real kind of flow (pipe potential) is difficult todetermine but most likely it will not be a porous mediatype of flow and consequently Darcyrsquos law is not applicableto seepage through a SSP interlock To accommodate thisdifficulty researchers at Deltares introduced the concept of
ldquoInterlock Resistancerdquo
The (Fig3) shows a typical application of SSP with differentwater levels on either sides of the wall leading to a pressuredifference that depends on (z)Neglecting the vertical flow inside the interlock the
Fig 24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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b
p2(z) -p
1(z)
p1(z)
z
983143wmiddotH
H983143wmiddotH
p2(z)
A straight forward approach is to assume that the dischargeis proportional to the pressure drop
q(z) proportional to 983108p(z)
The proportionality coefficient is denoted by 983154
q(z) = 983154 bull 983108p(z)983143w (3)
The meaning of the symbols is as follows
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) pressure drop at level z [kPa] 983154 inverse interlock resistance [ms] 983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
Note that (3) does not assume a Darcy type of flow Allinterlock properties are encased in 983154 and this parameter isdetermined from in situ testsThe concept of this theory has been adapted in theEN 12063 (1999)
Fig 3
5
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Value available only at 150 kPa 4500
cost ratio = cost of the solution
cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
In situ measurements
In order to allow the design engineer to useequation (3) Deltares and ArcelorMittal carriedout eld tests on a large number of llermaterials The results of these tests yield valuesfor 983154
To expose the filler material to extreme site conditions thesheet piles have been driven in by vibrodriver Each fillermaterial has been applied in several interlocks
The discharge through each interlock was measured as afunction of the applied pressure drop using a special testapparatus see (Fig5) The time dependent behaviour ismonitored by taking readings at specific time intervals
Table 1 shows the relevant criteria for selecting a watersealing system for an SSP wall and the range of values
obtained from the tests for different types of filler materialsThe results of the empty interlocks are also shown It ismost important to note that the 983154 -values obtained forempty interlocks strongly depend on the soil properties thevariations being very large The test results are plotted in(Fig4) which generally confirms that the hypothesis whichleads up to formula (3) is well-founded (see also Fig3) atleast for a certain pressure range
The testing programme carried out by Deltares andArcelorMittal clearly demonstrates that the use of filler
products in the interlocks of a SSP wall considerably reducesthe seepage rate
Besides field tests proved that the filler material introducedinto the interlocks is confined inside the interlocks evenafter installation by a vibratory hammer provided that thespecifications of the manufacturer of the product and thespecific application procedures elaborated by ArcelorMittalare adhered to
Table 1
Watertightening System 983154 [10 -10 ms] Application of the system Cost ratio
Hydrostatic pressure 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlock gt 1000 - - 0
Interlock with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - easy 10
Interlock with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - easy 12
Interlock with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - with care 18
Interlock with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 with care 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0after excavation for the
interlockthreaded on jobsite
50
6
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
8
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Two key areas of research were addressedbull Setting up a consistent theory to describe the leakage
behaviour through individual interlocksbull In situ tests on SSP walls
The research results are deployed to enable the designerto make a rational assessment of the rate of seepage for
a specific case A range of possibilities is discussed highlypermeable unsealed interlocks sealed interlocks for mediumpermeability and completely impervious welded interlocks
The cost involved in each case can be balanced againstthe seepage resistance requirements and the designer canchoose the most appropriate solution based on this analysis
Rational analysis
of impervious steel sheet pile walls
Until the end of the 1980rsquos no consistent methodologywas available for the assessment of the seepageresistance of steel sheet pile (SSP) walls The lack ofsuch a methodology can lead to an uneconomic designespecially in cases where the achieved seepage resistanceis substantially larger than the specific design requires
ArcelorMittal the worldrsquos leading producer ofsheet piles carried out in collaboration withDeltares (Delft Geotechnics) an exhaustiveresearch project on impervious steel sheet pileinterlocks
The aim of the project was to determine the rate of seepagethrough SSP with Larssen type interlocks for variousinterlock filler materials as well as for empty and welded
interlocks
3
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The concept of interlock resistance
1 Empty interlock 2 Interlock filled with Plugged Soil3 Interlock filled with Filler Material
Fig 1
relation between the discharge through the interlock in
the horizontal plane and the related pressure drop p2ndashp1 is roughly as depicted in (Fig 2) The hypothesis that nodischarge occurs in the vertical direction of the interlock ismore general than the commonly used Dupuit-Forchheimerassumption for the treatment of these kinds of flows seereference 2
The steel sheet piles themselves are completely impervious
and therefore the only possible route for the fluid to passthrough the wall is via the interlocks For porous mediumlike slurry walls the seepage problem can be treated withthe aid of Darcyrsquos law with a suitably chosen coefficient ofpermeability K
v = K bull i (1)
where v is the so-called filtration rate and i represents thehydraulic gradient
i = (983108p 983143w )s (2)
In a horizontal plane it is defined as the ratio of thedifference in pressure height (983108p 983143w ) and the length of thefiltration path (s) see reference 4
The (Fig1) shows a horizontal cross section of a SSPinterlock The positive pressure difference between thepoints A and B p2 ndashp1 is associated with a flow from B to A
The real kind of flow (pipe potential) is difficult todetermine but most likely it will not be a porous mediatype of flow and consequently Darcyrsquos law is not applicableto seepage through a SSP interlock To accommodate thisdifficulty researchers at Deltares introduced the concept of
ldquoInterlock Resistancerdquo
The (Fig3) shows a typical application of SSP with differentwater levels on either sides of the wall leading to a pressuredifference that depends on (z)Neglecting the vertical flow inside the interlock the
Fig 24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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b
p2(z) -p
1(z)
p1(z)
z
983143wmiddotH
H983143wmiddotH
p2(z)
A straight forward approach is to assume that the dischargeis proportional to the pressure drop
q(z) proportional to 983108p(z)
The proportionality coefficient is denoted by 983154
q(z) = 983154 bull 983108p(z)983143w (3)
The meaning of the symbols is as follows
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) pressure drop at level z [kPa] 983154 inverse interlock resistance [ms] 983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
Note that (3) does not assume a Darcy type of flow Allinterlock properties are encased in 983154 and this parameter isdetermined from in situ testsThe concept of this theory has been adapted in theEN 12063 (1999)
Fig 3
5
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Value available only at 150 kPa 4500
cost ratio = cost of the solution
cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
In situ measurements
In order to allow the design engineer to useequation (3) Deltares and ArcelorMittal carriedout eld tests on a large number of llermaterials The results of these tests yield valuesfor 983154
To expose the filler material to extreme site conditions thesheet piles have been driven in by vibrodriver Each fillermaterial has been applied in several interlocks
The discharge through each interlock was measured as afunction of the applied pressure drop using a special testapparatus see (Fig5) The time dependent behaviour ismonitored by taking readings at specific time intervals
Table 1 shows the relevant criteria for selecting a watersealing system for an SSP wall and the range of values
obtained from the tests for different types of filler materialsThe results of the empty interlocks are also shown It ismost important to note that the 983154 -values obtained forempty interlocks strongly depend on the soil properties thevariations being very large The test results are plotted in(Fig4) which generally confirms that the hypothesis whichleads up to formula (3) is well-founded (see also Fig3) atleast for a certain pressure range
The testing programme carried out by Deltares andArcelorMittal clearly demonstrates that the use of filler
products in the interlocks of a SSP wall considerably reducesthe seepage rate
Besides field tests proved that the filler material introducedinto the interlocks is confined inside the interlocks evenafter installation by a vibratory hammer provided that thespecifications of the manufacturer of the product and thespecific application procedures elaborated by ArcelorMittalare adhered to
Table 1
Watertightening System 983154 [10 -10 ms] Application of the system Cost ratio
Hydrostatic pressure 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlock gt 1000 - - 0
Interlock with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - easy 10
Interlock with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - easy 12
Interlock with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - with care 18
Interlock with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 with care 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0after excavation for the
interlockthreaded on jobsite
50
6
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
8
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The concept of interlock resistance
1 Empty interlock 2 Interlock filled with Plugged Soil3 Interlock filled with Filler Material
Fig 1
relation between the discharge through the interlock in
the horizontal plane and the related pressure drop p2ndashp1 is roughly as depicted in (Fig 2) The hypothesis that nodischarge occurs in the vertical direction of the interlock ismore general than the commonly used Dupuit-Forchheimerassumption for the treatment of these kinds of flows seereference 2
The steel sheet piles themselves are completely impervious
and therefore the only possible route for the fluid to passthrough the wall is via the interlocks For porous mediumlike slurry walls the seepage problem can be treated withthe aid of Darcyrsquos law with a suitably chosen coefficient ofpermeability K
v = K bull i (1)
where v is the so-called filtration rate and i represents thehydraulic gradient
i = (983108p 983143w )s (2)
In a horizontal plane it is defined as the ratio of thedifference in pressure height (983108p 983143w ) and the length of thefiltration path (s) see reference 4
The (Fig1) shows a horizontal cross section of a SSPinterlock The positive pressure difference between thepoints A and B p2 ndashp1 is associated with a flow from B to A
The real kind of flow (pipe potential) is difficult todetermine but most likely it will not be a porous mediatype of flow and consequently Darcyrsquos law is not applicableto seepage through a SSP interlock To accommodate thisdifficulty researchers at Deltares introduced the concept of
ldquoInterlock Resistancerdquo
The (Fig3) shows a typical application of SSP with differentwater levels on either sides of the wall leading to a pressuredifference that depends on (z)Neglecting the vertical flow inside the interlock the
Fig 24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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b
p2(z) -p
1(z)
p1(z)
z
983143wmiddotH
H983143wmiddotH
p2(z)
A straight forward approach is to assume that the dischargeis proportional to the pressure drop
q(z) proportional to 983108p(z)
The proportionality coefficient is denoted by 983154
q(z) = 983154 bull 983108p(z)983143w (3)
The meaning of the symbols is as follows
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) pressure drop at level z [kPa] 983154 inverse interlock resistance [ms] 983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
Note that (3) does not assume a Darcy type of flow Allinterlock properties are encased in 983154 and this parameter isdetermined from in situ testsThe concept of this theory has been adapted in theEN 12063 (1999)
Fig 3
5
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Value available only at 150 kPa 4500
cost ratio = cost of the solution
cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
In situ measurements
In order to allow the design engineer to useequation (3) Deltares and ArcelorMittal carriedout eld tests on a large number of llermaterials The results of these tests yield valuesfor 983154
To expose the filler material to extreme site conditions thesheet piles have been driven in by vibrodriver Each fillermaterial has been applied in several interlocks
The discharge through each interlock was measured as afunction of the applied pressure drop using a special testapparatus see (Fig5) The time dependent behaviour ismonitored by taking readings at specific time intervals
Table 1 shows the relevant criteria for selecting a watersealing system for an SSP wall and the range of values
obtained from the tests for different types of filler materialsThe results of the empty interlocks are also shown It ismost important to note that the 983154 -values obtained forempty interlocks strongly depend on the soil properties thevariations being very large The test results are plotted in(Fig4) which generally confirms that the hypothesis whichleads up to formula (3) is well-founded (see also Fig3) atleast for a certain pressure range
The testing programme carried out by Deltares andArcelorMittal clearly demonstrates that the use of filler
products in the interlocks of a SSP wall considerably reducesthe seepage rate
Besides field tests proved that the filler material introducedinto the interlocks is confined inside the interlocks evenafter installation by a vibratory hammer provided that thespecifications of the manufacturer of the product and thespecific application procedures elaborated by ArcelorMittalare adhered to
Table 1
Watertightening System 983154 [10 -10 ms] Application of the system Cost ratio
Hydrostatic pressure 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlock gt 1000 - - 0
Interlock with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - easy 10
Interlock with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - easy 12
Interlock with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - with care 18
Interlock with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 with care 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0after excavation for the
interlockthreaded on jobsite
50
6
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
8
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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b
p2(z) -p
1(z)
p1(z)
z
983143wmiddotH
H983143wmiddotH
p2(z)
A straight forward approach is to assume that the dischargeis proportional to the pressure drop
q(z) proportional to 983108p(z)
The proportionality coefficient is denoted by 983154
q(z) = 983154 bull 983108p(z)983143w (3)
The meaning of the symbols is as follows
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) pressure drop at level z [kPa] 983154 inverse interlock resistance [ms] 983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
Note that (3) does not assume a Darcy type of flow Allinterlock properties are encased in 983154 and this parameter isdetermined from in situ testsThe concept of this theory has been adapted in theEN 12063 (1999)
Fig 3
5
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Value available only at 150 kPa 4500
cost ratio = cost of the solution
cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
In situ measurements
In order to allow the design engineer to useequation (3) Deltares and ArcelorMittal carriedout eld tests on a large number of llermaterials The results of these tests yield valuesfor 983154
To expose the filler material to extreme site conditions thesheet piles have been driven in by vibrodriver Each fillermaterial has been applied in several interlocks
The discharge through each interlock was measured as afunction of the applied pressure drop using a special testapparatus see (Fig5) The time dependent behaviour ismonitored by taking readings at specific time intervals
Table 1 shows the relevant criteria for selecting a watersealing system for an SSP wall and the range of values
obtained from the tests for different types of filler materialsThe results of the empty interlocks are also shown It ismost important to note that the 983154 -values obtained forempty interlocks strongly depend on the soil properties thevariations being very large The test results are plotted in(Fig4) which generally confirms that the hypothesis whichleads up to formula (3) is well-founded (see also Fig3) atleast for a certain pressure range
The testing programme carried out by Deltares andArcelorMittal clearly demonstrates that the use of filler
products in the interlocks of a SSP wall considerably reducesthe seepage rate
Besides field tests proved that the filler material introducedinto the interlocks is confined inside the interlocks evenafter installation by a vibratory hammer provided that thespecifications of the manufacturer of the product and thespecific application procedures elaborated by ArcelorMittalare adhered to
Table 1
Watertightening System 983154 [10 -10 ms] Application of the system Cost ratio
Hydrostatic pressure 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlock gt 1000 - - 0
Interlock with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - easy 10
Interlock with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - easy 12
Interlock with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - with care 18
Interlock with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 with care 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0after excavation for the
interlockthreaded on jobsite
50
6
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
8
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 852
Value available only at 150 kPa 4500
cost ratio = cost of the solution
cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
In situ measurements
In order to allow the design engineer to useequation (3) Deltares and ArcelorMittal carriedout eld tests on a large number of llermaterials The results of these tests yield valuesfor 983154
To expose the filler material to extreme site conditions thesheet piles have been driven in by vibrodriver Each fillermaterial has been applied in several interlocks
The discharge through each interlock was measured as afunction of the applied pressure drop using a special testapparatus see (Fig5) The time dependent behaviour ismonitored by taking readings at specific time intervals
Table 1 shows the relevant criteria for selecting a watersealing system for an SSP wall and the range of values
obtained from the tests for different types of filler materialsThe results of the empty interlocks are also shown It ismost important to note that the 983154 -values obtained forempty interlocks strongly depend on the soil properties thevariations being very large The test results are plotted in(Fig4) which generally confirms that the hypothesis whichleads up to formula (3) is well-founded (see also Fig3) atleast for a certain pressure range
The testing programme carried out by Deltares andArcelorMittal clearly demonstrates that the use of filler
products in the interlocks of a SSP wall considerably reducesthe seepage rate
Besides field tests proved that the filler material introducedinto the interlocks is confined inside the interlocks evenafter installation by a vibratory hammer provided that thespecifications of the manufacturer of the product and thespecific application procedures elaborated by ArcelorMittalare adhered to
Table 1
Watertightening System 983154 [10 -10 ms] Application of the system Cost ratio
Hydrostatic pressure 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlock gt 1000 - - 0
Interlock with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - easy 10
Interlock with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - easy 12
Interlock with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - with care 18
Interlock with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 with care 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0after excavation for the
interlockthreaded on jobsite
50
6
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
8
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 2752
leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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M e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e
BeltanregPlus
ArcosealTM
ROXANregPlus
Pressure drop0
Interlock resistance
Fig 4
Fig 5
7
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
8
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The key design formula is
q(z) = 983154 bull983108p(z)
(3)
983143w
q(z) discharge per unit of interlock lengthat level z [m3sm]
983108p(z) the pressure drop at level z [kPa]
983154 the inverse interlock resistance [ms]
983143w unit weight of water [kNm3]
The geometrical definitions are given in (Fig1 and 2)
A Discharge through a SSP wallsimple case
(Fig6) shows a building pit in which the water table hasbeen lowered about 5 m The toe of the SSP wall goesright down to the bottom layer the layer is assumed tobe virtually impervious This assumption allows neglecting
Practical useof the concept
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Fig 6
the flow around the toe (the value of K required to be ableto assume an impervious bottom layer will be dealt within section C) The resulting hydrostatic pressure diagram iseasily drawn (Fig6) max (983108p) = 983143wbullH
The total discharge through one interlock is obtained
Q1 = 9830820H+h q(z) bull dz = (983154983143w) bull 9830820H+h983108p (z) bull dz (4)
With the pressure drop
983108p(z) =
983143w bull z z le H
983143w bull H H le z le H + h
Thus the integral in (4) yields the area in the pressure
diagram and a result for Q1 follows
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (05 H + h) (5)
The total number of interlocks in the SSP wall for the buildingpit is
n = L b (6)
L length of the perimeter of the building pit [m]b system width of the pile [m]
The total discharge into the pit is
Q = n bull Q1 (7)
(7) represents a safe approximation for the dischargeas certain aspects have been neglected for example theinfluence of the flow pattern on the geometry of the watertable
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3852
Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3952
A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Numerical example
For a building pit with a SSP wall made of AZ18-700(b = 070 m) the perimeter length is L =161m
The interlocks are filled with a waterswelling filler anddescribed by its inverse interlock resistance 983154 value
983154 = 05 bull 10-10 ms
(Fig6) shows the geometrical data
H = 5 m and h = 2 m
Number of interlocks
n = 161 070 = 230 (6)
Discharge per interlock
Q1 = 05bull10-10bull50bull(05bull50 + 20) (5) Q1 = 1125bull10-9 m3s
Total discharge into the pit
Q = 230bull1125bull10-9 m3s (7) Q = 2587bull10-7 m3s Q = 093 lh
B Comparison with porous media ow
In everyday practice the design engineer often needs tocompare the performance (seepage resistance) of a SSPwall with other types of walls such as a slurry wall (SW)a cut-off wall is an example where such a comparison isrelevant
The slurry wall may be considered as a porous medium andthe flow is governed by Darcyrsquos law
The comparison between the SSP wall and the slurry wallcan be carried out by assuming that the discharge per unitwall area is the same With the definitions given in (Fig7)Darcyrsquos law (reference 2 and 4) yields a specific discharge
Qsw = K bull (983108p 983143w)d (8)
where
d thickness of the slurry wall [m]K permeability of the wall in horizontal
direction [ms]∆p pressure drop on both sides of the wall [kPa]
The specific discharge for a SSP wall (Fig7) follows from(3) (6) and (7) with L = 1m
Qssp = (1b) bull983154bull (983108p983143w) (9)
Both specific discharges are equal
Qsw = Qssp (10)
This condition yields
(Kd) = (983154b) (11)
For a given SSP wall relation (11) permits the calculationof the properties of a slurry wall with the same seepageproperties
Assuming a slurry wall of a thickness d=1m the equivalentK-value is
Ke = 983154bull (1m)b (12)
It must be kept in mind however that the nature of the twoflows is quite different
SSP wall
Slurry wall
Fig 7
9
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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LW
L1
10
125 125
10
30
40
40
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Soil layer 1
excavation
SSP wall
equivalent slurry wall
strut
C Two dimensional ow around the toe andthrough an SSP wall
In section A the flow around the toe of the SSP wall wasneglected This is only correct if the bottom layer is muchless pervious than the wall If this is not the case then thewater flow both through and around the wall needs tobe considered This is done with the aid of a 2D-seepagecalculation program
Because this software deals with Darcy type flows onlythe behaviour of the SSP wall has to be treated as a porousmedia flow using an equivalent slurry wall defined by itsthickness d and its permeability K according to (11)
In order to show the versatility of this approach and theinfluence of the bottom layer on the flow four differentcases have been analysed
All cases pertain to the same situation an excavation fora building pit (Fig 8) The SSP wall is used as a retainingstructure and is simulated by an equivalent slurry wall with athickness d = 1mThe hydraulic conductivity of the slurry wall Kw can beevaluated using (12) The calculations were performed withthe PLAXIS finite element code
(Table 2) summarises the input and output data of the fourcases The resulting flow fields are shown in (Fig 9 10 11and 12)
Fig 8
10
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 1952
Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 2752
leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Table 2
row item case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4
1 soil layer 1 i=1Ki [ms] soil layer 2 i=2 soil layer 3 i=3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-3
2 equivalent slurry wall Kw = 983154b [ms] 10
-6
10
-5
10
-6
10
-5
3 geometry Lw L1 74 74 74 78
4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 00175 0175 175 00875
5total discharge (wall + bottom layer) according
to the PLAXIS Model Dt [lh]518 742 605 887
6 discharge through wall according to (section A) Dw [lh] 594 594 594 594
7 Dw Dt [] 11 80 98 67
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 657E-05 units
Case 1
Fig 9
case 1 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00175
The wall is much less pervious than the bottom layer There ishardly any discharge through the wall most of the flow takesplace around the toe (Fig 9)
case 2 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 0175
The discharge through and around the wall is of the sameorder of magnitude (Fig 10)
case 3 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 175
The bottom layer is practically speaking impervious Seepagethrough the wall dominates the flow field (Fig 11)
case 4 Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 = 00875
The K-values are the same as in case 2 but the thicknessof the bottom layer has been doubled (Fig 12) Thisemphasises the influence of the geometry on the flow fieldCompared to case 2 the total discharge has increased dueto the extra seepage around the toe and through the bottomlayer (Table 2)
In Table 2 row 5 gives the total discharge (Dt) per linearmeter of retaining wall (Fig 8) row 6 contains the dischargeDw through the wall itself according to the simplifiedapproach of section A
The ratio Dw Dt is the ratio of the discharge throughthe wall compared to the total discharge while the ratioKw bull LwK1 bull L1 encases relevant parameters of thegeometry and the permeability of the wall relative to thepermeability of the bottom layer
Fig 10
Ultimate flow field with phreatic line
Extreme velocity 421E-05 units
Case 2
11
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Fig 12
Fig 13
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 461E-06 units
Case 3
LW
= 7m
L1= 4m
Fig 11
Ultimate flow field with phreatic lineExtreme velocity 474E-05 units
Case 4
LW
= 7m
L1= 8m
Comparison of both ratios in ldquoTable 2rdquo confirms theassumptions in section A
(Case 3 Kwbull LwK1bull L1 = 1750rArr DwDt = 98)
The diagram of (Fig 13) warrants the conclusion that forratios as low as
Kw bull Lw K1 bull L1 gt 0175
80 of the discharge occurs through the wall and thereforethe simplified approach yields acceptable results
12
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Summary ofthe design approach
13
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1 In applications such as temporaryretaining walls a moderate rateof seepage is often tolerableA SSP wall made of piles withArcelorMittalrsquos Larssen interlocksprovides in most cases sufficientseepage resistance
2 In applications where a mediumto high seepage resistance isrequired ndashsuch as cut-off wallsfor contaminated sites retainingstructures for bridge abutmentsand tunnels ndashdouble piles witha seal-welded intermediateinterlock should be used Theseal-weld made in a workshop isas impervious as the steel itselfThe free interlock of the double
pile that will be threaded on site
is sealed with a filler material Thelower end of the resistance range isadequately served by laquoArcosealtraderaquoor laquoBeltanreg Plusraquo fillers but it isnoted that their use is limited towater pressures up to 100 kPaFor high impervious requirementsas well as water pressures up to200 kPa the laquoROXANreg Plusraquoor laquoAKILAregraquo system should beutilized A wall designed in this wayis between 100 to 1000 timesmore impervious than the simplesheet pile wall without filler TheAKILAreg system is the only systemthat resists water pressures up to300 kPa
3 A 100 watertightness may
be obtained by welding every
interlock Double piles with aseal-welded common interlockexecuted in a workshop are usedfor the construction of the wallThe interlock that needs to bethreaded at the job site has to bewelded on site after excavation
The table below may be used tocompare the rate of seepage of a SSPwall and a slurry wall The hydraulicconductivity which a slurry wall of athickness D has to provide in orderto obtain the same upper limit on thedischarge at the same water pressureas the SSP wall can be determined for agiven SSP wall
Steel sheet pile wall Hydraulic conductivity K [10-11ms] of an equivalent slurry wallwith a thickness D (x)
Section Common interlock
seal-welded in workshop
Sealing system D = 600 mm D = 800 mm D = 1000 mm
Z(b = 700 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2571413
3428617
4285721
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
5142926
6857134
8571443
U(b = 600 mm)
yes yes
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
2400012
3200016
4000020
nono
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealtradeROXANreg Plus or AKILAreg
4800024
6400032
8000040
(x) calculated with 983154m from Table 1 for an hydrostatic pressure of 100 kPa
For practical design purposes it is advisable to assessthe degree of the required seepage resistance inorder that a cost effective solution may be selectedDepending on the requirements there are basically
three possible solutions
The imperviousnessof Steel Sheet Pile Walls
14
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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The following table shows a ballpark figure of the cost per mof sealed interlock for the different solutions The cost ratiois the ratio of the cost of a particular solution compared tothe Beltanreg Plus
These costs cover the filler material and its application insidethe interlock
Resultingwater pressure
Practically
impermeable layer
Value of 983154 for a preliminary design approach
983154 [10-10ms] Maximum waterpressure difference [kPa]
Cost ratio
Watertightening System 100 kPa 200 kPa 300 kPa
Empty interlocks gt 1000 - - 100 0
Interlocks with Beltanreg Plus lt 600 - - 100 10
Interlocks with Arcosealtrade lt 600 - - 100 12
Interlocks with ROXANreg Plus system 05 05 - 200 18
Interlocks with AKILAreg system 03 03 05 300 21
Welded interlock 0 0 0 - 50
Fig 14
Example
A SSP wall is made of AZ double piles with a shop weldedintermediate interlock and ROXANreg Plus in the interlock tobe threaded on site In order to achieve the same dischargea slurry wall of 80 cm thickness would require an hydraulicconductivity
K = 17 bull 10-11ms
To calculate the rate of discharge through the SSP wall(driven into a bottom layer assumed virtually impervious)the data that need to be provided are (see Fig 4)
H the difference in head between the water tables at eitherside of the wall
h the distance from the top of the impervious bottom layerup to the lower water table level
Discharge through one interlock that is not welded
Q1 = 983154 bull H bull (H2 + h)
According to the tests the inverse interlock resistance 983154 may be assumed to be as follows for a preliminary designapproach
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade filler material983154 = 6bull10-8 ms (p le100 kPa)
ROXANreg Plus system filler material983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (100 le p le 200 kPa)
AKILAreg system filler material983154 = 03bull10-10 ms (p le 200 kPa) 983154 = 05bull10-10 ms (p le 300 kPa)
cost ratio = cost of the solution cost of the Beltanreg Plus solution
Note Above ldquocost ratiordquo is only an average value The cost of a sealing system depends mainly on the sealed length (application cost)as well as the weight and the length of the sheet pile (handling costs) Please contact our technical department for a more realistic comparison
15
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
16
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Practical approach
Main vertical and horizontal sealing systems 17
Vertical sealing
bull Sealing products 18
bull Welding 30
bull Alternative solutions 34
bull Repairing defects of the sealing 36
Horizontal sealing 42
Remarks and References 46
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Main vertical and horizontalsealing systems
The theoretical aspects have been explained in the firstpart of the brochure However practical aspects have to beconsidered when choosing one of the sealing systems
The installation method shipment as well as the storage itselfmight influence the choice of the system
When dealing with a watertight steel sheet pile wall twotypes of sealing must be distinguished
bull Vertical sealing which consists mainly of making thesheet piling interlocks watertight According to therequested watertightness degree several methods canbe implemented
- products applied in the interlocks either beforeor after the piles are threaded for averageperformance (983154 = 6 bull 10-8 ms) to high performance(983154 = 03 bull 10-10 ms)
- welding of interlocks for 100 watertightness Weldingof the common interlocks of sheet piles supplied inpairs or triples is done in the workshop for interlocksthreaded on site welding is done in situ aboveexcavation level
Watertightness of the walls is an important criteria for the selection of the construction process forcertain types of projects like underground car parks tunnels connement of waste etc
bull Horizontal sealing which consists of the sealed junctionbetween the steel sheet pile wall and a horizontalconstruction element connected to it (for example aconcrete slab a geotextile membrane etc) Severalexamples of watertight connections are treated in thisbrochure We differentiate generally two types of sealing
- sealing of the base slab which is often under water
- sealing of a cover slab
Note
bull When the project foresees a surface treatment of sheetpiling by application of coating it is essential to informArcelorMittalrsquos technical department Indeed the choiceof the sealing system of interlocks depends not only onthe watertightness degree requested by the project Toavoid any problems of adhesion the system must also becompatible with the coating
bull For technical reasons it is common practice to leavea portion of the interlock at the top and tip of the pileunsealed The sealer starts usually around 100 mm fromthe top of the sheet pile unless otherwise instructed inwritten by the customer
17
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Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
18
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 2752
leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 2852
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 2052
Beltanreg Plus Arcosealtrade
Hydrostatic Pressure le 100 kPa
983154 lt 600bull10-10 ms
Features
Composition bitumen + polymer mineral oil + paraffin wax
Density at 20degC 105 gcm3 at 15degC 0955 gcm3
Softening Point ~ 72degC (DIN EN 1427) ~ 70degC
Colour black brown
Packaging tins of 26 kg barrels of 12 kg
Conditionsof application
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface to be avoided impossible
Surface temperature - 10degC to + 70degC excellent 0degC to + 70degC excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 2 to pH 12 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low low to medium
Petrol very low low
Crude oil very low low
Consumption
Leading interlock 030 kgm 033 kgm
Common amp crimpedinterlock
plusmn 010 kgm plusmn 015 kgm
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution () per metre of interlock
Vertical sealing Sealing products
Sealants with low permeability Beltanreg Plus and ArcosealtradeFor applications with average performance requirements two products are recommendedBeltanreg Plus (bitumen based) and Arcosealtrade (wax based) are heated up and then poured in ahot liquid phase inside the interlocks
NoteA modified mix of Beltanreg Plus can be recommended in some particular situations for instance when driving sealed steelsheet piles in cold weather or when the filler materialrsquos purpose is to prevent densification of soil particles inside theinterlocks (acting more as a lsquolubricantrsquo rather than a sealant) Please contact our technical department
Beltanreg Plus and Arcosealtrade are certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact
with groundwater
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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jug
mastic stop
mastic stop
control of thehorizontal position
Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in theworkshop (Fig 1 to 5)
The application of these two products in the workshop hasto comply with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the hot liquid product from flowing out ofthe ends of the sheet piles when the interlocks are filledthe ends must be clogged-up at the top and bottom bymeans of a mastic
bull the product is heated uniformly to a predefinedtemperature and care must be taken not to overheat it
bull the product is stirred to give a homogeneous mixturebull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug taking
into account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
bull for single units only the leading interlock will be filled
bull for paired units the intermediate interlock must becrimped and both the intermediate as well as the leadinginterlock will be filled
Note
The sealing of intermediate interlocks of double sheetpiling (or more) is only achievable with laquocrimpedinterlocksraquo In order to achieve the strength of thecrimping points the products must be applied aftercrimping
Operating mode
heating equipment
Fig 1
Beltanreg Plus or ArcosealTM
jug
Filling the interlock of a U sheet pile
19
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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empty interlock
empty interlock
X1
X1
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
Pos B
Pos A
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
empty interlock
empty interlock
X2
X2
leading interlockwith sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Fig 3
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 2
Detail X1
Detail X2
Beltanreg Plus 8 ~ 12 mm
Arcosealtrade 10 ~ 15 mm
20
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 2752
leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
empty interlock
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
X1
Y1
empty interlock
X2
Y2
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
application of sealant in crimped interlocks
common interlockthreaded in the workshop
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 5
Fig 4
Detail Y1
Detail Y2
21
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ
The application of Beltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade in situ ismade in accordance with the same requirements as for theinstallation in the workshop
bull In dry weather conditions application in the open air maybe acceptable
bull During rainy weather the application must be made under
shelter
Transport of sealed sheet piles
bull If the sealing product has not yet solidified the sheet pilesmust be transported horizontally with the openings of thetreated interlocks turned upwards
bull Once the product has cooled down the sheet piles mustbe protected from high temperatures (see note below)in order to prevent the product from flowing out of theinterlock
NoteDo not exceed the softening point of the product Forinstance it is recommended to avoid exposing sealedinterlocks to direct sunlight during summertime
Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 6)
Sheet piles which have been sealed using Beltanreg Plus orArcosealtrade are installed in a classic way either by impacthammer vibrator or by pressing
As far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull the leading interlock must be the one provided withBeltanreg Plus or Arcosealtrade
bull when driving sealed sheet piles care must be taken withguiding so as to prevent longitudinally or transverselyout of plumb The use of guides is essential to respect amaximum tolerance of 1 on the verticality
bull when sheet piling is simply installed without drivingit is possible that the sheet pile will not slide down tothe required depth if there is an excess of the productin the interlock or if the product has stiffened at lowtemperature In such cases a driving equipment or anyother means will be required on site to allow correct
installation Alternatively the recalcitrant interlock can beheated very gently and carefully with a blowlamp
bull when installing sheet piles in cold atmospheric conditionsa special mix of Beltanreg Plus should be used
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
Driving of sheet piles
driving direction
empty interlock
leading interlock
with sealant
2) Double sheet piles
common interlockwith sealant
1) Single sheet piles
empty interlock leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlock
with sealant
leading interlockwith sealant
driving direction
Fig 6
22
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
23
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Note Extruding using the special template is essential to ensurethe correct shape of the Sikaswellreg-S2 sealant
ROXANreg Plus system
Product Sikaswellreg-S2 MSP-2
Application Trailing interlock Common and crimped interlocks
Hydrostatic pressure p le 200 kPa
983154 05bull10-10 ms
Features
Type waterswelling polyurethane one component solvent free sealant
Composition polyurethane MS polymer
Density at 23degC 133 gcm3 148 gcm3
colour oxide red oxide redPackaging barrels of 30 kg barrels of 25 kg
Conditions ofapplication
Surface covered withstanding water
impossible impossible
Wet surface critical critical
Surface temperature + 5degC to + 35degC + 5degC to + 30degC
Polymerization in rain impossible to be avoided
Polymerization in UV light excellent excellent
Durability
Fresh water pH 35 to pH 115 excellent pH 35 to pH 115 excellent
Sea water excellent excellent
Mineral oil low medium
Petrol low to medium medium
Crude oil low medium
Expansion features
Alternated cycle saturatedin water dry
excellent -
Temperature range-10degC to +60degC
excellent -
In bentonite slurry - -
Consumption per metre of interlock plusmn 015 kg plusmn 035 kg
() Tested in laboratory on a pure solution
ROXANreg Plus is certified by the lsquoHygiene-Institut desRuhrgebietsrsquo in Germany as suitable for use in contact withgroundwater
Application of ROXANreg Plus system inthe workshop (Fig 7 to 11)
The application of the water-swelling product will alwaysbe made in the trailing interlock of single or threaded sheet
piles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull laying out the sheet piles in a perfectly horizontal positionis not necessary but recommended
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-
pressure water jet is necessarybull application of the product by extrusion using a special
template (ArcelorMittal patent LU 88397) whichdistributes the product properly in the interlock
Sealants with very low permeability ROXANreg Plus and AKILAreg systemFor applications with high performance requirements it is advised to use the ROXANreg Plus or theAKILAreg system
The ROXANreg Plus system consists of a water-swelling product Sikaswellreg-S2 used in thetrailing interlock and a Silane Modied Polymer MSP-2 used in the threaded and crimpedinterlocks of double sheet piles These two products are applied in the interlock without heating
+
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Application of ROXANreg Plus system in situ
Application of the waterswelling product in situ is notadvisable unless the work can be carried out under shelter
It must comply with the same requirements as for theapplication in the workshop (preferably under supervision ofan experienced applicator)
gun
patented template
Fig 7
bull the interlocks are filled using an appropriate jug takinginto account the driving direction as well as the position inrelation to hydrostatic pressure
Note
Standard crimping of the common interlocks of doublepiles is recommended However for combined wallslike the HZregAZreg system a special crimping pattern isadvisable Please contact our technical department fordetailed information
The application of the MSP-2 product will always be madein the intermediate interlock of threaded and crimped sheetpiles with the following requirements
bull the interlocks must be dry and grease free
bull the sheet piles must be laid out in a perfectly horizontalposition
bull to achieve the required adherence cleaning of theinterlocks with compressed air a steel wire brush or high-pressure water jet is necessary
bull to prevent the liquid product from flowing out of the endsof the sheet piles when the interlocks are filled the endsmust be clogged at the top and bottom using a mastic
Operating mode
pneumatic pump
Waterswellingproduct
Filling the interlock of a single U sheet pile
patended template
gun
24
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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leading interlock
without sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
Pos B
Pos A
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant
driving direction
Fig 9
ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in single U sheet piles
Detail of application in single Z sheet piles
Fig 8
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlock
without sealant
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealant driving direction
Detail of application in double Z sheet piles
Fig 10
25
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
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ROXANreg Plus system
Detail of application in double U sheet piles
Fig 11
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlockwithout sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
interlock withwaterswelling sealant
support
supportFig 12
Transport and storage of sealed sheet piles(Fig 12)
Sheet piles fitted with the waterswelling product must betransported so that the waterswelling sealant never comesinto contact with standing water (risk of expansion of theproduct after polymerization and consequently loss of
adhesion to steel) Care must be taken therefore to transportthe piles with the openings of the sealed free interlocksfacing downwards
common interlocks threaded and crimped
in the workshop sealed with MSP-2
leading interlockwithout sealant
trailing interlock with
waterswelling sealant
driving direction
Transport and storage
26
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Driving of sealed sheet piles (Fig 13a amp 13b)
Sheet piles with a waterswelling product are installed in aclassic way either by drop hammer vibrator or by pressingAs far as installation is concerned it should be carried out asfollows
bull care must be taken with guiding so as to prevent the pilesfrom being longitudinally or transversely out of plumb Theuse of guides is absolutely essential and installation must
be carried out so that a tolerance of less than 1 on theverticality is respected
bull sealed sheet piling is delivered with the leading interlockchamfered on the top and the trailing interlock (filled withwaterswelling product) cut on the toe (Fig 13b) Thesetwo fabricated details allow the cleaning of the leadinginterlock of the sheet pile already driven by the trailinginterlock of the following one during the driving processThe purpose of this operation is to avoid damaging thewaterswelling product
bull the waterswelling product must be lubricated with acommercial soapy product before driving This productcan be spread in the sealed interlock using a paintbrush orby any other means
bull when sheet piling is simply placed in position withoutdriving it is possible that the piles will not slide down tothe required depth because of the product In such casesa driving equipment must be provided on the site to allowcorrect installation
bull when piles are installed using a vibrator care must betaken that the temperature in the interlocks never
exceeds 130degC (risk of damaging the seal)
bull during the installation process driving to final grade ofeach pile must be finished in less than two hours afterthe sealing product gets in contact with standing water(seawater ground water etc) Indeed expansion of thesealing product would cause it to be torn off if driving isresumed after that period
bull the installation of sealed sheet piles is not recommendedwith outside temperatures below -10degC (please contactus for more information)
bull the layout and driving direction of the sheet pile wall shall
be determined before ordering the sheet piles (deliveryform of singledouble piles chamfering of interlocks etc)
1) Single sheet piles
leading interlockwithout sealant
chamferedinterlock
toe cut
leading interlockwithout sealant
driving direction
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
trailing interlock withwaterswelling sealantlubricated with a commercialsoapy product
toe cut
2) Double sheet piles driving direction
leading interlockwithout sealant
leading interlockwithout sealant
common crimpedinterlock sealedwith MSP-2
chamfered interlock
Fig 13a
chamfer on top of theleading interlock
toe cut of thetrailing interlock
DetailsDriving of the sheet piles
Fig 13b
27
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
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Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3152
Chamfer
Driving direction
AKILAreg
amp Lubricant
Chamfer
Bolt
Bolt
Installation procedure
Fig 14
Application transport and installation of theAKILAreg system
Refer to the Roxanreg Plus system except that
bull the sealing products do not swell in contact with waterand hence there are no restrictions concerning theinstallation time nor the position of the sheet pile duringhandling and storage (once the products have cured)
bull the leading interlocks have to be chamfered at the top(see Fig 14) Penetration of soil into the interlocks duringdriving should be prevented for instance by inserting abolt at the bottom of the interlock (bolt tack welded)
bull to improve the sliding of the interlocks anenvironmentally friendly lubricant must be applied tothe sealant in the interlocks prior to driving The lubricantcan be supplied by ArcelorMittal on request
bull ambient temperature during installation must beabove 0degC
bull in case of vibrodriving sheet piles should be drivencontinuously at a minimum penetration rate of 3 metersper minute
bull we recommend prior consultation of ArcelorMittalrsquostechnical department in case the press-in method is to beused
NoteA series of in-situ tests were carried out in stiff clays and
in soft sandy soils Single and crimped double sheet pilesfitted out with the AKILAreg system were driven into theground using an impact hammer as well as a vibratoryhammer
After installation watertightness was tested at waterpressures of 2 and 3 bar
The testing and the results were witnessed and certifiedby lsquoGermanischer Lloydrsquo an independent third party
The average inverse joint resistance 983154m was determined
according to EN 12063
983154m [10-10ms]
water pressure 200 kPa 300 kPa
single piles (MSP-1) 049 086
double piles (MSP-1 amp MSP-2) 033 047
29
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Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
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T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3252
Vertical sealing Welding
To prevent problems linked to the quality of welding itis advised to analyse beforehand the feasibility and thecompetitiveness of the welding process which rest onseveral factors for example
bull deposition rate in kghbull welding time ie the time of arc per hour
bull efficiency of the welding product (the weight actuallydeposited per kg of product)
bull preparation of the joint
bull welding position
In a workshop working conditions are well known andunder control but outside a workshop above criteria can beinfluenced by various factors thus particular attention must
be paid to the following points
bull accessibility of the pile
bull atmospheric conditions on the site
bull mechanical strength of the weld metal (thickness of seamand penetration to be observed)
bull amount of moisture inside the interlocks
bull gap between the interlocks
bull aggressiveness of the environment acting on the welds
A detailed analysis of the different welding options willdetermine the most suitable process for the encounteredconditions ArcelorMittal Sheet Piling is at your disposal toadvise you on the choice of the best process
Choice of site welding process
The choice of possible processes is limited to the following systems
a) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
well-known process rather low deposition rate (Fig 17)
used universally
easy to carry outgood quality welding
influenced very little by atmospheric conditions on the site
minimum investment in equipment
robust
The majority of electric arc welding processes are considered to be valid for sealingthe interlocks of sheet piling threaded in the workshop or at the job site
Possible ways of welding the interlocks of sheet piling (Fig 15 and 16)
A distinction must be made between two ways of fittingtogether the interlocks of piles and two welding positionsfor them
bull in the case of piles being supplied to the site in doubleunits the common interlocks (threaded in the workshop)can be provided with seal-welding carried out at thefactory or possibly on site before they are driven Thiswelding should be carried out in a horizontal position
bull interlocks threaded at the job-site can only be weldedafter the sheet piling has been installed generally after
excavation This welding is carried out in a verticalposition
NoteIf interlocks are to be welded on site after drivinga preliminary seal using a bituminous product isrecommended This sealing can be applied either inthe factory or on site before driving and prevents theinterlock from becoming too moist which could causeserious problems during welding operations In thiscase the positioning of the bituminous sealer must beas shown in Fig 22 amp Fig 23 detail A which prevents
contact between the weld and the bituminous productThis requirement must be mentioned in the specification
Table 1 (p 33) summarizes the main conditions governingthe choice of methods of welding in the various cases
30
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3352
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
Detail
aeff
a) dry interlockearth side
excavation side
b) humid interlock
earth side
excavation side
earth side
excavation side
c) wet interlock (running water)
1
2 earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
Fig 15
2) interlock threaded at the job site-dry or humid interlock-welded in a vertical position
earth side
a) dry interlock
excavation side
b) wet interlock (running water)
earth side
excavation side
s h e e t p i l e s
t h r e a d e d i n
t h e w o r k s h
o p s h e e t
p i l e s
t h r e a d e
d i n
t h e w o r k s h o p
11
2
Detail
support to weldingin the event of maximum spacing
of interlocks (optional)
1) interlock threaded in the workshop-dry interlock-welded in a horizontal position
earth side
excavation side
aeff
Fig 16
b) Gas shielded arc welding (GMAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17) higher investment in equipment
gas protection lacking in the event of draughtssometimes causing irregular quality welding
c) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Advantages Disadvantages
used universally higher investment in equipment
easy to carry out requires trained craftsmen
high deposition rate (Fig 17)
process combining the efficiency of electrodewelding with a semi-automatic process
Execution of sealing by welding double Z sheet piles
Execution of sealing by welding double U sheet piles
31
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3452
Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3652
Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3752
special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3852
Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3952
A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Automation of welding of sheet piling interlocks on site
Because of the very large number of factors affecting the execution of this work on site it would be wise to treat thismethod of working with the greatest reserve as automation demands considerable consistency in the welding parametersBecause of the different spacing of interlocks and varying site conditions to achieve a large level of automation would bedifficult and of little use There would not be sufficient return on investment and the equipment would need additionalhandling which would be likely to increase the welding costs inherent in this type of work
8
6
4
2
0
100 200 300 400
kgh
A
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
Gas shielded arcwelding (GMAW)
Fig 17
d
e p o s i t i o n
r a t e
current intensity
Welding process (comparison)
32
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
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Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3752
special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3852
Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3952
A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3652
Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3752
special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3852
Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3952
A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3652
Vertical sealing Alternative solutions
Composite wall with bentonite-cement (Fig 18)
Composite walls combine the sealing qualities of bentonitewith the mechanical strength of steel sheet piling Thissystem also allows work to be carried out at great depthand in difficult ground The disadvantage of the technique isthe production of excavated material which is considered aspolluted material
steel sheet pile
bentonite-cement
penetration depth in caseof an impervious layer
impervious layer
Fig 18
It is possible to seal sheet piles by other processes
Vertical pre-drilling on the axis of the leading interlock to be driven (Fig 19)
A hole is drilled on the axis of the future leading interlock Drilling diameter between 300 and 450 mm Distance betweentwo holes distance between the outer interlocks of the double pile (1400 mm for AZ-700 1500 mm for AU) The soilextracted is replaced with bentonite This method also assists driving and can be combined with a sealed interlock asdescribed previously The amount of excavated material is limited
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19
bentonite-cement
interlock sealed in the workshop
interlock sealed on site
Fig 19 a Fig 19 b
Method for Z sheet piles Method for U sheet piles
34
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3752
special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3852
Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3952
A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3752
special compression unit
Driving using a special compression unit (Fig 21)
For this installation method two specially made compressionunits consisting of a standard beam section with steel plateswelded to the sides over its full length and fitted with acutting foot are connected together by a locking systemDuring the driving operation the adjacent soil is pushed asideOnce the required depth has been reached the compression
unit is withdrawn while the formed cavity is filled withbentonite slurry The steel sheet piles are then positioned ordriven into the slurry in suspension This method avoids theneed for the removal of excavated material
Fig 21
Driving using a special auxiliary section (Fig 20)
A special auxiliary section of reduced size is locked to thefree interlock of the section being driven The auxiliarysection is either driven at the same time as the steel sheetpile or afterwards if the characteristics of the ground allowit The auxiliary section is fitted with tubes which push the
interlock sealed inthe workshop
driving directionauxiliary section(injection during
extraction)
soil away from the interlocks Grout is injected through thesetubes as the auxiliary section is withdrawn In this way thesoil around the leading interlock is pushed aside and sealedallowing the next pile to be driven with less resistance
Injection of slurry behind the steel sheet pilingwall
This system of injecting slurry on the land side is very basicand not very reliable as the distribution of the sealingproduct (that is the slurry) is not properly controllable anddepends on the types of earth encountered
Fig 20
35
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3852
Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3952
A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3852
Vertical sealingRepairing defects of the sealing
The choice of the repair method depends on the followingfactors
bull type of sealing process (sealing product welding etc)
bull location of the sealing joint (see Fig 22 and 23)
bull gap of interlocks (see Fig 24)
bull level of humidity in the interlocks
bull accessibility
The various methods are summarized below Table 2 showsthe main criteria governing the choice of the proper method
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquoexcavation side
earthwater side
interlock withsealing product
interlock withsealing product
weldedinterlock
weldedinterlockearthwater side earthwater side
excavation side excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
Location of the sealer (U sheet piles)
Fig 22
Location of the sealer (Z sheet piles)
When a driving incident damages a sealed interlock certain methods can be used as a repair
see detail ldquoArdquo or ldquoBrdquo
earthwater side
excavation side
earthwater sidewelded interlock welded interlock
excavation side
earthwater side
excavation side
Detail laquoAraquo Detail laquoBraquo
interlock withsealing product interlock withsealing product
Fig 23
36
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3952
A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 3952
A) without gap B) with gap B) with gapA) without gap
Spacing of interlock (U sheet piles) Spacing of interlock (Z sheet piles)
Fig 24
37
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4052
T a b l e 2 C h o i c e o f m e t h o d s
f o r r e p a i r i n g s e a l s o f s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g
L o c a t i o n
o f s e a l i n g p r o d u c t
T y p e o f s e a l i n
g p r o d u c t
S p a c i n g o f i n t e r l o c k s
( s e e F i g 2 4 )
H u m i d i t y i n t h e i n t e r l o c k s
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
M e t h o d t o b e u s e d
( s e e F i g 2 5 t o 2 7 )
B e l t a n reg
P l u s
A r c o s e a l trade
R O X A N reg
P l u s s y s t e m
A K I L A reg
s y s t e m
W e l d e d
i n t e r l o c k
N
o g a p
G a p
H u m i d i t y
w i t h o u t l e a k a g e
H u m i d i t y
w i t h l e a k a g e
E x c a v a t i o n
s i d e o n l y
A s d e t a i l A
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
w a t e r l a n d s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 o r 2 o r 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
A s d e t a i l B
( F i g 2 2 a n d 2 3 )
( s e a l i n g p r o d u c t o n
e x c a v a t i o n s i d e )
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 2 o r 3
( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
X
X
X
X
X
X
M e t h o d 1 ( i n t e r m i t t e n t l y )
o r 2
E x a m p l e
- s h e e t p i l e Z
- R O X A N reg P l u s s y s t e m
- l o c a t
e d f a c i n g w a t e r s i d e a s f i g u r e 2 3 d e t a
i l A
- w i t h
g a p b e t w e e n i n t e r l o c k s
- l a r g e
w a t e r f l o w
a c r o s s t h e i n t e r l o c k ( w i t h
l e a k a g e )
- a c c e s s i b i l i t y v i a t h e c o f f e r d a m
R e p a i r m e t h o d 2 o r 3
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
( E x a m p l e )
38
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4152
Repairs above ground level (interlock accessible on the excavation side)
Method 1Sealing by applying a seal-weld along the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 25)
Method 2Sealing by welding a plate or an angle over the interlock over the required height of the pile (Fig 26)
Method 3Sealing by filling the gap between the interlocks with plastic sections strips of waterswelling rubber or prelaminated timber
laths over the required height of the pile (Fig 27)
waterearth side defective sealing product
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
waterearth side defective sealing product
plate or angle(depending on water flow)
excavation side
welding torch(manual or semi-automatic)
repair weld
repair weld
waterearth side
defective sealing product
plastic or timberprofile
rubber strip(waterswelling)
prelaminatedtimber lath
excavation side
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
39
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4252
Repairs below ground level
Method 1Excavation down the length of the interlock to be sealed and extension of the seal-weld or the interlock repair productdown to the necessary depth (Fig 28)
Method 2Injection of a product (fast-setting cement or bentonite) behind the wall along the interlock to be sealed (Fig 29)
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
additional excavation at the position of the interlocks only(in agreement with the engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
sheet pile
drilling and injection
interlocks threaded crimpedand sealed in the workshop
interlocks threaded on site
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
injection of cement-bentonite mixture
excavation side
earth side
earth sideexcavation side
sheet pile
Fig 29
Fig 28
40
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4352
Method 3In the event of more serious leaks form a trench along the bottom of the excavation install a drainage system and connectto a pumping system (Fig 30)
Repairs in waterIn the event that it is required to create or repair a seal on the water side the examples shown in (Fig 31a amp 31b) may be
suitable
sealed length abovethe level of excavation
level of excavation
drain pipe (connected to a pumping system)
sheet pile
i n t e r l o c k s
t h r e a d e d
o n s
i t e
drainage system (in agreement withthe engineer in charge of the design)
length sealed afteradditional excavation
steel profile
sheet pile Z-type
water side
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile
water side
sheet pile U-type
inside of cofferdam
injected product
steel profile sheet pile
water side inside of cofferdam
water side
inside of cofferdam
section x-x
x x
water side inside of cofferdam
mixture of sawdust orfast-setting cement
sheet pile
Fig 31a Fig 31b
Fig 30
41
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4452
Horizontal sealing
In general two types of sealing exist
bull sealing of the base slab ie forming a watertight seal
in zones which are often under waterbull sealing the cover slab
In the case of a sealed connection between a base slab (raft)or a cover slab and steel sheet piling the connection examplesdescribed in the figures below may be useful
Figures 33-34 connection of a base slab (raft)Figures 35-37 connection of a cover slab
Horizontal sealing consists of forming a watertight connection between two types of elementswhich are essentially different the steel sheet piling wall which is rigid and corrugated and thehorizontal construction element rigid or exible and generally at
see fig 33 - 34
base slab
cover slabsee fig 35 - 37
see fig 33 - 34
s h e e t p i l
e
s h e e t p i l e
Fig 32
Tunnel or landll wasteconnement
42
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4552
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4652
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase
3) reinforcement
4) reinforced concrete cover slab5) sealing
6) concrete protection or asphalt screed
7) backfill concrete slab
phases of execution
a) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) formwork for the cover slab
c) installation of ndash sealant
ndash concrete protection or asphalt screedd) backfill concrete slab
6
5
1
7
2
4
3
Fig 36
Horizontal sealing with cover slab
Fixed connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
1) sheet pile2) reinforced concrete3) elastomer joint (or similar)
4) support5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) sealing (membrane or similar)7) concrete protection or asphalt screed8) expanded polystyrene (formwork left in place)9) vertical protection (bricks)
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for the reinforced
concrete cap positioning of the lower part of
the support steel reinforcement positioning ofthe elastomer joint concretingc) formwork for the cover slabd) installation of
ndash sealantndash concrete protection or asphalt cover screedndash additional vertical protection
9
3
8
2
1
6
5
7
4
Fig 35
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water inltration
44
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4752
1) sheet pile2) concrete subbase3) steel sheet (~8 mm thick)
4) sealing membrane (felt layer ~5 mm thick)hot fixed or mechanical fixing with flexible strip
5) reinforced concrete cover slab6) clamping plate7) sealing (membrane or similar)8) filter sheet (geotextile or similar)9) drainage
10) reinforced concrete cover slab11) concrete protection or asphalt screed12) vertical protection (bricks)13) copper sheet
phases of executiona) excavation setting piles to level
concrete subbase cleaning etcb) preparation of the formwork for
the reinforced concretec) formwork for the cover slabd) execution of sealing system
concrete protection or asphalt cover screedincluding drainage
continuous
seal weld
6
13
2
10
12
11
7
4
3 19
5
5
8
Fig 37
Horizontal sealing with cover slabHinged connection between cover slab and steel sheet piling wall in the presence of water under pressure
45
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 4852
Remarks ampReferences
Remarks
It is important to note that all r values given in this
document are characteristic values (maximum valuesconsidered as rdquocautious estimatesrdquo) which are results of in-situ tests For the determination of design values a safetyfactor has to be carefully chosen in order to balance thescattering of the test results and the imponderables inherentto the installation of the piles the soil local defects etcPlease contact the Technical Department for guidelines onthis matter
References
For additional background information please refer to
bull Steel Sheet Pile Seepage Resistance JB SELLMEIJERFourth International Landfill Symposium Cagliari Italy1993
bull Joint Resistance of Steel Sheet Piles Definition JBSELLMEIJER August 1993 (unpublished)
bull The Hydraulic Resistance of Steel Sheet Pile JointsJBSELLMEIJER JPAE COOLS WJ POST
J DECKER 1993 (publication ASCE)bull EAU 2012 Recommandations of the Committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Berlin2012 (Ernst amp Sohn)
46
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 495247
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
48
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5052
Disclaimer
The data and commentary contained within this steel sheet piling document is for general information purposes only It isprovided without warranty of any kind ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl shall not be held responsible for any errors
omissions or misuse of any of the enclosed information and hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the ability orinability to use the information contained within Anyone making use of this material does so at hisher own risk In no eventwill ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl be held liable for any damages including lost profits lost savings or other incidentalor consequential damages arising from use of or inability to use the information contained within Our sheet pile range isliable to change without notice
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8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5152
Edition January 2014
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom
8112019 Amcrps Impervious Ssp Gb
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullamcrps-impervious-ssp-gb 5252
ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS Sagrave rl
Sheet Piling
66 rue de LuxembourgL-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
T (+352) 5313 3105sheetpilingarcelormittalcomsheetpilingarcelormittalcom