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Fishers (Martes pennanti), bobcats (Lynx rufus), and river otters (Lontra canadensis) are all species of interest for the Wisconsin DNR due to fluctuations in population size. The Wisconsin DNR collects carcasses of legally harvested fur-bearing game animals trapped throughout the seasons and then makes them available for research studies. Over the last 4 years the laboratory at Winona State University obtained intestines from these 3 animal species to be examined for parasites. Each intestine was placed in a Ziploc bag and frozen until ready to analyze. The intestines were then dissected and the digested material was separated through sieves of different sizes. The digested material was then examined microscopically and any parasites that were collected were stored in 70% ethanol. Some parasites were stained for further identification. Parasite prevalence and intensity were determined for each species of furbearer and analyzed in relation to gender and geographic location. Currently, data from all 3 species of animal have been combined to determine relationships of parasitic prevalence/intensities in the different regions of Wisconsin.

Abstract  

Background  

For the collecting of parasites, intestines were cut open and digested material was rinsed out through four sieves ranging in pore size diameter. Digested material was examined for parasites under a dissecting microscope. Parasites found were removed, cleaned, and placed into labeled vials containing 70% EtOH for preservation. Data from all 3 species of fur-bearing game animal have been combined to determine relationships of parasitic prevalence/intensities in the different regions of Wisconsin.

Methods  

Results  

Conclusions  ² 69.7% of all 3 species of fur-bearing game animals presented with some

type of gastrointestinal parasitic infection. ² The Northeast region had the lowest prevalence of infected otters,

fishers, and bobcats despite being the region with the most animals collected.

² The data shows that there is no evidence to suggest a significant

difference with the amount of infected animals per region in Wisconsin. ² The data suggests that animals collected from the southwest region

have the highest intensity of parasitic infection, though not significantly different from the other regions.

References  Meyer, Rachelle. 2007. “Martes pennanti. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2015, July 2]. “North American River Otter - National Wildlife Federation.” N.p., n.d. Web. 2 July 2015. Tesky, Julie L. 1995. “Lynx rufus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2015, July 2]. Acknowledgments  

We would like to thank the Wisconsin DNR, Dr. Brant Deppa, Ashley Wiederin, and Dr. Kimberly Bates for their resources and contributions to our research. We would also like to thank all of the students who contributed to this research in years past.

Fishers live in old-growth coniferous forests and their diet consist of rabbits, other small mammals, and some plants. Of the fishers analyzed 58% (58/100) were infected, with the most prevalent type of parasitic infection being Alaria mustelae. Bobcats can live in a wide variety of habitats and their diet consists of rabbits, small mammals, and sometimes deer. Of the bobcats analyzed 76.0% (70/92) were infected, with the most prevalent types of parasitic infection being tapeworms and roundworms. River otters live in semi-aquatic habitats and their diet consists of fish, small mammals, and frogs. Of the otters analyzed 72.0% (60/83) were infected, with the most prevalent type of parasitic infection being Echinostoma spp. and Acanthocephala spp.. The state of Wisconsin was separated into 4 regions: the Northwest (NW) region, the Northeast region (NE), the Southwest region (SW), and the Southeast region (SE) based on habitat type and number of counties (Figure 1).

Dr. Kimberly Bates Biology Department. Winona State University, Winona, MN 55987

 

Kelsey Hoffmann, Amber Schultze, and Lucas Seaberg

Gastrointes/nal  Parasi/c  Infec/on  Prevalence  for  Fur-­‐Bearing  Game  Animals  in  the  Different  Regions  of  Wisconsin  

 

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NE NW SE SW4 Region

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Region  in  Wisconsin  

Prevalence  

NE   68.2%  (45/66)  

NW   68.1%  (98/144)  

SE   82.1%  (23/28)  

SW   69.7%  (16/23)  

Animal  Species  

Region  in  Wisconsin  NE                            NW                          SE                          SW          

OIer   24   11   28   20  

Fisher   12   72   0   2  

Bobcat   30   61   0   1  

TOTAL   66   144   28   23  

Figure 1: The counties of Wisconsin divided into 4 larger regions labeled as Northwest (NW), Northeast

(NE), Southwest (SW), and Southeast (SE).  

NW  NE  

SE  SW  

Table 1: Number of otter, fisher and bobcat intestines harvested from each of the 4 regions and the total number of intestines per region.  

Figure 2: Combined number of fisher, bobcat, and otter intestines of which were infected

versus not infected in each of the 4 regions of Wisconsin.

Table 2: Prevalence of infected otters, fishers, and bobcats within the 4 regions of Wisconsin.

Table 3: Combined mean intensity of parasitic infection in otters and fishers collected from the 4

regions of Wisconsin.  

A combined total of 261intestines for the 3 fur-bearing game animals were analyzed (Table 1). Of these intestines 69.7% (182/261) had some type of gastrointestinal parasitic infection. Due to the uneven distribution of fishers and bobcats within the 4 regions of Wisconsin the data is skewed and any conclusions made may not be statistically relevant.

Analysis of all 261intestines from the fishers, bobcats and otters showed that 69.7% (182/261) had some type of gastrointestinal parasitic infection (Figure 2).

Prevalence represents the proportion of individual animals within 1 of the 4 regions of Wisconsin that had some type of gastrointestinal parasitic infection (Table 2).

The mean intensity defines the average number of parasites found within each infected animal in the 4 regions of Wisconsin. (Table 3). These values could be further analyzed by comparing the mean intensities of parasitic infection of each species of animal within the 4 regions of Wisconsin (Figure 3). The mean intensity values for bobcats could not be included due to an indeterminate number of tapeworms found in many of the intestines.

Region  in  Wisconsin  

Mean  Intensity  

NE   37.67  (1-­‐620)  

NW   27.57  (1-­‐276)  

SE   17.43  (1-­‐47)  

SW   39.07  (1-­‐201)  

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Mean  Pa

rasiLc  In

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4  Regions  of  Wisconsin  

OZer  

Fisher  

Figure 3: Mean intensity of parasitic infection in otters and fishers found within the counties of the

NW, NE, SW and SE regions of Wisconsin.  

Future  Research  Figure 4: Dissecting microscope images of (in order

from left to right): Echinostoma spp., Tapeworm spp., Acanthocephala spp., and Nematode spp. found in WI. river otters collected in 2013-2014

 

Currently, all parasites that have been collected are being preserved at Winona State University awaiting identification. Classical taxonomic methods as well as SEM imagery and DNA Barcoding will be used to make identifications.

Figure 5: Microscope images of (in order from left to right): Toxocara spp. cervical alae, Toxascaris

spp. cervical alae, and Tapeworm spp. scolex. Found in WI. bobcats collected in 2012-2013