ambient intelligent mobile persistent browsing experience (aimpbe
TRANSCRIPT
Ambient Intelligent Mobile Persistent Browsing Experience (AIMPBE):
Seamless Session Browsing Experiences across Heterogeneous Devices using Sensors
Rosaleen Hegarty
†, Tom Lunney
†, Kevin Curran
†, Maurice Mulvenna
*
†Intelligent Systems Engineering Laboratory (ISEL), School of Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS)
*TRAIL Laboratory, School of Computing and Mathematics
Faculty of Computing and Engineering
University of Ulster, Magee College, Derry/Londonderry, BT48 7JL
{hegarty-r, tf.lunney, kj.curran, md.mulvenna}@ulster.ac.uk
Abstract- Exploratory analysis on the development of an
Ambient Intelligent Mobile Persistent Browsing Experience
(AIMPBE) system activated by sensors is presented. AIMPBE is a
communication and synchronisation framework for seamless web
session browsing to provide integrated connectivity across
heterogeneous geographically distributed devices. The intention is
to provide persistent location independent and appliance sensitive
viewing for the user enabling Internet mobility. Human technology
interface communication will be abstracted to a common
representation that will facilitate optimisation and customisation
across a number of heterogeneous input output terminals. This will
ensure smooth continuity between components for seamless
usability and maximum user convenience; filtering current context
aware information to the untethered user abetting their efficacy in
a digitally enhancing information society.
Keywords: ambient intelligence, ubiquitous computing, digital
communication, wireless networks, sensor technology,
embedded design, location information, context awareness.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile digital communication in an ambient setting is a
complex force uniting ubiquitous computing, sensor
technology, ad hoc networks and Internet to provide “nomadic,
untethered, pervasive, anytime, anywhere facilities” [1]. The
ever increasing demand is for ambient accessibility to
information provided by utilising small portable and fixed
devices fuelled by Moore’s Law with wireless communication
[2],[3]; which in turn is revolutionising usage patterns of
electronic service amongst academia, business and touches the
life pattern of regular users. However within the frame of
ubiquitous mobile and fixed computing there exists the
challenge to provide ‘persistent’ web sessions between multiple
devices, as the user’s session state is maintained regardless of
the device in operation; enabling the user seamless transfer.
Mobile devices with persistent web sessions will enable
physical movement, and location change, when viewing for
instance a lengthy web application, synchronising a seamless
user session between client facilitators identified by the server
network.
A. Objectives of AIMPBE
The motivation for this research is to provide seamless
Internet connectivity across disparate geographically dispersed
viewing devices. Through the use of sensor activated
communication, viewing content is always available at the
current terminal or display screen. The primary objectives of
this study are to:
• Develop a framework intrinsically linked to the porting
of web browsing session information over the Internet.
• Develop a scalable solution distributing current context
aware information to appropriate selected devices.
• Ensure user interface continuity and optimisation
between distributed devices such as PDAs, PCs and
smart mobile phones by using appropriate sensor
technology.
• Organise intelligent content and management
information for streaming audio and visual media.
• Customise and synchronise input and output between
the distributed devices to ensure continuity of the user
experience.
In pursuing the objectives outlined above, several research
questions need to be addressed. For example:
• What sort of profiler will be needed to track user
behaviour/movement, both within the context of the
virtual environment and the physical one (possibly
intelligent algorithms coupled with infrared, or Radio
Frequency IDentification-RFID tags) to provide
persistence and session continuity?
• How will the profiler store the user’s session, will it
cache and co-ordinate seamlessly to a new device from
decentralised clients (subsequently passing from web
ISBN: 978-1-902560-19-9 © 2008 PGNet
script to client – client-side facilities), or from a central
repository (heavy overload for concurrent sessions –
server-side facilities)? [4].
• How will AIMPBE tailor context sensitive intelligent
user interfaces with automatic profiling to optimise the
mobile user experience?
• What would be an appropriate architecture and design
for AIMPBE?
Amongst the challenges for this system, there exists the
requirement to work in real-time and to cope with varying
levels of ambiguity, such as changes in user predilection, user
idiosyncratic actions and weak sensor signals. Adaptability to
new heterogeneous devices and amended environments will
result in readjustment to meet user specification and
compensate for device failure supporting integration and
interoperability.
Whilst dynamically adapting to user requirements through
reconfiguration, ‘trust’, ‘security’ and ‘safety’ standards must
also be adhered to, and integrated into the AIMPBE design. An
elementary functional requirement for systems within Ambient
Intelligence (AmI) should be to provide simplicity and ease of
use for the user and “reject any steep learning curve” [5],[6].
The core of the application architecture is to provide natural
interactions and abstraction of the underlying technical
communication infrastructure; hiding complexity, whilst
enhancing experience and confidence.
These challenges will be addressed by carrying out research
associated with the design and implementation of AIMPBE – a
seamless session browsing experience across heterogeneous
devices aided by sensors. ‘Mobile device’ and ‘user’ are central
to this topic of pervasive ubiquity. AIMPBE will be tested
within the context of mobile and fixed systems using sensor
detection to capture the essence of ambient intelligence for the
inclusion of all citizens abetting their efficacy, whilst
interacting through multi-digital modes of communication.
The consecutive sections are divided as follows (II) details
research related to ambient intelligent environments, whilst
section (III) will focus on Internet technology and mobile
persistent sessions. Section (IV) discusses the requirements for
AIMPBE. Section (V) presents the proposed system schematic.
Section (VI) discusses potential tools, future developments and
enhancements for AIMPBE, and Section (VII) presents
conclusions.
II. RELATED RESEARCH
The following section gives a review of related research that
is relevant to AIMPBE within the context of Ambient
Intelligent and Ubiquitous projects. Section A reviews the area
of early Pervasive and Ubiquitous computing; while Section B
analyses the expansive range of Ambient Intelligence and
Pervasive Computing technologies that followed from the work
started at Xerox PARC.
A. Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing
Ubiquitous Computing (ubicomp) is a reflection of the
situational use of computing technology and the embedding of
complex computation within the social infrastructure of the
‘real world’. This interplay of digital in the physical was the
basis for much early investigation at Xerox Palo Alto Research
Center (PARC) and to which the reference “from atoms to
culture” was coined [7]. The focus was on redefining user
interactions, eliminating complexity and submerging the
technology around.
Early projects in ubiquity included LiveBoard
commercialised as ‘LiveWorks’ [8], which was an expansive
wall display migrating from silicon to rear screen projection. A
book sized ParcPad computer or MPad, used near field radio
signals and maintained constant network connectivity [7]. The
Olivetti Research Lab in conjunction with developments at
Xerox PARC created the Active Badge system [9],[10],[11].
The unification of which became known as ‘the board,’ ‘the
pad’ ‘the tab’ and ‘the badge’ [12],[7]. This system platformed
on a flexible computational framework of wireless networks
supporting mobile and remote access [13] and was capable of
recognising device, location, setting, connection and ownership,
and became an important test bed for ambient intelligence.
B. Ambient Intelligence and Pervasive Computing
Large scale ubiquitous research projects followed to include
‘Oxygen’ at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
incorporating a collaboration of communication and
computation using natural perceptive interfaces employing
multimodal speech and vision interchange [18],[19] and is
illustrated in Fig. 1. The Cricket Location Support System was
the location detection system incorporated into OXYGEN, and
it used Radio Frequency and ultrasound technologies to provide
location support services for the user [25].
‘Project Aura’ at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), [14],
[15]; is a large blanket venture evolving from CMU’s projects
to include legacy systems such as ‘Darwin’ (mobile application
aware networking), ‘Coda’ (nomadic file access), ‘Odyssey’
(Operating System support for application adaptation) and
‘Spot’ (computer wearables), as discussed in [16]. ‘Endeavour’
at UC Berkeley, provides for nomadic access through pervasive
storage of data in the network [17].
‘Portalano’ at Washington investigates invisible computing
with emphasis on data-centric routing for ‘smart’ data migration
[16]. Others in this arena include EMBASSI, MOBILEARN,
DYNAMITE, OZONE, ACTSLAINE, iRoom, Cyc Project,
EMERGE, BelAmI, SERENITY, and AMBIESENSE. These
Fig. 1: MIT project Oxygen [20].
systems are commonly offering virtual support for embedded
and distributed intelligence assisting the user autonomously in
providing for their requirements [16].
Related Industrial research extends to AT&T Research in
Cambridge, United Kingdom, IBM TJ Watson and their project
‘Platform Independent Model for Applications’ (PIMA),
providing for platform independence amongst heterogeneous
devices [16]. Philips Research [19] is the emerging industrial
division for ambient intelligence and their current project is
Philips’ ‘HomeLab’. The only truly large scale ubiquitous
system in existence is the Internet [19]; a large scale distributed
computing environment utilising wireless web access through
fixed and handheld heterogeneous devices for general purpose
information retrieval and composition.
III. INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
The prescience for the World Wide Web has grown and
become increasingly influential for information retrieval via
Internet technology. Info Strada is invariably extending into
modern society, infiltrating life from work through to recreation
[21]. Citizens on the move [22] are becoming networks on the
move integrated into a framework of networks supporting a
dynamic experience, through spatial and social relations.
Current popular social networking sites include ‘Bebo,’
‘Buzznet,’ ‘Facebook,’ ‘Flickr,’ ‘MySpace’ and there are many
more.
AIMPBE seeks to provide a social utility within ambient
space by sanctioning the ‘firing up’ of Internet sessions on a
selected device, and then the seamless coalescence and
switching to other appliances whilst perpetuating a constant
session browsing experience for the user activated by sensor
communication. This is achieved by caching the mobile web
session and associated objects and relaying them to another
possibly central repository, to facilitate viewing to commence
as a new ‘continued’ session on a different platform. Context-
aware and context-dependent information will be captured to
provide the dynamics in supporting persistent sessions.
Communication of information relevant to the user state and
situation such as location, session, device identity, activity and
time are all relevant entities in this context.
A. Mobile Persistent Web Sessions
The proliferation of mobile devices has as a consequence
increased the requirement for migrating sessions between
multiple systems. ‘Sun Ray’ a stateless thin-client system
centrally manages user applications, and draws computing
resources from, the Sun Ray server [23]. A smart card enables
user mobility between Sun Ray client appliances with
continuity of session; permitting a new continued assembly on
an alternative device.
Low cost, portable storage devices have led to the
development of web browsers for USB drives, such as Stealth
Surfer [24] and Portable Firefox [25]. They are limited however
to only running a web browser on a USB drive. Google Browser
Sync for Firefox is an extension that continuously synchronises
the users’ personal browser settings across user computers and
enables the restoration of open tabs traversing different
machines and browser sessions [26].
In conjunction with Firefox, Foxmarks offers a bookmark
synchroniser to automatically coordinate a user’s bookmarks
between two or more computers running Firefox, permitting
remote access and bookmark management from any computer
via my.foxmarks.com [27]. Yoono a Firefox add-on permits
personalisation of the browsing experience through suggestions
discovered by fellow surfers, including websites of interest,
people and articles incorporating a social element. Yoono
provides a scrapbook facility and bookmarks are also
automatically synchronised across user computers [28].
Webpod [29] is a portable system enabling persistent Internet
sessions, maintaining the entire user’s plugins, bookmarks,
browser web content, cookies, web history and configurations;
enabling personalised web browsing sessions on any Internet-
enabled device. Unlike Stealth Surfer and Portable FireFox,
Webpod like Google Browser Sync provides an entire web
browsing environment for its user. Webpod, as in [29]
“provides a virtualisation and checkpoint/restart mechanism
that decouples the browsing environment from the host,
facilitating session suspension to a pocketable portable storage
device,” allowing resumption from storage to another computer.
MobiDesk [30] transparently virtualises a user’s computing
session by abstracting underlying system resources in three
main areas: operating system, display and network. It provides a
thin virtualisation layer that decouples a user’s computing
session from any particular end user device, and moves all
application logic to the hosting provider. “The virtualisation
layer decouples a user’s computing session from the underlying
operating system and server instance, enabling high-
availability service by transparently migrating sessions from
one server to another during server maintenance or upgrades,”
[30].
pTHINC provides seamless mobility across a broad range of
different clients, and is implemented in Windows Mobile, using
thin-client computing. pTHINC connects to the server and
presents the user with the most recent session; should one not
exist then a new one is created. Existing sessions can be
seamlessly continued without change to the session setting or
server configuration providing seamless mobility across
different devices [31].
Many thin-clients have been developed and some with PDA
clients such as Microsoft’s Remote Desktop, Citrix MetaFrame
XP, Virtual Network Computing, GoToMyPC, and Tarantella
[31]. These systems were designed for desktop computing and
later retrofitted for PDAs. They do not address key system
architectures and usability issues relating to display quality and
system performance important for PDAs as PASSWORD does
[31].
PASSPORT as in [32] is a thin-client architecture that can be
used by service providers to deliver general application services
on mobile handheld devices. PASSPORT virtualises and resizes
the display on the server to efficiently deliver high-fidelity
screen updates to a broad range of different clients, screen sizes
and orientations. This enables PASSPORT to provide the same
persistent session over different client devices. PASSPORT
works transparently with existing applications, window
systems, and operating systems and “does not require
modifying, recompiling, or relinking existing software”.
PASSPORTs’ persistent application session model facilitates
the user to reconnect to a session from any device and continue
with the session or to commence a new one [32]. PASSPORT
provides a common computing environment for running
applications across computers enabling the user to remotely use
the exact same environment and applications from any
computer, however it does not interface with sensor technology
as is an intended design dimension of AIMPBE.
IV. REQUIREMENTS FOR AIMPBE
The ability to capture the user in state, application and
service requires interpretation of the ‘6 W’s’; ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’
‘Why?,’ ‘Where?,’ ‘When?’ and ‘hoW?’ [33] and is central to
the design and profile of the user. Context is argued to be a
feature of interaction [34] in any human computer symbiosis.
Within the framework of ambient intelligence, context is a key
factor, and this element has given rise to Activity Theory
Modelling taken from the psychology and social science
disciplines, working in the areas of consciousness and cognitive
acts within phenomenology [35]. Activity theory applied in
AIMPBE finds application in the areas of context awareness
and situational descriptions because of its adaptability to socio-
technical perspectives. It is based on the premise that
intelligence is action orientated and context can be used to bring
order and clarity to unclear situations in order to deliver
appropriate actions. Therefore context is seen as a tool for
action selection. The tagging of context to information is an
essential factor for the later retrieval of that same data.
Within AIMPBE enabling device exchange whilst sustaining
the capabilities and resources of the current session is part
enabled by context awareness. Location information is one form
of context aware information. This locating information may be
physical (gathered through Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
tracking, RFID tagging or infrared) or virtual within the system
session such as time stamping, image recognition, calendar
applications, camera reading or Internet Protocol (IP) address
[36]. Location management, a context aware feature utilised in
travel tourist guides [37] coupled with user profiling can be
incorporated into AIMPBE. The concept of tourist guide
systems defines the convergence of ubiquitous computing
communication and friendly user interfaces; encompassing the
ethos of ambient intelligent space - embedding, personalisation,
adaptivity, and anticipatory results, providing access
everywhere.
The visual display screens of the incorporated devices must
be rescaled from the server to deliver user interface continuity.
In so doing efficient delivery and content management will
permit a perpetual session amongst the client devices.
V. SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
The proposed high level schematic for the system is
illustrated in Fig. 2. The key components of AIMPBE work to
ensure continuity of service between multiple parts and include
a sensor network, web server, session server, and user session
(to store user history, cookies, current web page state and
bookmarks amongst other user facilities) to different mobile
devices. The server side can act as a coordinator to manage the
data sessions, with the aforementioned facility for screen
resizing before exporting to a newly activated device. The client
side component will have the necessary functionality to manage
session synchronisation as a feature. The server must also
maintain a user’s personal profile and orchestrate this profile to
heterogeneous devices within dynamic environments. In
addition the server will also be responsible for carrying out
routine authentication and authorisation and provide session
state and mobility handling within the design.
The information flow through the high level schematic is
activated by a session instantiation on a client and then
coordinates between multiple client devices through sensor
detection supported by the server updates and configurations.
Middleware connecting the applications within the system
schema may use an Extensible Markup Language (XML) and
Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) to facilitate
the transformation and representation of data via the Internet
and between the session and web server. They may be used both
to encode documents and to serialise data. A middleware
knowledge repository such as MySQL may be incorporated as it
is compatible with the Ruby on Rails language (an object
oriented web application developer) and will be integrated in
the overall schema for interactive user web applications.
Fig. 2: General information flow for AIMPBE.
The area of context awareness is concerned with the tracing
and locating of objects along with their social and
environmental interactions. This facility will require the
implementation of intelligent algorithms, for pattern matching,
learning and situation assessment and may include Case Based
Reasoning and Data Mining currently being investigated.
The data flow of this high level schematic will be refined
through iterative processes in the prototype build as the
development of AIMPBE progresses.
VI. POTENTIAL TOOLS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The potential software and tools required for the system
design will take into account, a unique username (and
password) for individual users as a necessary privacy/security
feature. An example of this type of code implemented in Ruby
is illustrated in Fig. 3. This can be achieved in two different
ways (i) have the server put a lifelong cookie into the browser
on the PC. This could be done on the server side for instant
communication to the client, however there is a problem in that
the user could have all cookies automatically deleted after use
or (ii) alternatively the user downloads a small file for every
device they intend to employ the application on. This file will
have the username/password imprinted on it as well as a link to
the server. When the user clicks on the file, it will contact the
server, and the server will send the last used web page(s)
address(es).
Java2EE could be used for both the client-side (J2SE) and the
server-side (J2EE) communicating relatively easily between
each other. With this configuration, a user could employ an
application on a mobile phone (J2ME). ASP and PHP are
powerful server side languages that may also be utilised. PHP
like Ruby on Rails (RoR) has session maintenance built into the
framework, making the system structure more robust.
RoR is a free open source object web application and
persistence framework written in the Ruby programming
language. It is a full stack system for developing database
backed applications appropriate to AIMPBE. Ruby works with
a wide range of web servers, such as Apache, lighttpd, nginx
proxying through to Mongrel. The database options that could
be used in connection with Ruby may range from any one of the
following, Oracle, SQLite, or PostgreSQL.
A number of existing toolkits could also be considered for
Knowledge Repository (such as MySQL, or DB2), Server
Support (SQL server) and Middleware (such as XML or SOAP)
in the system architecture.
Class User < ActiveRecord::Base
validates_uniqueness_of :username
validates_confirmation_of :password, :on => :create
validates_length_of :password, :within => 5..40
# If user matching the credentials is found, return user object, else return nil
def self.authenticate(user_info)
find_by_username_and_password(user_info[ :username],
user_info[ :password])
end
end
Fig. 3: Example of Ruby code for validating username and password.
VII. CONCLUSION
Ambient Intelligence is a dynamic vision, one in which the
technology serves individuals in a symbiosis of human machine
communication. In essence human culture, as a diverse mosaic
of social networking integrates with a flexible standard in
technology constantly adapting to user preferences in
accommodating convenience and comfort. AIMPBE will be
deployed in a prototype space containing state of the art
equipment to include; PC, laptop, smart mobile phones, RFID
tags, Bluetooth, and sensor location technology. The objectives
for the design of AIMPBE, are in the provision of a seamless
session browsing experience between multiple devices. A
review of the fundamental infrastructures required for Ambient
Intelligent environments has given an insight into the diversity
of the technology and its utility in mobile information access. A
review of existing mobile web sessions and mobile computing
sessions has also been given, which are of pivotal importance to
this development. A potentially unique contribution of
AIMPBE has been identified, namely providing seamless
session browsing via sensor network technology.
AIMPBESession Client
Sensor Output
Middleware, Server,Network
Session Server
Web Server
Context Awareness
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