amanz gressly's role in founding modero stratigraphy
TRANSCRIPT
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8/8/2019 Amanz Gressly's Role in Founding Modero Stratigraphy
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•
Gressly's role
in
founding modero stratigraphy
Depanmelll f G o l o g y wrd ~ o l o g i c a / Engi
nf: erin
g Culomdo
Sclrool
ofMines Gulden.
Colorado
HO JO
1
\V.
Homewood
Elf E.\pl
om
rim r Pmdu
crimr
.
640 8
Pau
cede
x.
France
papel"
dbc:ussn
Amanz Gre.'l.•ly's
fundamental
conlributions to
in lhl'ft arHs: f:ades c o n ~ p u
slndtnphlc corr.l:ation.
~ p h l c
l'ft0fl5trvction. To
f:acil
·
ac«ss
lo
hls dlsco••
eries.
we pre
senl an
tnanslallon
or
hls 1&38
paper
on
f:ac
ies
tnlil npbk
correlation.
We
dl..:uss
tx
•
rrom
lhis
lnulalioft. whidr drmon·
e lhat a a ~ uf he fundamental
princi
·
f modem stntit tnphy
Wft'e
Undrrstood
by (;ressly. We pulthls into thr
of
subsequrnl dr•dopmrnt ond re·
ofCUI'ftlll s
tn tJ tnphk
principies.
t'Xplaiaed lhr creais
or i m e n ·
fodes by procuscs opentinc
In deposi·
ell\ii'IIMMIIts. He detnonstnltd
r t p ·
facies
lr1lnslllooa ~ ,..(
,kh
as
- l a f emlro,,not nts
deposi&..a
r o a ~ a
u e
r m ~ t n i u d :he
of
particular feJ
morphol
ogi
es
parttc:alar
e c l l m ~ ) c a l facles . and
fKies
roulls
rrom lhMe lhal
lime
•lllue
and lhal -
uSdul
f
or
blo
c"lllekx"
or
z - fossilsl.
He
the
eqai'l'altttcy of
vertical
f : ~ c i o s
'
lOo
tluou¡do a
Jeriesofstnta
and
13
1·
flldes la . .,..,.., a
bed.
deftlopin l
Jllilid¡Ae that
aler
becanw
kno,.n as
' s IAw
of
tbe ~ t l O i l of f ucios.
bet'ftftl
the llmc n lur of
...t
PI
utA* rlt5
that
nftrct thérgenesis.
s¡MCillc
tums
lo
reflt
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concep1 airead
y had been
ed
and
abandoned by
o r m : of his
con
(for ex311'1ple. see comrm:nW'ies in
1984). Gressly offered the
ive concepts and methods that were to be
e the foundation
of
modem stratigraphy.
(
1962)
argued that new paradigms in sci
follow a period
of
discomfon with the ~ i s t ·
paradigm because
of
mism:uches between
such a period of discomfort.
Gressly's insightful
departure
from the exist
paradigm contained tltree fundamental. re
concep S.
Fant.
he
recognized thal
the sedi
of
rocks.
of
deposition
specific geomorphic environrm:nts. Sec
he understood that facies occur indepen
of time. and
thal
time and rocks must
be
with
separate conceptS and vocabularies.
he
established that there are predictable
of
facies relationships. He documented
faciesoccur inregular
paw:ms of
ater:tl
ttan·
along a bed. and that
these
laterollr.lnsi·
in venical successions. This
w:IS accomplishedc:uring his early twenúes
from observaúons
rnade
on disconlinuous.
vege
tated outcrops. and without lhe benefit
of
much
formal
geological
training_
lmponant reviews of Gressly s education.
collaboration with his contempor.uies. work
in
the Jura. contributions to stratigraphic science.
and other biographical inforrnalion were given
by Teichen Cl958l. Wegrnann C1963). Meyer
(
1%61.
Schneer (
19721.
Nelson
0985
.
Swnpfli
t 19861.
and Schaer (1994). Gressly was bom in
the village
of
Bllrschwil (Canten de Sololhum)
in the German-speaiUng area ef Switz.erland
near the outer. norlhwestem thrusts of he Jura
Mountains. After pre-university schooling in
Solothum. Luz.em. and Fribourg, he spent sev
era months in Porrentruy (Canten Bem).
Switzerland. to imp 'O"e his French. In Novem
ber
1834.
at the
age oC20,
he went
te
Univmiry
of
Strasbourg to study medicine. While there
he
anended lectures on geology given by Phillippe
Voltz. the chief engineer of the Strasbourg min
er:tl
disuict.
He
became
friends
wilh Julius
Thur
mann. a professor of mathematics and natural
;cience at Porrentruy.
wt.o
also was studying
ge
ology
under
Voltz
in
Slnsbourg.Thunnann s
re·
search was on tbe stnli)ll"'l9hy lUid structure of
the Bemese Jura. He Clll:llllnpdGressly to ini
IÍate parallel and tootple.llCit lll f studies in tbe
adiacent Solorum to tbe east.
In
Jul y
1836.
aftertwo yean
offield
worlc in
the Sulothum
Jura. Gn osly
went wilhThurmann
to Sulothum to present
an
oral paper al the an·
n u ~ l meeune of the
S w 1 s ~
Natur.JI Hisu)rv Soci-
l"lh' •CJ•·nded :lh\tr.ICt nt h1' ¡):lf'("r \\ : t \ puP
CROSS ANO
HOMEWOOO
lished lhe following year CGressly,
1837). In
this
paper Gressly gave a
shon
definition nf sed
i
mentary facies and related the facies he had ot>-
served to depositional environments. The first
pan of Gressly's major work. "Observations
géologiques sur le Jura soleutois." was published
in 1838. apparently with considerable help in
composition and editing from his friends. panic
ularly Thurmann.
At
lhe Sololhum meeting, Gressly also met
LouisAgassiz.lheintemationallyrespected pale·
ontelogist and geologist. Agassiz recognized the
novelty and imponance ofGressly's insights and
command
of
lilhostratigraphic and biostrati·
graphic data. and he encouraged Gressly to
continue wilh his work. Afler publication
of
lhe
first
pan of
the "Observations." Agassiz pro
meted Gressly's work by circulating the paper
widely. In evidence. during the session of the
French Geological Society on November 20.
1837.
M:llt¡Uis
de Roys
t a good friend of Privosl)
reponed on
his
work
on temuns
of
lhe
sou hwest
Paris basin. ending wilh a comment that the
facies of lhese terrains were detemúned by their
aspect.
bu1
not by their age (de Roys.
1837).
After the Solelhum meeting Gressly did not
retum to Strasbourg.
but
went to
Pom:nauy
and
stayed wilh Thurmann.
From
November 1836 to
Janua¡y
1838.
Gressly was in Neuchatel
for
lec·
tures
given by
Agassiz. Subsequently.
he
was
em-
ployed by Agassiz for severa yea.r.; :IS
an
:ISsis·
tant at the Museum of Neuchatelto collect and
curate fossils. Gressly's fossil collec1ion. care
fully collected within a
few
yean and recorded
within
a
stratigraphic context. numbered more
han 25.000 specimens. Between Janua¡y 1838
and
Sep1ember 1839. Gressly was mentally ill.
and
lhere
is an a b s e n c ~ of
correspondence
from
lhat period. This illness delayed publication of
the rest ofGressly's "Observalions" untill840
and 1841. That Gressly did not subsequently
pubtish en facies is attributed to his fragile heallh.
The main
pan of
his work. consisting
of 75
sci·
entificmanuscripts.
51
field
notl book.s. and
myr·
iad personal notes. is stored at lhe Museum
of
Sololhum CSwnpfli. 1986).
Wegmann ( 1963\ casts Gressly as a revolu·
tiona¡y in
lhe
context
of
··normal" versus
r e v ~
lu1ionary" science. using tenns formalized by
T.
S. Kuhn ( 1962). The prevailing geological
notions of the time were
derived
from Wemer's
Neptunist
c o n c e p ~ s .
in which formations were
considered contemporaneous. globally distrib
utl d.
specific rock
rypes.
By contnsl from em·
pirical observation Gressly recognized that a spe·
cific rock type ("facies") reflects its origin in
terrns
ofenvironment and conditions
of
accumu
lation
. not in terrns
of
its age. Rocks of the s
ame
;Jge
t h a n ~ e
< . : h a r . t C I ~ f c·f:tCie \· · , ClV('T Ül -li:ln
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were mnsidmd 11obal in dislribution and
lime · ·m.ver
their
c,_,. ition
or
,
-···...-·
oripn. fviiiWIÍOIIS-
clauifled and
bys-aJ itholocic chlncteri.stics
assemblases which were thought to
each UJtit throulhoot
exr.ensive
ft lions.
fomwlioas occurmt in stratignphic
likc temins. fonnaáons
were
consid·
bod1 time bounded a.nd lithologicatly dis·
. Recognition of a panicular lithology
was
to define
thc
age of the Str.lta being
of time-lithology
the Wemerian
r . ~ d i t i o n .
auumed lithologic identity and global
of
paleoenvironmental conditions
one time
period 10
the nexL
initially
i n ~ n d e d
to use the str.ati·
c o l l e ~ g u e
and mentor
had
clefined
in the Bernese Jura. a.nd
them 10 the Soleute Juratsee q t ~ W ~ n .
. Thlll1 WIII hld established s t r a t i g r . ~ p l l
ions
andCOITebtions
in
the
tnditional
m:ut·
measuring
a series
of stntisfllphic sections
and then correlating the
mata
them.
The
condalions
wae
b:lsed
upon
equivalency.
y;........,-., """'Y O d i e ~ wl>m
lliw
ceoiolitallaws
diOI
Mr.
Thurmonn
wnfied wioh
I'OICh t:llenl and SII(I)CU on
die , . , . . . , ~ ; . ,
un1ts
die nei@hborin111ltlllfi'OI'hlc:
URIU. aftd C:JUSO
:IStO
hmeftl
fot
tho
~ I > C "'iloaltur J ~ \ S I C
r : I I I ~ . I - 7 )
G r e s ~ l y explicitly cautioned again
st
as
si gmng
an a ~ o c to str.lt.:l on the bas is of lithologic h 3 t : l c
terisucs. He w
a ~ M d
that bec:luse litho
log
cc • h:u-·
actenstics
are
u f f i c
ali
ke
in
t r a l l ~ r : l p
units of different ages. a geologist can m
is
take
thc age of a unit if it.s age is judged by lithology.
Similarly.
he
cautioned thal because the sa
me
verbc:ll SUCCCSSIOnSof lithologies
are
rtpealed in
multiple
l f l l t
g r . ~ p h i c units. a gcologist can co
n
sider
s e v e r . ~ l
temporally distinct
g r . ~ p h i c
units as one .
C o m m o n l y . h e t h ~ w i l l s a o p w i l h s u r ¡ m o
in from
of
ronnau
ons he thouahl he knew "-cll
r
or
•
lonJt
time.
l.ed
as""v b'l
100 much
fai.th in
IICCe¡>led
g e o i o ~ i c o l
do@ma. ;.hich orten @tnernlitn puroly
local focts.
he will
pomops
be misWpat ial
vari:uions in lithology within time-equivalent
units. and lhc basis for inferring the pnleo
geomorphology of fine-scale time slices. This
~ p p r o a c h would establish the basis for strati·
graphic
concbtions.
...
bal
soon
1
wu
ton:ed
to
successi.ely
modify
tllese (l"hunnann"sllaws oceonling 10
1hedivme ..,.
giofts
which
mob up
tho
SoleureJura.
and tho
study
of these di.....w re¡;on. neccssitated on my p:>n
•
s _ . o raeon:il ~ melhodl díl'remll lO the
:BrocU $
used in lhe 1,..,.lation eilher lo lve
tho
Fronch-
tr:lnSiated..
:as on [""terr:lin
l. ur
10
dor·
ify •
nnslaion
in
on1tr
tiW
we
noc
s
ny
too
for
from
the liunl Frenc:h.
ond i
tolics in l
he
lr:>Mio·
non are
ltom
1,jressly.
one
wh
ich is e n c n l l pntettced e ~
ni
bdn 'J
li;,1lJ:St'ied \\'ÍÜ'I acenut - .nbt r 01 \'fttK21 ;¡_
type secuons ('1ypesdtscnpti
fs
"l. 1followed e.xh
u ~ h
um1
lbe·
uoml
ulon' us honi.OIItll ertent
as
r·or a.<
'O>Sible
'
order to 111udy oll
il<
,..,a1oom. 110/21- ;91
In these JXISSa CS Gn=ss
ly
recoomed his ch:lng
i
ng
perceptions abaut the aPProaches and
phihoophies requircd
10
study thcslflltigrophy
nf
the Jura.
He
in ended
10
conduct
t f l l u g r . ~ p h i c
re
sean:h us
in
thcex istinc
par: digm a.nd
methods.
but hediscoveted tl\31 theydid not
worlc
and werc
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paua, . rom
one
paleontoiO@icaJ assembla@e to
aJ10iheralways o c c o m ¡ ~ a n y hose petmgraphic tran
siúons.
Io.,
renect the physical
and
chemical
M t r i b u ~ < · ,
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,
-.
-
..-.
ru n .¡
.... MI.U
u c
omposiUon
a Ílllftr.
Ocwl»t4J
.
l laildanlbonksond ....m
. . . . . . . . . . .--10 danpous to
ships.
These
oJways..., . . . . . . ..ied by - orpriÍ$111S
to
ccnl Mis. which IJII'"I'to
Hourish
in
nretr.· q í u ~ Wllcr. dius
always IMnJ
•
tila P">•idcs tei Wiee ID lhe
WIYes.
IR a irWy fi.Ud10 i e ~
die
0111-
h:lniJ•ccaaak
l
'f elastic sa\ICNI'e
whic:h @'iws
- in ie
force
of he waves
rewwen
•aly.
and
comes
CM vicloriouo frnm
die
comlill.
Tire eltemal JniRl'III"' Y of tht
ta
. . .
die byouc
of
rhrir
orpns
are no
leu
wtHd\ poet f t
th rtt
Comr 'IDftly
all
these popea;u
oare unned
ladr
lre objec.oc. ll312: to 141101
odler ~
he compared fossil mor
opcs
in dilremrtllabitats ond related the
of specics (communitiesJ in thesc
to nu¡Aa¡logic :ldaptation to
he
phy•i·
chemiaJ conditions of die respecti
ve
en
auts.
lnlbeC3SC of
muddy
hmitats
citcd in
followiq. Gressly obst:t
>ed ttw
gener:1
and
ies or
tire
fanal assembluges have thin.
l e s s - o m : ~ ~ e
shells
tha1
are
not
e s i s t : ~ ~ ~ t t o
.
,_..¡
nc. whiclr is COIISUJII for all p:rleontJ>·
o die muddy a e ~
1J
thM tire
1ct1Cf1
ond
$pecies hove tests less
apt
etfeas of ••-ndn8. Tire shtlls.
.
odien. - rrcrmally >ay thin. -ay 11111Ch
• lesCIIftllle..kssOi&taadwimdiffamc:
1 ao:es
l ira
in die preced
inr
(coral( f:rdes
- drey have 1 >ay p CRIOOinced
IIWSt\1
. . . . , ,.
Ko•e>CI'.dieft""' somelimes senen
sp:áes """" _ , . dlidr. shells bul whiclr have •
oboost sowcrwe and which
eu
ily ddamina.t<
t ·
._
¡n:¡wbyabiuion.
al814-
ll)
developed and illustrated scvem niche
uu¡AUop: "'II(•OIIioiiS orspecies10 their
as illustnll:d by the followi ng eltllmple.
Onc ''ftY
;;npu;
wa
C'hlra:aeabtie which is univenal
ro
CllpliÍSIM widlin
lhe ccxal
facies
is
a very thlck
WJI. oiWI)'$ hi¡l ly
otnllllftlled
by ribs. Slrillions,
' P"ftn· nodes. ud other
m a ~ M n m i o n i
>t
tnt: .1
~ i : a f pn)"MMDUmV, \c: f"Y u·t q U I';u"
_
____
.
. ........
........
.. ,
..
....
....
.....
.....
.
..
.
........
..
. .
.
an ocean Ion.: oe lrom thc surface ot' the t:vth.
1 5120-26)
-
roomen
ts
rn
wmcn
mcy
cx:cur.
regarure
ss
or •ge.
ESTABLISHING THE CONCEPTS OF
VERTICAL
FACIES
SUCCESSJONS AND
LAWS
GOVERNING LATERALAND
~ C A L D ~ U T I O N S O F F A C I E S
Having esrablished the genetic relation be·
rween
facies
and
deposilional
environmenlS
. :111d
having equated
he l : l t e r . ~ l
vllriabiliry of faci es
alon&
beds
of ire same age wi llthe mosaic of
~ i t i o n a l
environments along deposi tional
profiles. Gressly considered
tire
dyna.mics of the
geomorphic process-response system through
ñme and extended thesc
re
lations into
the
four·
dimensions of stratigraphy. He established llat
tire regularpmems and trends of fncies observed
l a t e r . ~ l l y along beds were replicated through a
venic:al
succession
Df
beds. Moreover. tire veni·
cal succession
of
fliCies through a series of super·
posee
beds
wu repeated within larger scale
stratigtUphic
unilS.
The regular venical succes
sion ot' facies
wu
accompanied
by
a
: g u l : ~ r
suc
cessi
on
of
f
os
s
il
s.
~ s
expl
ai
ned these
si
m
i·
l
:ar
venic:ll and l:ua:tl ~ m e n l S of facies :111d
t
he
o n t r o of their distnbution in the fonn of
five laws.
Afttr ~ v t n deunn
ined t
he
ma
jot f
ac
ies which
t n : ~ our ~ terr.un.s• it
renw
ns to t
ü e 3
look ot t
ht
ow<
whiclr
underlie ondcontrOl tlreir
dis·
lribrt ion bolh \1 1ticolly lUid honzonwly. (2
00
2-lSJ
Gressly' s first law that facies change
tr:rns
i
tionally wi llin
coeval
beds is
as
f o i l ~ :
Ü
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fnd-mtmlwrfa.citl. mokCI
it
difficult to lrfHJNit
r l r t m . l ~ l J l
Gressly's founh law is
as
follows:
Dil-trs-lr, of
W fod l 'tC'mJStl
in
a
\'t ical dirw-
·
rion
fmm x u ~
ro
top throuRhnur tht
K
hol
e
Stl'lt
S
(str.Jtipllphie
succession l l u ' o u ~ h
he Junul s u b f ~ c i e s . which
vary
in he different 5tr.ltigl'llphie uní . llnd reg iuns
ofour Jur.L and whie
.h""'u>eful
toknow
inordcr10
undmtllnd
he laws of distribu1ions
of
poleontolog
·
ical
A ~ i a t i o n s
These
~ u b r o c - i
nre eAplained
:at;
t r : ~ n s i l i o m . which
link the mljor
facies.
lltld
allow
•PI"eci
otion
of
he
slightut
ft\WICCS on he
livínJ
condition•
of
the or¡anic
world
now buricd
in
lht
e:111h 's
cM . Thus
c
oquinas
link pctrographically
thc purely
coral focics
lo
he
p u r e l ~ m u d d ~
fx í
cs .
p a s s o n ~
throuth the
oolíths and pi:101iths
.
to
he
. . dy
and
gra\'C:Ily
varieties (mi"'uresJ
of
thc
mudd
y
facies
.
Analogoos passages from on
e p.ale·
ontolo¡ico.l
asscmbla,e 10 anolhcr
olway< aecom·
pony l
heoe pe Jo¡;npitK: tnnslliOM. le
rs
alwoy< the
moSI
deliate o r m ~
which dominate 1n the tr:lnsi·
tion zones. (IY27
to
1617)
'
\\ lo>t
1
have
said
about venieol ' ~ o n of
facies
15
not
withou1
excepllon.
and
it
is
obviously
nac\li'IJ
that this
bw
should vary
occordint to
he
pcuo·
""ploic and
geogr-ies of oo:ks
and s nli·
;nphic units. We
sho
uld thus nnt be
u r p n s ~ d
10
liod
withina
mudclv roek. ilbcweor hc low acur.Uline
roo:
k.
fos.,ls whic
h.live
in
mud.
But hese f05Srl> of
he
muddy
facies
will indK:ate no less
thonthe
cor>ls
:s \h:lllow marine
or liuoral i r o n m e n t
even
t h o u ~ h ~
roc:ks
are
of a dlffcrenttypc
:x:conlon•
h> lht lr ~ u u o n - 3 J
proceu.
C
1
/) J cu
~ : 1 6 1
.-\brupc fac-ies tr.Ut\ilioru
~
JWticulatly uhv1ou._ ht ·
I\\C
('n c
tn.l
o n u ~
f ~ :1nd purt
mUW
.
in
somo
e>ses.
fo
llowinl •
con
sider.able
(thick ond lat.enlly
uten.r
vel
pc
l
a1
oc dcposn. lit·
un l rocíes appc:or >bro¡ltly. almost
wi11oout
any
plduoltnnsnion.This
phenomcuon
.
allhou1h
in·
frequtnl. once osain hc
ins 11 he
I..Dwft Oolite.
h
coincic.les
with
he abru¡M or parhql hontonlll
f ~
tnnsi
tions
of
he t ' l l i ~ i c :
Un
liS
. . . . c:h
1
porntcd
OU
t e \ ' I O U S i y
l 2 3 / l ~ l
With his
fi
fth low. Gressly applied the mher
four lows
to
reconstruct paleogco,ruphies
throuph time. For ~ u c c e s s t v e time tntervals he
d i s t i n ~ u i s h c d three f3cies tr:>cts
("zo
ne"
and
"band"l: littoral. pclagic. ond
b p e l o ~ i c . and
he
m:apped
thcse ov
er
o wide
orea
from the Vospes
and Blacl; Forest in the
nonh a l o n ~
the Rhinc
nonh of Base . Swi tzerland), t h r o u ~ h the
Ncuchotel Jura. to the Sovoy subolp
in
e 1 ~ 3 in
thc south. Gressly reco@n i
z.ed
that facies
di>'ef
sity incrcascs ~ g u l a r l y
ucross
this
l"ef ion
from
thc
pclosic
f:JCics
1roc1s
in thc
~ U t h
throol h the
subpelo ic. into tite littOI'lll focics lruct in the
nonh.
and he esmblish
cd
that lhcse faci
es lr:IC s
m:úntoincd appmxim;uely
co
nstont geogruphic
positions and widths throughout the Jurussic.
Tbe
fifth low
is
st.lted a.<
dit-rnin·of ncin
is
m o r ~
or
lc
s.t
nm s
tanr m
diff'r'nt
r< Rinn
.t
facies tracts).''
(2317)
One tou
ld
draw oline s11non, fmm Randen .. .
'"far
a1
Ch>t
elu .... runnon' p:orallelto he foot of the
BL.:k Fareslllld he o s ~ which
would
divide thc
linotal facies
and
he
foáes almost eucdy
into two
s e p n ~ e ponllel
Jurassic
zones
. Tbe wc I o n ~
beds and
venically
tl'roulha
ICries of
bc<
is a dcscription
of
l a t i o n s amonJ
d e p o s
t i o n
er t
in
owmw:nu.. their distribution aloft a depos
tional proftle. a
nd
t r a t i l f : ~ P h y rcsulting fro
p r o ~ i o n
which later
bec:amc
known
w.Jdlcf
'
s
Uw ol
thc
Colft
l:llion
olf'xics. In :
odlerpan of hc Gmsly
funtler
develop
thc
idea
of
thc equivalency
e t w e c ~ ~
the late
clistributíon
of fxics Ilion
a
a
bcd Cdeposition
profil al
gcmrne
..,..¡[ DPhio:
'*'.udo as
hekno
•••nor«. he
l1IQ3IO
d i e llaculilosl
\
ucllly
,.-ilh
in
he r g c r litho .cr.lltVo'Pitic: un
1 1 1 1 : : 7 - 1 ~ )
"Jlus, ll(l(
only
didGreuly
undmW d
IOICI'lll
succession
of
facies
along
a
rlepo5itio
prufil<
was
~ c d veniallly through a s
rn
ol
becls.
but he undenlood that f o n i l ~ hall t
fund4menlal uses.
Rnt
. some
fm
sil groups
flect
he envtrouments in
whích thcy
INe. onc
¡:.nicul:uly uscful in paleoenvironmenul ín
p r e t ~ t i o n Second.
other fossil
,roups oc
cu
specilic, limitcd str:ttifTllphic inlervals.
~ p:uticularly uscful for bíom
gnp riccom:btion.
Gressly
's
observ:ltions about the \latieal
lan l n :l:llionsllipsof facies.._ almost irn
t.liately adoptcd and rxploitcd.
u l m i n a t
Wa lt
heú
118941
reexplanation
of
thc relat
ships and his
diseussion
obout
how
that infor
tion
could
be applied
in
stratigraphic com:lal
By
contra.st. as
n01ed
by Teic
hen
f
19
Gn:ssly s
obKr\'lllions
about
thc
two
uses ol
sils
were
noc.
incorporared imo common prac
G r e s ~ l y c o n t e m p o r u r i e ~
focused on the
f1
ond
p o l e o c n v u o n m e n ~ l ~ p p l i e 2 t i o n s of
fos
and a more prectse dcvelopmenl of b
io m
~ p h í c
•PPiications did
n01
occur unlil Op
worit
in
thc
Gressly Slressed the ••olue
and
•Pf licauo
palcontology
on
bolh
co
ntcxts for two
reo
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8/8/2019 Amanz Gressly's Role in Founding Modero Stratigraphy
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· ~
10ward
the study of sedimen
n
the
:Jbsence
of
a l e o m o f ~ o c l l l
in·
wu a su::nlt scienct. Second. he ftlt
h ~ s i c : J I and Oiologicol appmnch
and corrOOonttíng ínfonnatíon.
m:lde
ínt
erprelations more robust. After
untíl the
tnd of
the ctntury. biostnt
ll
·
applicouons dominated s t r u u g r a p h
In
se. Walther tl894\ h3d a reacuon "mi ar
oi Gressly: helashtd out OJ: óllnst tht
•m
·
use
of fossils onfy for biostraugruphic
: jusi
as
Gressly had re¡ected the om·
. soltly míntralogical approach
10
the
Str.lta
on
his nme. Walther insisted on
ap-
dtt:llled infonnation about
1he
physocal
ni stntla. t•panding and
m p h a s i z i n
the
tim cnunciated by Gressly.
AN APPROACH TO
I
GRAP
HICANALYSIS
conduded the tirst p
31'1 nf
his paper
by
t :>dv:tntages ofhis \lraugraphic ap·
in four points.
simo
lofie
s the apparenl complc•ny in
and pro
vodt
s a coh
eren1
link he·
palcontolo¡ ic:o.l and phy
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8/8/2019 Amanz Gressly's Role in Founding Modero Stratigraphy
8/14
popul:lri1y of m and n c e < m u i ~ -
ti:tted by Peter R.
Vail"s
group al
En
on
.
1'>71
).
or FllciesTr.ct Movtments ~
v : a l ~ n t
to l r a t i ~ t r a p h i c Cycles Delined
\"ertical SucctSSions of Facies
is bener lmown 1oday
fo
r bis ··uw of
Correlalion of
th311
he
os
for express
the requirement thol moss is coMen·ed in
ss-response sys1ems. This is
to Middleton"s (
1973)
account of
hc
r"s
work. Middleton foc used on Walther's
of the relationships betwecn ' 'erti
facies successions and lateral facies lransi
= equired geometrically by sedi·
ccumulattnn on an inclined surfacc.
tha1
ts.
. Huwever. Midtlleton did out dwell
the omponance of tbose relatinnships on the
text of str:mpraphic correlation. "'""" though
was wnhin this strongrap
hi
c con
tex
l that
he r cnnsu
uc
ted his law.
a<
was emp
hasozed
hos tille. To understand Wahher's insistence
the need to fnrmulate such a law tor 1he
se ot 1 r o u p h i c correlation. we '"kw his
f
ro
m
a
historical context.
Walther
fi
rst restated Gressly·, ob,en·alion
t the uescriplive. physical auributes of a roek
' f a c o e ~ ' l reOectthe pro«"are tn the po"uon 10
widen our knnwleuge.
"'
Finally. he not• d that
e\
en u n c u n f u n n m e ~
:md other
(,urfaC'C's
ot
\t
rall·
~ r a p h o c
d i ~ u n t t n u u y
nnly help e$tablbh relam-c
ot rock
unus rattler than true temporal
of correlatton t l 8 9 ~ . p. \183 t: "when
a
1rnn
syressmn rrom a p o ~ i 1 sho reline
t t n O \ ~ m e n
vt:Tt
i
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8/8/2019 Amanz Gressly's Role in Founding Modero Stratigraphy
9/14
is
ru ll
)
oo>
pn:setllfd in the str:ltigrnphic
by che combiru11ionof
nxks l u ~ r f ~ c e 1
k olisc\•ntinuity. Tbe
ume
rcpre·
bi
gn
11111.'\lrioorm
uy at01to ~ o c po-
i.' tCjMC W111cd by rock
31
: a n o ~ h e r fl. but
primanly
in
~ ' C U m o r p h i c
1h:ln
l n i i ~ J p h
cnntcxts.
~
l l ' s
nouun
1"31a-
NWrall
ydivisible
11110
str:dcgr.¡phic
h:lt m:mlthe nsc
3lld
f:tll oi b:be levcl
~ i c s wcnt r K . i u l k n ~ c l l .
unmO>.
,¡rotigr.¡phic
trJSC
lc-vcl
:11.
1
1
onph
cc-:U
1.
noohurizuntal. u
nllu
la·
C l l n t i n u o u ~
.urf:u:c t
h31
riscs and
f ~ l l 5 Wll
h
the E:ml,.un":lce.
As
base le--el i ~ < .
uf
thc
t > a . , c · l ~ e l
>wf.'lce
and the
Eanh\
.un':¡cr mo\-e
upholl
.
oncnoa.urtici:ll p r o ~ that b r i ~ stdimem tu ur
\'c Cdimcnt fmm that spxe.
In
effccc. but
~ p l i c i t l y Wheclcr olclined s t n t i ~ r J p h o c
tr.1.'1e
as :a pocenciomecric cner;y
'urfacc 1 h ~ 1
ribcs thccncrgy "" Uircllto
1110\ e
the Eunh \
up
ow
o.lown tu a posicion wflcn: grJdicnl U c c e ~ s o o n s . li
thologic dh·crsit y.
't
r:lllticacion t
)'pe>
. and
p e c r o p h y
s i c ~
anributcs
of str
aca
which :ue prescrvcd within illrntical
cio:s tr:x:ts but
on
different ponions oi
b.'ISC·
Iev-cl
c'Ydes.
Tbe cfrm ""bcoC1differentiacion" relers 10
thcse changes in
stdi
mencological añd scrati·
graphic ~ t t r i b u t c s d u r i n ~ b:t\e·lcvel cycles. Fa·
cie.' diffcrcntoation retleccs the degree
oi
presc
r·
vation uf original gcomorphic elemenls.
as
well
as
the \"ariacions
in
types of geomorphic ele·
ments
th:u
cx ostcd wnh in a depositional environ·
mcnt
dilfcrenttomc
s.
Thcrcare rwo prindp:tl c:ucgorieso facies dif·
fcrmtiation.
Tbe
tirst e.ncompasscs
che
h a n ~
in
anributc.
of
s i n g l e t h ~ t occurduring b.'ISC·
~ e l
cydcs. The
depo as:.(mblages
retleo:t
changes in
c
he g ~ ' O m o r p h i c
con>muents
uf
thc depositionnl
cn\'ironmcnc. A
c"Ommon
cx:unple is lhe allem:l·
1ion of wav c·llominated. open-ocean-facing
shorcface.< during base· lt:\·el f ~ l l . with
tid:clc'Ur
·
rent
olominacrd
open
bay. ~ u l f . and estu:uy envi
ronments
oluring ba>e·lcvcl
rise. The seomcxpllic
clements occur altemately
atthe
s:une position
along thc topogr;¡phic dcpositional prolile and at
thc
s
ame
r o ~ ~ ~ g
in water deprhs. Essentially. the
open-ocean-facin@ wave-dominated stn ight
c ~ l l i n
is
tc
mpuruily
n:p :ll.'ed
doring times
of
base·level nsc
:uod
incrcasing :x:comrnodation by
an e m b ~ y c d coastline. when: wave energy is
dampened :uod cidal cu n-cnts nn: enhatlced.
Thc
dcgrer of prrscrvJtion is n conscqucnce of
the
ratio
uf
IICcommod.tuiun
10
stdiment supply.
Setlimentvolumes and geomorphic elrmcnts
=
""'"'completely pre;ervcd u r i n ~ b ~ s e · l e v t l r i ~
when accommod:mon s pace
m c r c ~ s m g .
than
during base·lcl'el
fall
when accommoolan
spacc is dccn:zmg.
C o n . ' C q u e n c chcre
are sp
cilic :me distincu,·e str:lli
@r:lp
hi.: n ~ t u n : nfth
olilfcrrnt
p31tSn
i
b.'ISC·Ie-
·el cyclcs. lbe -cdimc
•olo ic and t r : u í g r : ~ p h
attribute:<
nt facies
trao
commonly describcd in "facocs
modeb
.m
"depositoonal system m < X I c l Jre h u ~ mouur
of l l r i b u l e S which > t c d '"P3ratelv
d u r i
ba.
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8/8/2019 Amanz Gressly's Role in Founding Modero Stratigraphy
10/14
considered 10 h.ave a high infonnalion content
a m U ar. predicuble S1IUCI\Ire. Quantitative
í:
nt
s of sedimentoiogtcal. btolo¡pcal.
pcii"Ophysical
aaributes sbould provide infor·
crucial to unnveling lhe complex ltistOf)'
scdimenwion. E.wnples
of
sedimentologicaJ
10
measure indude bcdset thiclcness of
cal typcs
of
cross srratification: bedform
frequency
of
shale panings: frequency
:unount
of
relief011
scoursurfaces:
;)lidciegnle
preservati011
of
ori@inal
geomorphic elements .
of
·biological allributes include
miao
composition: faunal
si.u:
: spccies i ~ i r y :
of trophic levels: and
reprodu
ctive strat·
of
popubtions. EJtamples
of pcuophysical at·
porosiry. pcrmeabiliry.
and
capil·
emry pressure. Recording of
thesc
aaributes
a time frame given by
the c h a n ~ e s
in
should
provide
a
clearer and cc.
p1crure
of
he deuils
of
t r a t i g r . ~
Amanz Gressly
began
geologicallield studies
the
Jura Mountains with lhe imention of map
g and com:lating strata and reconstructing
paleogeog l llp/tiCS within lhe ex.isting
igm
of
Wemerian
N r ¡ ~ ~ u n i s m .
His careful
causcd him to recol ftiZC the
invaJid·
of the
tenets
of
parndigm. wh icb he jeni
of
the
parndigm
we have today.
Gressly established lhe
following s t r a t i ~ p l t i c
cipies. ( ) Scdimemary
fac
ies record the
and conditions
of the
environment in
ich they accumulatcd. and are interpretcd by
with
modem
environments.
12)
Severnl
cies coexist at lhe same water depth and may
erefore substitute for each Olher as scdiment
through time. (3)
The morpbologies
fossil species reflect lhephysical
and
chemical
of
their
habitat. but nuances in their
reflect cvolution. (4 ) ~ n fos
are more u
se
ful for interpreting
the
environ ·
ent
of
deposition ("facies fossils"
).
whereas
are lliOI\ useful for establishinl lhe •
of
t n u i g r a p h i c unit ("index"
or
"zone'' fossils).
51
T i m e s u u t i ~ p h i c su
ña
ces an: defined by
s that follow adepositional profilc .C6l
Facies
transitionally in a unidirectional trend
depositional profiles.
and
this trend is re
c a l sequence through a succession
beds ta worlúng descnpuon
of
W a l ~ s
). (7) Suatignaphic com:laüons based upon
equivalency are dcmonstnltcd invalid
the
= h e
studied Cand by extnpolation. this
10 allcases 1 C8l Str.u i
pphic
o m : l a t i o n ~
be bued
upon the
time equi,·nlency of
r a p h units. even if their facies differ.
The depositional profiles and regtonal
faci
es
CROSS ANO HOMEWOOO
trends with
in
a limited strllip:lp/tic interval de·
fine lhe repional
p a l ~ ~ t a p h y .
Gressly providcd the shou lden upon which
ocher ,;ants
of stratigrapltic scicnce
have
stood.
After G
re
ssly. lhere were five additional strati·
~ p h i c conceptS thal
were
added to complete lhe
curmtt stnúgraphic paradism.
<
l The
stnú·
gnplticprocess-responsesy
stem
conserves ma.ss.
(2}
Sediment volumes are diffenentially pani
tioncd imo facies tncts within a spce·t ime con
únuum as
a
consequence
of
mas
s
conservation.
(3}Cyclcs
of acies
tr.ICI mo>eniCIIS lalaally(up
hill
and
downhillliiCI'OSS lhe Eanh's surface are
di=tly linked 10 venicaJ facies suc=sions. ;¡nd
are
the basis for high-resolution com:lation
of
sb'llligraphic cycles.C4l Stntigr:sphic base level is
lhe
d ock
of
geo
log.ic
lime.
and the referente
frame for relating lhe energy
of
SJIICe formation
wilh the cnergy
of
sedirnent uansfer.
(5)
Facies
dill'eremiati
on
is abyproduct
of
sedirnent \ Olume
pllltitioning.
Mo
st of these concep1s were added
around
lhe
rum
of he
century
.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We th.ank Jean Paul Schaer and Marc Weid
t1WIII
for
reviewingour
tnnslation
of
Gressly and
for considerable insight
011
relevam historicaJ
;¡nd
biograplúcal
manen
.The
ir
shzed enthusiasm for
this subject
was
stimulatin&. Michele Aldrich.
Gerry Friedman . and Gerry
Middle1011 provi
dcd
constnlctive reviews and direacd our :memion
10
sorne
of
the relevan literature. Jolm Grottinger
read the pcnuhimate draft and s u g ~ s r im·
prol'ements
in the presentation. We
a ~ a t e
their help. Elf
~ p l o r a t i o n
Product ion
gave pcr
mission 10 P. Homewood to publ
ish
lhis papcr.
API'f:NDIX.
TllANSLATIONOF"CEELLGICAL
OIISERVAnONSOFTREsoutrRE rtlRA."
PilRT l."llf'SCRJFI10N
OFTEJUtAINS
WHJCH
COMPOSE1HEF RAMEWORK OF111EJVRA
RANCD IN1HECAHlON OFSOUUREAND
ADJACtNT REGJONS"fGRESSLY. 1
1311
The mounainnn,. . whidl run
tJwouab
the
Soleoft
Canton Md all of northwest Striuer Md
are
com
poced.
as
in
the French
Md Bcmese JW L
ofaltcrMt·
in
l hlrd and nonresiuam li
mr- .u
llld marb which
cOftlaln minor
bedl
of silictous. iro&-rich.
and othrr
monenb. The number of strlti@BIIhic unns rqft·
~ y
thesebeds
S . .....
~
t h e
nonll
of
he
e
llld
in the ad j aceM- of
Aflovia
11111
Bloel
J
tn . rlwl in the ra t of the Svms
Jura. Besides
the
variousoolilhic: p:roups. olderstntipaptric unnso(
the Triusoc fomwion OIJCCniP
.
show•nr sect lOM
of
lhrir tihed
beds.
Thete upl ifted stmiftl lhic units
in
tlúsara
comprise
the wholekWiidlo
y(
Wemer·sS..:·
andary. or stnliflld rocksl seneo fnJm the
'-.rirpltnp 11 foil..,..: 1 1 ) - 1
l.
r l G , & or
COitC Itylr
mtt
F'orwt.tJ
tlnll.
n
WPfpn•in
.r
dtt oil
'
"'
l.
Variegated sandslone temin
2. or Musdlelbllt
J.
l f a o p e r - or a ideaL••morh
ll.Jwtwlc0<
(ÑI/tf l iL·ÑJmtaiiOn
AlÜIWic
C..,.
subdi •icled illi M
Nt
we
IR cuw::a•a:d wutl
becausc
it pr'O"des
""-'ee' J i
. ; . ; . . .
wluch
ore. . , . ,_
lld
awids
s
ubdn-nions
tiW
1ft onificW
Of
purrly local. lt
11
..... UOIO brift, out
~
rnrOIIercumplu desci i
pd . . . .
sifiraion) the essential charxurisrics
of
ow stmi·
plllhic
1lftiiS
ond their i a l rebóoftlllipo W llll..ao,s
r.- I'
-
8/8/2019 Amanz Gressly's Role in Founding Modero Stratigraphy
11/14
how
tMCh
lhe tNC'ture
of
ovr Jura is srill u i W : . o w ~ t . .
fiCU wtlich Wlf lo ,N IWW ' C * J I O ~ i c a J
ai'Mi whol.c rcxh • UI the . . .-_
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i..UC- w
~ Md btftdt
m
fOI"a: of
tht
w.ws bit uoY
iee«•• owty. Md C'OmiCt 0t.11 vk'eorion rmm th
~
mmbtt,
11w:
t.rtla'ftll
h U
. . . . o/ hc
....,..., .... ,.,....ottoew.._. . ., ..._
pn. ro thr
citc:UI'M4 NK'C'S
wtlich pera
.,.; ,-..
c-. . . .y 11 _ '*'
..
unio
-
....
olljlt
- fised otojoca. . . . . . . . . . ""'c.v..
....StooedJWd& ~ ...... - """Oild. ""
...........n....-.
_..,.__ltdp.
dlor-"'_......., 0111
-
8/8/2019 Amanz Gressly's Role in Founding Modero Stratigraphy
12/14
llld
. . . . . . . . ...
, . l l l d
,-11)'....-
,
.....
twrs
)ol thc......., facirs. J:MI IOIJI ....... fn:a
( JM pakoe 101
.....
•. . . . o IIIC'JIMr...., eo
~ y d l c & p s . . . ¡
''
•• . . :Lkil...,..lhr:
-dd
i-l"p . ...---·
dio......--.
IS/27.,1611)
Rowofttd dqlooiiJ.
_. , . ....,
n:llillodl
liollylto thc conll . ._ _ tllctl ,..,.
_,,
come
. ac-y ad liok oll1be
l e d o ~ . llld doa
"t
_
,...,_,,..._.,
__
_
k»ooc
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