amanda and icecube neutrino telescopes at the south pole per olof hulth stockholm university
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AMANDA and AMANDA and IceCube IceCube neutrino neutrino
telescopes telescopes at the South Poleat the South PolePer Olof HulthPer Olof Hulth
Stockholm UniversityStockholm University
Members of the AMANDA SU Members of the AMANDA SU groupgroup
Senior membersSenior members Christian Bohm Christian Bohm Per Olof HulthPer Olof Hulth Klas HultqvistKlas Hultqvist Christian WalckChristian Walck
ForskarassistentForskarassistent Stephan HundertmarkStephan Hundertmark
Resarch studentsResarch students Thomas BurgessThomas Burgess Patrik Ekström (Wuppertal)Patrik Ekström (Wuppertal) Yulia MinaevaYulia Minaeva Julio Rodriguez MartinoJulio Rodriguez Martino Christin WiedemannChristin Wiedemann
Electronic engenieerElectronic engenieer Lars ThollanderLars Thollander
Scientific goalScientific goal
Detect High Energy cosmic Detect High Energy cosmic neutrinos by using the ice sheet at neutrinos by using the ice sheet at The South Pole as a target.The South Pole as a target.
Method:Method:Detect the emitted Cherenkov light from Detect the emitted Cherenkov light from
neutrino induced interactions in the ice.neutrino induced interactions in the ice.
ActivitiesActivities
Mainly analysis and software Mainly analysis and software developmentdevelopment
Preamplifiers designed and built in Preamplifiers designed and built in Stockholm (SWAMPS)Stockholm (SWAMPS)
AMANDA electronicsAMANDA electronics
Three different cable types (2400 -2600 Three different cable types (2400 -2600 m)m) Strings 1-4 coax cable, rise time 250 nsStrings 1-4 coax cable, rise time 250 ns Strings 5-10 twisted pair rise time, 50-70 nsStrings 5-10 twisted pair rise time, 50-70 ns Strings 11-19 twisted pair rise time 100-Strings 11-19 twisted pair rise time 100-
150 ns150 ns Analog signal at surface about 1-10 mVAnalog signal at surface about 1-10 mV Amplified 100 times by Stockholm Amplified 100 times by Stockholm
“SWAMP” (Lars Thollander) “SWAMP” (Lars Thollander)
Technical requirementsTechnical requirements
Absolute timing <7 ns from any OMAbsolute timing <7 ns from any OM Geometrical position uncertainty < Geometrical position uncertainty <
1m 1m Electronic in ice should stand -50 CElectronic in ice should stand -50 C Low noiseLow noise
Building AMANDA: The Optical Building AMANDA: The Optical Module and the StringModule and the String
- costcost- robustness- robustness- dynamic - dynamic rangerange
- timingtiming- dyn. range- dyn. range- no x-talk- no x-talk- easy- easy calibrationcalibration
Evolution of read-out strategyEvolution of read-out strategy
Strings 1-10 Strings 11-17,19 String 18
New Project IceCubeNew Project IceCube Increase volume to 1 kmIncrease volume to 1 km33
80 strings with 60 modules each80 strings with 60 modules each Photomultiplier 25 cm (10 inch) 10 Photomultiplier 25 cm (10 inch) 10
dynodes (preliminary Hamamatsu)dynodes (preliminary Hamamatsu) Air shower detector on top (IceTop)Air shower detector on top (IceTop)
Transport drill to Pole 03/04Transport drill to Pole 03/04 First 1-7 strings in 04/05First 1-7 strings in 04/05
IceCube:Top View
AMANDA
SPASE-2South Pole
Dome
Skiway
100 m
Grid North
Counting House
80 strings
60 modules/string
Volume 1 km3
Depth 1400-2400 m
µ-events in IceCube
1 km
Eµ=10 TeV Eµ=6 PeV
AMANDA-II
Measure energy by counting the number of fired PMT.(This is a very simple but robust method)
1. Digital Optical 1. Digital Optical ModuleModule
Photomultiplier
Self-triggers on each pulseSelf-triggers on each pulse Captures waveformsCaptures waveforms Time-stamps each pulseTime-stamps each pulse Digitizes waveformsDigitizes waveforms Performs feature Performs feature
extractionextraction Buffers dataBuffers data Responds to Surface DAQResponds to Surface DAQ Set PMT HV, threshold, Set PMT HV, threshold, etcetc Noise rate in situ: ≤500 HzNoise rate in situ: ≤500 Hz
33 cm
DOM
Experimental Experimental Requirements IceCubeRequirements IceCube
Time resolution:Time resolution: <5 ns rms<5 ns rms Waveform capture:Waveform capture:
>250 MHz ->250 MHz - for first 500 nsfor first 500 ns~40 MHz~40 MHz - - for 5000 nsfor 5000 ns
Dynamic Range:Dynamic Range:>200 PE / 15 ns>200 PE / 15 ns>2000 PE / 5000 ns >2000 PE / 5000 ns
Dead-time:Dead-time: < 1%< 1% OM noise rate:OM noise rate: < 500 Hz< 500 Hz ((4040K in glass K in glass
sphere)sphere)
2. DAQ 2. DAQ Network Network architecarchitec
tureture
McParland et. al. -- A Preliminary Proposal for the IceCube DAQ System Architecture -- DRAFT7
DOMPair20 kB/sec
StringProcessor
N x 20 kB/sec
.
All Hits -0.6 MB/sec
80 Strings
String Subsystem:60 DOMs
N pairs
Event LAN100 BaseTTotal traffic: 1.6 MB/secStringCoincidenceMessagesGlobalTriggerEvent Triggers /Lookback Requests forall Strings - 0.8 MB/sec
EventBuilderBuilt events ~ 1 MB/sec(all event builders)
SAN(NetworkDisk Storage)
"DOMHUB"
Lookback RequestsString CoincidenceMessages - 170 kB/secFulfill Lookback Messages 0.6 MB/sec FulfillLookbackMessages
Online LAN100 BaseTTotal traffic: 1MB/sec
Proposed IceCube DAQ Network Architecture
String LAN100 BaseTTotal traffic: 0.6 MB/sec
OfflineDataHandlingTapeSatellite
In-Door deploymentIn-Door deploymentDOM HubCable WinchSlip RingDeployment RoomTower Operations Structure(TOS)OMsDAQEntire string can be operated as soon as the OMs are connected.
Can operate string during drop