amali jantung 4
TRANSCRIPT
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Lab 4: Heart sounds and vessels
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Overview
Review
Heart sounds
Blood supply to the heart Blood vessels
Veins
Portal systems
New lab website:http://isu.indstate.edu/~jowhitak/cmritzi.htm
Practical lab review: Sunday 2-5 pm
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Review
How do volume and pressure in the ventricles
change during atrial contraction?
What region of the heart controls the electrical
signal through the heart?
Which standard limb lead has a negative lead on
the right arm and a positive lead on the left arm?
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Overview Review
Heart sounds
Blood supply to the heart
Blood vessels
Veins Portal systems
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Heart sounds
lubb-dubb S1: longer and louder
S2: softer and shorter
S3: found in children and juveniles
S1 & S2 occur in conjunction with theopening and closing of valves
Actually caused by turbulence of blood
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Valvular troubles
Valvular Insufficiency:valve failure causing
backwards flow
Any defect in thevalves can lead to heartfailure
Defective valves can bereplaced with artificialvalves or with pig
valves
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Valvular Troubles (cont)
Mitral valve prolapse: tri- or bicuspid cusps bulgeback into the atrium.
Symptoms: chest pain, fatique, shortness of breath
Cause: hereditary
Valvular Stenosis: cusps of the valve are stiff andopening is constricted by scar tissue
Results from autoimmune disease Causes enlarged heart
Blood moving backwards through the valves causes aheart murmur
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Break for Dynamic Human
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Blood supply to the heart
muscles The endocardium prevents blood from
seeping through the heart
How is blood supplied to the myocardium
and the pericardium?
Coronary arteries originating from the aortic
arch
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Arteries in the heart
Aorta
Right Coronary Left Coronary
Marginal artery Circumflex Artery
Posterior IV Artery Anterior IV Artery
Anastomoses
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Anastomoses
Point where two
arteries join to reach a
common destination
If one artery becomes
blocked, the other can
take blood to the
appropriate destination
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Arteries of the heart
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Veins in the heart
Greater Cardiac Vein Small Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Coronary Sinus
Right Atrium
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Coronary Veins
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Artherosclerosis
Contributes to over
710,000 heart attack
and stroke, andperipheral
vascular disease deaths
each year.
Fatty blockage incoronary
artery
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Artherosclerosis
Cause: Abundance of low-density lipids
and defective receptors for LDL in the
coronary arteries.LDL: cholesterol, free fatty acids and
phospholipids
Arterial cells with defective receptors will takein too much cholesterol
Results in obstruction of the arterial lumen
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Cardiac Ischemia and Infarction
Ischemia: Loss of blood flow
Infarction: Death of myocardial cells; heart attack
Cause: Artheriosclerosis blocks a cardiac artery.
The downstream region does not receive enough
oxygen causing cell death. The death of these
cells weakens the heart wall disrupting electrical
pathways leading to fibrillation.
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Break for Dynamic Human
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Overview
Review
Heart sounds Blood supply to the heart
Blood vessels
Veins Portal systems
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Blood Vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
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Structure of Blood Vessels
Tunica externa: loose
connective tissue
Tunica media: smoothmuscle, elastin,
collagen
Tunica interna:
endothelium
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Types of Arteries
Conducting (elastic)
Passively accommodate blood flow
Distributing (muscular)High smooth muscle content
Deliver blood to specific organs
ArteriolesControl blood flow
Link to capillaries
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Capillaries
Pre-capillary
sphincters
Open and closecapillary beds
of all capillaries are
ususally closed
Structure:
endothelium only
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Types of Capillaries
Continuous: uninterruptedtube
Only allow small solutes
such as glucose to enter Blood-brain barrier
Fenestrated: riddled withpores
Allow rapid passage of
small molecules Hold proteins in the vessels
Important in organs thatengage in rapid filtration
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Veins
Venules: Collect blood from capillaries
Porous
Veins:
Lower pressure than the arteries
Thinner walls (little tunica media or externa)
but larger lumensWalls expand easy and accomadate more blood
than arteries
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How does blood travel in veins?
1. Messaging action of skeletal muscle
2. Pressure gradient in the body:
Positive pressure in the abdominal cavity and
negative in the thoracic cavity draws blood up
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Venous Valves
3.Venous valves prevent
backflow
Failure of valves
results in varicose
veins
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Special Circulations: Portal
Systems Portal systems:
Blood flows between
two consecutivecapillary beds before
returning to the heart
Artery
Capillary 1
Capillary 2
Vein
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Hepatic Portal System
Connects capillaries of
the intestines to
capillaries of the liver
Delivers newly
absorbed nutrients to
the liver
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Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal
system Connects
hypothalamus to
pituitary gland
Responsible for
transporting hormones
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Dynamic Human
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Overview
Review
Heart sounds
Blood supply to the heart
Blood vessels
Valves
Portal systems
Cat heart and human heart
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Cat Dissection
Finish identifying arteries and veins
Remove cat heart and dissect in half
Valves and chambers
Chordae Tendinai
Coronary Arteries