amal almuhanna 2012. in most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Amal Almuhanna 2012. In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts. Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d895503460f94a6f311/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Alkalinity
Amal Almuhanna2012
![Page 2: Amal Almuhanna 2012. In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts. Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d895503460f94a6f311/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Alkalinity
In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts.
Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution and produce hydroxyl ions, consequently raising the pH.
M+ + HCO3- + H2O = M+ + H2CO3 + OH-
![Page 3: Amal Almuhanna 2012. In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts. Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d895503460f94a6f311/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Principle
Alkalinity is determined by titrating the sample with a standard solution of strong acid.
Alkalinity due to hydroxide and carbonate is determined to the first end point (pH 8.3) using phenolphthalein indicator and bicarbonate alkalinity is determined to the second end point (pH 4.5) using methyl orange indicator.
![Page 4: Amal Almuhanna 2012. In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts. Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d895503460f94a6f311/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Requirement1) Sulfuric acid (0.02 N).2) Phenolphthalein
indicator.3) Methyl orange
indicator.4) Titration assembly
(burette, pipette, Erlenmeyer flasks, measuring cylinder, stand, clamps etc.).
![Page 5: Amal Almuhanna 2012. In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts. Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d895503460f94a6f311/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Method1) Take 50 ml of water sample in Erlenmeyer
flask2) Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator
- If slight pink color appears, titrate with acid titrant to a colorless end point.-Note the reading as 'p' (ml of titrant used for phenolphthalein alkalinity).
3) Now add 2 drops of methyl orange in the same flask and continue to titrate further till the color change from yellow to orange.
- Note this reading as 't' (total volume of the titrant used for both titrations).
![Page 6: Amal Almuhanna 2012. In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts. Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d895503460f94a6f311/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Calculation
Calculate the phenolphthalein and total alkalinity by the given formula:
Phenolphthalein alkalinity 'P' as mg l-1 CaCO3 = Phenolphthalein alkalinity 'T' as mg l-1 CaCO3 =
For the computation of amounts of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides refer the following table.ResultExpress the total alkalinity and contribution of bicarbonates (HCO3
-), carbonates (CO3--) and
hydroxide (OH-) as mg l-1 of CaCO3
![Page 7: Amal Almuhanna 2012. In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts. Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d895503460f94a6f311/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Observations
Calculations:
Phenolphthalein alkalinity (P) as mg-1 CaCO3 (mg/l) = ml of titrant(p)X1000
ml of sample
Results: Expressed as mg/l
![Page 8: Amal Almuhanna 2012. In most natural waters bicarbonates and sometimes carbonates are present in appreciable amounts. Their salts get hydrolyzed in solution](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d895503460f94a6f311/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)