alumni14 - presentation by prof.rangan banerjee, global perspective on consumption of energy
TRANSCRIPT
Energy In India : A perspective
Rangan BanerjeeDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering
& Centre for Technology Alternatives in Rural AreasIIT Bombay
Keynote Address IIT Bombay Alumni meet Goa , September 21, 2014
Long term global temperature record
2Rockstrom et al, Nature, 2009
3
Global Trends – Unbounded Growth?
GEA Chapter 3
Sustainable Development?
Is our present consumption and growth pattern sustainable? Can we continue this into the future?
4
What is sustainable Development?
5
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Brundtlant Report WCED 1987Development without cheating our children
6Rockstrom et al, Nature 2009
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
7http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif
Carbon Footprint
8
blog.beliefnet.com http://www.iea.org/statistics/
USA
Saudi Arabia
Canada
Japan
South Africa
UK
China
Brazil
India
Kenya
Nepal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
16.94
16.28
15.37
9.28
7.27
7.06
5.92
2.07
1.41
0.28
0.13
GHG Emissions Tonnes CO2/capita - 2011
World Average
Carbon footprint calculator
9Source: http://www.icicibank.com/html/en/go-green/Index.html
What is our current Energy Use pattern?
10
11
India-Primary Energy mix 2012
2007 24 EJ
2010 29 EJ
2012 33 EJ
Coal42%
Oil27%
NatGas6%
Biomass22%
Hydro1%
Solar/Wind1%
Nuclear1%
Share of Energy Imports - India
13
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
20
10
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Import Share (INDIA)
Primary Energy Mix
14
Renewables and Nuclear
Coal Oil and Gas
20%
40%
60%
80%
20%
40%
60%
80%
20%
40%
60%
80%
197
1
200
9
0
100%
100%
0100%
0
TIFAC, 2013
Power Generation – Supply mix
15
Thermal Nuclear
Renewables (incl Hydro)
40%
60%
80%
20%
40%
60%
80%
20%
40%
60%
80%
1971
2009
20%
100%
100%
0100%
0
TIFAC, 2013
Electricity Lorenz Curves India
Urban
YearRural
GINIUrban
GINI1999 0.60 0.45
2009 0.43 0.27
2011 0.36 0.23
16
Source: K.Mehta2014
Historical Household Electrification Rates
GEA, Chapter 19 17
Cookstoves
More than 50% households - solid cooking fuelsFuelwood , Dung Cake – Low Cost, Low Efficiencies, High Emissions (PM) Health impact- Drudgery, collection, cooking time (cooking+ collection time=2000 hours/year)
Replace stove, replace grate
18
Reduce fuel usage by 20%, reduce emissions, being sold
by local blacksmiths
Twisted tape swirlers in a traditional cookstove
Source: Honkalaskar (2014)
Efficient Gasifier Cookstoves
19
Sources : Anderson(2012)http://www.firstenergy.in
Indian Energy Scenario
Present energy systems –predominantly fossil fuel based
Unsustainable- fossil fuel reserves, climate change, environmental impact
Energy Access –affordability, Energy Shortages, Low usage, high growth Energy Inequality Energy Security
20
Green Technologies?
21
http://www.dilbert.com/
22
Electricity
Solar Biomass Wind Geothermal
Space Cooling
Space Heating
Water Heating
Cooking Lighting
Appliances
Motive power Computing
Small Hydro
23
Renewable Share in Power
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Shar
e of
tot
al (%
)
Year
Renewable Installed Capacity
Renewable Generation
Nuclear Installed Capacity
Nuclear generation
24
Renewable installed capacity and generation
*as on 31.07.2014 MNRE website: www.mnre.gov.in
Installed Capacity*
Estimated Capacity factor
Estimated Generation
(GWh) (MW)
Wind 21693 14% 26604
Biomass Power 1365 70% 8371
Bagasse 2680 60% 14088
Cogeneration
Small Hydro 3826 40% 13407
Waste to Energy 133 50% 581
Solar PV 2753 19% 4582
Total 32450 25% 67634
Cost of Electricity ($/MWh)
25
3
Rs.
/kW
h
6
Rs.
/kW
h
9
Rs.
/kW
h
Bloomberg, 2014
India Abatement Curve
Source: McKinsey
Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan
27
Standard Fan Efficient FanPower 70 W 35 WPrice Rs 1300 Rs 2600 BLDC motorLife: 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM – 350-400Similar air delivery 230 m3/min
Incandescents vs CFL vs LED
28
Incandescent Compact Fluorescent Lamp LED Power 60 W 14 W 6WPrice 10Rs Rs. 150 Rs.1200Life : 1000 hours 8000 hours 30,000 hoursLumens/ W 12 50 120Lumen output: 700 lumens
DSM: Financing through Utility Bill
29Source: BESCOM, 2006
30Source: BEE web site
DSM – Effect on load profiles
12:00 AM3:24 AM 6:50 AM10:14 AM1:40 PM 5:05 PM 8:30 PM11:55 PM0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Energy savings
from DSM
New Load curve
Old Load curve
(kW)
Main Building – IIT load profiles
1
234
5 6
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Hours
Po
wer
gen
erat
ed in
MW January
June
September
Mean value
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Months
Win
d e
ne
rgy
ge
ne
rate
d (
MU
)
Hourly variation of wind power
Monthly variation of wind energy generated
32
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Jan-07
june
july
august
sept
Total Generation
5 kWp Solar PV system
Rajmachi village, Maharashtra
33
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00
Time (hrs)
Pow
er(W
atts
) a
nd V
olta
ge (
Vol
ts)
VOLTAGE POWER
Without DSM
With EE DSM
Average(kWh) - 6.3Peak(kW) -18.6Total demand(kWh/day) - 153
Average(kWh) -2.9Peak(kW) –6.65Total demand(kWh/day) – 70.3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240
5
10
15
20
25Total load Average Load(DSM) Average(DSM)
Time of day(h)
Load(k
W)
34
1 MW Solar Plant – IIT Bombay
35http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20140128287038.htm
National Solar Thermal Power Facility – Consortium supported by MNRE and led by IIT Bombay
36
Thermal Storage
Solar Field
Expansion Vessel
Heat Exchanger
Generator
Condenser
Turbine
PumpPump
Cooling Water Circuit
Water/ Steam Loop
Thermic Oil Loop
CLFR Direct Steam
Schematic of 1 MW Solar Power Plant
Simulator snapshot
Parabolic Trough Solar Field Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Field at Gwalpahari site
Consortium Members
KIE Solatherm
37
38
User Interface: Main Window
39
Electric Vehicle - Evo
40
EVo 3.0 at Silverstone, UK 2014
Evo 1 Evo 2
200 kg, Top speed 100 kmph60kW peak, LiPo battery0-60 in 2.5s
TEAM SHUNYASOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014
41
House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014
Team Shunya
70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty
43Source: A. Sarkar, ETV 2035
Proposal for New Energy Storage Centre IIT Bombay
Summing Up
Energy Access and Equity- Capital/ Development – Electrification, Clean Cooking fuels
India – Energy shortages, growth , Energy Security Paradigm shift- focus on energy services Need for Technology development, cost reduction,
hybridization, energy efficiency and renewables Consortia/ Collaboration academia - industry Special focus on new stock- buildings, industry Systems integration issues, storage, load matching Land, water, employment Incubation/ Innovation Ecosystem
44
Acknowledgment
Balkrishna Surve, Jay Dhariwal, Anjali Sharma, Team Shunya, DESE and CTARA faculty colleagues
45
Email: [email protected]
[email protected] Thank you
You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete Buckminster Fuller
References Rockstrom et al, Nature, 2009 GEA, 2012 Chapter 3 & 19 : Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
BEE web site: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Government of India, Ministry of Power, New Delhi, http://www.beeindia.in/
Bloomberg, 2014: GLOBAL TRENDS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2014, UNEP and Bloomberg New Energy Finance.
Brundtlant Report WCED 1987 http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif http://www.iea.org/statistics/ blog.beliefnet.com http://www.icicibank.com/html/en/go-green/Index.html MNRE website: www.mnre.gov.in TIFAC, 2013: TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035 – draft in progress Ketav Mehta, Dual Degree Thesis,DESE 2014, IIT Bombay http://www.dilbert.com/ Honkalaskar, 2014, PhD Thesis, CTARA, IIT Bombay McKinsey, 2010: McKinsey Global Institute, India’s urban awakening: Building inclusive
cities, sustaining economic growth, April 2010 BESCOM, 2006 http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20140128287038.htm