alternative pollinators and how to conserve them
DESCRIPTION
A look at alternatives to the Honeybee for pollination.TRANSCRIPT
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Emily K. Dobbs
Jonathan Larson
Blake Newton
University of Kentucky, Department of Entomology
Alternative Pollinators & How
You Can Help Conserve Them
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Pollinator Problems: Overview
1. honey bees are in danger2. can other bees and pollintors fill the void?3. how to help pollinators in your yard or garden
Bumble Bee: a native pollinator (photo: David Cappaert, Michigan State University)
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Why Are Pollinators Important?
-flowering plants, as we know them, can’t exist without pollinators-most of the world’s pollination is accomplished by insects, especially bees-flowering plants and insects co-evolved ~100 million years ago-edible fruits come from flowers: most fruits would not exist without insect pollinators
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Bees are One-Trick Pollinator Ponies!
The entomological definition of a bee: a special type of wasp that has evolved to move pollen from one place to another
Pollen Basket on a bee: bees have these,
and no other insects do!Jeffrey W. Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
All bees (not just honey bees) have special branched hairs on their bodies that are designed to hold pollen. NO OTHER insects or animals have these special hairs
Bees don’t do much except pollinate and eat pollen and nectar. They are the world’s most efficient pollintors.
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Honey Bee
Photo: Joseph Berger, UGA
Apis mellifera
Most important Ag and Garden pollinatorPollination value: $9 billion per year in U.S.Mobile colonies: the key to mass success
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Honey Bee
Photo: Joseph Berger, UGA
Currently threatened by diseases, pesticides, and other factors: CCD, colony collapse disorder
Honey bee is NOT native to the U.S.
Came to North America around 1600
Photo: Robert W. Matthews, University of Georgia
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Other Bees
Honey Bees aren’t the only kind of bees!
There are thousands of bee species in the world
Most of them do not live in hives or make honey, but all of them
pollinate!
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Native Pollinators
+4000 Native Bee Species
-many butterflies, flies, beetles, ants and more
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Native Bees
$3 Billion Annually
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Bees Besides Honey Bees
Sweat BeePhoto: David Cappaert, Michigan State University
Solitary Bees: most native bee species in the U.S. are “solitary.” This means that they do not make hives, don’t make honey, and don’t work together. They gather nectar and pollen and
feed it to their own young only.
Leafcutter BeePhoto: Jack Dykinga, USDA Agricultural Research Service
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Bees Besides Honey Bees
Carpenter BeePhoto: David Cappaert, Michigan State University
Solitary Bees: another example of solitary bees include carpenter bees. Many of these look like bumblebees, but they don’t live in a hive like
bumblebees. Some of these are very large.
Carpenter BeePhoto: Johnny N. Dell, Bugwood.org
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Bees Besides Honey Bees
Red-Tailed BumblebeePhoto: Rob Routledge, Sault College
Hive Bees: bumblebees are the only other bees in the U.S. that are truly social. Like honey bees, they live in hives and work together. Social bees
are probably the very best pollinators.
Wandering BumblebeePhoto: David Cappaert, Michigan State University
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Other Native Pollinators
Other important native U.S. pollinators include all butterflies, plus many ants, beetles, moths, spiders, flies, and any other insect that regularly visits flowers
Flower FlySusan Ellis, Bugwood.org
MonarchPhoto: Jennifer E. Dacey, University of Rhode Island
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Hawk MothPhoto: David Cappaert, Michigan State University
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Can Native Pollinators Help Us?
-As honey bee colonies decline, it is possible that native bumblebees and other bees will INCREASE in number
-can native bees and other pollinators help to “take up the slack” if honeybees decline in number?
How can we help them?
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Can Native Pollinators Help Us?
Mobile Bumblebee Colonies
In the same way that honey bees colonies are moved from one place to another for pollination, people are experimenting with mobile bumblebee colonies. There is some promise here, but bumblebees don’t overwinter as a whole colony like honeybees do. Bumblebees are actually used quite a bit for greenhouse pollination.
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Native Pollinator Plight
Unfortunately, some of our native pollinators are having problems as well!
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Native Pollinator Plight
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Native Pollinator Plight
• Social bumblebees and solitary bees are declining
– Habitat Loss
– Pesticide Use
– Disease
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UK Research: Project Pollinator-we looked at planting beds of native flowers to help native pollinators
-in general, if you plant flowers that are native to Kentucky, you can help pollinators
-what follows are a few recommended flowers that will attract (and help!) lots of native pollinators
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ButterflyAgastache foeniculum, Lavender
Hyssop
Allium cernuum, Nodding Pink Onion
Asclepias tuberosa, Butterfly Milkweed
Cassia hebecarpa, Wild Senna
Coreopsis lanceolata, Lance-Leaved
Coreopsis
Dalea purpurea, Purple Prairie Clover
Desmanthus illinoensis, Illinois
Bundleflower
Echinacea purpurea, Purple
Coneflower
Eryngium yuccifolium, Rattlesnake
Master
Liatris spicata, Gayfeather
Rudbeckia hirta, Black-Eyed Susan
Solidago rigida, Rigid Goldenrod
Verbena bonariensis, Purpletop
Verbena
Verbena stricta, Hoary Vervain
Veronicastrum virginicum, Culver’s
Root
Zizia aurea, Golden Alexander
BeeAquilegia canadensis, Eastern
Columbine
Coreopsis lanceolata, Lance-Leaved
Coreopsis
Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower
Monarda fistulosa, Bergamot
Ratibida columnifera, Prairie
Coneflower
Rudbeckia subtomentosa, Sweet Black-
Eyed Susan
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae, New
England Aster
Tradescantia ohiensis, Ohio Spiderwort
Bee, cont.Agastache foeniculum, Lavender Hyssop
Aquilegia canadensis, Eastern
Columbine
Asclepias tuberosa, Butterfly Milkweed
Coreopsis lanceolata, Lance-Leaved
Coreopsis
Coreopsis tinctoria, Plains Coreopsis
(annual)
Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower
Echinacea tennesseensis, Tennessee
Purple Coneflower
Eryngium yuccifolium, Rattlesnake
Master
Gaillardia pulchella, Annual Gaillardia
(annual)
Helianthus annuus, Wild Sunflower
(annual)
Monarda fistulosa, Bergamot
Penstemon digitalis, Smooth
Penstemon
Ratibida columnifera, Prairie
Coneflower
Rudbeckia subtomentosa, Sweet Black-
Eyed Susan
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae, New
England Aster
Tradescantia ohiensis, Ohio Spiderwort
Zizia aurea, Golden Alexander
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New England aster
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Prairie Coneflower
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Lavender Hyssop
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Hoary vervainPurple coneflower
Purpletop verbena
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Lance-leaf coreopsis
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Black-eyed Susan
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Wild sunflower
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Bergamot
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Plains coreopsis
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BUT: you don’t have to plant a garden to help pollinators. By managing your yard a little differently, you can give native pollinators lots to chew on!
Leafcutter BeePhoto: David Cappaert, Michigan State University
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Lawn weeds, like clover & dandelion, are common
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RecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendations
� Plant native flowers
� Delay mowing or herbicide treatmen on
lawns until after peak blooming of lawn
weeds
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Resources
Monarch Watch:http://www.monarchwatch.org/
Pollinator Partnership:http://www.pollinator.org/
Bumblebees of the Eastern U.S.http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/BumbleBeeGuideEast2011.pdf