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Alternative fuels and powertrains
David Lamb
Chief Advisor, Automotive Technologies & Strategy
July 2008
Energy Transformed Flagship
Let’s be realistic
• Automotive technological developments in Australia
depend largely on what happens overseas –
• Applies to cars, trucks and buses
• Big payments to Australian auto industry for R&D
have not been directed at fuel efficiency or reducing
emissions
• Australia needs a national plan that recognises:
• The economic exposure to world oil scarcity
• The need for Australian vehicles to use less fuel and reduce
emissions
(Emission saving come free if we reduce fuel consumption)
BusinessLarge SUV
Compact
SUV
Large car
Med car
Small car
Who buys the big cars & SUVs?
BusinessLarge SUV
Compact
SUV
Large car
Med car
Small car
GovernmentLarge SUV
Compact SUV
Small car
Large car
Med car
PrivateLarge
car
Med
car
Large
SUV
Com
pact
SUV
Smal
l car
Small
Cars
Government buyers
Commonwealth Govt
Large
car
Med car
Small car
Compact
SUV
Large SUV
State Govt
Large car
Med car
Small car
Large SUV
Compact
SUV
Local Govt
Med car
Large car
Small car
Large SUV
Compact
SUV
What are the options for our transport energy future?
• Extend fossil reserves• New fossil fuel discoveries
• More cost effective extraction and processing
• Diversify transport fuels • LPG, CNG, biogas
• New liquid fuel options• Gas to liquids
• Coal to liquids
• Biomass to liquids (ie biofuels)
• Reduce demand
• Efficient engine technologies e.g. hybrid electric, smaller
engines
• eco-efficient urban design
• Public transport
• And in the longer term ….. maybe• hydrogen from coal with carbon capture and storage
• hydrogen from nuclear or renewable electricity.
Source:
http://www.toyota.com/prius/index.html?s_van=GM_TN
_HYBRID_PRIUS
96 % of cars and light commercials run on petrol, about 2% on diesel and 2% on LPG
All long-haul trucks run on diesel and most farm and mining equipment
A few CNG buses.
Transport Fuel Mix - Road Vehicles Australia
19962
14461
4253
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Petrol ADO LPG
52%
11%
37%
Fuel Mix - Australia 2003/04
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Petrol LPG ADO
Millio
ns
of
Lit
res
Series1 Series2
Alternative Fuels
-We need every alternative we can get!
Biofuels?
- ‘First generation’ biofuels (ethanol, biodiesel) only a small part
of the answer - less than 10%. (But it could be different!)
- Maybe ‘second generation biofuels from
lignocellulose or algae, but probably 15 years away.
Australia has gas and coal in abundance
We will have to utilise –
• LPG – probably only a few percent of our fuel needs
• CNG – for depot-based vehicles – Buses, Garbage trucks
• LNG – for long haul trucks point to point
• Gas-to-liquid, coal-to-liquid
(but depends on Carbon Capture & Storage) - 15-20 years away!)
• Electricity – available now!
Fuel consumption/Emissions
Simple rules:
Saving fuel saves emissions.
City cycle emissions are significantly higher than highway
emissions, because of short journeys, congestion, cold starts
The quickest way to achieve GHG savings is to reduce the
number of city vehicles, the size of city vehicles, the number
of city journeys.
Size does matter - but choose the technologyV
eh
icle
gro
ss w
eig
ht
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Toyot
a Yar
is 1
.5 U
LP
VW
Pass
at 2
.0 D
iese
l
VW
Pass
at 2
.0 P
ULP
Ford Focu
s 2.0
ULP
Toyot
a Cor
olla 1
.8 U
LP
Maz
da 3
2 U
LP
Com
modo
re
Capr
ice V8
Land
cruise
r 4.7
ULP
Land
cruise
r 4.5
Diese
l
6.1 6.6 8.7 7.1 7.3 8.2 10.9 14.4 14.5 10.3
L/100kmV
e
h
i
c
l
e
W
e
i
g
h
t
Tough targets likely in the future
CO2 Emissions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Toyot
a Yar
is 1
.5 U
LP
VW
Pass
at 2
.0 D
iese
l
Ford Focu
s 2.0
ULP
Toyot
a Cor
olla 1
.8 U
LP
Maz
da 3
2 U
LP
VW
Pass
at 2
.0 P
ULP
Land
cruise
r 4.5
Diese
l
Com
modo
re
Capr
ice V8
Land
cruise
r 4.7
ULP
C g
/km
Time Time Time
Speed
Alternative powertrains
better
Adapted from Ricardo UK material
City Traffic (congested) Urban / MotorwayCity Traffic (flowing)
Conventional diesel engine
Fu
el E
co
no
my I
mp
rov
em
en
t R
ela
tiv
e
to C
on
ven
tio
nal G
aso
lin
e E
ng
ine
Source: Schommers, DaimlerChrysler + GM, Aachen Oct 05 + Ricardo Internal Data
PHEV or EV
for city use or
short range
CSIRO Automotive Technologies
In partnership with Holden we
built the ECOmmodore, a
parallel hybrid vehicle.With aXcess Australia, a
series hybrid vehicle.
But with oil at $20/bbl, the
technologies were not competitive
60 volt battery pack (VRLA, twin tab)
150 volt Supercapacitor
Sufficient power for good acceleration
Sufficient energy for 15-20 km electric range
CSIRO Automotive Technologies
Benefits of Electric vehicles
Source: Hunwick Consultants
PHEVs and EVs open up new opportunities:
• Can use future energy sources as they become
available instead of exposure to scarce oil.
• Electricity is available now and city cars could be
fuelled from the grid without adding to the emissions
from coal-powered generators.
• Homes or businesses with solar and wind power supply
can power their vehicles free of added cost and
emission-free.
• The ‘Intelligent Grid’ will manage power to be able to
use PHEVs and EVs as load-balancers.
“What about fuel cells?
The advantage of fuel cells over chemical batteries is their
ability to be rapidly refueled as opposed to gradually
recharged, though the argument grows ever weaker with
the advent of improved batteries and ultracapacitors.
GM’s Bob Lutz was asked, “of all the different technologies
GM is working on, how would you prioritize them?" His
response: "Electric. Advanced hybrid. Plug-in hybrid.
Advanced clean diesels. And far out, there's hydrogen."
How about larger vehicles?
Canada 2005 48% fuel saving. Electric to 12 km/h Parallel hybrid
What happened to Melbourne’s 2007 trial?
Hybrid buses around the world
Brazil
Lots of hybrids around the US
since 1999. Several manufacturers
Take-away question: Why is Australia so far behind?
Toyota Coaster was eleven years ago
Thank you for your attention
Energy Transformed Flagship
David Lamb
Chief Advisor, Automotive Technologies & Strategy
Phone: +61 3 9545 8940
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.csiro.au/group
Contact Us
Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176
Email: [email protected] Web: www.csiro.au