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Alternative EnergyAlternative Energy

SourcesSources

Presented by: Bharat JhalaniPresented by: Bharat Jhalani

July 2008July 2008


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IntroductionIntroduction

Power plays a great role wherever manPower plays a great role wherever man

lives and works. The living standard andlives and works. The living standard and

prosperity of a nation vary directly withprosperity of a nation vary directly withthe increase in the use of power. Thethe increase in the use of power. The

electricity requirement of the world iselectricity requirement of the world is

increasing at an alarming rate due toincreasing at an alarming rate due toindustrial growth, increased andindustrial growth, increased and

extensive use of electrical gadgets.extensive use of electrical gadgets.


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We cant continue like thisWe cant continue like this

for longfor long According to world energy report, we getAccording to world energy report, we get

around 80% of our energy fromaround 80% of our energy from

conventional fossil fuelsconventional fossil fuels

oil (36%), natural gas (21%) and coaloil (36%), natural gas (21%) and coal

(23%).(23%).


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Why cant we?Why cant we?

Limited fossil fuelsll soon going to getLimited fossil fuelsll soon going to get

exhausted.exhausted.

AND even before that earth will die out ofAND even before that earth will die out of

high levels of greenhouse gases thesehigh levels of greenhouse gases these

fossil fuels emit.fossil fuels emit.

This realisation prompted us to look forThis realisation prompted us to look foralternative energy sources.alternative energy sources.


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BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVEBENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVE

ENERGY OPTIONSENERGY OPTIONS Help the environmentHelp the environment

Use of renewable energy helps save theUse of renewable energy helps save the

environment from further degradation andenvironment from further degradation andgives it an opportunity to regenerate.gives it an opportunity to regenerate.

Provide sustainable fuel systemsProvide sustainable fuel systems

Afforestation and agro forestry, combined withAfforestation and agro forestry, combined with

the introduction of energythe introduction of energy--efficient devices, canefficient devices, canhelp to create a sustainable fuelhelp to create a sustainable fuel--use systemuse systemwithin the rural community and sustain thewithin the rural community and sustain theecological balance of a regionecological balance of a region


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ENERGY OPTIONSENERGY OPTIONS Provide better lightingProvide better lighting

Better lighting enables the poor to stretch theirBetter lighting enables the poor to stretch their

period of economic activity; their children canperiod of economic activity; their children canhelp them in daily chores and then study in thehelp them in daily chores and then study in theevenings.evenings.

Benefit womenBenefit women

Lower dependency on fuel wood and otherLower dependency on fuel wood and otherhousehold fuel sources reduces the drudgeryhousehold fuel sources reduces the drudgeryof women by shortening or eliminating theof women by shortening or eliminating thedistances they travel for fuel collectiondistances they travel for fuel collection..


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ENERGY OPTIONSENERGY OPTIONS Benefit human healthBenefit human health

Use of improved cook stoves and biogasUse of improved cook stoves and biogas

plants, for example, helps reduce or eliminateplants, for example, helps reduce or eliminatehealth problems associated with usinghealth problems associated with usingconventional cook stoves, including respiratoryconventional cook stoves, including respiratorydiseases and eye problems.diseases and eye problems.

Enhance income

Enhance incomeprovide local employment opportunitiesprovide local employment opportunities

through direct use of energy in smallthrough direct use of energy in small--scalescaleindustry and agricultureindustry and agriculture


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What options we have?What options we have? NuclearEnergyNuclearEnergy

Nuclear power stations useNuclear power stations use

nuclear fission to generate energynuclear fission to generate energy

by the reaction of uraniumby the reaction of uranium--235235

inside a nuclear reactor. Theinside a nuclear reactor. Thereactor uses uranium rods, thereactor uses uranium rods, the

atoms of which are split in theatoms of which are split in the

process of fission, releasing aprocess of fission, releasing a

large amount of energy. Thelarge amount of energy. The

process continues as a chainprocess continues as a chain

reaction with other nuclei. Thereaction with other nuclei. The

heat released, heats water toheat released, heats water to

create steam, which spins acreate steam, which spins a

turbine generator, producingturbine generator, producingelectricitelectricit ..


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ProsPros

The energy content of a kilogram of uranium or thorium, if spentThe energy content of a kilogram of uranium or thorium, if spentnuclear fuel is reprocessed and fully utilized, is equivalent to aboutnuclear fuel is reprocessed and fully utilized, is equivalent to about3.5 million kilograms of coal.3.5 million kilograms of coal.

The cost of making nuclear power is about the same as makingThe cost of making nuclear power is about the same as making

coal power, which is considered very inexpensive.coal power, which is considered very inexpensive. Nuclear power plants are guarded with the nuclear reactor insideNuclear power plants are guarded with the nuclear reactor inside

a reinforced containment building, and thus are relativelya reinforced containment building, and thus are relativelyimpervious to terrorist attack or adverse weather conditions.impervious to terrorist attack or adverse weather conditions.

Coal mining is the second most dangerous occupation in theCoal mining is the second most dangerous occupation in theUnited States. Nuclear energy is much safer per capita than coalUnited States. Nuclear energy is much safer per capita than coal

derived energyderived energy For the same amount of electricity, the life cycle emissions ofFor the same amount of electricity, the life cycle emissions of

nuclear is about 4% of coal powernuclear is about 4% of coal power

Fast breeder reactors have the potential to power humans onFast breeder reactors have the potential to power humans onearth for billions of years, making it sustainable.earth for billions of years, making it sustainable.


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BiomassBiomass

Biomass productionBiomass production

involves using garbageinvolves using garbage

or other renewableor other renewable

resources such as cornresources such as cornor other vegetation toor other vegetation to

generate electricity.generate electricity.

Biomass is grown fromBiomass is grown from

several plants, includingseveral plants, including

miscanthus, switchgrass,miscanthus, switchgrass,

hemp, corn, poplar,hemp, corn, poplar,

willow, sugarcane andwillow, sugarcane and

palm oil.palm oil.


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AdvantagesAdvantages

Biomass production can be used to burn organic waste products resultingBiomass production can be used to burn organic waste products resultingfrom agriculture.from agriculture.

Biomass is abundant on Earth and is generally renewable.Biomass is abundant on Earth and is generally renewable.

When methods of biomass production other than direct combustion ofWhen methods of biomass production other than direct combustion of

plant mass are used, such as fermentation and pyrolysis, there is littleplant mass are used, such as fermentation and pyrolysis, there is littleeffect on the environment. Alcohols and other fuels produced by theseeffect on the environment. Alcohols and other fuels produced by thesealternative methods are clean burning and are feasible replacements toalternative methods are clean burning and are feasible replacements tofossil fuels.fossil fuels.

Since CO2 is first taken out of the atmosphere to make the vegetable oilSince CO2 is first taken out of the atmosphere to make the vegetable oiland then put back after it is burned in the engine, there is no net increaseand then put back after it is burned in the engine, there is no net increasein CO2.in CO2.

Vegetable oil has a higher flash point and therefore is safer than mostVegetable oil has a higher flash point and therefore is safer than mostfossil fuels.fossil fuels.

Transitioning to vegetable oil could be relatively easy as biodiesel worksTransitioning to vegetable oil could be relatively easy as biodiesel workswhere diesel works, and straight vegetable oil takes relatively minorwhere diesel works, and straight vegetable oil takes relatively minormodifications.modifications.


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Hydroelectric EnergyHydroelectric Energy

In hydro energy, theIn hydro energy, thegravitational descent of agravitational descent of ariver is compressed fromriver is compressed from

a long run to a singlea long run to a singlelocation with a dam or alocation with a dam or aflume.flume.

This creates a locationThis creates a locationwhere concentratedwhere concentratedpressure and flow canpressure and flow can

be used to turn turbinesbe used to turn turbinesor water wheels, whichor water wheels, whichdrive a mechanical milldrive a mechanical millor an electric generator.or an electric generator.


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VantagesVantages

Hydroelectric power stations canHydroelectric power stations can

promptly increase to full capacitypromptly increase to full capacity

Electricity can be generated constantly,Electricity can be generated constantly,

so long as sufficient water is available.so long as sufficient water is available.

Hydroelectric power produces no primaryHydroelectric power produces no primary

waste or pollution.waste or pollution. Hydropower is a renewable resource.Hydropower is a renewable resource.


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Wind PowerWind Power

This type of energyThis type of energy

harnesses the power ofharnesses the power of

the wind to propel thethe wind to propel the

blades of wind turbines.blades of wind turbines.

These turbines causeThese turbines cause

the rotation of magnets,the rotation of magnets,

which creates electricity.which creates electricity.

Wind towers are usuallyWind towers are usuallybuilt together on windbuilt together on wind

farms.farms.


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Wind power produces no water or air pollution that canWind power produces no water or air pollution that cancontaminate the environment, because there are nocontaminate the environment, because there are nochemical processes involved in wind power generation.chemical processes involved in wind power generation.

Power from the wind does not contribute to globalPower from the wind does not contribute to globalwarming because it does not generate greenhousewarming because it does not generate greenhousegases.gases.

Wind generation is a renewable source of energy,Wind generation is a renewable source of energy,which means that we will never run out of it.which means that we will never run out of it.

Farming and grazing can still take place on landFarming and grazing can still take place on landoccupied by wind turbines.occupied by wind turbines.

Due to the ability of wind turbines to coexist withinDue to the ability of wind turbines to coexist withinagricultural fields, siting costs are frequently lowagricultural fields, siting costs are frequently low


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Solar PowerSolar Power

Solar power involvesSolar power involvesusing solar cells tousing solar cells toconvert sunlight intoconvert sunlight intoelectricity, using sunlightelectricity, using sunlighthitting solar thermalhitting solar thermalpanels to convertpanels to convertsunlight to heat water orsunlight to heat water orair, using sunlight hittingair, using sunlight hittinga parabolic mirror to heata parabolic mirror to heat

water (producing steam),water (producing steam),or using sunlightor using sunlightentering windows forentering windows forpassive solar heating ofpassive solar heating ofa building.a building.


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Solar power imparts no fuel costs.Solar power imparts no fuel costs.

Solar power is a renewable resource. As longSolar power is a renewable resource. As long

as the Sun exists, its energy will reach Earth.as the Sun exists, its energy will reach Earth. Solar power generation releases no water orSolar power generation releases no water or

air pollution, because there is no combustion ofair pollution, because there is no combustion offuels.fuels.

Solar energy can be used very efficiently forSolar energy can be used very efficiently forheating (solar ovens, solar water and homeheating (solar ovens, solar water and homeheaters) and day lighting.heaters) and day lighting.


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Tidal EnergyTidal Energy

It is a form of hydropower thatIt is a form of hydropower thatconverts the energy of tidesconverts the energy of tidesinto electricity or other usefulinto electricity or other usefulforms of power.forms of power.

Tidal power can be extractedTidal power can be extractedfrom Moonfrom Moon--gravitygravity--poweredpoweredtides by locating a watertides by locating a waterturbine in a tidal current, or byturbine in a tidal current, or bybuilding impoundment pondbuilding impoundment ponddams that admitdams that admit--oror--releasereleasewater through a turbine.water through a turbine.


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ProsPros

It is clean, free, renewable, andIt is clean, free, renewable, and

sustainable energy.sustainable energy.

Tides are more predictable than windTides are more predictable than wind

energy and solar power.energy and solar power.


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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

Geothermal powerGeothermal power

(from the Greek(from the Greek

words geo, meaningwords geo, meaningearth, and thermal,earth, and thermal,

meaning heat) ismeaning heat) is

energy generated byenergy generated by

heat stored beneathheat stored beneaththe Earth's surface.the Earth's surface.


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ProsPros

the energy harnessed is clean and safe for the surroundingthe energy harnessed is clean and safe for the surroundingenvironment.environment.

It is also sustainable because the hot water used in theIt is also sustainable because the hot water used in thegeothermal process can be re injected into the ground to producegeothermal process can be re injected into the ground to produce

more steammore steam geothermal power plants are unaffected by changing weathergeothermal power plants are unaffected by changing weather

conditions.conditions.

Geothermal power plants work continuously, day and night,Geothermal power plants work continuously, day and night,making them base load power plants.making them base load power plants.

From an economic view, geothermal energy is extremely priceFrom an economic view, geothermal energy is extremely price

competitive in some areas and reduces reliance on fossil fuels andcompetitive in some areas and reduces reliance on fossil fuels andtheir inherent price unpredictability.their inherent price unpredictability.

It also offers a degree of scalability: a large geothermal plant canIt also offers a degree of scalability: a large geothermal plant canpower entire cities while smaller power plants can supply morepower entire cities while smaller power plants can supply moreremote sites such as rural villages.remote sites such as rural villages.


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Thank YouThank YouTHANK YOU

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