als 5224 issues in the development of liberal stuides lecture 3 developments of concepts &...

ALS 5224 ALS 5224 Issues in the Development of Liberal StuidesIssues in the Development of Liberal Stuides

Lecture 3

Developments of Concepts & Practice of the Liberated Mind:

Citizen- and Labor-liberating Movements

Wing-kwong TsangHo Tim Bldg. Rm 416

Ext. 6922

Theoretical Origins of Modern Liberated Mind

Immanuel Kant’s Idea of enlightenment“Enlightenment is man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man’s inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. Spere aude (Dare to know)! ‘Have courage to use your own reason!’ ─ that is the motto of enlightenment.” (Kant, 1784/1957, p. 85)

Theoretical Origins of Modern Liberated Mind

Immanuel Kant’s Conditions of enlightenment At individual level, enlightened individual is a ‘scholar’ who

possesses the mindset with “the propensity and vocation to free thinking” (p. 92) and the ability “to make public use of one’s reason at every point.” (p. 87)

At societal level, enlightened social institutions should be structured in a way to

guarantee “the freedom to make public use of one’s reason” (p. 87) that is to “let every citizen …make his comments freely and publicly, i.e., through writing, on the erroneous aspects of the present institution.” (p. 89)

These institutions must submit themselves to be “subject to doubt before the public.” (p.90)

Analytical Framework of Origins of the Development of Modern Liberated Mind

Liberated mind: Propensity and vocation of using one’s reason publicly

Liberating institutional Context:Institutional guarantee of public criticism

and scrutiny of public institutions

Citizenship Workers’ rights

Democratic Nation-state Capitalistic Market

Analytical Roadmap

Theory of Capitalism

Theory of Nation Building

Theory of State Formation

Theory of workers’ rights

Theory of citizenship rights


Foundation of Capitalism: Ontological foundation of Capitalism― C.B. Macpherson’s conception of Possessive individ

ualism “Man, the individual, is seen as absolute natural proprietor

of his own capacities, owing nothing to society for them. Man’s essence is freedom to use his capacities in search of satisfaction. This freedom is limited properly only by some principle of utility or utilitarian natural law which forbids harming others. Freedom therefore is restricted to, and comes to be identified with, domination over things, not domination over men. The clearest form of domination over things is the relation of ownership or possession. Freedom is therefore possession. Everyone is free, for everyone possesses at least his own capacities.


Foundation of Capitalism: Ontological foundation of Capitalism― Possessive

individualism “Society is seen, not (as it had been) as a system of

relations of domination and subordination between men and classes held together by reciprocal rights and duties, but as a lot of free equal individuals related to each other through their possessions, that is, related as owners of their own capacities and what they have produced and accumulated by the use of their capacities. The relation of exchange (the market relation) is seen as the fundamental relation of society.

“Political society is seen as relational device for the protection of property, including capacities even life and liberty are considered as possessions, rather than as social rights with correlative duties.”


Foundation of Capitalism: Institutional foundation of capitalism ― Property

rights and right of ownershipExclusivity of ownership: Right to use

• Totality of use domain• Sovereignty of decision

Transferability of ownership: Right to transferEntitlement of revenue generated from property: Right to

appropriate


Foundation of Capitalism: Structural foundation of capitalism

Domination of property rights of capital over those of other factors of production

“Capitalism is a system based on competition between free producers using free labor with free commodities, ‘free’ meaning its availability for sale and purchase on a market” (Wallerstein, 1987)


Foundational contradiction in Capitalism: Conflicts between property rights of capital

and wage labor

Foundational contradiction in Capitalism

Property rights of capital Exclusivity of right to

useTotality use domainSovereignty of decision

Right to transfer Right to appropriate

returns generated from property

Property rights of labor

Exclusivity of right to use Totality use domain Sovereignty of decision

Right to transfer Right to appropriate

returns generated from property

Developments of Workers’ Rights

Struggles over capitalist rights to use wage-workers’ labor Child-labor law Working-hour legislation Labor-holiday legislation Labor-union legislation Collective-bargaining rights

Struggles over capitalist right to transfer (fire wage workers) Rights to employment

Struggle over revenue of production Right to salary negotiation Right to minimum wage

Developments of Workers’ Rights

Class Struggles as promised in Communist Manifesto The Russian revolution at the beginning of the

20th century The Chinese revolution at the mid of the 20th

century Constitutions of the East-European Bloc in the

mid of the 20th century Collapses of socialist regimes in Europe at the

end of the 20th century The end of a century-long experiments of

socialism

高中通識教育個別課題的問題高中通識教育個別課題的問題

˙ 有學者直指「通識教育好白癡」；據報章引述，他的說法是：「有單元真係好白癡，好似『閒暇與生活』咁，邊使教，學生自己都識體驗啦，重話要考試。」

閒暇與生活的課題設計偶舉閒暇與階級及生產關係

農業及封建主義社會中閒暇的界定：一種特權與奢侈工業及資本主義社會中閒暇的界定：一種權利及消費主義的建立

閒暇權利與現代工會運動爭取法定工時爭取有薪勞工假期

閒暇與消費主義閒暇的物化與商品化閒暇商品化的後果：例如環境問題

Theory of Citizenship Development

Reinhard Bendix’s Definition of Citizenship (1964, Nation-Building & Citizenship)

Individualistic and plebiscitarian membership before the sovereign and nation-wide public authority

Development of citizenship: “the codification of the rights and duties of all adults who are classified as citizens”.


T.H. Marshall’s thesis of citizenship development (1973, Citizenship & Social Class)

Development of civil rights in the 18th century and the constitution of the Court of Justice and the Rule of Law

Development of the political rights in the 19th century and the constitution of the parliamentary system and the democratic state

Development of the social rights in the 20th century and the constitution of the social service departments and the welfare state


Anthony Giddens’ critique on Marshall (1982, Class division, class conflict & citizenship rights) The nature of citizenship development: Evolution vs. co

nflict The directionality of citizenship development: Linear vs.

dialectic The distinct status of economic civil rights or industrial

rights

David Held’s proposal of environmental rights and feminist rights

Michael Mann & Bryan Turner’s historical trajectories of citizenship development in different historical and national contexts


Thomas Janoski’s Typology of Citizenship rights (1998, Citizenship & Civil Soceity)

Distinction between the state of being (negative freedom) and the power of doing (positive freedom)

Distinction between the public and private spheres

Participation right as the fourth right

Negative Freedom

Positive Freedom


Max Weber’s Definition of the State “Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. Note that ‘territory’ is one of the characteristics of the state. Specifically, at the present time, the right to use physical force is ascribed to other institutions or individuals only to the extent to which the state permits it. The state is consider the sole source of the ‘right’ to use violence.”

(Weber, 1946, p. 78)


Charles Tilly’s Definition of the State

An organization which control the population occupying a definite territory is a state insofar as (1) it is differentiated from other organizations operating in the same territory; (2) it is autonomous; (3) it is centralized; and (4) its division are formally coordinated with one another.

(Tilly, 1975)


The constituent features of modern state The definitive territory The definitive subjects Monopoly of use of force and sovereign power The public authority

Tilly’s Theory of State Formation

Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 900-1992 (1992) Accumulation and concentration of coercion, and the growth and for

mation of the state Accumulation and concentration of capital, and the formation and gro

wth of cities Coalition and conflict within the state

Class coalition and struggle in the realm of exploitation Coalition and struggle between state authority and citizenship in the realm

of domination

Coalition and conflict among states: The mechanism of war preparation and making Dialectic relationship between capital accumulation and warmaking Dialectic relationship between coercion accumulation and warmaking

Dynamics of geopolitics and inter-state system in Europe

Accumulation of coercion

Concentration of coercion

Concentration of Capital

Accumulation of Capital

Growth of States

Growth of Cities

Form of State

Class Coalition and Struggle

Coalition & Struggle between State & Citizenship War

Preparation & Making

Geopolitical Situation

Tilly’s Conception of State Formation

Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of State Formation

Definition of the State “Using a variation of Max Weber’s famous formula, that th

e state is an X (to be determined) which successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical and symbolic violence over a definite territory and over the totality of the corresponding population.” (Bourdieu, 1999, p. 56)

“The state is the culmination of a process of concentration of different species of capital: capital of physical force or instruments of coercion economic capital, cultural &/or information capital, and symbolic capital.” (p. 57)


Project of constitution of physical & fiscal efficacy of the state Accumulation of physical capital

Internal physical capital accumulation: Policing systemExternal physical capital accumulation: Army (Military)

system Accumulation of economic capital

Constitution of taxation and fiscal system


Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state Concentration of informational capital: “The state c

oncentrates, treats, and redistributes information and, most of all, effects a theoretical unification. Taking the vantage point of the Whole, of society in its totality, the state claims responsibility for all operations of totalization (especially thanks to census taking and statistics or national accounting) and of objectivation through cartography (the unitary representation of space from above) or more simply through writing as an instrument of accumulation of knowledge (e.g. archive), as well as for all operation of codification as cognitive unification.” (p. 61)


Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state Concentration of cultural capital: “The state

contributes to the unification of the cultural market by unifying all codes, linguistic and juridical, and by effecting a homogenization of all forms of communication, including bureaucratic communication. Through classification systems inscribed in law, through bureaucratic procedures, educational structures and social rituals, the state molds mental structures and imposes common principles of vision and division, forms of thinking that are to the civilized mind. … And it thereby contributes to the construction of what is commonly designated as national identity.” (p. 61)


Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state Constitution of symbolic capital:

“Symbolic capital is any property (any form of capital whether physical, economic, cultural or social) when it is perceived by social agents endowed with categories of perception which cause them to know it and to recognize it, to give it value.” (p. 62)

Concentration of juridical capitalNomination of state nobility


The nature of the concept of nation Nation as objective and empirical phenomenon Nation as socially constructed reality and

historical and cultural artifact


The definition of nation Max Weber’s defines nation as community of sen

timent and pathos of partnership of a political community

Benedict Anderson’s defines nation as imagined political community imagined Limited Sovereign Community of comradeship and fraternity

Jurgen Habermas defines “nation as a community of citizens.”(1994)

H. BhaBha: Nation as narrative

Theory of of Nation-Building

Greenfeld's typology of nation-building Nation-building principle: Individualistic-libertaria

n —— Collectivistic-authoritarian Nation-building unit: Civic —— ethnic

Civic Ethnic

Individualistic-libertarain Type I Volid

Collectivistic-authoritarian Type II Type III


Jurgen Habermas distinction between Hereditary nationalism Acquired nationalism


Building blocks of nation building Hereditary nationalism

Narrative of the landNarrative of the peopleNarrative of the common memoriesNarrative of the common culture

Acquired nationalismNarrative of citizenship

• Narrative of civil citizenship

• Narrative of political citizenship

• Narrative of social citizenship, etc.

Narrative of the public authority of the state

Citizen and Labor Movements in the 21th century

Global-informational capitalism replaces industrial capitalism Polarization of globally mobile capitalist and locally immobile

proletarians Erosion of the structural basis of national labor movements

The rise of the Empire and the erosion of the sovereignty of nation-states Constitutions of authorities of international organization Constitution of unilateral international politics Evaporation of economic nationalism Replacement of post-WWII welfare-state with competition state in

global-information context Fading away of solidarity basis for national citizen and labor

movements

Civil citizenship

Political citizenship

Social citizenship

Citizenship Development

Nation Building

Narration of Hereditary Nationality Acquired Nationality

State Formation

Accumulation of Cultural Capital

Symbolic Capital

Developmentof

Possessive Individualism

Workers’ property rights struggles

Globalization

Developments of enlightened mind and institutions

als 5224 issues in the development of liberal stuides lecture 3 developments of concepts &...

Documents

public use of ones reason

reciprocal rights

motto of enlightenment

self incurred tutelage

enlightened individual

xthese institutions

clearest form of domination

free thinking