all people are equal - english center

HUMAN RIGHTS

All people are equal

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What are human rights?

According to UNESC0 human rightscoutd be defined as those rightswhich are inherent in our natureand without which we cannot liveas human beings.

UN death penalty moratorium

0n lSrhDecember 2007 the UN GeneralAssembLy

ad0pted a moIat0rum 0n the death penatty

By doing s0 it ovelcame 0pp0siti0n from countlies

such as the United States and China that argued

each nation shoutd be abte t0 ch00se f0r itsetJ

how to fight against cnme.Ihe 104'54v0te in fav0ur 0f suspending executr0ns

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United Nat ions Mit tenniumDevetopment Goats IMDGslAt the NlillenniLrm Summit in the year 2000,

l8a lcadrrs fronr around 'he u orld made -

pronise to end rvorld poverty by 2015They signed the Millennium Declaration and

agreed to reach the Millennium Development

Goals (MDCs). Th. \4DCs are eight points

rvith 'measurable targets and clear deadlines'

that aim to hclp and improve the lives of the

rvorld's poorest people. If the rvorld leaders

achieve t 'hat they have set out to do, by 2015

rvorld poverty could be reduced bv half and

millions of lives s'ill have been saved

I Adaptcd ironrhttp: / / l nv.ent lpoler t r '20l5.org/Nbout

is not tegatty binding, but demonskates an increasingw0rtd wide trend against a punishment that manycountries claim undermines human rights, is aquesti0nabte detefrent and has mistakenty kittedinnocent peopte.a q d i l t i r i j l i r

l rL i i j / / i r i r f r ur , . l r i : i i l l l rs ! iL l ] ] r r t , i l r i . ,

C0mbat HIV/A|ds, maLaria and Other diseases

Devet0p a gl0bat partnership f0r devet0pment

Achieve universaI pr]mary educati0n

Reduce child mortatity

Pr0m0te gender equaiity and emp0w€t w0mell

Ensure ervir0nmental sustainabiLity

Eradicate extleme poverty and nunqel

lmprove maierf at heatth

The 8 DevetoPment Goats

]B PAST ANO PRESENT IssUES

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I ADVENTURES

South!Shackleton's tegendary Antarctic expeditionIn August 1914 the British imperial trans-Antarctic expedition,led by the explorer Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, set sail from EnglandontheEndurance vith the objective of crossing Antarctica from theVeddell Sea to tbe Ross Sea via the South Pole. However, in January1915, before reaching Antarctica the Endurazce became trapped inpack ice in the \(eddell Sea. The ship remained stuck in the driftingice for ten months before it was crushed and sank, Shackleton and hiscrew of27 men abandoned the ship and started to march across the icetorvards open l'ater, dragging three lifeboats behind them. They livedon the floating ice for almost six months. The group then embarkedon a trcacherous iourney for the South Shggland Islands*, sailing sevendays from ice floe to ice floe before reaching uninhabited ElephantIsland. Leaving allbut five ofhis crew on Elephant Island, Shackletonset off in one of the boats, the seven metreJames Caird,to seekhelp.His target vas a whaling station on the island of South Georgian, 1,300km across the open South Atlantic Ocean, the roughest ocean on Earth.The men had to withstand wind forces of 120 kilometres per hour andwaves that were more than 18 metres high. After 16 exhausting daysthe six men reached South Georgia, accomplishing one of the greatestfeats of navigation in history. They had landed on the opposite side ofthe island from the whaling station, however Shackleton and two ofhis men then hiked for 16 hours straight, completing rhe first crossingof South Georgia's mountainous interior, to reach help at the whalingstation. After three unsuccessful attempts over the next four months,Shackleton rescued his men stranded at Elephant Island on 10'hAugust1916, in a rugboat lent to him by the government of Chile. In the end,not a single member of the Endutaxce expedition was lost. The story ofEnduance andher crew has become a legendary tribute to leadershipand perseverance in polar and world exploration.

traEEEE

< sir Ernest Shackteton11874-19221, expeditionleader. Sif Efn€stShackleton is one ofBn tansmos t famoLrsand rcspected explorerc.He once said optimismrs taue mo|atcoura9e ,a pf iciple he hetd !nt Lne 0reo.Frank Hurtey (1885-

19621, pholographer.Austratan boan FfankH uaLey was one oftheg.eat photogfaphers olhis century He earned aaep!tatron over the yearsfor stopp ng al nothingto obtain the bestphotograph possibteHe was a membef otShackLeton s expedit iong.o!p to the 5o!th PoLe.

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A f L A N T I C O C E A N

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lD Fredric Brown, American i','�)i)6 1'e7.l

Fredric Brorvn l 'as born in Cincinnrt i . USA, in 1906. Hc t ' .rs rr

scicnce fiction" ancl mvsten'n author l'ho is best kno\r for rr'riting short

struies rvith l humoroLrs sti lc. I Iis fir'st science fiction ston. Nol )il t/,r

l-rr,/. rv,rs published in 1911. l\lartid n s, Go I Ic.,utc ll95J l knks rt r l\'lrrtirn

invrsion through thc cves of a science fiction lLtthor'. It rvas the b,rsis for

l nrol ie ol the samc nlnc (1990).

CJnc of his most flmous short stories.,'|zra. rvas used as the basis

lbt a popular episoclc of .laa'l?'l:. N{anv of his science fiction storics rr er-e

slxrter than 1.0(X) rvorcls, or elcn )00 s'ords.

l7., t ,r l r . ,n Scrtrr ' ) rralo I lo!: i t l !o[L' l( ' tL' .Mo\taf l11.l i0]t i l is t iol f t ' t t l t l )

ityll thd! \hdfLs orr [t'r'ltugs, brt ratl:L,r it is tlt tuty ut sct rulill

Slr rnr

l l c r r as l c t i r r r d r r r t r dd r l nc l hL rngn a t t c l c r r l c l , r r r t l hc r r as I i l t r

t h r rus r rn r l l i gh t r c l r s l r ' r r t r r l r on rc . . \ s t r i r ngc l r l r r c . L tn { , 1 r "

J i gh t L r r t l t l r c q r i t r i t t . l \ \ i c c l ha t l r t r r l r s r t sc t l l r t . n rac l c c r c r r

n r , n c n r c n t d i l l i c r l t .

I l r r t i n t r , ns o l t ho r r s l nds o l r r . r r l s t h i s p l r t o l r r l r ' h l d r r ' t

c l r l n g c t l . l l r r ' l l r b r r r s ? r r c r c l i n c r r i t h t h c i r s l c c l . : r s p i r e t s h i p s

. rn r l t hc i r l i r r r r r r r c , r pons . \ \ ' h cn t hc c l r i ps i r r c t l r r r r n i . l ho t rgh .

i t r r i r s s t i l l r h t l i x r t so ld i c r , t hc i n l i r n t l r . t ha t h i r c l t o t i r l c l l r t '

g r , , L rn< l , , nd l r o l r l i r . I i r , r r b r b I x r t l r l o r r t s .

l . i L r , t h i s r l l n rn t c l l t l r t , , t , , 1 . , s t . r r hc r l nc r c r he l l t l r r l r r r r t i l

t l r r ' r i l l r r n r l cL l h i n r t hc r c . . \ n t l r r o r r i L t r i t s s i t c r c r l g r r ru t r t l

b c e l L r s c t h c i r l i c ' t r s r t c r c t h c r c t r x r . l l I l . i r l i c r r s . l l r t o r r l r

. t h r , r ' i n t c l l i g c r r t r l c c i r r t l r c ( i . r l i r r r . . . c r t r c l . h i d t ' o L r s , r n c {

r cp r r l s i r c n r r rns t c r s .( on t i r r t h i r c l bccn n ra . l c l i Lh t hcn r t r c i r r t hc ccn t c r o l t hc( , i r l au . a l t c l t hc s l , , r r , . l i l l l c r r l t coL rn iu i r l i o r r r r l l do , , c r r

t hoL rs i r r r t l p l a r r r , t s : . r n t l i t h l r l l ) c ( r1 \ \ i r f i r L s i gh t l t hc r ' r l sho t

\ \ i t h r ru t t r cn t f \ i r r g l o n rqo l i i l t c . ( ) r t ( ) n r r l , ( l ) ( ' r c (\ r , r r . p l i r nc t b r b i t t c r p l i r nc t . r t r r i r s bc ing l i r t r gh t r r L t t 6 .

I l c r i r s r r t t l nc l n ru t l du rnc l hL t r rgn . r n r l co l r l . anc l t hc t l a r

r r i r s r l r r i r i t h i r h i g l r r r i r r r l t ha t h r r r t h i s c r cs . l l u t t hc i r l i cns

r r c l c t r r i n g t o i n l l l t r . r l c i r n c l c r c n s c n l r r p o s t s u s r r t r r l .

l l c s t i r r c r l i r l t I t . s r rn r c , r c l r . l r i l t r t housan r l l i gh t r ca rs l I r r r r r

h , rn r t . l i gh t i ng on i r \ t r i r r q l ' r l r ) r l ( l l nd r ro r r t l c t i nq i l l r r ' ' c l c r c r

l 1 \ ( l { ) s c | n o t l l c i l g i n .

. \ n r l t l r c r r l r c s . r r r onc o l t hcn r c r i r r l l i nq t ( ^ \ i r f ( l h i n r . I I c

t l l c r i r bc i r c l s l nd l i r cd . l l r c , r l i t n n rac l c t ha t s t r i r r r gc l r o r r i b l c

. , , r r r , l r l r t r . , l l r r r , ' l . , t l . . n l . . r ' r . . .

l l c shL rdd t r cd . r t t hc s , r r r nd L rn< l s i g l r t o l t l r t a l i cn h i ng t l r c r c

Onc r rL rgh l t o l r < r r b l e t o sc t usc ( l t o t hcn t i r l l c I l r r h i l c . hu t

l r cc l nc r c l bccn l l > l c t o . S t t ch r cpu l s i r c c f c i l t t r f c s t h ( \ r r ( ' r ( ,

l i t h r r n l r t r r o i r r n r s , r r r t l 1 r r , , l c g s . g h l s t I e r h i L c s k i n s a n r l n o

sc . r l c s l o .

r fn n l: llr(\vn..!rrrn. 1')i.l. br FreJric t}urn. i t'ls2. bv rhc Dst,rte.1)r iuin,r lh ,rppc,rrrt l in ( i 1Lrr J(r i ,a'11.r, , trnd rcprintcd bl pcrnissionol rhc Lsr,uc,rnJ i rs r \ccnr

Sentn i !a ld 'er , r"ha quards a carfo!r a lLr l0 f !l l rbors, p totssleek e[eqa nt\\htn rhe chips irft do$r:r h e n l h e s 1 ! . 1 . n s d f f c L r [ ttale the gnrund ... bftndr lintd . l e f d l e r r : c . ! o n l o o l

]52 L ITERATURE

planel b\ b i t ter p lanrt . . . fbught outl l rey \ \ rere conquer ng planel J l lerp t a n e trar very cotddrg! : r bead r med h s r l te.afe lutLyghasth horr btesc. les mate. aI cover n! lhe sk nol i5hes and repl Les

l n Nad ine Gord imer , sou th Af r i can i , . l i i 23 l

Novclist lnd r short storv'r l t i ter, Nacl ine Gordirrcr l ls l l l rcled

thc NobelPrize lbr Litcrature in 1991. She l 'as bonr in Translarl , South

Air ica. The rrrr ir themc oi her wli t ing is drc si ir .rLtt i<u o[ her countnr

Her comnritnrcnt lgainst ap.t l theid clusecl t l rc banning of sonrc of her

bc'oks bcfole rprrtheid rv,rs rbol ished in 1990. i \mong hcr rvolks,

7ltc Lt ' tug Dat' t l l95)l ( lordiurer 's f i rst nolcl. is b.rsed l ,rrgeh' on hcr

ol n l i t i , Orr, i loa /or Lolarg I 1t)63 ) explolcs the lovc aff l i r betl een

l bl lck nru ancl a u hite l orran l t l t ime t hcn this breaking of the'coloul blr ' t ,rs considcrcd an rct of pol i t ic l l transgrcssion.' I

hc ( lr . 'utct wtnuitt (197-l ) . a novcl l t ich cxplores Zuitt culturc lnrl

thc l tr ld oi l scl l thl rvhitc inclusui l l ist, r 'on the I\ '1dn Bookcr Prize.

In 2007 shc rvrole r col lect ion ofshort stol ics, Bt clhot 'u \Vts ()tc

Sitr:tuth Bldck.

Itt L<tot1, rt girnl u ttt' ttttlt't dutt\' ,t fr.nL tt, hdtiug tlt ocLdn llrxtr full tl

, t f i tno n'giutt ts t i thL't . A I inr lof tratsnrt htul / t l t ' t plrcc an t l t t l t lLl tst

!.n holto t, h t ,t t ih ntr 1l\utlr oult ottL' tliu!, ,t nitrat. \\l1l:u ht' luLlt

i t , ht hrt ls iu i t , , tnr l tnl , l rult ,r t trvr, l tL,t tc utt l t t Ltut, tutt \ ' . , tkn!

u ith ,t11 tht otlttt. Bclott hlt rhdtl:. l:L l:rtl iqt u ith d ptlut ol

Thc Cileat \ \ 'avc l l Hohttt i . hcl iu, l l t is hc, l Brt h ntttr g,t :Lt lr l i l .

tinr it tLts bdtintl hiu.

Loot '

Oncc r rpon ( ) r r r l i n rL . t hc f c r r as i r n c i r nh t l L r i r l , c : bL r t t h i s r , n r

i s l hc r r ) o \ t P r r r r e r - l L r l c r c r r cc r r f u l cd s i r r cc t h t i n r cn t i on o l t h t

l l i ch t r . r s c i r l c n r i r c l c poss ib l c ' I i r r us 1 r r n r c i t su l c l p r r c l h l r t i e

\ \ i r f n i ngs .

I t t i ppcd r r c r )n l i nc r l r l shc l l . l hcsc t f ( n rb l j ngs o l i cn c i r L r sc

l l , r r r L l s r t h i s c r r l ossL r r r l i c l l hc rL , \ c f sc . r l r c r L i r c l . t hc occ i rn

l r i r r i r s t b l c i r t h t aLc r r . I h t r r l ( ) \ l s ( ( f ( l l e r t l , r l r r L r r r r r r r l t l

l i r i r c r ca l t r l : Lhc sc i r bc r l t I t ] ? r r r c r kc l sh i l ; l s . l i r c l c l t ' s o i

h r ruscs . b i r l l r r r on r c i r r r dc lab la , t . i l c t l r r r r l . p i r a t c t l r t s t , I \

s c r ccn . n r l i l co i r c l r . . r i r c l a l t I i r s c l i r g t . c i r r r o r r , t r r r t t b l c l o t s . .

l . . r r l r r s I n i L rn , n r t t l l ca raPac r ' o l i r l r ) r r f i s t b t r s ' l , r i r r l . Lap t r s rn . r l

l i r n t . l L r t on ra t r c t l i sh " , , t hc r , c ( )n r l ) L r l c f . s r ro r t l s shc i r t hcd i r r

ba rn i r c l css , co ins t u tnc r l t r r s t on t . l hc , r sLoL rn r l c t l g . r zc r i r cc t l

i r nong t hcsc t h rngs r : t hc I r o I rL r I r r t i r r r r r r h , r hL rL l l l c ' r l l r o r r r t h t i r

t opp l i r r s hoL rscs t o t hc r r r i r f i t i n r c h i l l s . r l n t l o r r r . \ \ hc r t

t c r l c s t t i i r l c r ; r sh a r rd bc l l r r r r 5 l r l t l t c r r i l l t c l l hcn r . t h t r c r r l s

n i r l cd s i l cnee . l hc s r r l i r l , , l t l r r ' t r ' , r g l i t t . r r c . l up r rn t hcsc

ob jL ' c l s : i t i s g i \ cn l h r l l i r r r c ( l ocs no l . nc \ c r d i ( 1 . c \ i \ t ( | ^ \ n

th t r c r r hc rc t l r c r r r l t r f i . l l i t \ r r l t hc Pas t I r r c l t hc p I cs r ' n t . r s t hc r

l i c h i r s n r r ch ro r ro l os rc i r l o r r l c r , ' r l l j s r r n r ' . i r l l i s r r o th i ng o r . r I

i s poss t ss i b l c i r l o r r cc .

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