all latex symbols

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List

Scott Pakin <[email protected]>∗

July 2, 2001

Abstract

This document lists 2266 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Some ofthese symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX2ε system; others require fonts and packages thatmay not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts and packagesused to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from the ComprehensiveTEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).

Contents

1 Introduction 5

2 Body-text symbols 6Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 2: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 3: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-Mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 8: Text-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 9: tipa Text-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 10: wsuipa Text-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 11: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 12: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 13: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 14: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 15: textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 16: textcomp Old-Style Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 17: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 18: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 19: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 20: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 Mathematical symbols 14Table 21: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 22: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 23: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 24: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 25: Variable-sized stmaryrd Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 26: Variable-sized wasysym Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15∗The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt.

See Section 7.5 on page 42 for more information about who did what.

1

Table 27: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 28: Variable-sized txfonts/pxfonts Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 29: Relation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 30: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 31: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 32: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 33: stmaryrd Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 34: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 35: Arrow Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 36: AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 37: AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 38: stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 39: Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 40: AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 41: Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 42: AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 43: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 44: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 45: AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 46: Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 47: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 48: AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 49: stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 50: Variable-Sized stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 51: textcomp Text-Mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 52: Math-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 53: Some Other Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 54: AMS Extensible Arrow Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 55: Punctuation Symbols (Math Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 56: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 57: Miscellaneous AMS Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 58: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 59: stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 60: Other wasysym Math-Mode Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 61: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 62: textcomp Text-Mode Math and Science Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 63: marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 64: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 65: ulsy Contradiction and Other Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 66: Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4 Science and technology symbols 26Table 67: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 68: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 69: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 70: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 71: wasysym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 72: marvosym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 73: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 74: wasysym APL Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 75: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 76: ASCII Control Characters (IBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 77: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 78: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2

Table 79: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 80: marvosym Safety-Related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5 Dingbats 29Table 81: bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 82: pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 83: marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 84: bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 85: pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 86: dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 87: bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 88: pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 89: dingbat Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 90: bbding Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 91: pifont Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 92: bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 93: pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 94: bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 95: pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 96: wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 97: pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 98: wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 99: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 100: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 101: wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 102: ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 103: bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 104: pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 105: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 106: marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 107: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 108: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 109: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

6 Other symbols 35Table 110: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 111: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 112: wasysym Musical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 113: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 114: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 115: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 116: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 117: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 118: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 119: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 120: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 121: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

7 Additional Information 387.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.3 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407.4 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417.5 About this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3

References 44

Index 45

4

1 Introduction

Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of LATEXsymbol information: font samples, LATEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats—everything needed to putthousands of different symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:

1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).

2. All of their symbols have LATEX 2ε names. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name, notjust by \char〈number〉.

These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List contains samples of 2266symbols—quite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system;others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to beinstalled. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help withinstalling new fonts and packages.

Document Usage

Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with thecorresponding LATEX command to the right of each symbol. A table’s caption indicates what package needs tobe loaded in order to access that table’s symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 16, “textcomp Old-StyleNumerals”, are made available by putting “\usepackagetextcomp” in your document’s preamble. “AMS”means to use one of the AMS symbol packages, such as amssymb. Notes below a table provide additionalinformation about some or all the symbols in that table.

One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certain symbolsdo not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuth’s original, 7-bit font encoding, which is the default fontencoding for LATEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a different encoding, such as T1 (a common 8-bit font encoding). That means that you should put “\usepackage[〈encoding〉]fontenc” in your document’spreamble, where 〈encoding〉 is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to the current group, use“\fontencoding〈encoding〉\selectfont”.

Section 7 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It shows which symbolnames are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols,explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a LATEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and provides someinformation about this document itself. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List ends with an index of all thesymbols in the document and various additional useful terms.

Frequently Requested Symbols

There are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If you’re looking forsuch a symbol, the following list will help you find it quickly.

© and ® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

, as in “Spaces are significant.” . . . . . . . . . 6

ı, ı, ı, ı, etc. (versus i, i, i, and i) . . . . . . . . . 8¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

¤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

∴ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

B and F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

°, as in “180°” or “15” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

L, F, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25N, Z, R, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39´a, `e, etc. (i.e., several accents per character) 40

−

∫. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

< and > (instead of ¡ and ¿) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

˜ (or ∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

5

2 Body-text symbols

This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents, ligatures,and currency symbols.

Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters

$ \$ % \% \_ \ & \& # \# \

Table 2: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

$ \$ \_ \ddag \¶ \P cO © \copyright . . . \dots \§ \S \dag £ \pounds

Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2εprovides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makesavailable.

Table 3: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-Mode Commands

ˆ \textasciicircum < \textless˜ \textasciitilde a ª \textordfeminine* \textasteriskcentered o º \textordmasculine\ \textbackslash ¶ \textparagraph| \textbar · \textperiodcentered \textbraceleft ¿ \textquestiondown \textbraceright “ \textquotedblleft \textbullet ” \textquotedblright

cO © \textcopyright ‘ \textquoteleft \textdagger ’ \textquoteright \textdaggerdbl rO ® \textregistered$ \textdollar § \textsection. . . \textellipsis £ \textsterling— \textemdash TM \texttrademark– \textendash \textunderscore¡ \textexclamdown \textvisiblespace> \textgreater


6

Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)

a \aa Ð \DH∗ L \L ø \o ß \ss

A \AA ð \dh∗ l \l Ø \O SS \SSÆ \AE Ð \DJ∗ \NG∗ Œ \OE Þ \TH∗

æ \ae \dj∗ \ng∗ œ \oe þ \th∗

∗ Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternatefont encoding, such as T1.

Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages

Ð \BD ° \mc ¤ \mf ¨ \mk » \Mt \mZ \Bd \mD \mF \mN \MT Â \TE \BH ð \Md \mG \mn º \mt â \Te§ \Bh Ð \MD ¦ \mg ª \mo \mT Å \TO· \Bt ¡ \md À \mI \mO ® \mu∗ å \To \BT \mE à \mi \mP \mU∗ \mb ¢ \me \mJ ± \mp \mY \mB \ME © \mj ¬ \ms ¯ \my \mC £ \Me \mK \mS ¶ \mz

These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.

∗ \mv and \mV are synonyms for \mu and \mU.

Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 \guillemotleft \guilsinglleft \quotedblbase " \textquotedbl \guillemotright \guilsinglright \quotesinglbase

To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.

Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks

\ding123 \ding125 \ding161 \ding163 \ding124 \ding126 \ding162

7

Table 8: Text-Mode Accents

Aa \"A\"a Aa \‘A\‘a Aa \HA\Ha Aa \uA\ua

Aa \’A\’a A¯

a¯

\bA\ba ¡ \kA\ka† Aa \vA\va

Aa \.A\.a Aa \cA\ca Aa \rA\ra Aa \~A\~a

Aa \=A\=a A. a. \dA\da A a \tA\ta

Aa \^A\^a Aa \GA\Ga‡ ¼A¼a \UA\Ua‡

Aa \newtieA\newtiea∗ AO aO \textcircledA\textcircleda

∗ Requires the textcomp package.† Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate

font encoding, such as T1.‡ Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.

Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of “i” and “j”(viz., “ı” and “”). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot.For example, “na\"\ive” produces a correct “naıve”, while “na\"ive” wouldyield the rather odd-looking “naive”. (“na\"ive” does work in encodings otherthan OT1, however.)

Table 9: tipa Text-Mode Accents

Aa \textacutemacronA\textacutemacronaAa \textacutewedgeA\textacutewedgea

A a \textadvancingA\textadvancinga

A<a< \textbottomtiebarA\textbottomtiebaraAa \textbrevemacronA\textbrevemacronaAa \textcircumacuteA\textcircumacuteaAa \textcircumdotA\textcircumdotaAa \textdotacuteA\textdotacuteaA a \textdotbreveA\textdotbrevea A a \textdoublegraveA\textdoublegraveaAa \textdoublevbaraccentA\textdoublevbaraccentaAa \textgravecircumA\textgravecircumaAa \textgravedotA\textgravedotaAa \textgravemidA\textgravemida

Aa \textinvsubbridgeA\textinvsubbridgea

A a \textloweringA\textloweringaAa \textmidacuteA\textmidacuteaAa \textovercrossA\textovercrossaA

a \textoverwA\textoverwa

(continued on next page)

8

(continued from previous page)

A a \textpolhookA\textpolhooka

A a \textraisingA\textraisinga

A a \textretractingA\textretractingaAa \textringmacronA\textringmacronaAa \textroundcapA\textroundcapa

Aa \textseagullA\textseagulla

Aa \textsubarchA\textsubarcha

Aa \textsubbarA\textsubbara

Aa \textsubbridgeA\textsubbridgea

A a \textsubdotA\textsubdota

A a \textsublhalfringA\textsublhalfringa

A a \textsubplusA\textsubplusa

A a \textsubrhalfringA\textsubrhalfringa

Aa \textsubringA\textsubringa

Aa \textsubsquareA\textsubsquarea

Aa \textsubtildeA\textsubtildea

Aa \textsubumlautA\textsubumlauta

Aa \textsubwA\textsubwa

Aa \textsubwedgeA\textsubwedgea

A&a& \textsuperimposetildeA\textsuperimposetildea

A" a" \textsyllabicA\textsyllabicaAa \texttildedotA\texttildedota>A>a \texttoptiebarA\texttoptiebaraAa \textvbaraccentA\textvbaraccenta

tipa defines shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentationfor more information.

Table 10: wsuipa Text-Mode Accents

Ag ag \dentalA\dentala

Aa \underarchA\underarcha

9

Table 11: wsuipa Diacritics

s \ain v \leftp x \overring h \stress \underwedgek \corner n \leftt ~ \polishhook j \syllabic t \uppu \downp q \length w \rightp r \underdots l \uptm \downt \midtilde o \rightt y \underringp \halflength z \open i \secstress | \undertilde

The wsuipa package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used to com-pose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a] produces“xa”, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces “ra”. See the wsuipa documentationfor more information.

Table 12: textcomp Diacritics

\textacutedbl \textasciicaron ¯ \textasciimacron´ \textasciiacute ¨ \textasciidieresis \textgravedbl \textasciibreve ` \textasciigrave ~ \texttildelow

The textcomp package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.

Table 13: textcomp Currency Symbols

\textbaht $ \textdollar \textguarani \textwon¢ \textcent \textdollaroldstyle \textlira ¥ \textyen \textcentoldstyle \textdong \textnaira \textcolonmonetary ¿ \texteuro \textpeso¤ \textcurrency \textflorin £ \textsterling

Table 14: marvosym Currency Symbols

¢ \Denarius ¤ \EUR D \EURdig e \EURtm £ \Pfund \Ecommerce d \EURcr c \EURhv ¦ \EyesDollar ¡ \Shilling

Note that:

\Deleatur is another macro name for \Denarius.

The different euro signs are meant to be compatible with different fonts—Courier (\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times (\EURtm), and the marvosym digitslisted in Table 63 (\EURdig).

10

Table 15: textcomp Legal Symbols

\textcircledP cO © \textcopyright \textservicemark« \textcopyleft rO ® \textregistered TM \texttrademark


Table 16: textcomp Old-Style Numerals

0 \textzerooldstyle 4 \textfouroldstyle 8 \texteightoldstyle1 \textoneoldstyle 5 \textfiveoldstyle 9 \textnineoldstyle2 \texttwooldstyle 6 \textsixoldstyle3 \textthreeoldstyle 7 \textsevenoldstyle

Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commandsshown above, consider using \oldstylenums. . . to typeset an old-style number.

Table 17: wasysym Phonetic Symbols

D \DH k \dh l \openoÞ \Thorn U \inve þ \thorn

Table 18: tipa Phonetic Symbols

È \textbabygamma P \textglotstop í \textrtaillb \textbarb ; \texthalflength ï \textrtailnc \textbarc » \texthardsign ó \textrtailrd \textbard # \texthooktop ù \textrtailsé \textbardotlessj á \texthtb ú \textrtailtg \textbarg ê \texthtbardotlessj ü \textrtailzÜ \textbarglotstop Á \texthtc $ \textrthook1 \textbari â \texthtd À \textscaª \textbarl ä \texthtg à \textscb8 \textbaro H \texthth £ \textsceÝ \textbarrevglotstop Ê \texththeng å \textscg0 \textbaru Î \texthtk Ë \textschì \textbeltl Ò \texthtp @ \textschwaB \textbeta Ó \texthtq I \textsciò \textbullseye É \texthtscg ¨ \textscj \textceltpal Ö \texthtt Ï \textsclX \textchi ÿ \texthvlig ð \textscnÅ \textcloseepsilon Û \textinvglotstop × \textscoelig


11


Ñ \textcloseomega K \textinvscr ± \textscomegaÆ \textcloserevepsilon Ì \textiota ² \textscqÞ \textcommatailz « \textlambda ö \textscr^ \textcorner : \textlengthmark A \textscripta \textcrb ´ \textlhookt V \textscriptv¡ \textcrd ¥ \textlhti Ú \textscug \textcrg ¦ \textlhtlongi Y \textscyè \textcrh Ô \textlonglegr \textsecstressÛ \textcrinvglotstop ½ \textlptr º \textsoftsign« \textcrlambda M \textltailm Â \textstretchc2 \textcrtwo ñ \textltailn tC \texttctcligC \textctc ë \textltilde Ù \textteshlig¢ \textctd Ð \textlyoghlig T \texttheta¢ý \textctdctzlig ® \textnrleg þ \textthorn³ \textctesh Í \textObardotlessj ¶ \texttsligJ \textctj ¬ \textOlyoghlig 5 \textturna \textctn ° \textomega ¯ \textturnceligµ \textctt _ \textopencorner 4 \textturnhµC \textcttctclig O \textopeno © \textturnk¸ \textctyogh % \textpalhook Õ \textturnlonglegrý \textctz F \textphi W \textturnmdý \textdctzlig | \textpipe î \textturnmrlegS \textdoublebaresh " \textprimstress ô \textturnr \textdoublebarpipe ¼ \textraiseglotstop õ \textturnrrtail=/ \textdoublebarslash § \textraisevibyi 6 \textturnscripta \textdoublepipe 7 \textramshorns Ø \textturnt \textdoublevertline ¿ \textrectangle 2 \textturnv \textdownstep \ \textrevapostrophe û \textturnwÃ \textdyoghlig 9 \textreve L \textturnydz \textdzlig 3 \textrevepsilon U \textupsilonE \textepsilon Q \textrevglotstop \textupstepS \textesh ¹ \textrevyogh \textvertlineR \textfishhookr Ç \textrhookrevepsilon § \textvibyi¤ \textg Ä \textrhookschwa · \textvibyyG \textgamma ~ \textrhoticity ß \textwynn \textglobfall ¾ \textrptr Z \textyogh \textglobrise ã \textrtaild

tipa defines shortcut characters for many of the above. It also defines a command\tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for more infor-mation.

Table 19: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

! \babygamma 8 \eng 4 \labdentalnas \schwa


12


\barb \er / \latfric * \sci \bard M \esh 6 \legm : \scn' \bari \eth E \legr J \scr. \barl D \flapr 1 \lz \scripta< \baro b \glotstop \nialpha \scriptgA \barp \hookb \nibeta Y \scriptv+ \barsci \hookd [ \nichi W \scuX \barscu \hookg \niepsilon ] \scyT \baru $ \hookh \nigamma \slashb; \clickb % \hookheng ) \niiota \slashc \clickc \hookrevepsilon 2 \nilambda \slashdR \clickt " \hv > \niomega U \slashu? \closedniomega \inva C \niphi \taild \closedrevepsilon , \invf O \nisigma H \tailinvr \crossb d \invglotstop S \nitheta 0 \taill \crossd & \invh V \niupsilon 9 \tailn# \crossh I \invlegr 7 \nj F \tailr3 \crossnilambda 5 \invm @ \oo L \tails \curlyc G \invr = \openo P \tailtN \curlyesh K \invscr \reve _ \tailza \curlyyogh \invscripta f \reveject Q \tesh^ \curlyz \invv \revepsilon B \thorn( \dlbari Z \invw c \revglotstop - \tildel \dz \ \invy \scd ` \yoghe \ejective \ipagamma \scg

Table 20: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols

* \textasteriskcentered \textopenbullet \textbardbl a ª \textordfeminineO \textbigcircle o º \textordmasculine \textblank ¶ \textparagraph¦ \textbrokenbar · \textperiodcentered \textbullet \textpertenthousand \textdagger \textperthousand \textdaggerdbl \textpilcrow- \textdblhyphen ' \textquotesingle \textdblhyphenchar \textquotestraightbase \textdiscount \textquotestraightdblbase \textestimated \textrecipe \textinterrobang ¸ \textreferencemark \textinterrobangdown § \textsectionn \textmusicalnote \textthreequartersemdash \textnumero \texttwelveudash


13

3 Mathematical symbols

Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a “Missing $inserted” error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operatorsmarked as “variable-sized” are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorter stillwhen used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts.

Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., “L ” and “”) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets in Table 66rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there first if you need a symbol for a transform, number set,or some other alphanumeric.

The various text-mode symbols defined by the textcomp package are made available in math mode throughthe mathcomp package.

Table 21: Binary Operators

q \amalg ∪ \cup ⊕ \oplus × \times∗ \ast † \dagger \oslash / \triangleleft© \bigcirc ‡ \ddagger ⊗ \otimes . \triangleright5 \bigtriangledown \diamond ± \pm E \unlhd∗

4 \bigtriangleup ÷ \div B \rhd∗ D \unrhd∗

• \bullet C \lhd∗ \ \setminus ] \uplus∩ \cap ∓ \mp u \sqcap ∨ \vee· \cdot \odot t \sqcup ∧ \wedge \circ \ominus ? \star o \wr

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 22: Variable-sized Math Operators⋂ ⋂\bigcap

⊗⊗\bigotimes

∧∧\bigwedge

∏∏\prod⋃ ⋃

\bigcup⊔ ⊔

\bigsqcup∐∐

\coprod∑ ∑

\sum⊙⊙\bigodot

⊎ ⊎\biguplus

∫ ∫\int⊕⊕

\bigoplus∨ ∨

\bigvee∮ ∮

\oint

Table 23: AMS Binary Operators

Z \barwedge \circledcirc ᵀ \intercal \boxdot \circleddash h \leftthreetimes \boxminus d \Cup n \ltimes \boxplus g \curlyvee i \rightthreetimes \boxtimes f \curlywedge o \rtimese \Cap > \divideontimes r \smallsetminus \centerdot u \dotplus Y \veebar~ \circledast [ \doublebarwedge

14

Table 24: stmaryrd Binary Operators

\baro 9 \interleave \varoast \bbslash 2 \leftslice \varobarN \binampersand ! \merge \varobslashO \bindnasrepma \minuso \varocirclei \boxast \moo \varodotk \boxbar ` \nplus 5 \varogreaterthan \boxbox : \obar 4 \varolessthanj \boxbslash @ \oblong \varominus \boxcircle ; \obslash \varoplus \boxdot = \ogreaterthan \varoslash \boxempty < \olessthan \varotimesl \boxslash > \ovee 6 \varovee. \curlyveedownarrow ? \owedge 7 \varowedge/ \curlyveeuparrow 3 \rightslice " \vartimes' \curlywedgedownarrow \sslash \Ydown& \curlywedgeuparrow 8 \talloblong \Yleft) \fatbslash , \varbigcirc \Yright# \fatsemi \varcurlyvee \Yup( \fatslash \varcurlywedge

Table 25: Variable-sized stmaryrd Math Operators

em\bigbox

g o\biginterleave

\bigsqcap

bj\bigcurlyvee

\bignplus

`h\bigtriangledown

ck\bigcurlywedge

f n\bigparallel

ai\bigtriangleup

Table 26: Variable-sized wasysym Math Operators# $\iiint

\oiint

u z\varoint! "

\iintr w

\varint

Table 27: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators

V \circledbar T \circledwedge \medcircW \circledbslash M \invamp \sqcapplusU \circledvee \medbullet | \sqcupplus

15

Table 28: Variable-sized txfonts/pxfonts Math Operators

\bigsqcapplus

\ointclockwise

\bigsqcupplus

\ointctrclockwise> ?\fint

R S\sqiiint'(

\idotsint∗P Q

\sqiint% &\iiiint∗

\sqint# $

\iiint∗,†F G

\varoiiintclockwise! "\iint∗,†

N O\varoiiintctrclockwiseL M

\oiiintclockwiseB C

\varoiintclockwiseD E\oiiintctrclockwise

J K\varoiintctrclockwise) *

\oiiint- .

\varointclockwiseH I\oiintclockwise

+ ,\varointctrclockwise@ A

\oiintctrclockwise

\varprod \oiint†

∗ Also defined by amsmath.† Also defined by wasysym.

Table 29: Relation Symbols

≈ \approx ∈ \in ≺ \prec ⊂ \subset \asymp Z \Join∗ \preceq ⊆ \subseteq./ \bowtie ≤ \leq ∝ \propto \succ \cong \ll ∼ \sim \succeqa \dashv | \mid ' \simeq ⊃ \supset \doteq |= \models _ \smile ⊇ \supseteq≡ \equiv , \neq @ \sqsubset∗ ` \vdash^ \frown 3 \ni v \sqsubseteq≥ \geq ‖ \parallel A \sqsupset∗

\gg ⊥ \perp w \sqsupseteq


16

Table 30: AMS Binary Relations

u \approxeq m \gtrdot ` \smallsmile \backepsilon R \gtreqless @ \sqsubsetv \backsim T \gtreqqless A \sqsupsetw \backsimeq ≷ \gtrless b \Subset∵ \because & \gtrsim j \subseteqqG \between 5 \leqq v \succapproxJ \blacktriangleleft 6 \leqslant < \succcurlyeqI \blacktriangleright / \lessapprox % \succsimm \Bumpeq l \lessdot c \Supsetl \bumpeq Q \lesseqgtr k \supseteqq$ \circeq S \lesseqqgtr ∴ \therefore2 \curlyeqprec ≶ \lessgtr ≈ \thickapprox3 \curlyeqsucc . \lesssim ∼ \thicksim+ \doteqdot ≪ \lll E \trianglelefteqP \eqcirc t \pitchfork , \triangleq1 \eqslantgtr w \precapprox D \trianglerighteq0 \eqslantless 4 \preccurlyeq ∝ \varpropto; \fallingdotseq - \precsim C \vartriangleleft= \geqq : \risingdotseq B \vartriangleright> \geqslant p \shortmid \Vdash≫ \ggg q \shortparallel \vDash' \gtrapprox a \smallfrown \Vvdash

Table 31: AMS Negated Binary Relations

\gnapprox \nleqslant 4 \ntrianglerighteq \gneq ≮ \nless 0 \nvdash \gneqq - \nmid 2 \nvDash \gnsim ∦ \nparallel 3 \nVDash \gvertneqq ⊀ \nprec \precnapprox \lnapprox \npreceq \precnsim \lneq . \nshortmid ( \subsetneq \lneqq / \nshortparallel $ \subsetneqq \lnsim / \nsim \succnapprox \lvertneqq * \nsubseteq \succnsim \ncong \nsucc ) \supsetneq \ngeq \nsucceq % \supsetneqq \ngeqq + \nsupseteq \varsubsetneq \ngeqslant # \nsupseteqq & \varsubsetneqq≯ \ngtr 6 \ntriangleleft ! \varsupsetneq \nleq 5 \ntrianglelefteq ' \varsupsetneqq \nleqq 7 \ntriangleright

Table 32: stmaryrd Binary Relations

A \inplus F \subsetpluseq P \trianglelefteqslantB \niplus E \supsetplus Q \trianglerighteqslantD \subsetplus G \supsetpluseq

17

Table 33: stmaryrd Negated Binary Relations

R \ntrianglelefteqslant S \ntrianglerighteqslant

Table 34: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations

\boxdotLeft \ \lrtimes 9 \npreceqq \boxdotleft \Mappedfromchar \nprecsim \boxdotright \mappedfromchar ; \nsimeq \boxdotRight \mmappedfromchar a \nsqsubset \boxleft \Mmappedfromchar @ \nsqsubseteq \boxLeft \mmapstochar b \nsqsupset \boxRight \Mmapstochar A \nsqsupseteq \boxright \multimapboth > \nSubset \circleddotleft \multimapbothvert " \nsubseteqq \circleddotright \multimapdot 8 \nsuccapproxS \circledgtr \multimapdotboth % \nsucccurlyeqR \circledless \multimapdotbothA : \nsucceqq \circleleft \multimapdotbothAvert \nsuccsim \circleright \multimapdotbothB ? \nSupset \colonapprox \multimapdotbothBvert 5 \nthickapprox \Colonapprox \multimapdotbothvert h \ntwoheadleftarrowD \coloneq \multimapdotinv g \ntwoheadrightarrowH \Coloneq \multimapinv \nvarparallelB \coloneqq 6 \napproxeq \nvarparallelinvF \Coloneqq - \nasymp 1 \nVdash \colonsim * \nbacksim v \Nwarrow \Colonsim + \nbacksimeq [ \openJoine \dashleftrightarrow ) \nBumpeq ] \opentimes \Diamonddotleft ( \nbumpeq y \Perp \DiamonddotLeft t \Nearrow \preceqq \Diamonddotright . \nequiv \precneqq \DiamonddotRight 4 \ngg Y \rJoin \Diamondleft # \ngtrapprox V \Rrightarrow \DiamondLeft & \ngtrless u \Searrow \Diamondright ! \ngtrsim K \strictfi \DiamondRight " \nlessapprox J \strictifI \Eqcolon ' \nlessgtr L \strictiffE \eqcolon \nlesssim \succeqqG \Eqqcolon 3 \nll \succneqqC \eqqcolon < \notin w \Swarrowh \eqsim = \notni ∥ \varparallelf \leftsquigarrow 7 \nprecapprox \varparallelinvX \lJoin $ \npreccurlyeq \VvDash

18

Table 35: Arrow Symbols

⇓ \Downarrow ←− \longleftarrow ⇒ \Rightarrow↓ \downarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow \rightharpoondown← \hookleftarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow \rightharpoonup→ \hookrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow \rightleftharpoons \leadsto∗ 7−→ \longmapsto \searrow⇐ \Leftarrow −→ \longrightarrow \swarrow← \leftarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow ↑ \uparrow \leftharpoondown 7→ \mapsto ⇑ \Uparrow \leftharpoonup \nearrow m \Updownarrow⇔ \Leftrightarrow \nwarrow l \updownarrow↔ \leftrightarrow → \rightarrow


Table 36: AMS Arrows

\circlearrowleft ⇔ \leftleftarrows \rightleftarrows \circlearrowright \leftrightarrows \rightleftharpoonsx \curvearrowleft \leftrightharpoons ⇒ \rightrightarrowsy \curvearrowright ! \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrowc \dashleftarrow W \Lleftarrow \Rshd \dashrightarrow " \looparrowleft \twoheadleftarrow \downdownarrows # \looparrowright \twoheadrightarrow \downharpoonleft \Lsh \upharpoonleft \downharpoonright ( \multimap \upharpoonright \leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail \upuparrows

Table 37: AMS Negated Arrows

: \nLeftarrow < \nLeftrightarrow ; \nRightarrow8 \nleftarrow = \nleftrightarrow 9 \nrightarrow

Table 38: stmaryrd Arrows

^ \leftarrowtriangle ⇐\ \Mapsfrom \shortdownarrow- \leftrightarroweq ←[ \mapsfrom \shortleftarrow] \leftrightarrowtriangle ⇒ \Mapsto \shortrightarrow \lightning 1 \nnearrow \shortuparrow⇐=\ \Longmapsfrom 0 \nnwarrow % \ssearrow←− [ \longmapsfrom _ \rightarrowtriangle $ \sswarrow=⇒ \Longmapsto M \rrparenthesis

19

Table 39: Log-like Symbols

\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh

Calling the above “symbols” may be a bit misleading.1 Each log-like symbol merelyproduces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing.See Section 7.3 for more information.

Table 40: AMS Log-like Symbols

inj lim \injlim lim−−→

\varinjlim lim \varlimsup

proj lim \projlim lim \varliminf lim←−−

\varprojlim

Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 7.3 for some additionalcomments regarding log-like symbols.

Table 41: Greek Letters

α \alpha θ \theta o o τ \tauβ \beta ϑ \vartheta π \pi υ \upsilonγ \gamma ι \iota $ \varpi φ \phiδ \delta κ \kappa ρ \rho ϕ \varphiε \epsilon λ \lambda % \varrho χ \chiε \varepsilon µ \mu σ \sigma ψ \psiζ \zeta ν \nu ς \varsigma ω \omegaη \eta ξ \xi

Γ \Gamma Λ \Lambda Σ \Sigma Ψ \Psi∆ \Delta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Ω \OmegaΘ \Theta Π \Pi Φ \Phi

The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. Thesymbol “M”, for instance, is used for both an uppercase “m” and an uppercase “µ”.

Table 42: AMS Greek Letters

z \digamma κ \varkappa1Michael J. Downes prefers the more general term, “atomic math objects”.

20

Table 43: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters

α \alphaup θ \thetaup π \piup φ \phiupβ \betaup ϑ \varthetaup $ \varpiup ϕ \varphiupγ \gammaup ι \iotaup ρ \rhoup χ \chiupδ \deltaup κ \kappaup % \varrhoup ψ \psiupε \epsilonup λ \lambdaup σ \sigmaup ω \omegaupε \varepsilonup µ \muup ς \varsigmaupζ \zetaup ν \nuup τ \tauupη \etaup ξ \xiup υ \upsilonup

Table 44: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters

1 \varg 3 \varv 4 \varw 2 \vary

Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with 1, 3, 4, and 2 inevery mathematical expression in your document.

Table 45: AMS Hebrew Letters

i \beth k \daleth ג \gimel

\aleph appears in Table 56 on page 23.

Table 46: Variable-sized Delimiters

((

( ))

) ↑

x \uparrow ⇑

~wwwwww \Uparrow

[[

[ ]]

] ↓

y \downarrow ⇓

wwwwww \Downarrow

\

\ l

xy \updownarrow m

~wwww \Updownarrow

b

⌊\lfloor c

⌋\rfloor d

⌈\lceil e

⌉\rceil

〈

⟨\langle 〉

⟩\rangle /

// \

∖\backslash

|

∣∣∣∣ | ‖

∥∥∥∥ \|

When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of the innermath expression.

21

Table 47: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters

\rmoustache \lmoustache

\rgroup \lgroup

\arrowvertwwwww wwwwwwwwwwww \Arrowvert

\bracevert

These symbols must be used with \left and \right.

Table 48: AMS Delimiters

p \ulcorner q \urcorner x \llcorner y \lrcorner

Table 49: stmaryrd Delimiters

P \Lbag Q \Rbag N \lbag O \rbagV \llceil W \rrceil T \llfloor U \rrfloorL \llparenthesis M \rrparenthesis

Table 50: Variable-Sized stmaryrd Delimiters

~

\llbracket

\rrbracket

Table 51: textcomp Text-Mode Delimiters

< \textlangle > \textrangle[ \textlbrackdbl ] \textrbrackdbl \textlquill ¡ \textrquill

Table 52: Math-Mode Accents

a \acutea a \brevea a \ddota a \gravea a \tildeaa \bara a \checka a \dota a \hata ~a \veca

Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of “i”and “j”. (See Table 56 on the following page.) These are useful when the accent issupposed to replace the dot. For example, “\hat\imath” produces a correct “ ı ”,while “\hati” would yield the rather odd-looking “ i ”.

22

Table 53: Some Other Constructions

abc \widetildeabc abc \widehatabc←−−abc \overleftarrowabc

−−→abc \overrightarrowabc

abc \overlineabc abc \underlineabc︷︸︸︷abc \overbraceabc abc︸︷︷︸ \underbraceabc

√abc \sqrtabc

n√abc \sqrt[n]abc

f ′ f’ abcxyz \fracabcxyz

Table 54: AMS Extensible Arrow Accents←−a \overleftarrowa −→a \overrightarrowa ←→a \overleftrightarrowa

a←−

\underleftarrowa a−→

\underrightarrowa a←→

\underleftrightarrowa

These accents are called “extensible” because they stretch to fit their argument. Forexample, “$\underrightarrowABCdef$” produces “ABCde f

−−−−−−−→”.

Table 55: Punctuation Symbols (Math Mode)

, , ; ; : \colon∗ . \ldotp · \cdotp

∗ While “:” is valid in math mode, \colon uses different surrounding spacing. SeeSection 7.3 and the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for more information onmath-mode spacing.

Table 56: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Symbols

ℵ \aleph ` \ell \jmath ♠ \spadesuit∠ \angle ∅ \emptyset . . . \ldots

√\surd

\ \backslash ∃ \exists f \mho∗ > \top⊥ \bot [ \flat ∇ \nabla 4 \triangle

\Box∗ ∀ \forall \ \natural... \vdots

· · · \cdots ~ \hbar ¬ \neg ℘ \wp♣ \clubsuit ♥ \heartsuit ∂ \partial. . . \ddots = \Im ′ \prime^ \Diamond∗ ı \imath < \Re♦ \diamondsuit ∞ \infty ] \sharp


23

Table 57: Miscellaneous AMS Symbols

∠ \angle \complement ] \measuredangle8 \backprime \diagdown f \mhok \Bbbk \diagup @ \nexistsF \bigstar ð \eth ^ \sphericalangle \blacklozenge ` \Finv \square \blacksquare a \Game O \triangledownN \blacktriangle ~ \hbar ∅ \varnothingH \blacktriangledown \hslash M \vartriangles \circledS ♦ \lozenge

Table 58: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

X \checkmark r \circledR z \maltese

Table 59: stmaryrd Extension Characters

Y \Arrownot \ \Mapsfromchar \MapstocharX \arrownot [ \mapsfromchar

Table 60: Other wasysym Math-Mode Symbols

? \apprge Z \Join f \mho A \sqsupset> \apprle \leadsto # \ocircle E \unlhd \Box C \lhd B \rhd D \unrhd^ \Diamond \LHD \RHD \wasypropto \invneg \logof @ \sqsubset

Table 61: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols

_ \Diamondblack n \lambdaslash p \varclubsuit s \varspadesuit \Diamonddot ¢ \mathcent q \vardiamondsuito \lambdabar £ \mathsterling r \varheartsuit

Table 62: textcomp Text-Mode Math and Science Symbols

\textcelsius = \textminus » \textsurd° \textdegree µ \textmu ¾ \textthreequartersö \textdiv W \textohm ³ \textthreesuperior_ \textdownarrow ½ \textonehalf Ö \texttimes/ \textfractionsolidus ¼ \textonequarter ² \texttwosuperior \textleftarrow ¹ \textonesuperior ^ \textuparrow¬ \textlnot ± \textpmM \textmho \textrightarrow

24

Table 63: marvosym Math Symbols

0 \MVZero 2 \MVTwo 4 \MVFour 6 \MVSix 8 \MVEight1 \MVOne 3 \MVThree 5 \MVFive 7 \MVSeven 9 \MVNine

W \Anglesign ÷ \Squaredot P \Vectorarrowhigh= \Corresponds p \Vectorarrow

Table 64: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol

A \AR

Table 65: ulsy Contradiction and Other Symbols

\blitza \blitzb \blitzc \blitzd \blitze \odplus

Table 66: Math Alphabets

Required packageABCdef123 \mathrmABCdef123 noneABCdef123 \mathitABCdef123 noneABCde f123 \mathnormalABCdef123 noneABC \mathcalABC noneABC \mathscrABC mathrsfsABC \mathcalABC euscript with option: mathcal

or \mathscrABC euscript with option: mathscrABCdef123 \mathpzcABCdef123 none; manually defined∗

ABC \mathbbABC amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts \varmathbbABC txfonts or pxfontsABCdef123 \mathbbABCdef123 bbold or mathbbol†ABCdef12 \mathbbmABCdef12 bbmABCdef12 \mathbbmssABCdef12 bbmABCdef12 \mathbbmttABCdef12 bbmABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfontABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfont with option: sansABCdef123 \mathfrakABCdef123 eufrakABCdef123 \textfrakABCdef123 yfontsABCdef123 \textswabABCdef123 yfonts

∗ Put “\DeclareMathAlphabet\mathpzcOT1pzcmit” in your document’spreamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery.

† The mathbbol package defines some additional blackboard bold characters: parenthe-ses, square brackets, angle brackets, and—if the bbgreekl option is passed to matb-bol—Greek letters. For instance, “<[( )]>” is produced by “\mathbb\Langle\Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen\Rbrack\Rangle”.

25

4 Science and technology symbols

This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering (and, because wewere extremely liberal in our classification, astrology, too).

Table 67: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols

: \AC @ \VHF :::: \photon :: \HF QPPPPPPR \gluon

Table 68: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols

! \FallingEdge ' \LongPulseLow % \PulseLow " \ShortPulseHigh& \LongPulseHigh $ \PulseHigh \RaisingEdge # \ShortPulseLow

In addition, within \textifsym. . ., the following codes are valid:

l l m m h h d d < < > >

L L M M H H D D = << ? >>

This enables one to write “\textifsymmm<DDD>mm” to get “mm<DDD>mm” or“\textifsymL|H|L|H|L” to get “L|H|L|H|L”.

Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appear on anLCD: “\textifsym-123.456” produces “-123.456”. “\textifsymb” outputsa blank with the same width as an “8”.

Table 69: wasysym Astronomical Symbols

\ascnode X \jupiter \newmoon \venus \astrosun $ \leftmoon \ \pluto \vernal \descnode \mars % \rightmoon

\earth ' \mercury Y \saturn# \fullmoon [ \neptune Z \uranus

Table 70: marvosym Astronomical Symbols

Â \Mercury Ä \Mars Ç \Uranus À \SunÃ \Venus Å \Jupiter È \Neptune Á \MoonÊ \Earth Æ \Saturn É \Pluto

26

Table 71: wasysym Astrological Symbols

\aries _ \cancer a \libra d \capricornus] \taurus \leo b \scorpio e \aquarius^ \gemini ` \virgo c \sagittarius f \pisces

V \conjunction W \opposition

Table 72: marvosym Astrological Symbols

à \Aries ã \Cancer æ \Libra é \Capricorná \Taurus ä \Leo ç \Scorpio ê \Aquariusâ \Gemini å \Virgo è \Sagittarius ë \Pisces

Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specified with \Zodiac1 . . . \Zodiac12.

Table 73: wasysym APL Symbols

~ \APLbox ÷~ \APLinv E \APLstar \APLcomment p \APLleftarrowbox \APLupF \APLdown \APLlog n \APLuparrowboxo \APLdownarrowbox − \APLminus \− \notbackslash \APLinput q \APLrightarrowbox /− \notslash

Table 74: wasysym APL Modifiers

\APLcirc ∼ \APLnot | \APLvert

Table 75: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols

Í \ComputerMouse Ñ \ParallelPort Î \SerialInterfaceÏ \Keyboard Ò \Printer Ð \SerialPort

27

Table 76: ASCII Control Characters (IBM)

\SOH • \BEL \CR ‼ \DCc ↓ \EM \US \STX \BS \SO ¶ \DCd → \SUB ¦ \splitvert♥ \ETX \HT \SI § \NAK ← \ESC \DEL♦ \EOT \LF \DLE \SYN \FS♣ \ENQ \VT \DCa \ETB ↔ \GS♠ \ACK \FF \DCb ↑ \CAN \RS

SOH, STX, ETX, . . ., US are the names of ASCII characters 1–31. DEL is the name ofASCII character 127. \splitvert doesn’t correspond to a control character but ismerely the “|” character shown IBM style.

These characters require the ascii package and must be entered with the ascii font ineffect, for example, “\ascii\STX”. See the ascii package documentation for moreinformation.

Table 77: marvosym Communication Symbols

k \Email t \fax v \Faxmachine E \Lightning A \Pickup

z \Emailct u \FAX B \Letter H \Mobilefone T \Telefon

Table 78: marvosym Engineering Symbols

" \Beam l \Force ‘ \Octosteel \RoundedTTsteel# \Bearing ’ \Hexasteel ˜ \Rectpipe — \Squarepipe› \Circpipe & \Lefttorque ” \Rectsteel “ \Squaresteel• \Circsteel L \Lineload ' \Righttorque œ \Tsteel% \Fixedbearing $ \Loosebearing Ÿ \RoundedLsteel š \TTsteel– \Flatsteel ™ \Lsteel \RoundedTsteel

Table 79: marvosym Biological Symbols

~ \Female … \FemaleMale ‚ \MALE \Neutral \FEMALE \Hermaphrodite | \Male„ \FemaleFemale \HERMAPHRODITE ƒ \MaleMale

Table 80: marvosym Safety-Related Symbols

h \Biohazard C \CEsign ` \Explosionsafe j \Radioactivityn \BSEfree J \Estatically a \Laserbeam ! \Stopsign

28

5 Dingbats

Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets in itemizedlists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows.

The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a LATEXinterface to the PostScript Zapf Dingbats font. However, rather than name each of the dingbats individually,pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character that lies at a given position in thefont. The consequence is that the pifont symbols can’t be listed by name in this document’s index, so be mindfulof that fact when searching for a particular symbol.

Table 81: bbding Arrows

y \ArrowBoldDownRight z \ArrowBoldRightShort x \ArrowBoldUpRight \ArrowBoldRightCircled w \ArrowBoldRightStrobe

Table 82: pifont Arrows

\ding212 \ding221 \ding230 \ding239 \ding249→ \ding213 \ding222 \ding231 \ding241 \ding250↔ \ding214 \ding223 \ding232 \ding242 \ding251 \ding215 \ding224 \ding233 \ding243 \ding252 \ding216 \ding225 \ding234 \ding244 \ding253 \ding217 \ding226 \ding235 \ding245 \ding254 \ding218 \ding227 \ding236 \ding246 \ding219 \ding228 \ding237 \ding247 \ding220 \ding229 \ding238 \ding248

Table 83: marvosym Scissors

s \Cutleft q \Cutright S \Leftscissorsr \Cutline R \Kutline Q \Rightscissors

Table 84: bbding Scissors

\ScissorHollowLeft \ScissorLeftBrokenTop \ScissorHollowRight \ScissorRight \ScissorLeft \ScissorRightBrokenBottom \ScissorLeftBrokenBottom \ScissorRightBrokenTop

Table 85: pifont Scissors

\ding33 \ding34 \ding35 \ding36

29

Table 86: dingbat Pencils

W \largepencil P \smallpencil

Table 87: bbding Pencils and Nibs

\NibLeft \PencilLeft \PencilRightDown \NibRight \PencilLeftDown \PencilRightUp \NibSolidLeft \PencilLeftUp \NibSolidRight \PencilRight

Table 88: pifont Pencils and Nibs

\ding46 \ding47 \ding48 \ding49 \ding50

Table 89: dingbat Hands

R \leftpointright L \rightpointleft N \rightpointrightD \leftthumbsdown d \rightthumbsdownU \leftthumbsup u \rightthumbsup

Table 90: bbding Hands

\HandCuffLeft \HandCuffRightUp \HandPencilLeft \HandCuffLeftUp \HandLeft \HandRight \HandCuffRight \HandLeftUp \HandRightUp

Table 91: pifont Hands

\ding42 \ding43 \ding44 \ding45

Table 92: bbding Crosses and Plusses

* \Cross + \CrossOpenShadow & \PlusOutline- \CrossBoldOutline , \CrossOutline ) \PlusThinCenterOpen4 \CrossClowerTips ' \Plus. \CrossMaltese ( \PlusCenterOpen

30

Table 93: pifont Crosses and Plusses

\ding57 \ding59 \ding61 \ding63 \ding58 \ding60 \ding62 \ding64

Table 94: bbding Xs and Check Marks

! \Checkmark # \XSolid % \XSolidBrush" \CheckmarkBold $ \XSolidBold

Table 95: pifont Xs and Check Marks

\ding51 \ding53 \ding55 \ding52 \ding54 \ding56

Table 96: wasysym Xs and Check Marks

2 \CheckedBox \Square 4 \XBox

Table 97: pifont Circled Numbers

① \ding172 ❶ \ding182 ➀ \ding192 ➊ \ding202② \ding173 ❷ \ding183 ➁ \ding193 ➋ \ding203③ \ding174 ❸ \ding184 ➂ \ding194 ➌ \ding204④ \ding175 ❹ \ding185 ➃ \ding195 ➍ \ding205⑤ \ding176 ❺ \ding186 ➄ \ding196 ➎ \ding206⑥ \ding177 ❻ \ding187 ➅ \ding197 ➏ \ding207⑦ \ding178 ❼ \ding188 ➆ \ding198 ➐ \ding208⑧ \ding179 ❽ \ding189 ➇ \ding199 ➑ \ding209⑨ \ding180 ❾ \ding190 ➈ \ding200 ➒ \ding210⑩ \ding181 ❿ \ding191 ➉ \ding201 ➓ \ding211

Table 98: wasysym Stars

C \davidsstar A \hexstar B \varhexstar

31

Table 99: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

N \Asterisk P \FiveFlowerPetal 2 \JackStarA \AsteriskBold 8 \FiveStar 3 \JackStarBoldB \AsteriskCenterOpen ; \FiveStarCenterOpen O \SixFlowerAlternateX \AsteriskRoundedEnds ? \FiveStarConvex U \SixFlowerAltPetalC \AsteriskThin 7 \FiveStarLines M \SixFlowerOpenCenterD \AsteriskThinCenterOpen 9 \FiveStarOpen Q \SixFlowerPetalDotted0 \DavidStar : \FiveStarOpenCircled L \SixFlowerPetalRemoved/ \DavidStarSolid < \FiveStarOpenDotted [ \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetalZ \EightAsterisk = \FiveStarOutline G \SixStarS \EightFlowerPetal > \FiveStarOutlineHeavy K \SixteenStarLightY \EightFlowerPetalRemoved @ \FiveStarShadow ` \SnowflakeH \EightStar 1 \FourAsterisk ^ \SnowflakeChevronI \EightStarBold V \FourClowerOpen _ \SnowflakeChevronBoldF \EightStarConvex W \FourClowerSolid ] \SparkleE \EightStarTaper 5 \FourStar \ \SparkleBoldR \FiveFlowerOpen 6 \FourStarOpen J \TwelweStar

Table 100: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

\ding65 \ding74 \ding83 \ding92 \ding101 \ding66 \ding75 \ding84 \ding93 \ding102 \ding67 \ding76 \ding85 \ding94 \ding103 \ding68 \ding77 \ding86 \ding95 \ding104 \ding69 \ding78 \ding87 \ding96 \ding105 \ding70 \ding79 \ding88 \ding97 \ding106 \ding71 \ding80 \ding89 \ding98 \ding107 \ding72 \ding81 \ding90 \ding99 \ding73 \ding82 \ding91 \ding100

Table 101: wasysym Geometric Shapes

7 \hexagon 8 \octagon D \pentagon 9 \varhexagon

32

Table 102: ifsym Geometric Shapes

% \BigCircle T \FilledBigTriangleRight E \SmallCircle

\BigCross Q \FilledBigTriangleUp \SmallCross

& \BigDiamondshape e \FilledCircle F \SmallDiamondshape

\BigHBar \FilledDiamondShadowA \SmallHBar

_ \BigLowerDiamond \FilledDiamondShadowC \SmallLowerDiamond

/ \BigRightDiamond f \FilledDiamondshape O \SmallRightDiamond

\BigSquare u \FilledSmallCircle @ \SmallSquare

# \BigTriangleDown v \FilledSmallDiamondshape C \SmallTriangleDown

" \BigTriangleLeft p \FilledSmallSquare B \SmallTriangleLeft

$ \BigTriangleRight s \FilledSmallTriangleDown D \SmallTriangleRight

! \BigTriangleUp r \FilledSmallTriangleLeft A \SmallTriangleUp

\BigVBar t \FilledSmallTriangleRight \SmallVBar

5 \Circle q \FilledSmallTriangleUp * \SpinDown

\Cross ` \FilledSquare ) \SpinUp

\DiamondShadowA \FilledSquareShadowA 0 \Square

\DiamondShadowB \FilledSquareShadowC \SquareShadowA

\DiamondShadowC c \FilledTriangleDown \SquareShadowB

6 \Diamondshape b \FilledTriangleLeft \SquareShadowC

U \FilledBigCircle d \FilledTriangleRight 3 \TriangleDown

V \FilledBigDiamondshape a \FilledTriangleUp 2 \TriangleLeft

P \FilledBigSquare \HBar 4 \TriangleRight

S \FilledBigTriangleDown o \LowerDiamond 1 \TriangleUp

R \FilledBigTriangleLeft ? \RightDiamond \VBar

The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combine some of theabove into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and \FilledSmallCircle

combine to give “u% ”. Likewise, \Square and \Cross combine to give “0”. SeeSection 7.2 for more information about constructing new symbols out of existingsymbols.

Table 103: bbding Geometric Shapes

d \CircleShadow u \Rectangle j \SquareShadowTopLefta \CircleSolid v \RectangleBold i \SquareShadowTopRightp \DiamondSolid t \RectangleThin g \SquareSolidb \Ellipse f \Square o \TriangleDowne \EllipseShadow k \SquareCastShadowBottomRight n \TriangleUpc \EllipseSolid m \SquareCastShadowTopLefts \HalfCircleLeft l \SquareCastShadowTopRightr \HalfCircleRight h \SquareShadowBottomRight

33

Table 104: pifont Geometric Shapes

\ding108 \ding111 \ding114 \ding117 \ding121 \ding109 \ding112 \ding115 \ding119 \ding122 \ding110 \ding113 \ding116 \ding120

Table 105: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols

\dbend ~ \lhdbend \reversedvideodbend

Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also defines non-descending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend, and\textreversedvideodbend.

Table 106: marvosym Information Symbols

® \Bicycle o \Football Z \PointinghandV \Checkedbox x \Gentsroom w \WheelchairU \Clocklogo I \Industry b \WritinghandK \Coffeecup i \InfoX \Crossedbox y \Ladiesroom

Table 107: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats

O \anchor E \eye S \SborderC \carriagereturn C \filledsquarewithdots B \squarewithdots

D \checkmark I \satellitedish Z \Zborder

Table 108: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats

\Envelope \Peace \PhoneHandset T \SunshineOpenCircledq \OrnamentDiamondSolid \Phone \Plane \Tape

Table 109: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats

\ding37 \ding40 \ding164 \ding167 ♠ \ding171 \ding38 \ding41 \ding165 ♣ \ding168 ♦ \ding169 \ding39 \ding118 \ding166 ♥ \ding170

34

6 Other symbols

The following are all the symbols that didn’t fit neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections. (Doweather symbols belong under “Science and technology”? Should dice be considered “mathematics”?) While someof the tables contain clearly related groups of symbols (e.g., musical notes), others represent motley assortmentsof whatever the font designer felt like drawing.

Table 110: textcomp Genealogical Symbols

b \textborn c \textdivorced m \textmarriedd \textdied l \textleaf

Table 111: wasysym General Symbols

0 \agemO \clock \LEFTarrow , \smileym \ataribox ¤ \currency \lightning \sun \bell \diameter \male K \UParrow- \blacksmiley L \DOWNarrow h \permil \varangle1 \Bowtie \female \phone ◊ \wasylozenge| \brokenvert / \frownie \pointer ∴ \wasytherefore¢ \cent \invdiameter \recorder \checked 6 \kreuz \RIGHTarrow

Table 112: wasysym Musical Notes

\eighthnote \halfnote \twonotes \fullnote \quarternote

See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 56).

Table 113: wasysym Circles

\CIRCLE G# \LEFTcircle H# \RIGHTcircle ! \rightturn# \Circle I \Leftcircle J \RightcircleG \LEFTCIRCLE H \RIGHTCIRCLE " \leftturn

35

Table 114: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols

\manboldkidney \manpenkidney

$ \manconcentriccircles & \manquadrifolium% \manconcentricdiamond \manquartercircle

# \mancone ' \manrotatedquadrifolium \mancube " \manrotatedquartercircley \manerrarrow \manstar! \manfilledquartercircle \mantiltpennib \manhpennib 7 \mantriangledown \manimpossiblecube x \mantriangleright \mankidney 6 \mantriangleup \manlhpenkidney \manvpennib

Table 115: marvosym Navigation Symbols

· \Forward » \MoveDown ´ \RewindToIndex ¼ \ToTop¸ \ForwardToEnd º \MoveUp µ \RewindToStart¹ \ForwardToIndex ¶ \Rewind ½ \ToBottom

Table 116: marvosym Laundry Symbols

Ø \AtForty Ü \Handwash Ô \ShortNinetyFiveÓ \AtNinetyFive ¯ \IroningI Ö \ShortSixtyÕ \AtSixty ° \IroningII Û \ShortThirtyË \Bleech ± \IroningIII Ú \SpecialForty« \CleaningA Ì \NoBleech \Tumbler¾ \CleaningF ¨ \NoChemicalCleaning ‰ \WashCotton¿ \CleaningFF ² \NoIroning Š \WashSynthetics¬ \CleaningP \NoTumbler ‹ \WashWool \CleaningPP × \ShortFiftyÝ \Dontwash Ù \ShortForty

Table 117: Other marvosym Symbols

ˆ \Ankh † \Cross Œ \Heart © \Smileyý \Bat F \FHBOlogo ÿ \MartinVogel þ \Womanface¥ \Bouquet f \FHBOLOGO m \Mundus Y \Yinyang‡ \Celtcross § \Frowny @ \MVAtª \CircledA \FullFHBO : \Rightarrow∗

∗ Standard LATEX 2ε defines \Rightarrow to display “⇒”, while marvosym redefines itto display “:” (or “:” in math mode). This conflict can be problematic for mathsymbols defined in terms of \Rightarrow, such as \Longleftrightarrow, which endsup looking like “⇐ :”.

36

Table 118: ifsym Weather Symbols

\Blitz " \FilledWeakRainCloud \Rain \ThinFog

\Cloud \Fog \RainCloud \WeakRain

\FilledCloud \Graupel \Snow \WeakRainCloud

! \FilledRainCloud \Hagel \SnowCloud

$ \FilledSnowCloud \HalfSun \Sun

# \FilledSunCloud \NoSun \SunCloud

In addition, \Thermo0. . .\Thermo6 produce thermometers that are between 0/6and 6/6 full of mercury: Similarly, \wind〈sun〉〈angle〉〈strength〉 will draw wind symbols with a givenamount of sun (0–4), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0–100). For example, \wind000 produces “ 0 ”, \wind200 produces “ 0 ”,and \wind40100 produces “ : ”.

Table 119: ifsym Alpine Symbols

\FilledHut \Joch \Tent \Vermessung \Flag \Mountain \VarFlag \Village \HalfFilledHut \StoneMan \VarIceMountain \Hut \Summit \VarMountain \IceMountain \SummitSign \VarSummit

Table 120: ifsym Clocks

\Interval \StopWatchStart \VarClock \Wecker

\StopWatchEnd \Taschenuhr \VarTaschenuhr

ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock〈hours〉〈minutes〉 outputsa clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, “\showclock540” pro-duces “D”. 〈hours〉 must be an integer from 0 to 11, and 〈minutes〉 must be an integermultiple of 5 from 0 to 55.

Table 121: Other ifsym Symbols

\FilledSectioningDiamond \Letter \Radiation \Fire \PaperLandscape \SectioningDiamond \Irritant \PaperPortrait ( \Telephone

: \StrokeOne ::: \StrokeThree ; \StrokeFive:: \StrokeTwo :::: \StrokeFour

In addition, \Cube1. . .\Cube6 produce dice with the corresponding number ofspots:

37

7 Additional Information

Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 7 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it providesadditional help in using the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names usedby multiple packages. Then, it provides some guidelines for finding symbols and gives some examples regardinghow to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Next, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbolsin math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all ofthe standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in LATEX. And finally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.

7.1 Symbol Name Clashes

Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Dependingon how the symbols are defined in each package, LATEX will either output an error message or replace an earlier-defined symbol with a later-defined symbol. Table 122 lists the name clashes that appear in this document.The symbol “N/A” is used to indicate that the corresponding package was not available when symbols.tex wascompiled.

Table 122: Symbol Name Clashes

Symbol LATEX 2ε AMS stmaryrd wasysym marvosym bbding ifsym dingbat wsuipa

\angle ∠ ∠\baro <\bigtriangledown 5

`

\bigtriangleup 4a

\checkmark X D\Circle # 5\Cross † * \Letter B \lightning \Rightarrow ⇒ :

\rightleftharpoons

\Square f 0\Sun À \TriangleDown o 3\TriangleUp n 1

Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same document—or even merely loading conflicting symbolpackages—can be tricky, but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 122, not impossible. The general procedureis to load the first package, rename the conflicting symbols, and then load the second package. Examine theLATEX source for this document—especially the \savesymbol and \restoresymbol macros and their subsequentusage—to see one possible way to handle symbol conflicts.

txfonts and pxfonts redefine a huge number of symbols—essentially, all of the symbols defined by latexsym,textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and LATEX 2ε itself. The txfonts and pxfonts conflicts are not listed inTable 122 because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 123 on the next pageillustrates what “compatible” means in this context.

To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the document’s main font, merely reset the defaultfont families back to their original values after loading one of those packages:

\renewcommand\rmdefaultcmr\renewcommand\sfdefaultcmss\renewcommand\ttdefaultcmtt

38

Table 123: Example of a Benign Name Clash

Default txfontsSymbol (Computer Modern) (Times Roman)

R R R\textrecipe

7.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ?

If you can’t find some symbol you’re looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:

The symbol isn’t intuitively named. As a few examples, the command to draw dice is “\Cube”; a plus signwith a circle around it (“exclusive or” to computer engineers) is “\oplus”; and lightning bolts in fontsdesigned by German speakers may have “blitz” in their names. The moral of the story is to be creativewith synonyms when searching the index.

The symbol is defined by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If there’s some symbolpackage that you think should be included in the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List, please send me e-mailat the address listed on the title page.

The symbol isn’t defined in any package whatsoever.

Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no LATEX binding for it.For example, the PostScript Symbol font contains a “↵” symbol, which may be useful for representing a carriagereturn, but there is no package for accessing that symbol (as far as I know). To produce an unnamed symbol, youneed to switch to the font explicitly with LATEX 2ε’s low-level font commands [LAT00] and use \char to request aspecific character number in the font.2

Symbols that do not exist in any font can sometimes be fabricated out of existing symbols. The LATEX 2εsource file called fontdef.dtx contains a number of such definitions. For example, \models (see Table 29 onpage 16) is defined in that file with:

\def\models\mathrel|\joinrel=

where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. (See The TEXbook [Knu86] for moreinformation on those commands.)

With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily define a backward \models sign (“=|”):

\def\ismodeledby=\joinrel\mathrel|

As another example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 56 on page 23) out of three periods,raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:

\def\ddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise7\p@\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\p@ is a LATEX 2ε shortcut for “pt” or “1.0pt”. The remaining commands are defined in The TEXbook [Knu86].To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merely have to reorder the\raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:

2pifont defines a convenient \Pisymbol command for accessing symbols in PostScript fonts by number. For example,“\Pisymbolpsy191” produces “↵”.

39

\makeatletter\def\revddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise\p@

\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\makeatother

(The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce LATEX into accepting “@” as part of amacro name.)

As a final example of creating new symbols out of existing ones, the following code defines a principal valueintegral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it:

\def\Xint#1\mathchoice\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle#1%\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\!\int

\def\XXint#1#2#3\setbox0=\hbox$#1#2#3\int$\vcenter\hbox$#2#3$\kern-.5\wd0

\def\ddashint\Xint=\def\dashint\Xint-

\dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (“−∫

”), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed one (“=∫

”). Thesame technique can be used to produce, for example, clockwise and counterclockwise contour integrals. (Searchthe comp.text.tex archives for a post by Donald Arseneau that says exactly how.) The preceding code wastaken verbatim from the UK TEX Users’ Group FAQ (http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq).

Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables inthis document show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterationfrom non-Latin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX writeshis name as “Han Th´e Thanh”. The wsuipa package defines \diatop and \diaunder macros for putting oneor more diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[\diatop[\’|\=]|\textsubdotr] produces “´r”. See the wsuipa documentation for more information.

The accents package facilitates the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command enables anycharacter to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset\starf produces “

?

f ” and \accentseteXproduces “

e

X”. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath the character. This enablesconstructs like \underaccent\tildeV, which produces “

˜V”. accents provides other accent-related features

as well; see the documentation for more information.

7.3 Math-mode spacing

Terms such as “binary operators”, “relations”, and “punctuation” in Section 3 primarily regard the surroundingspacing. (See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use an symbolfor a different purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen,\mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an “ordinary” symbol)instead of a delimiter, you can write “$3 x + \mathord\downarrow$” to get the properly spaced “3x + ↓”rather than the awkward-looking “3x+ ↓”. See The TEXbook [Knu86] for more information.

The purpose of the “log-like symbols” in Tables 39 and 40 is to provide the correct amount of spacing aroundand within multiletter function names. Table 124 on the following page contrasts the output of the log-like symbolswith various, naıve alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. Forexample, “\max_p \in P” produces “maxp∈P” in text, but “max

p∈P” as part of a displayed formula.

40

Table 124: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols

LATEX expression Output

$r \sin \theta$ r sin θ (best)$r sin \theta$ rsinθ$r \mboxsin \theta$ rsinθ

7.4 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference

Table 125 amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenient reference for LATEX 2εtypesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical3 computer keyboard. The first twocolumns list the character’s ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The third column shows what the characterlooks like. The fourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the character as a text character. And thefourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the character within a \texttt. . . command (or, moregenerally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

Table 125: LATEX 2ε ASCII Table

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

33 21 ! ! !34 22 " \textquotedbl "35 23 # \# \#36 24 $ \$ \$37 25 % \% \%38 26 & \& \&39 27 ’ ’ ’40 28 ( ( (41 29 ) ) )42 2A * * *43 2B + + +44 2C , , ,45 2D - - -46 2E . . .47 2F / / /48 30 0 0 049 31 1 1 150 32 2 2 2...

......

......

57 39 9 9 958 3A : : :59 3B ; ; ;60 3C < \textless <61 3D = = =

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

62 3E > \textgreater >63 3F ? ? ?64 40 @ @ @65 41 A A A66 42 B B B67 43 C C C...

......

......

90 5A Z Z Z91 5B [ [ [92 5C \ \textbackslash \char‘\\93 5D ] ] ]94 5E ˆ \^ \^95 5F \_ \char‘\_96 60 ‘ ‘ ‘97 61 a a a98 62 b b b99 63 c c c...

......

......

122 7A z z z123 7B \ \char‘\124 7C | \textbar |125 7D \ \char‘\126 7E ˜ \~ \~

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 125:

\textquotedbl is not available in the OT1 font encoding.

The characters “<”, “>”, and “|” do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively,3typical for the United States, at least

41

“¡”, “¿”, and “—” in text mode.4 Hence, $<$, $>$, and $|$ serve as a terser alternative to \textless,\textgreater, and \textbar. Note that for typesetting metavariables, many people prefer \textlangleand \textrangle to \textless and \textgreater, i.e., “〈filename〉” instead of “<filename>”.

The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. Using otherencodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \, \, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly.

\textasciicircum can be used instead of \^, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~. Fortypesetting tildes in URLs and Unix filenames, some people prefer \sim (see Table 29 on page 16), whichproduces a larger symbol. But if you don’t mind the tilde produced by \~, you should use the url packageto typeset URLs—it has a number of additional nice features.

The IBM version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package. See Table 76 onpage 28.

To replace ‘ and ’ with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) ` and ' within a verbatimenvironment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and \char13 to get themodified quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.)

Similar to Table 125, Table 126 on the following page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in thisdocument. While Table 125 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 126 shows the Latin 1(Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1.

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 126:

A “(tc)” after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol.A “(T1)” means that the symbol needs the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the fontencoding document-wide.

Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 8 on page 8plus an empty argument. For instance, \= is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.

The commands in the “LATEX 2ε” columns work in both body text and within a \texttt. . . command(or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

Microsoft® Windows® normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called “CP1252” (Code Page 1252). CP1252adds codes in the range 128–159 (hexadecimal 80–9F), including characters such as dashes, daggers, andquotation marks. If there’s sufficient interest, a future version of the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol Listmay include a CP1252 table.

7.5 About this document

History David Carlisle wrote the first version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained all ofthe native LATEX symbols (Tables 21, 22, 29, 35, 39, 41, 46, 47, 52, 53 55, and 56) and was designed to be nearlyidentical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamport’s book [Lam86]. Even the table captions and the order ofthe symbols within each table matched! The AMS symbols (Tables 23, 30, 31, 36, 37, 42, 45, 48, and 57) andan initial Math Alphabets table (Table 66) were added thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt provided the stmaryrdtables (Tables 24, 25, 32, 33, 38, 49, and 59).

In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implementeda complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, “The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List”, includesthe following new features:

The addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of new symbols

The categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science and tech-nology symbols, dingbats, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document structure

An index, table of contents, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate symbols4Donald Knuth didn’t think such symbols were important outside of mathematics, so he omitted them from the OT1 font encoding.

42

Table 126: LATEX 2ε Latin 1 Table

Dec Hex Char LATEX 2ε

161 A1 ¡ !‘162 A2 ¢ \textcent (tc)163 A3 £ \pounds164 A4 ¤ \textcurrency (tc)165 A5 ¥ \textyen (tc)166 A6 ¦ \textbrokenbar (tc)167 A7 § \S168 A8 ¨ \textasciidieresis (tc)169 A9 © \textcopyright170 AA ª \textordfeminine171 AB \guillemotleft (T1)172 AC ¬ \textlnot (tc)174 AE ® \textregistered175 AF ¯ \textasciimacron (tc)176 B0 ° \textdegree (tc)177 B1 ± \textpm (tc)178 B2 ² \texttwosuperior (tc)179 B3 ³ \textthreesuperior (tc)180 B4 ´ \textasciiacute (tc)181 B5 µ \textmu (tc)182 B6 ¶ \P183 B7 · \textperiodcentered184 B8 ¸ \c185 B9 ¹ \textonesuperior (tc)186 BA º \textordmasculine187 BB \guillemotright188 BC ¼ \textonequarter (tc)189 BD ½ \textonehalf (tc)190 BE ¾ \textthreequarters (tc)191 BF ¿ ?‘

192 C0 A \‘A

193 C1 A \’A

194 C2 A \Â195 C3 A \~A196 C4 A \"A

197 C5 A \AA198 C6 Æ \AE199 C7 C \cC

200 C8 E \‘E

201 C9 E \’E

202 CA E \Ê203 CB E \"E

204 CC I \‘I

205 CD I \’I

206 CE I \Î207 CF I \"I208 D0 Ð \DH (T1)

Dec Hex Char LATEX 2ε

209 D1 N \~N

210 D2 O \‘O

211 D3 O \’O

212 D4 O \Ô213 D5 O \~O214 D6 O \"O215 D7 Ö \texttimes (tc)216 D8 Ø \O

217 D9 U \‘U

218 DA U \’U

219 DB U \Û220 DC U \"U

221 DD Y \’Y222 DE Þ \TH (T1)223 DF ß \ss224 E0 a \‘a225 E1 a \’a226 E2 a \â227 E3 a \~a228 E4 a \"a229 E5 a \aa230 E6 æ \ae231 E7 c \cc232 E8 e \‘e233 E9 e \’e234 EA e \ê235 EB e \"e236 EC ı \‘ı237 ED ı \’ı238 EE ı \^ı239 EF ı \"ı240 F0 ð \dh (T1)241 F1 n \~n242 F2 o \‘o243 F3 o \’o244 F4 o \ô245 F5 o \~o246 F6 o \"o247 F7 ö \textdiv (tc)248 F8 ø \o249 F9 u \‘u250 FA u \’u251 FB u \û252 FC u \"u253 FD y \’y254 FE þ \th (T1)255 FF y \"y

43

Symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order

Appendices to provide additional information relevant to using symbols in LATEX

Tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings

Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from David’s original version.Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat.

Build characteristics Table 127 lists some of this document’s build characteristics. Most important is the listof packages that LATEX couldn’t find, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have been able to take advantageof. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/ or one of itsmany mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive.

Table 127: Document Characteristics

Characteristic Value

Source file: symbols.texBuild date: July 2, 2001Symbols documented: 2266Packages included: textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym pi-

font marvosym manfnt bbding ifsym tipa wsuipa ulsy ar tx-fonts fclfont ascii dingbat yfonts accents mathrsfs zapfchanbbold dsfont bbm

Packages omitted: none

References

[Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for LATEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html.

[Knu86] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading,MA, USA, 1986.

[Lam86] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

[LAT00] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2ε font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distributions).

44

Index

If you’re having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under “T” for “\text. . .”. Many text-mode commands begin withthat prefix.

Symbols\" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 41\$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 41\% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 41\& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 41\’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 42\_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 42\‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 42

A\AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7abzuglich . . see \textdiscount

\AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26accents . . . . . . . 8–10, 22, 23, 40

any character as . . . . . . . 40multiple per character . . 40

accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 44\accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\ACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28acute . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\AE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\ae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\agemO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\ain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\aleph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 23\alpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20alphabets

African . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Greek . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25phonetic . . . . . . . . . 11–13

\alphaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\amalg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14AMS . . . 5, 14, 17, 19–24, 38, 42amsfonts . . . . . 14, 16, 19, 23, 25amsmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 20amssymb 5, 14, 16, 19, 23, 25, 44\anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\angle . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24, 38

\Anglesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Ankh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36APL

modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 27symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\APLbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLcomment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLdownarrowbox . . . . . . . . . 27\APLinput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLinv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLleftarrowbox . . . . . . . . . 27\APLlog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLrightarrowbox . . . . . . . . 27\APLstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLuparrowbox . . . . . . . . . . 27\APLvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\apprge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\apprle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\approx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\approxeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Aquarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\aquarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\AR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44\arccos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\arcsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\arctan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\arg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Aries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\aries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ArrowBoldDownRight . . . . . . 29\ArrowBoldRightCircled . . . . 29\ArrowBoldRightShort . . . . . 29\ArrowBoldRightStrobe . . . . 29\ArrowBoldUpRight . . . . . . . . 29\Arrownot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\arrownot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24arrows . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 29, 39

extensible . . . . . . . . . . . 23negated . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\Arrowvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\arrowvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Arseneau, Donald . . . . . . . . . 40ASCII . . . . . . 5, 7, 28, 41–42, 44

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41ascii . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 42, 44\ascnode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\Asterisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\AsteriskBold . . . . . . . . . . . 32\AsteriskCenterOpen . . . . . . 32\AsteriskRoundedEnds . . . . . 32asterisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\AsteriskThin . . . . . . . . . . . 32\AsteriskThinCenterOpen . . . 32astrological symbols . . . . . . . . 27astronomical symbols . . . . . . . 26\astrosun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\asymp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ataribox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\AtForty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\AtNinetyFive . . . . . . . . . . . 36\AtSixty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

B\B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\babygamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\backepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\backprime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\backsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\backsimeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\backslash . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 23\bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\barb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\bard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\bari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\barl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\baro . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 15, 38\barp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\barsci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\barscu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\baru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\barwedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Bat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\bbalpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\bbbeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Bbbk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24bbding . . . . . . . . . 29–34, 38, 44\bbgamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25bbgreekl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44bbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44\bbslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\BEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\beta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\betaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\beth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

45

\between . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Bicycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\bigbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\bigcap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\bigcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\BigCircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\BigCross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\bigcup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\bigcurlyvee . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\bigcurlywedge . . . . . . . . . . 15\BigDiamondshape . . . . . . . . . 33\BigHBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\biginterleave . . . . . . . . . . 15\BigLowerDiamond . . . . . . . . . 33\bignplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\bigodot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\bigoplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\bigotimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\bigparallel . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\BigRightDiamond . . . . . . . . . 33\bigsqcap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\bigsqcapplus . . . . . . . . . . . 16\bigsqcup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\bigsqcupplus . . . . . . . . . . . 16\BigSquare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\bigstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\BigTriangleDown . . . . . . . . . 33\bigtriangledown . . . 14, 15, 38\BigTriangleLeft . . . . . . . . . 33\BigTriangleRight . . . . . . . . 33\BigTriangleUp . . . . . . . . . . 33\bigtriangleup . . . . 14, 15, 38\biguplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\BigVBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\bigvee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\bigwedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\binampersand . . . . . . . . . . . 15binary operators . . . . . . . 14, 15binary relations . . . . . . . . 17–18

negated . . . . . . . . . . 17, 18\bindnasrepma . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Biohazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28biological symbols . . . . . . . . . 28blackboard bold . . . . . . . . . . 25\blacklozenge . . . . . . . . . . . 24\blacksmiley . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\blacksquare . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\blacktriangle . . . . . . . . . . 24\blacktriangledown . . . . . . . 24\blacktriangleleft . . . . . . . 17\blacktriangleright . . . . . . 17\Bleech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Blitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\blitza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\blitzb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\blitzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\blitzd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\blitze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\bot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\Bouquet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Bowtie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\bowtie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24\boxast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\boxbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\boxbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\boxbslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\boxcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\boxdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15\boxdotLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxdotleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxdotRight . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxdotright . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxempty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\boxLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\boxplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\boxRight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\boxtimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\bracevert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22breve . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\breve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\brokenvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\BS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\BSEfree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Bumpeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\bumpeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

C\c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 43\CAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Capricorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\capricornus . . . . . . . . . . . . 27cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph

caret . . . . . . . . . . . . see accentsCarlisle, David . . . . . . . . . . . 42carriage return . . . . . . . . 28, 39\carriagereturn . . . . . . . . . 34\cdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\cdotp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\cdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Cedi . . see \textcolonmonetary

cedilla . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\Celtcross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\cent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\centerdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\CEsign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22check marks . . . . . . . . . . 31, 34

\checked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\CheckedBox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Checkedbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Checkmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\checkmark . . . . . . . . 24, 34, 38\CheckmarkBold . . . . . . . . . . 31\chi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\chiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\circ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\circeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\CIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Circle . . . . . . . . . . 33, 35, 38\circlearrowleft . . . . . . . . . 19\circlearrowright . . . . . . . . 19circled numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 31\CircledA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\circledast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\circledbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\circledbslash . . . . . . . . . . 15\circledcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\circleddash . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\circleddot . . . . . . . see \odot

\circleddotleft . . . . . . . . . 18\circleddotright . . . . . . . . . 18\circledgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\circledless . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\circledminus . . . . see \ominus

\circledotleft . . . . . . . . . see\circleddotleft

\circledotright . . . . . . . . see\circleddotright

\circledplus . . . . . see \oplus

\circledR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\circledS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\circledslash . . . . see \oslash

\circledtimes . . . . see \otimes

\circledvee . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\circledwedge . . . . . . . . . . . 15\circleleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\circleright . . . . . . . . . . . . 18circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33–35\CircleShadow . . . . . . . . . . . 33\CircleSolid . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Circpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Circsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28circumflex . . . . . . . . see accents\CleaningA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\CleaningF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\CleaningFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\CleaningP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\CleaningPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\clickb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\clickc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\clickt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35clock symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Clocklogo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\closedniomega . . . . . . . . . . 13\closedrevepsilon . . . . . . . . 13

46

\Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . 23, 24, 34\clubsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Coffeecup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Colonapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\colonapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Coloneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\coloneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Coloneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\coloneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Colonsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\colonsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18communication symbols . . . . . 28comp.text.tex . . . . . . . . . 5, 40\complement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24complex numbers . see alphabets,

mathComprehensive TEX Archive Net-

work . . . . . . . . . . . . . seeCTAN

computer hardware symbols . . 27\ComputerMouse . . . . . . . . . . 27\cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\conjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . 27contradiction symbols . . . . . . 25control characters . . . . . . . . . 28\coprod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\Corresponds . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\cosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\cot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\coth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10CP1252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\CR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Cross . . . . . . . . . 30, 33, 36, 38\crossb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\CrossBoldOutline . . . . . . . . 30\CrossClowerTips . . . . . . . . . 30\crossd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Crossedbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34crosses . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 36\crossh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\CrossMaltese . . . . . . . . . . . 30\crossnilambda . . . . . . . . . . 13\CrossOpenShadow . . . . . . . . . 30\CrossOutline . . . . . . . . . . . 30crucifixes . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 36\csc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20CTAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 44\Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 39\Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\curlyc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\curlyeqprec . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

\curlyeqsucc . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\curlyesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\curlyvee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\curlyveedownarrow . . . . . . . 15\curlyveeuparrow . . . . . . . . . 15\curlywedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\curlywedgedownarrow . . . . . 15\curlywedgeuparrow . . . . . . . 15\curlyyogh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\curlyz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35currency symbols . . . . . . . . . . 10\curvearrowleft . . . . . . . . . 19\curvearrowright . . . . . . . . . 19\Cutleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Cutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Cutright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

D\d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\dag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\dagger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\daleth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21dangerous bend symbols . . . . 34\dasharrow see \dashrightarrow

\dashint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\dashleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . 19\dashleftrightarrow . . . . . . 18\dashrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\dashv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\davidsstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\DavidStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\DavidStarSolid . . . . . . . . . 32\dbend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\DCa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\DCb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\DCc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\DCd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\ddag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\ddagger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\ddashint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\ddot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ddots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 39\deg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20degrees . . . . . . see \textdegree

\DEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Deleatur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

variable-sized . . . . . . 21, 22\Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\deltaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Denarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\descnode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\det . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\DH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11\dh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11diacritics . . . . . . . . . see accents

diæresis . . . . . . . . . see accents\diagdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\diagup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24\diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Diamondblack . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Diamonddot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\DiamonddotLeft . . . . . . . . . 18\Diamonddotleft . . . . . . . . . 18\DiamonddotRight . . . . . . . . . 18\Diamonddotright . . . . . . . . . 18\DiamondLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Diamondleft . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\DiamondRight . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Diamondright . . . . . . . . . . . 18diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34diamonds (suit) . . . . . 23, 24, 34\DiamondShadowA . . . . . . . . . 33\DiamondShadowB . . . . . . . . . 33\DiamondShadowC . . . . . . . . . 33\Diamondshape . . . . . . . . . . . 33\DiamondSolid . . . . . . . . . . . 33\diamondsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 40\diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 40dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 39dictionary symbols . see phonetic

symbols\digamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

circled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11segmented . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\dim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\ding . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 29–32, 34dingbat . . . . . . . . . 30, 34, 38, 44dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\divideontimes . . . . . . . . . . 14\DJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\dj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\dlbari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\DLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Dontwash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Doteq . . . . . . . . see \doteqdot

\doteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\doteqdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\dotplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\doublebarwedge . . . . . . . . . 14\doublecap . . . . . . . . . see \Cap

\doublecup . . . . . . . . . see \Cup

\DOWNarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Downarrow . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 21\downarrow . . . . . . . . 19, 21, 40\downdownarrows . . . . . . . . . 19Downes, Michael J. . . . . . 20, 44

47

\downharpoonleft . . . . . . . . . 19\downharpoonright . . . . . . . . 19\downp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\downt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10dsfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44\dz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

E\Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Ecommerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\EightAsterisk . . . . . . . . . . 32\EightFlowerPetal . . . . . . . . 32\EightFlowerPetalRemoved . . 32\eighthnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\EightStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\EightStarBold . . . . . . . . . . 32\EightStarConvex . . . . . . . . . 32\EightStarTaper . . . . . . . . . 32\ejective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13electrical symbols . . . . . . . . . 26\ell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\EllipseShadow . . . . . . . . . . 33\EllipseSolid . . . . . . . . . . . 33\EM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Emailct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\emptyset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\eng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12engineering symbols . . . . . 26, 28\ENQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\EOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\epsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\epsilonup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\eqcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Eqcolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\eqcolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Eqqcolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\eqqcolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\eqsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\eqslantgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\eqslantless . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\equiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28escapable characters . . . . . . . . 6\esh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Estatically . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\eta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\etaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ETB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\eth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 24\ETX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\EUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\EURcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\EURdig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\EURhv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\EURtm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10euscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\exists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\exp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Explosionsafe . . . . . . . . . . 28extensible arrows . . . . . . . . . . 23extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\EyesDollar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

F\fallingdotseq . . . . . . . . . . 17\FallingEdge . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\fatbslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\fatsemi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\fatslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\FAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\fax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Faxmachine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\FEMALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\FemaleFemale . . . . . . . . . . . 28\FemaleMale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\FF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\FHBOLOGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\FHBOlogo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\FilledBigCircle . . . . . . . . . 33\FilledBigDiamondshape . . . . 33\FilledBigSquare . . . . . . . . . 33\FilledBigTriangleDown . . . . 33\FilledBigTriangleLeft . . . . 33\FilledBigTriangleRight . . . 33\FilledBigTriangleUp . . . . . 33\FilledCircle . . . . . . . . . . . 33\FilledCloud . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\FilledDiamondShadowA . . . . 33\FilledDiamondShadowC . . . . 33\FilledDiamondshape . . . . . . 33\FilledHut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\FilledRainCloud . . . . . . . . . 37\FilledSectioningDiamond . . 37\FilledSmallCircle . . . . . . . 33\FilledSmallDiamondshape . . 33\FilledSmallSquare . . . . . . . 33\FilledSmallTriangleDown . . 33\FilledSmallTriangleLeft . . 33\FilledSmallTriangleRight . 33\FilledSmallTriangleUp . . . . 33\FilledSnowCloud . . . . . . . . . 37\FilledSquare . . . . . . . . . . . 33\FilledSquareShadowA . . . . . 33\FilledSquareShadowC . . . . . 33

\filledsquarewithdots . . . . 34\FilledSunCloud . . . . . . . . . 37\FilledTriangleDown . . . . . . 33\FilledTriangleLeft . . . . . . 33\FilledTriangleRight . . . . . 33\FilledTriangleUp . . . . . . . . 33\FilledWeakRainCloud . . . . . 37\fint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Finv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\FiveFlowerOpen . . . . . . . . . 32\FiveFlowerPetal . . . . . . . . . 32\FiveStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\FiveStarCenterOpen . . . . . . 32\FiveStarConvex . . . . . . . . . 32\FiveStarLines . . . . . . . . . . 32\FiveStarOpen . . . . . . . . . . . 32\FiveStarOpenCircled . . . . . 32\FiveStarOpenDotted . . . . . . 32\FiveStarOutline . . . . . . . . . 32\FiveStarOutlineHeavy . . . . 32\FiveStarShadow . . . . . . . . . 32\Fixedbearing . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\flapr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 35\Flatsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37fontdef.dtx . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39fontenc . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7, 8, 42\fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\forall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\ForwardToEnd . . . . . . . . . . . 36\ForwardToIndex . . . . . . . . . 36\FourAsterisk . . . . . . . . . . . 32\FourClowerOpen . . . . . . . . . 32\FourClowerSolid . . . . . . . . . 32Fourier transform see alphabets,

math\FourStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\FourStarOpen . . . . . . . . . . . 32fraktur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\frown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\frownie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Frowny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\FS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\FullFHBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\fullmoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\fullnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

G\G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

48

\gammaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\gcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq

\Gemini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\gemini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27genealogical symbols . . . . . . . 35\Gentsroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34geometric shapes . . . . . . . 32–34\geq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\geqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\geqslant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gets . . . . . . . . see \leftarrow

\gg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ggg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg

\gimel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\glotstop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\gluon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\gnapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gnsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Graupel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37grave . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\grave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 25\GS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\gtrapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gtrdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gtreqless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gtreqqless . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gtrless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\gtrsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\guillemotleft . . . . . . . . 7, 43\guillemotright . . . . . . . 7, 43\guilsinglleft . . . . . . . . . . . 7\guilsinglright . . . . . . . . . . 7\gvertneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

H\H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8hacek . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\Hagel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\HalfCircleLeft . . . . . . . . . 33\HalfCircleRight . . . . . . . . . 33\HalfFilledHut . . . . . . . . . . 37\halflength . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\halfnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\HalfSun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\HandCuffLeft . . . . . . . . . . . 30\HandCuffLeftUp . . . . . . . . . 30\HandCuffRight . . . . . . . . . . 30\HandCuffRightUp . . . . . . . . . 30\HandLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\HandLeftUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\HandPencilLeft . . . . . . . . . 30\HandRight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\HandRightUp . . . . . . . . . . . . 30hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\Handwash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\hat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\HBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\hbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24\Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36hearts (suit) . . . . . . . 23, 24, 34\heartsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\HERMAPHRODITE . . . . . . . . . . 28\Hermaphrodite . . . . . . . . . . 28\hexagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Hexasteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\hexstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\HF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Hilbert space see alphabets, mathHolt, Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . 42\hom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\hookb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\hookd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\hookg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\hookh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\hookheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\hookleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . 19\hookrevepsilon . . . . . . . . . 13\hookrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\hslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\HT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Hungarian umlaut . . see accents\Hut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\hv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

I\i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8IBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 42\IceMountain . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\idotsint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\iff . see \Longleftrightarrow

ifsym . . . . . . . . 26, 33, 37, 38, 44\iiiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\iiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16\iint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16\Im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23imaginary numbers see alphabets,

math\imath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23\impliedby . see \Longleftarrow

\implies . see \Longrightarrow

\in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\inf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34information symbols . . . . . . . 34\infty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\injlim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\inplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14integers . . . . see alphabets, mathintegrals . . . . . . . . . . 14–16, 40

\intercal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\interleave . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\inva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\invdiameter . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\inve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invglotstop . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invlegr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invneg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\invr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invscripta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\iota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\iotaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ipagamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\IroningI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\IroningII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\IroningIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Irritant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\ismodeledby . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

J\j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\JackStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\JackStarBold . . . . . . . . . . . 32Jewish star . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32\jmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23\Joch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 24\joinrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

K\k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\kappa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\kappaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Knuth, Donald E. . . . . 5, 42, 44

symbols by . . . . . . . . 34, 36\kreuz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Kutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

L\L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\labdentalnas . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Ladiesroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Lagrangian . see alphabets, math\Lambda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\lambda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

49

\lambdabar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\lambdaslash . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\lambdaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . . . 42, 44\land . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

\Langle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\langle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Laplace transform see alphabets,

math\largepencil . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Laserbeam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28LATEX . . . 1, 5, 23, 29, 38–42, 44LATEX2ε 1, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19,

23, 36, 38, 39, 41–44latexsym . . 14, 16, 19, 23, 38, 44\latfric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 42, 44

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . . 36\Lbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\lbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Lbrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\lceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ldotp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\ldots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq

\leadsto . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 24\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22\LEFTarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Leftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\leftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\leftarrowtail . . . . . . . . . . 19\leftarrowtriangle . . . . . . . 19\LEFTCIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\LEFTcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Leftcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\leftharpoondown . . . . . . . . . 19\leftharpoonup . . . . . . . . . . 19\leftleftarrows . . . . . . . . . 19\leftmoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\leftp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\leftpointright . . . . . . . . . 30\Leftrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\leftrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\leftrightarroweq . . . . . . . . 19\leftrightarrows . . . . . . . . . 19\leftrightarrowtriangle . . . 19\leftrightharpoons . . . . . . . 19\leftrightsquigarrow . . . . . 19\Leftscissors . . . . . . . . . . . 29\leftslice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\leftsquigarrow . . . . . . . . . 18\leftt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\leftthreetimes . . . . . . . . . 14\leftthumbsdown . . . . . . . . . 30\leftthumbsup . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Lefttorque . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\leftturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\legm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\legr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\leq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\leqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\leqslant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lessapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lessdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lesseqgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lesseqqgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lessgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lesssim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Letter . . . . . . . . . . 28, 37, 38letters . . . . . . . . . . see alphabets

non-ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . 7variant Latin . . . . . . . . . 21

\LF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\lfloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\lg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\lgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\LHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\lhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 24\lhdbend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Libra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\libra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\lightning . . . . . . . . 19, 35, 38\lim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\liminf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\limsup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Lineload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28linguistic symbols . . . . . . 11–13\lJoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\llbracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\llceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\llcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Lleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\llfloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\lll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\llless . . . . . . . . . . . see \lll

\llparenthesis . . . . . . . . . . 22\lmoustache . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\lnapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg

\lnsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20log-like symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 20\logof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Longleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . 19\longleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . 19\Longleftrightarrow . . . 19, 36\longleftrightarrow . . . . . . 19\Longmapsfrom . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\longmapsfrom . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Longmapsto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\longmapsto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\LongPulseHigh . . . . . . . . . . 26\LongPulseLow . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Longrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\longrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\looparrowleft . . . . . . . . . . 19\looparrowright . . . . . . . . . 19\Loosebearing . . . . . . . . . . . 28\lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\LowerDiamond . . . . . . . . . . . 33\lozenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Lparen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lrcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\lrJoin . . . . . . . . . . see \Join

\lrtimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Lsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Lsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\ltimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\lvertneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

M\M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7macron . . . . . . . . . . see accentsmajuscules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\makeatletter . . . . . . . . . . . 40\makeatother . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\MALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\MaleMale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\maltese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\manboldkidney . . . . . . . . . . 36\manconcentriccircles . . . . 36\manconcentricdiamond . . . . 36\mancone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\mancube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\manerrarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\manfilledquartercircle . . . 36manfnt . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 36, 44\manhpennib . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\manimpossiblecube . . . . . . . 36\mankidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\manlhpenkidney . . . . . . . . . 36\manpenkidney . . . . . . . . . . . 36\manquadrifolium . . . . . . . . . 36\manquartercircle . . . . . . . . 36\manrotatedquadrifolium . . . 36\manrotatedquartercircle . . 36\manstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\mantiltpennib . . . . . . . . . . 36\mantriangledown . . . . . . . . . 36\mantriangleright . . . . . . . . 36\mantriangleup . . . . . . . . . . 36\manvpennib . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Mappedfromchar . . . . . . . . . 18

50

\mappedfromchar . . . . . . . . . 18\Mapsfrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\mapsfrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Mapsfromchar . . . . . . . . . . . 24\mapsfromchar . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Mapsto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\mapsto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Mapstochar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\MartinVogel . . . . . . . . . . . . 36marvosym 10, 25–29, 34, 36, 38, 44matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . 25math-mode symbols . . . . . . . . 24\mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathcent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25mathematical symbols . . . . . . 14\mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathrel . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 40\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\mathsterling . . . . . . . . . . . 24\max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\measuredangle . . . . . . . . . . 24\medbullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\medcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\merge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15METAFONTbook symbols . . . . 36\mho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24Microsoft Windows . . . . . . . . 42\mid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\midtilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\minuso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15miscellaneous symbols . . . 23, 24,

34–37Missing $ inserted . . . . . . . 14

\Mmappedfromchar . . . . . . . . . 18\mmappedfromchar . . . . . . . . . 18\Mmapstochar . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\mmapstochar . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Mobilefone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 39\moo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\MoveDown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\MoveUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\mp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\multimap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\multimapboth . . . . . . . . . . . 18\multimapbothvert . . . . . . . . 18\multimapdot . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\multimapdotboth . . . . . . . . . 18\multimapdotbothA . . . . . . . . 18\multimapdotbothAvert . . . . 18\multimapdotbothB . . . . . . . . 18\multimapdotbothBvert . . . . 18\multimapdotbothvert . . . . . 18\multimapdotinv . . . . . . . . . 18\multimapinv . . . . . . . . . . . . 18multiple accents per character 40\Mundus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36musical notes . . . . . . 13, 23, 35\muup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\MVAt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\MVEight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVFive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVFour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVNine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVOne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVSeven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVSix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVThree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVTwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\MVZero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

N\nabla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\NAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\napproxeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nasymp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\natural . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 35natural numbers . see alphabets,

mathnavigation symbols . . . . . . . . 36\nbacksim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nbacksimeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nBumpeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nbumpeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ncong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq

\Nearrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nearrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\neg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\Neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\neq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nequiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Neutral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\newmoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\newtie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\nexists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\ngeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ngeqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ngeqslant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ngg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ngtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ngtrapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ngtrless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ngtrsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nialpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nibeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\NibLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\NibRight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\NibSolidLeft . . . . . . . . . . . 30\NibSolidRight . . . . . . . . . . 30\nichi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\niepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nigamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\niiota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nilambda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\niomega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\niphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\niplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nisigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nitheta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\niupsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nLeftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\nleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\nLeftrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\nleftrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\nleq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nleqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nleqslant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nlessapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nlessgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nlesssim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nmid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nnearrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\nnwarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\NoBleech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\NoChemicalCleaning . . . . . . 36\NoIroning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\NoSun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\notbackslash . . . . . . . . . . . 27\notin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

51

\notni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\notowns . . . . . . . . see \notni

\notslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\NoTumbler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\nparallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nprec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nprecapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\npreccurlyeq . . . . . . . . . . . 18\npreceq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\npreceqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nprecsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nRightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\nrightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\nshortmid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nshortparallel . . . . . . . . . 17\nsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nsimeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsqsubset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsqsubseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsqsupset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsqsupseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nSubset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsubseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nsubseteqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsucc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nsuccapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsucccurlyeq . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsucceq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nsucceqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsuccsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nSupset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nsupseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nsupseteqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nthickapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ntriangleleft . . . . . . . . . . 17\ntrianglelefteq . . . . . . . . . 17\ntrianglelefteqslant . . . . 18\ntriangleright . . . . . . . . . 17\ntrianglerighteq . . . . . . . . 17\ntrianglerighteqslant . . . . 18\ntwoheadleftarrow . . . . . . . 18\ntwoheadrightarrow . . . . . . 18\nu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20number sets see alphabets, mathnumbers . . . . . . . . . . . see digitsnumerals . . . . . . . . . . . see digits\nuup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nvarparallel . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nvarparallelinv . . . . . . . . . 18\nVDash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nVdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nvDash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nvdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Nwarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nwarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

O\O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

\o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\obar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\oblong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\obslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\ocircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\octagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\Octosteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

\odot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\odplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\OE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

\oe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

ogonek . . . . . . . . . . see accents

\ogreaterthan . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\oiiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\oiiintclockwise . . . . . . . . . 16

\oiiintctrclockwise . . . . . . 16

\oiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16

\oiintclockwise . . . . . . . . . 16

\oiintctrclockwise . . . . . . . 16

\oint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\ointclockwise . . . . . . . . . . 16

\ointctrclockwise . . . . . . . . 16

old-style digits . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\olessthan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\Omega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\omega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\omegaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\ominus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\openJoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\openo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 13

\opentimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

operators

binary . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15

\oplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 39

\opposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

options

bbgreekl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

sans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

varg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\OrnamentDiamondSolid . . . . 34

\oslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\otimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\ovee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\overbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\overleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . 23

\overleftrightarrow . . . . . . 23

\overline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\overrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 23

\overring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\owedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\owns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ni

P\P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 43\p@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39packages

accents . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 44amsfonts . 14, 16, 19, 23, 25amsmath . . . . . . . . . 16, 20amssymb 5, 14, 16, 19, 23, 25,44

ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44ascii . . . . . . . . . . 28, 42, 44bbding . . . . . . 29–34, 38, 44bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44bbold . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44dingbat . . . . . 30, 34, 38, 44dsfont . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25euscript . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8fontenc . . . . . . . 5, 7, 8, 42ifsym . . . . 26, 33, 37, 38, 44latexsym 14, 16, 19, 23, 38, 44manfnt . . . . . . . . 34, 36, 44marvosym . 10, 25–29, 34, 36,38, 44

matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 25mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . . 14mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44pifont . . 7, 29–32, 34, 39, 44pxfonts . . . 14–16, 18, 19, 21,23–25, 38

stmaryrd . . 15, 17–19, 22, 24,38, 42, 44

textcomp 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13,14, 22, 24, 35, 38, 42, 44

tipa . . . . . . . 8, 9, 11, 12, 44txfonts . . . 14–16, 18, 19, 21,23–25, 38, 39, 44

ulsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42wasysym . . 11, 14–16, 19, 23,24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 38, 44

wsuipa . 9, 10, 12, 38, 40, 44yfonts . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44zapfchan . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Pakin, Scott . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\PaperLandscape . . . . . . . . . 37\PaperPortrait . . . . . . . . . . 37\parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ParallelPort . . . . . . . . . . . 27\partial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\PencilLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\PencilLeftDown . . . . . . . . . 30\PencilLeftUp . . . . . . . . . . . 30\PencilRight . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

52

\PencilRightDown . . . . . . . . . 30\PencilRightUp . . . . . . . . . . 30pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\pentagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\permil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Perp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\perp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Pfund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\Phi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\phi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\phiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\PhoneHandset . . . . . . . . . . . 34phonetic symbols . . . . . . . 11–13\photon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26physical symbols . . . . . . . . . . 26\Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Pickup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28pifont . . . . . 7, 29–32, 34, 39, 44\Pisces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\pisces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Pisymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\pitchfork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\piup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\PlusCenterOpen . . . . . . . . . 30\PlusOutline . . . . . . . . . . . . 30plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31\PlusThinCenterOpen . . . . . . 30\Pluto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\pluto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Pointinghand . . . . . . . . . . . 34\polishhook . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32PostScript . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 39\pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 43\Pr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\prec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\precapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\preccurlyeq . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\preceq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\preceqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\precnapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\precneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\precnsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\precsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23prime numbers . . see alphabets,

math\Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\prod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\projlim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20pronunciation symbols . . . . . see

phonetic symbols

\propto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\psiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21pulse diagram symbols . . . . . . 26\PulseHigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\PulseLow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 23pxfonts 14–16, 18, 19, 21, 23–25,

38

Q\quarternote . . . . . . . . . . . . 35quaternions . see alphabets, math\quotedblbase . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\quotesinglbase . . . . . . . . . . 7

R\r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . 28\Rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\RainCloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\RaisingEdge . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Rangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\rangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21rational numbers . see alphabets,

math\Rbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\rbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Rbrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\rceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23real numbers see alphabets, math\recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\RectangleBold . . . . . . . . . . 33rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34\RectangleThin . . . . . . . . . . 33\Rectpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Rectsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28registered trademark . . . . . . see

\textregistered

relational symbols . . . . . . . . . 16binary . . . . . . . . . . . 17–18negated binary . . . . . 17, 18

\restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . . 38\restriction . . . . . . . . . . . see

\upharpoonright

\revddots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\reve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\reveject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\revepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\reversedvideodbend . . . . . . 34\revglotstop . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Rewind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\RewindToIndex . . . . . . . . . . 36\RewindToStart . . . . . . . . . . 36\rfloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\rgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\RHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\rhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 24\rho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\rhoup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22\RIGHTarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Rightarrow . . . . . . . 19, 36, 38\rightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\rightarrowtail . . . . . . . . . 19\rightarrowtriangle . . . . . . 19\RIGHTCIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\RIGHTcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Rightcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\RightDiamond . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rightharpoondown . . . . . . . . 19\rightharpoonup . . . . . . . . . 19\rightleftarrows . . . . . . . . . 19\rightleftharpoons . . . . 19, 38\rightmoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\rightp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\rightpointleft . . . . . . . . . 30\rightpointright . . . . . . . . . 30\rightrightarrows . . . . . . . . 19\Rightscissors . . . . . . . . . . 29\rightslice . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\rightsquigarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\rightt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\rightthreetimes . . . . . . . . . 14\rightthumbsdown . . . . . . . . . 30\rightthumbsup . . . . . . . . . . 30\Righttorque . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\rightturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35ring . . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\risingdotseq . . . . . . . . . . . 17\rJoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\rlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rmoustache . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\RoundedLsteel . . . . . . . . . . 28\RoundedTsteel . . . . . . . . . . 28\RoundedTTsteel . . . . . . . . . 28\Rparen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\rrbracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\rrceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\rrfloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Rrightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\rrparenthesis . . . . . . . 19, 22\RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Rsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\rtimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

S\S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 43safety-related symbols . . . . . . 28\Sagittarius . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\sagittarius . . . . . . . . . . . . 27sans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\satellitedish . . . . . . . . . . 34\Saturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

53

\saturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\Sborder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\scd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\scg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\schwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13scientific symbols . . . . . . . . . . 26\ScissorHollowLeft . . . . . . . 29\ScissorHollowRight . . . . . . 29\ScissorLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom . . 29\ScissorLeftBrokenTop . . . . 29\ScissorRight . . . . . . . . . . . 29\ScissorRightBrokenBottom . 29\ScissorRightBrokenTop . . . . 29scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\scn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Scorpio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\scorpio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\scr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25script letters see alphabets, math\scripta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\scriptg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\scriptv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\scu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\scy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Searrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\searrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\secstress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\SectioningDiamond . . . . . . . 37segmented digits . . . . . . . . . . 26\selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\SerialInterface . . . . . . . . . 27\SerialPort . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\setminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\sharp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 35\Shilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\shortdownarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\ShortFifty . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\ShortForty . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\shortleftarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\shortmid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ShortNinetyFive . . . . . . . . . 36\shortparallel . . . . . . . . . . 17\ShortPulseHigh . . . . . . . . . 26\ShortPulseLow . . . . . . . . . . 26\shortrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 19\ShortSixty . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\ShortThirty . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\shortuparrow . . . . . . . . . . . 19\showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\sigmaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\sim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 42

\simeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\sin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\SixFlowerAlternate . . . . . . 32\SixFlowerAltPetal . . . . . . . 32\SixFlowerOpenCenter . . . . . 32\SixFlowerPetalDotted . . . . 32\SixFlowerPetalRemoved . . . . 32\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal 32\SixStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\SixteenStarLight . . . . . . . . 32\slashb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\slashc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\slashd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\slashu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\SmallCircle . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\SmallCross . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\SmallDiamondshape . . . . . . . 33\smallfrown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\SmallHBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\SmallLowerDiamond . . . . . . . 33\smallpencil . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\SmallRightDiamond . . . . . . . 33\smallsetminus . . . . . . . . . . 14\smallsmile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\SmallSquare . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\SmallTriangleDown . . . . . . . 33\SmallTriangleLeft . . . . . . . 33\SmallTriangleRight . . . . . . 33\SmallTriangleUp . . . . . . . . . 33\SmallVBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\smile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Smiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\smiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\SnowCloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Snowflake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\SnowflakeChevron . . . . . . . . 32\SnowflakeChevronBold . . . . 32snowflakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\SO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\SOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28spades (suit) . . . . . . . 23, 24, 34\spadesuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Sparkle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\SparkleBold . . . . . . . . . . . . 32sparkles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32special characters . . . . . . . . . . 6\SpecialForty . . . . . . . . . . . 36\sphericalangle . . . . . . . . . 24\SpinDown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\SpinUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\splitvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\sqcap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\sqcapplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\sqcup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\sqcupplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\sqiiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\sqiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\sqint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\sqsubset . . . . . . . . . 16, 17, 24\sqsubseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\sqsupset . . . . . . . . . 16, 17, 24\sqsupseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Square . . . . . . . . . . 31, 33, 38\square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\SquareCastShadowBottomRight

. . . . . . . . . 33\SquareCastShadowTopLeft . . 33\SquareCastShadowTopRight . 33\Squaredot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Squarepipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34\SquareShadowA . . . . . . . . . . 33\SquareShadowB . . . . . . . . . . 33\SquareShadowBottomRight . . 33\SquareShadowC . . . . . . . . . . 33\SquareShadowTopLeft . . . . . 33\SquareShadowTopRight . . . . 33\SquareSolid . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Squaresteel . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\squarewithdots . . . . . . . . . 34\SS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\ssearrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\sslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\sswarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 40Star of David . . . . . . . . . 31, 32stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 31, 32stmaryrd 15, 17–19, 22, 24, 38, 42,

44\StoneMan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Stopsign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\StopWatchEnd . . . . . . . . . . . 37\StopWatchStart . . . . . . . . . 37\stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\strictfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\strictif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\strictiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\StrokeFive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\StrokeFour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\StrokeOne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\StrokeThree . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\StrokeTwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\STX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\SUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\subseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\subseteqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\subsetneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\subsetneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\subsetplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\subsetpluseq . . . . . . . . . . . 17\succ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\succapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

54

\succcurlyeq . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\succeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\succeqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\succnapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\succneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\succnsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\succsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Summit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\SummitSign . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 37, 38\sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\SunCloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\SunshineOpenCircled . . . . . 34\sup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Supset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\supset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\supseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\supseteqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\supsetneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\supsetneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\supsetplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\supsetpluseq . . . . . . . . . . . 17\surd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Swarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\swarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\syllabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Symbol font . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39symbols

alpine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37APL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27astrological . . . . . . . . . . 27astronomical . . . . . . . . . 26biological . . . . . . . . . . . . 28body text . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37communication . . . . . . . . 28computer hardware . . . . . 27contradiction . . . . . . . . . 25currency . . . . . . . . . . . . 10dangerous bend . . . . . . . 34dictionary . . . see symbols,phonetic

electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . 26engineering . . . . . . . 26, 28genealogical . . . . . . . . . . 35general . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35information . . . . . . . . . . 34Knuth’s . . . . . . . . . . 34, 36laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36linguistic . . . . . . . . . 11–13log-like . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20math-mode . . . . . . . . . . 24mathematical . . . . . . . . . 14METAFONTbook . . . . . . 36miscellaneous . 23, 24, 34–37navigation . . . . . . . . . . . 36phonetic . . . . . . . . . 11–13physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

pulse diagram . . . . . . . . 26relational . . . . . . . . . . . . 16safety-related . . . . . . . . . 28scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . 26technological . . . . . . . . . 26TEXbook . . . . . . . . . 34, 36variable-sized . . . . . . 14–16weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37zodiacal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\SYN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

T\T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\taild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\tailinvr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\taill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\tailn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\tailr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\tails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\tailt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\tailz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\talloblong . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15tally markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\tanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Taschenuhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\tau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Taurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\taurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\tauup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21technological symbols . . . . . . 26\Telefon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Tent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\tesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13TEXbook, The . . . . . . . . . 39, 40

symbols from . . . . . . 34, 36\textacutedbl . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textacutemacron . . . . . . . . . . 8\textacutewedge . . . . . . . . . . 8\textadvancing . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textasciiacute . . . . . . 10, 43\textasciibreve . . . . . . . . . 10\textasciicaron . . . . . . . . . 10\textasciicircum . . . . . . . 6, 42\textasciidieresis . . . . 10, 43\textasciigrave . . . . . . . . . 10\textasciimacron . . . 10, 42, 43\textasciitilde . . . . . . . 6, 42\textasteriskcentered . . 6, 13\textbabygamma . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbackslash . . . . . 6, 41, 42\textbaht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbar . . . . . . . . . . 6, 41, 42\textbarb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\textbardbl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textbardotlessj . . . . . . . . . 11\textbarg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbarglotstop . . . . . . . . . 11\textbari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbarl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbarrevglotstop . . . . . . 11\textbaru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbeltl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbigcircle . . . . . . . . . . 13\textblank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\textbottomtiebar . . . . . . . . . 8\textbraceleft . . . . . . . . . . . 6\textbraceright . . . . . . . . . . 6\textbrevemacron . . . . . . . . . . 8\textbrokenbar . . . . . . . 13, 43\textbullet . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 13\textbullseye . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textcelsius . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\textceltpal . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textcent . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 43\textcentoldstyle . . . . . . . . 10\textchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textcircled . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textcircledP . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textcircumacute . . . . . . . . . . 8\textcircumdot . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textcloseepsilon . . . . . . . . 11\textcloseomega . . . . . . . . . 12\textcloserevepsilon . . . . . 12\textcolonmonetary . . . . . . . 10\textcommatailz . . . . . . . . . 12textcomp . . 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14,

22, 24, 35, 38, 42, 44\textcopyleft . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textcopyright . . . . . 6, 11, 43\textcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcrb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcrd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcrg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcrinvglotstop . . . . . . . 12\textcrlambda . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcrtwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctdctzlig . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcttctclig . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctyogh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textctz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcurrency . . . . . . . . 10, 43\textdagger . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 13

55

\textdaggerdbl . . . . . . . . 6, 13\textdbend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\textdblhyphen . . . . . . . . . . 13\textdblhyphenchar . . . . . . . 13\textdctzlig . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textdegree . . . . . . . . . . 24, 43\textdied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\textdiscount . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\textdivorced . . . . . . . . . . . 35\textdollar . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 10\textdollaroldstyle . . . . . . 10\textdong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textdotacute . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textdotbreve . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textdoublebaresh . . . . . . . . 12\textdoublebarpipe . . . . . . . 12\textdoublebarslash . . . . . . 12\textdoublegrave . . . . . . . . . . 8\textdoublepipe . . . . . . . . . 12\textdoublevbaraccent . . . . . 8\textdoublevertline . . . . . . 12\textdownarrow . . . . . . . . . . 24\textdownstep . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textdyoghlig . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textdzlig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texteightoldstyle . . . . . . . 11\textellipsis . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\textemdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\textendash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\textepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textestimated . . . . . . . . . . 13\texteuro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textexclamdown . . . . . . . . . . 6\textfishhookr . . . . . . . . . . 12\textfiveoldstyle . . . . . . . . 11\textflorin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textfouroldstyle . . . . . . . . 11\textfractionsolidus . . . . . 24\textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\textg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textgamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textglobfall . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textglobrise . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textglotstop . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textgravecircum . . . . . . . . . . 8\textgravedbl . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textgravedot . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textgravemid . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textgreater . . . . . . . 6, 41, 42\textguarani . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthalflength . . . . . . . . . 11\texthardsign . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthooktop . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthtb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthtbardotlessj . . . . . . . 11\texthtc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthtd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\texthtg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texththeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthtk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthtp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthtq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthtscg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthvlig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textifsym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\textinterrobang . . . . . . . . . 13\textinterrobangdown . . . . . 13\textinvglotstop . . . . . . . . . 11\textinvscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textinvsubbridge . . . . . . . . . 8\textiota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlambda . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlangle . . . . . . . . . . 22, 42\textlbrackdbl . . . . . . . . . . 22\textleaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\textleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . 24\textlengthmark . . . . . . . . . 12\textless . . . . . . . . . . 6, 41, 42\textlhdbend . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\textlhookt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlhti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlhtlongi . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlnot . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 43\textlonglegr . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlowering . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textlptr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlquill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textltailm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textltailn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textltilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlyoghlig . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textmarried . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\textmho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\textmidacute . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\textmu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 43\textmusicalnote . . . . . . . . . 13\textnaira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textnineoldstyle . . . . . . . . 11\textnrleg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textnumero . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textObardotlessj . . . . . . . . 12\textohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\textOlyoghlig . . . . . . . . . . 12\textomega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textonehalf . . . . . . . . . 24, 43\textoneoldstyle . . . . . . . . . 11\textonequarter . . . . . . 24, 43\textonesuperior . . . . . . 24, 43\textopenbullet . . . . . . . . . 13\textopencorner . . . . . . . . . 12\textopeno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textordfeminine . . . . 6, 13, 43

\textordmasculine . . . 6, 13, 43\textovercross . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textoverw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textpalhook . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textparagraph . . . . . . . . 6, 13\textperiodcentered . 6, 13, 43\textpertenthousand . . . . . . 13\textperthousand . . . . . . . . . 13\textpeso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textpilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 43\textpolhook . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textprimstress . . . . . . . . . 12\textquestiondown . . . . . . . . . 6\textquotedbl . . . . . . . . . 7, 41\textquotedblleft . . . . . . . . . 6\textquotedblright . . . . . . . . 6\textquoteleft . . . . . . . . . . . 6\textquoteright . . . . . . . . . . 6\textquotesingle . . . . . . . . . 13\textquotestraightbase . . . . 13\textquotestraightdblbase . 13\textraiseglotstop . . . . . . . 12\textraisevibyi . . . . . . . . . 12\textraising . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textramshorns . . . . . . . . . . 12\textrangle . . . . . . . . . . 22, 42\textrbrackdbl . . . . . . . . . . 22\textrecipe . . . . . . . . . . 13, 39\textrectangle . . . . . . . . . . 12\textreferencemark . . . . . . . 13\textregistered . . . . 6, 11, 43\textretracting . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrevapostrophe . . . . . . . 12\textreve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textrevepsilon . . . . . . . . . 12\textreversedvideodbend . . . 34\textrevglotstop . . . . . . . . . 12\textrevyogh . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textrhookrevepsilon . . . . . 12\textrhookschwa . . . . . . . . . 12\textrhoticity . . . . . . . . . . 12\textrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 24\textringmacron . . . . . . . . . . 9\textroundcap . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrptr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textrquill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textrtaild . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textrtaill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrtailn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrtailr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrtails . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrtailt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrtailz . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrthook . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textsca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

56

\textsce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textschwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textsci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscoelig . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscomega . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textscq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textscripta . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textscriptv . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textscu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textscy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textseagull . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsecstress . . . . . . . . . . 12\textsection . . . . . . . . . . 6, 13\textservicemark . . . . . . . . . 11\textsevenoldstyle . . . . . . . 11\textsixoldstyle . . . . . . . . . 11\textsoftsign . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textsterling . . . . . . . . . 6, 10\textstretchc . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textsubarch . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubbridge . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsublhalfring . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubrhalfring . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubsquare . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubtilde . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubumlaut . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsubwedge . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsuperimposetilde . . . . . 9\textsurd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\textsyllabic . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texttctclig . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textteshlig . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texttheta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textthorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textthreeoldstyle . . . . . . . 11\textthreequarters . . . . 24, 43\textthreequartersemdash . . 13\textthreesuperior . . . . 24, 43\texttildedot . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texttildelow . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texttimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\texttoptiebar . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texttrademark . . . . . . . . 6, 11\texttslig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturncelig . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\textturnk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnlonglegr . . . . . . . . 12\textturnm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnmrleg . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnrrtail . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnscripta . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturnw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textturny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texttwelveudash . . . . . . . . . 13\texttwooldstyle . . . . . . . . . 11\texttwosuperior . . . . . . 24, 43\textunderscore . . . . . . . . . . 6\textuparrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\textupsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textupstep . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textvbaraccent . . . . . . . . . . 9\textvertline . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textvibyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textvibyy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textvisiblespace . . . . . . . . . 6\textwon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textwynn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textyen . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 43\textyogh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textzerooldstyle . . . . . . . . 11\TH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\therefore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Thermo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Theta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\theta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\thetaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\thickapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\thicksim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ThinFog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Thorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\thorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 13tilde . . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\tilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 40\tildel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13tildes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14tipa . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9, 11, 12, 44\to . . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow

\ToBottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\ToTop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\TriangleDown . . . . . . . . 33, 38\triangledown . . . . . . . . . . . 24\TriangleLeft . . . . . . . . . . . 33\triangleleft . . . . . . . . . . . 14\trianglelefteq . . . . . . . . . 17

\trianglelefteqslant . . . . . 17\triangleq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\TriangleRight . . . . . . . . . . 33\triangleright . . . . . . . . . . 14\trianglerighteq . . . . . . . . . 17\trianglerighteqslant . . . . 17triangles . . . . . . . . . . 24, 33, 34\TriangleUp . . . . . . . . . . 33, 38\Tsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\TTsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Tumbler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\TwelweStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\twoheadleftarrow . . . . . . . . 19\twoheadrightarrow . . . . . . . 19\twonotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35txfonts 14–16, 18, 19, 21, 23–25,

38, 39, 44

U\U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ulcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22ulsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44umlaut . . . . . . . . . . see accents\underaccent . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\underarch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\underbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\underdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\underleftarrow . . . . . . . . . 23\underleftrightarrow . . . . . 23\underline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\underrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 23\underring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\undertilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\underwedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10unity . . . . . see alphabets, math\unlhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 24\unrhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 24\UParrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Uparrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 21\uparrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 21\Updownarrow . . . . . . . . . 19, 21\updownarrow . . . . . . . . . 19, 21\upharpoonleft . . . . . . . . . . 19\upharpoonright . . . . . . . . . 19\uplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\upp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42upright Greek letters . . . . . . . 21\Upsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\upsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\upsilonup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\upt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\upuparrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Uranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\uranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\urcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

57

\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

V\v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\varangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varbigcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\VarClock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\varclubsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\varcurlyvee . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varcurlywedge . . . . . . . . . . 15\vardiamondsuit . . . . . . . . . 24\varepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varepsilonup . . . . . . . . . . . 21\VarFlag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37varg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varheartsuit . . . . . . . . . . . 24\varhexagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\varhexstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31variable-sized symbols . . . 14–16\VarIceMountain . . . . . . . . . 37\varinjlim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varkappa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varliminf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varlimsup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\VarMountain . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\varnothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\varoast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varobar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varobslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varocircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varodot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varogreaterthan . . . . . . . . . 15\varoiiintclockwise . . . . . . 16\varoiiintctrclockwise . . . . 16\varoiintclockwise . . . . . . . 16\varoiintctrclockwise . . . . 16\varoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varointclockwise . . . . . . . . 16\varointctrclockwise . . . . . 16\varolessthan . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varominus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varoplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varoslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varotimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varovee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varowedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varparallel . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varparallelinv . . . . . . . . . 18

\varphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varphiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varpi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varpiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varprod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\varprojlim . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varpropto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\varrho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varrhoup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varsigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varsigmaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varspadesuit . . . . . . . . . . . 24\varsubsetneq . . . . . . . . . . . 17\varsubsetneqq . . . . . . . . . . 17\VarSummit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\varsupsetneq . . . . . . . . . . . 17\varsupsetneqq . . . . . . . . . . 17\VarTaschenuhr . . . . . . . . . . 37\vartheta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varthetaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\vartimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\vartriangle . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\vartriangleleft . . . . . . . . . 17\vartriangleright . . . . . . . . 17\varv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\vary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\VBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Vdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\vDash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\vdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\vdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\vec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Vectorarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Vectorarrowhigh . . . . . . . . . 25\vee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\veebar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Vermessung . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\vernal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\VHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Virgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\virgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\VT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\VvDash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Vvdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

W\WashCotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\WashSynthetics . . . . . . . . . 36\WashWool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\wasylozenge . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\wasypropto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24wasysym 11, 14–16, 19, 23, 24, 26,

27, 31, 32, 35, 38, 44\wasytherefore . . . . . . . . . . 35\WeakRain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\WeakRainCloud . . . . . . . . . . 37weather symbols . . . . . . . . . . 37\Wecker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Wheelchair . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\widehat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\widetilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Womanface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\wp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\wr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Writinghand . . . . . . . . . . . . 34wsuipa . . . . . 9, 10, 12, 38, 40, 44

X\XBox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\xiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 34\XSolid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\XSolidBold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\XSolidBrush . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Y\Ydown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15yfonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44\Yinyang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Yleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\yogh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Yright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Yup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

ZZapf Chancery . . . . . . . . . . . 25Zapf Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . 29zapfchan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\Zborder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\zeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\zetaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27zodiacal symbols . . . . . . . . . . 27

58

all latex symbols

Documents

fourth column lists

ot1 font encoding

pifont geometric shapes

short math guide

miscellaneous ams symbols

ams commands dened

marvosym communication symbols

miscellaneous pifont dingbats