all greek?! 一greek mythology and vocabulary instruction in esp

Key words: Vocabulary Instruction ，Greek mythology ，Phobia.

Yi-Jou Lo

Abstract

147

接受日期: 96年9月 10 日台南市立德管理學院

Email: [email protected]

立德管理學院助理教授

收稿日期: 96年2月 26 日通訊作者地址:羅宜柔

聯絡電話:“-2555090-57723

"All Greek?!"--Greek Mythology and Vocabulary Instruction in ESP

"All Greek?!" 一Greek Mythology andVocabulary Instruction in ESP

Itwould never be over-estimated on vocabulary as a crucial prerequisite to reading

comprehension (Johnson & Johnson，1986). Familiarity 祖d 企equency especially acted on the

speed of accessing to the word and reading (Jacoby，1991: 530) and demarcated the ease or di伍c叫ty

oflexical item (Sandra，1994: 246). One way to enhance students' vocabulary familiarity and the

frequency，I propound here，is storytelling. Inteaching ESP students，especially the medical

students，since m組y words have been originated 企om Greek，to augment their vocabulary

farniliari 紗， I propose vocabulary instruction of ESP students in terms of stories from Greek

mythology. In也is 訂 tide ，first of all，I focus on the medical terminology and also the derivative

words. Secondly，teaching strategies are provided with activities addressed for teachers' reference.

I also argue，in light of storytellin g/reading which provides learners with sense of familiarity 組d

association to vocabulary ，medical terms can be learned more easily and these Greek words may not

be "Greek" to learners anymore.

Itwould never be over-estimated on vocabulary as a crucial prerequisite to reading

comprehension (Johnson & Johnson，1986). To consolidate vocabulary instruction ，Stahl (1986:

664) defmed 也ree different levels of processing: association processing ，comprehension processing

and generation processing ，all of which are connected with word familiarity and word frequency.

Thus，familiarity and frequency acted on the speed of accessin 忌to the words and reading (Jacoby，

1991: 530) and demarcated 也e ease or di伍culty oflexiqal item (Sandra，1994: 246). One way to

enhance students' vocabulary familiarity and the 企equency，I propound，is through storytelling.

Stories helped learners develop positive attitudes toward languages and language learning (Ellis &

Brewster，1991)，appreciated different cultural heritages (Mason ，1996)，contributed to learners'

social and emotional development through shared experience (Ellis & Brewster，1991) and also

exercised their imagination (Morgan &Rinvolucri，1983). Particularly ，in Ellis and Brewster's view

(1991)，stories comprised natural repetition of key vocabulary and structures that learners could

easily acquire. Inteaching ESP students，especially the medical students，since many words have

been originated from Greek，to augment their vocabulary familiari 紗， I propose vocabulary

instruction of ESP students in terms of stories from Greek mythology.

Generally，medical words derived 企om Greek Mythology can be divided into different

sections such as words related to 街 ugs，treatme 肘，and disease. Especial 紗，many psychological

disorder problems are closely connected with Greek root and also Greek mythology. Inthis article，

如 st of all，in addition to some brief definitions ，I focus on the medical terminology and also 也e

derivative words. Secondly，I provide teaching strategies with activities for teachers' reference. In

the light of stories 企om Greek mythology，medical terms can be learned more easily，and students

can benefit a lot with reference to familiarity and association to vocabulary to stimulate and

maintain their learning interest，and develop target language skills.

148

Introduction

中臺學報第十九卷第二期 itA

1.

3.

1. Greek Mythology

Greek mythology is stories of the Greek myths which are invented by early people to

explain the mysteries of the universe. The most outstanding feature of Greek mythology is

characters in the mythology are neither flawless nor perfect.The very combination provides

interesting challenges and conflicts in Gods' and Goddess' lives and also sets a good example in

excogitating human psychology.

2. Story and Storytellin g/Readin gIList~ning

Stories were narratives occurred among people sometimes even since the earliest time

before words were created (Baker & Greene，1977). Story was always a good vehicles for

language learning and pedagogy to many scholars (Mikulecky & Je扭帥， 1986; Garv峙，1990;

Bellon & Ogle仕ee，2000; Campbell ，2001; Sullivan ，2004; Connor et al.，2004; Akrofi，2004).

Storytelling did not require 祖y props and sometime ，voices and gestures of the storytellers

might be enough to recapture the attention of the listeners (Norton，1995). Therefore ，Yao (2003)

concluded with several alternative techniques such as chants ，chalk talks，felt boards ，flip charts，

roll stories，and sound stories. However，the purpose of this article lays stress on the repetition

function of stories and thus，the teacher can read or tell the story to students. This means

altermative techniques will not be the focal point in this paper to students.

第二期 "All Greek?!"--Greek Mythology and Vocabulary Instruction in ESP

Definition

149

3. Word Frequency and Word Familiarity

Both word frequency and word familiarity were affiliated closely with word acquisition

(Nation & Coady，1988). Seamon et al.(2002) stated that retention was enhanced by repetition

and the very repetition produced familiarity. High frequency words are more identifiable than

lower ones. To ESP students，words are difficult not only because of the unfamiliar words but

also because oftheir lower frequency. Therefore，Gardiner and Java (1991) found that with the

aid of familiarity，retention and memorization of words could be lasted. As a result，Hidreth

(1961)considered word frequency and familiarity were the very standards to determine whether

the word was easy or not.

Classification of Medical Words Connected

to Mythology

w

at

2.

3.R

"All中臺學報第十九卷第二期

Morphine is a medicine ex仕acted from opium，used in medicine as an analgesic，a light

anesthetic ，or a sedative. Itis also called morphia. The term is 企om Morpheus ，a god of dream.

Deviation: endorphin ，祖element which affects the mood，and especially may ease pain，

memory retention.

Echocardiography is組 instrument 也at employs waves，in a painless and noninvasive

m組ner，to image structural 組d functional abnormalities of the heart. The term is affiliated with

IThe following definitions are mainly cited and for re-written from websites ofAnswers.com (http://www.

answers.com/)，of Rob加E缸叫rt巾t臼so恤n'旭s l協串 f旬'Jrd必'sfor a Modem Age (h恤ttφp:圳/ρ'/www.wo叮rd副info.叫.infi正fa/war吋ds/叭lind由ex!叫/int必'0/

VI昀ew一u血 ν盯72/乃)祖dt也ha泓t ofGJ它即e祉f:my戶th伽ologyFrom 泊e且iadω 的et血孟凶11oft的be last伊詛t by Michael Wiik

(ht句://messagenet.com/m只hs/index.h恤1).

Generally，medical words derived 企om Greek My也ology can be divided into several sections:

medical words affiliated with 釘ugs，出atment，organs，physical disorder and disease. I

Section 1. Drugs

1 Panacea

Panacea is a cure-all 的g. The term is from Panakeia ，a daughter of Asklepios (God of

Medicine).

2M 。中hine

Section 2. Treatment

1. Relio 也erapy

Heliotherapy is a therapy by using of ul甘a-violet alb rays for skin condition. Helios was

also Apollo，the Sun God.

2. Echocardiography

150

"All Greek?!" --Greek Mythology and Vocabulary Instruction in ESP

Echo，one who could only respond with the other person's words.

151

3. Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a psychological technique involving reI缸ation and voluntarily ignoring

conscious thought processes. The word is 企om Hypon，aGreek god who personified sleep.

Section 3. Organs

1. Atlanto-occipital joint

Atlanto-occipital joint is one of the two joints，each formed by a superior articular pit of the

atlas and a condyle of the occipital bone. Itis also called as AO Joint.The term is 企om Atlas

who was punished by holding the heaveQs (on his AO joing of the neck bone) apart 企om the

E訂 th.'

2. Achilles tendon

Achilles tendon is也e I訂 ge tendon connecting the heel bone to the calf muscle of the leg.

The term is 企om Achilles and especially his heel which was his fatal point due to a mistake made

by his mother.

Section 4. Psychic Disorder: Phobia

1.Phobia

Phobia is a strong fear，dislike，or aversion. The term is 企om Phobos，one of the sons of Ares

(God of War) and Aphrodite (Goddess of Love). Phobos was the incarnation of all panic and he

could possess entire armies and cause their defeat.

2. Arachnophobia

Arachnophobia is an abnormal fear of spiders. The term is 企om Arachne who competed

with Athena for weaving and thus was 仕ansformed into a spider.

3. Auroraphobia

Auroraphobia is the fear of Northern lights. The term is 企om Aurora，the Goddess of dawn.

'Rewritten from Tammy Joy Kennedy's description with illustration. See

h前p://www.ns叮tech.com/condyles.html

Erotophobia is the fear of sexual love or sexual questions. The term is 企om Eros，or Cupid，

God of Love.

6. Heliophobia

Heliophobia is 也e fear of the sun. The term is connected with Helio，also Apollo，the Sun

be

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1.VI:

3.

中臺學報第十九卷第二期

god.

7. Hydraphobia

Itis the fear of many-headed sea monsters. Hydra was a many-headed sea monster inGreek

mythology and was slain by Hercules. Each part of his head when cut off was replaced by two

others.

8. Uranophobia

Uranophobia is the fear of heaven. The term is 企om Uranus ，the son and husband of Gaia，

Mother Earth.

9. Hebephobia

Hebephobia is 也e fear of young people or youth. It's from Hebe，the goddess of youth，

young brides，and the streng也 and vigor of the young.

Section 5. Psychic-Order: Complex

1. Oedipus complex

Oedipus complex is the abnormal sexual desire of the parent of the opposite sex and it is

also a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex. Usually，it is an essential

4. Alektorophobia

Alektorophobia is an abnormal fear of chickens which may be a result of the fear offeathers ，

。fwinged creatures，or of flying animals or birds. Such fears may also include eggs and live or

dead chickens. It's from Alec仕yon，aGreek youth. One night，while Alec仕yon was sleeping with

Aphrodite，Ares stationed Alectryon him and warned about the coming of the sun，Helios;

however，Alec仕yon fell asleep，and Helios walked in on the couple. Ares，being so enraged of

Alec仕"帥's ignorance ，turned Alec叮on into a rooster，who must forever announce the approach

of the sun in the morning.

5. Erotophobia

152

"All Greek?!"--Greek Mythology and Vocabulary Instruction in ESP 153

crucial stage in the developmental process. Oedipus was the mythical king of Thebes，son of

Laius and Jocasta，who，unknowingly ，killed his father and married his mother.

2. Electra complex

四le "Electra complex" in psychology involves a girl's or woman's unconscious sexual

feelings for her father. Electra was a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. After her

mother and Aegisthus murdered Agamemnon ，Electra，eager for revenge，longed only for the

return of her brother，Orestes.

3. Jocasta complex

The relationship with all the complexes ，b已tween mother and child should be called the

Jocasta complex. See Oedipus Comple 主.

4. Medea complex

A Medea complex has been described to account for vengeful filicide. Medea fell in love

of Jason and ran away with him. However，finally，she was be仕ayed by Jason and 也us killed her

sons as revenge.

Section 6. Psychic-disorder: Syndrome

1. Ulysses Syndrome

Ulysses Syndrome refers to the ill effects of extensive diagnostic investigations conducted

because of a false-positive result in the co叮se of routine laboratory screening. Ulysses，or

Odysseus in Greek，was a leader of Greek forces during the Trojan War. He was noted for his

cunning strategy，his wise counsel and his wandering for years.

2. Sisyphus Syndrome

Sisyphus Syndrome refers to an individual with a strong commitment to work but who

received no gratification 企om it.Sisyphus was the King of Corinth，condemned in Tartarus to an

eternity of rolling a boulder uphill then watching it roll back down again.

3. Pygmalion syndrome

Pygmalion Syndrome refers to the making over of an individual to suit the desires of

another. Pygmalion was a king of Cyprus who carved and then fell in love with a statue of a

woman，which Aphrodite brought to life as Galatea.

oflove and sexual desire. The affix "a" means "not".

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Anaphrodisia is the decline or absence of sexual desire. Aphrodite was also Venus，Goddess

2. Anaphrodisia

3. Narcissism

Psyche inGreek mythology was a young woman who loved and was loved by Eros and was

united with him after Aphrodite's jealousy was overcom~ She subsequently becomes the

personification of the soul.

The term is coined with narcissus，a handsome youth who was caused to fall in love with

his own reflection in a pool for breaking the heart of the nymph Echo. Narcissism describes the

character 甘ait of self-love.

7. Nymphomania

Satyriasis is the excessive ，abnormal ，or uncontrollable sexual/romantic behavior ，des凹，

and excitement in the male. Sa可rwas 也e woodland spirits，looking like men with various animal

features such as horses' tails or goats' legs.

6. Somnambulism

Somnambulism is a sleep-waling disorder. It's from Somnus，God of Sleep.

Deviation: Somniloquism means "talking in sleep".

4. Hebephrenia

Hebephrenia is a form of rapidly deteriority schizophrenia that occurs during puberty and

adolescence. Hebe was the goddess of youth and cup-bearer to the gods.

5. Satyriasis

4. Proteus Syndrome

Proteus Syndrome is a congenital disorder 也at causes skin overgrowth and atypical bone

development ，often accompanied by tumors on over half the body. Proteus was a sea god who

could change his shape at will.Thus，Proteus Syndrome becomes 也e abnormal and distorted

transformation of one's body.

Section 7. Other Psychic Disorder

1. Psyche

154


Nymphomania is the insatiable sexual desire in the female. Inmythology，nymphs were

young and beautiful female spirits of trees，water and other aspects of nature.

Sections 8. Other Diseases

1. Caput Medusae

The term is coined with Medusa ，the sole mortal of the monstrous Gorgons. Her hair was

made of snakes. Capus Medusae describes the dilated ciliary arteries surrounding the

comeosclerallimbus in absolute glaucoma.

2. Echolalia

Echolalia ，deriving 企om the word ~echo，"is disordered speech in which an individual

persistently repeats what is heard. Echo was a goddess cursed to answer only by repeating others'

words.

3. Iritis

The term is from Iris，a goddess of rainbow. Iritis，thus，is an inflammatory disorder of the

colored p徊。fthe eye (which also means "iris").

Deviation: Iridectomy is a surgical removal of part of the iris of the eye.

4. Sirenomelia

Sirenomelia is a mermaid-like deformity with the lower extremities fused into a single

broad tail-like structure. Sirens are sweetly singing enchantresses ，part wom an，part bird，who

lured sailors to their doom.

5. Trident Hand

Trident is the weapon of Poseidon. Trident hand refers to abnormal hand appearance with

persistent space between the long and ring fmgers.

Teaching Strategies/Activities

Not all of the above mentioned characters have a story of their own. Therefore，the teaching

s甘ategies/activities are divided into two parts: one with a story to read/tell，and the other，without.

1. Characters with a story

Narcissus ，Echo，Psyche，Cupid，Achilles and so on have a story of 也eir own. Hereby，the

story of Narcissus and Echo is provided as an example.

Example 1.Story of Echo and Narcissus

Echo was a beautiful n戶nph，fond of 的e woods and hil1s，where she devoted herself to

woodland sports. She was a favorite ofArtemis，and attended her in the chase. But Echo

had one failing; she was fond of talking，and whe的er in chat or argumen t，would have 的e

last word. One day Hera was seeking her husban d，who，she had reason to fear，was

amusing himself among 的。昱旦控.主坐立 by her talk can的問d to deta血的 e goddess til1

的e nymphs made 的。，ir escape. l的 en Hera discovered it，she passed sentence upon Echo

in these words: "拍 u shal1forfeit the use a/that tongue wi ，的which you have cheated me，

except for that one purpose you are so fond of-repl y.}旬u shal1stil1have 的e last word，

but no power to speak 丘rst. "

This nymph saw Narcissus，a beautiful you 的" as he pursued the chase upon the mountains.

Echo loved Narcissus and fol1owed his footsteps. 0 how she longed 的的 lkωhim! But it

was not in her powe r.Echo waited wi ，的impatience for Narcissusω 司peak fust，and had

her answer ready.One day Narcissus，being separated finm his companions，shouted aloud，

"附a's here?" 伽昱理 ph replie d，''Here.''些空空空 looked around，but seeing no one

cal1ed au已 "Come". Echo answered，"Come.

l胏串昀c岱by d<由oyo仰us泊h叩me?" Echo，asked the same question. "Let usjoin one ana的問 "said 的e

you 的.Then戶nph answered wi ，的al1her heart in 的e same words，and hastened to the spot，

ready ω 的row her arms about his neck.He started bac.尤exclaiming，''Hands oil!I would

ra的er die than you should have me!" ''Have mf石心aid she; but it was al1in vain. Narcissus

left the 昱旦控" and she went to hide her blushes in 的。recesses of 的e woods. From 的at

time 晶晶的 e旦旦控 H阿din 臼 ves til1at last al1her flesh shrank away.Her bones were

changed into rocks and there was nothing left of her but her voice. 研.的 that Echo is stil1

ready to replyωanyone who cal1s her，and ke中s up her old habit ofhaving the last word.

Re-modified from a Chinese website 吉米的花園

The story is cited 企om a Chinese Website with some modification. Particular 紗， I had

rewritten some pronouns and thus，names of Echo，Narcissus and "the nymph" are repeated for

156 中臺學報第十九卷第二期


emphasis: with Echo repeated for 10 times; Narcissus ，7 times; the "nymph ，"8 times. Inthis way，

ESP students get familiar with these three words.

Inaddition，possible activities are advised as

1)Fill in the blank

The teacher can ask students to fill in the blank with referent answers of Narcissus，

Echo and the nymph(s). Students，thus，learn to spell these terms well.

2) Prediction 1

Before reading，the teacher can present a famous painting on the story of Echo and

Narcissus. See figure 1. The teacher can ask students of their opinion about the one who‧is looking at the river and the possible reaction/relation between the male and the female.

Figure 1.Echo and Narcissus by 1.W.Waterhouse (1849-1917)3

3) Prediction 2

After reading the story，the teacher writes affiliated terms on the board:

Echocardiograph ，只Echolalia，Echopraxia ，Narcissism ，N:，戶羽rphomania

The teacher can explain in advance the affix，suffix，and even word root of

"cardio- ，""-ography ，""-ism，""-mania" and so on. And then，the teacher ask students to

guess the possible meanings. When students are asked to give the possible answer，

always ask students to read the term again to improve their memoriability.

4) Reading

There are various reading activities，such as jigsaw reading，chorus reading and

3 See Wikimedia，http://commons.wikimedia.orglwikillmage:Waterhouse_Echo_and _Narcissus.jpg

'The left picture is 企om J. Flaxman (1805) onIris and is cited from h句://thanasis.com/iris.h恤.甘lemiddle

picture isJ.U.Kra削us吋s's(16ω90吋)C臼aeni必sa組ndNe叩ptωune唸e祖di誌s cited 企fromht句tφ恥p妒:圳/μIc∞ommons凶s.川.WI吶ikim虹me吋dia.org/wile蚯ζciν/

Ima唔g酹e缸:Kral剖叫uss仁一

a叫Is叩o cit臼:edf台h全切om Wile血E吋dia. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wikilImage:Rubens_Medusa.jpeg.

P訂 allel reading. All kinds of readings can be beneficial for students' pronunciation and

especially memoriability.

2. Characters without a Story

There are some characters in 也eGreek mythology with only short narration but not story.

h也is case，the teacher can make a copy of explanation from online or dictionaries. However，

another preferred alternative is instruction 也rough visual image-that is，伽ough pictures. "A

picture is worth a 也ousand words" ，this suggested that human memory capacity is greater for

pictures than words (Kobayashi ，1986). Many researchers (e.g. Lin，2000; Paivio，1986; Rieber，

1989; Mayer &Anderson，1992) recommended that visual images needed to be adopted in

education. Available activities 位官 suggested as follow for ESP students to be familiar with

medical words related Greek mythology characters particularly in terms of visual pictures.

1)Matching: The teacher can explain the feature of the very character first and ask students

to find the connection between the character and the possible medial term.

Example 2. Matching the pictures with medical terms‘I 2 I 3


(c) Trident's Hand(a) Caput Medusae (b) Iritis

Answer: l-->(b); 2-->(c); 3-->(a)

Reference

158

a卷第二期 "All Greek?!"--Greek Mythology and Vocabulary Instruction in ESP 159

ciation and

t not story.

However ，叮叮."A

reater for

地6; Riebe r，

)ted in

arwith

;tures.

Isk students

oThe middle

2) Prediction

The teacher shows more than one picture of a character and tells students the name

of the god/goddess but not the personality. Then，students can be divided for pyramid

discussion to fmd out the possible personality. This activity is especially appropriate to

terms related to psychical disorder because affiliated pictures are always quite darkling

and may give students s仕ong impression.

Example 3. Predict the personality by the pair pictures

Q: What can you figur 它 out 企om the following pictures? S

3) Call my bluff

The class can be split into teams of three people (or more). Each team is given hisl

her own medical word ，and a written definition of its meaning. Ask each team to write

down two (or more) false definitions of the word. To play，each team reads the very term

and other possible meanings provided by team members to the class. The other teams

must guess which is the correct meaning.

For less advanced classes ，the teacher can provide the false definitions as well as the

S The first picωre is illustrated by EoJ. Poynter，cited from http://commonsowikimediaoorglwiki /lmage:

Selene .jpgo The second picture is FoChauveau's Selene，cited from ht呻ψ:泊II胸/允肋c∞o岫mmo昀ons昀s.別圳wik恆im缸m帥n間l昀ed伽ia低a.orglw iki/kifiν/Image:S%C3%A9 釗I%C3%A9n%C3%A9 玖判.j必pg.


right one.

To enhance the memorizabili 妙，when a team member speaks out the term ，

remember to ask him/her to start 企om the target phrase.

In addition，teams can be given picωres for the guessing game as an alternative.

Conclusion

Fortuine (2001)poi的ed out that "Of the countless medica l-words 也at are derived from

classicalroots ，a substantIal numberhave anuElderlymgbreek or Latm adjective as 組 essential

element" (p.67). Applying mythology into medical vocabulary instruction ，consequently ，is not

only feasible but also imperative. Through my也ology storytellin g/reading ，students are exposed

with repetitive names. Repetition reduced false recognition and produced familiarity (Seamon et

此，2002). Through the visual images ，students were motivated to learn happily and easily because

graphics were easier to outline and the visualization gave clues to the concepts (Brown，1980).

Therefore ，in terms of mythology instruction ，difficult words are easily memorized. Medical terms ，

thus，are not "Greek" to learners anymore.

'

卷第二期

m，

ematlve.

"All Greek?!"--Greek Mythology and Vocabulary Instruction in ESP

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