all about particles: a handbook of japanese function words

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. - ~ . I 4 6 ~ 4 . Used t o show c ont r as t bet ween t wo i t ems or i d e a s Cbot h ofwhi ch ar es i gni f i edby wa .A{@- BKa n j i wa mu z u k a s h i i d e s u ga C Ni h o n - g o n o bunpo wa amar i muz u-k a s h i k u n a i - n d e s u . Kanj i a d i f f i c u l t Cbut J apanes e gr ammar i s not v er y d i f f i c u l t . 'kC~AgBHok k ai do no yu wa s amui d e s u ga CTo k y o wa a t a t a k a i d e s u .Sl e Hokkai do wi nt er i s c ol d Cbut [ R e ] Tokyo [ wi n t e r ] i s war m. / I t ' s c ol d i n Hokkai do ht he wi nt er Cbut war m i n Tokyo-D ~ n o s omet hi ng l i k e t h a t ] .{AsvcBDo s h i t e k a n o j o ga anna t s u ma r a n a i hon 0 y onde i r u n o k a Cf u s h i g id e s u .l t i s a my s t e t o me [ bey ond me) why s h e ' s r e a d i n g s uc h a bor i ngbook [ a bor i ng book l i k e t h a t ) .8 . l n d i c a t e s t h e s u b j e c t of a s ubor di nat e o r c o n d i t i o n a l c 1 aus ewhen i t i s d i Se r e n t f r om t h e s u b j e c t of t h e mai n c 1 a u s e ..a ) Subor di nat e c 1 a u s e s .{-OA()|BHaha ga Ni hon n i k u r u mae n i C[ wa t a s h i waJ k o n o h e y a 0k i r e i n is o j i s h i n a k e r e b a n a r a n a i .Bef or e mymot her comes t o J apan C1hav e t o make t h i s r oom n i c eand c 1 e a n .ABHahaga k i t a k i Cwa t a s h i wa g o c h i s o 0t s u k u t t a .When mymot her came C1 pr epar ed q u i t e a s p r e a d .~ w ~ l l I ~ ~ s h ~ n ~ n ~ Fol l ows ver bs and a d j e c t i v e s t o i ndi t e acaus e or b a k a s h ~

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