ND Pharma & Biotech

What  is  ALKIOW  TM? •  ALKIOW, from ALKaline IOnized Water is a WHOLLY

NATURAL MINERAL bio-reactive method and product developed by ND Pharma & Biotech that let anyone to transform regular water, (mineral, tap or current) into ALAKLINE IONIZED WATER in just seconds , w i thout d i scomfor t of appare l , maintenances, supplies, with an easy teardrop just into the water wished to transform. Special mineral formula, lower costs and higher technology for health protection and wellness, makes ALKIOW TM and unparalleled and unrivaled product worldwide.

ALK-­‐‑IO´-­‐‑W   The  term  Alkaline  Water  is  just  a  label  used  to  describe  ideal  drinking  water  as   provided   by   nature;   one   of   many   labels   that   arise   as   we   explore   the  hidden  properties  of  water. All  natural  water,  consists  of  H2O  molecules  and  OH-­‐‑  and  H+  ions  in  very  small  quantities.  These  ions,  are  responsible  of  given  acidity  and  alkalinity  to  water.  When  these  ions  are  equal   in  number,   the  water   is  neutral,  when  the  H+  is  more  it  is  acidic,  when  the  OH-­‐‑  ions  are  more,  it  is  alkaline. Alkaline  water  has  more  excess  oxygen  and  alkaline  minerals  than  neutral  or   acid   tap   water.   It   is   highly   oxygenated   water   with   the   oxygen   in   the  stable   bias   OH-­‐‑   form   that   is   needed   by   our   cells.   Each   of   these   ions   is  bonded  with  an  alkaline  mineral  in  the  all  important  colloidal  form. At   pH   between   7.5   -­‐‑10.0,   ionized   alkaline   water   will   have   100'ʹs   of   times  more   excess   oxygen   than  neutral   tap  water   and  no   acid   elements   or   toxic  substances  in  it.

In  health  literature  alkaline  ionized  water  is  also  called: Micro-­‐‑water   Ionized  Water   Micro-­‐‑clustered  water Hexagonal  water Structured  Water   Reduced  Water Electrolysis  Reduced  Water  (ERW)   Ionic  Mineral  Water   Light  Water   Living  Water   Anti-­‐‑Aging  Water   Oxygenated  Water   Energized  Water Miracle  Water

Water  is  like  a  diamond,  and  it  has  all  these  properties  which  can  be  thought  of  as  the  different  facets  of  the  water  diamond. Alkaline   pH   is   just   one   of   these   facets,   the   most   easily  measured  facet  of  the  water  diamond  -­‐‑  hence  this  term  is  used  the  most. The   pH   facet   of   the   diamond   can   be   easily   checked   by   the  litmus  test  or  by  a  pH  meter  by  anyone. The  other   aspects   or   facets   of   good  water   such   as   the  Micro-­‐‑clusters,   colloidal   Mineral   content,   ORP   values   (show   if   the  water   is   reduced   or   oxidized),   bio-­‐‑energy   levels,   and   general  life  enhancing  qualities  are  less  easy  to  measure  and  quantify  by  the  average  person. Water  researchers,  particularly  in  Korea,  Japan  and  The  United  States  have  researched  all  these  aspects  of  ionized  alkaline  and  acid  waters.  The  Medical  Case  Studies  and  References  section  contains  a  selection  of  the  published  research  papers.

PRODUCTION  OF  ALKALINE  WATER Alkaline  water  can  be  produced  in  the  following  ways: 1.  With  a  Water  Ionizer 2.  By  passing  water  through  selected  Bio-­‐‑Ceramic  and  Bio-­‐‑stone  filters 3.  By  passing  water  through  magnetic  fields  -­‐‑  this  can  only  reduce  the  water  clusters  to  make  micro-­‐‑water. 4.  By  adding  alkaline  mineral  drops  to  ordinary  water  –  as  it  happens  in  the  case  of  the  use  of  ALKIOW  TM.

Alkaline  water   has   the   following   properties,  as  found  in  glacial  water,  that  are  not  present  in  ordinary  tap  or  filtered  water: Alkaline  pH  -­‐‑  pH  7.5  -­‐‑  9 Hydroxyl  ions   Micro-­‐‑clusters  -­‐‑  low  NMR   Colloidal  Minerals   Active  Hydrogen  -­‐‑  low  ORP The   discovery   of   ionized   water/micro-­‐‑water  closely   replicates   the   living   qualities   of   high  altitude   mountain   spring   water:   Fresh,  Invigorating,   Life   Enhancing,   Free   Radical  Scavenging  and  Delicious.

Alkaline   water   is   drinking   water   as   it   should   be,   and   as   it   is   in  natures  best  waters  like  glacial  waters.  If  you  measure  the  properties  of   glacier   water,   considered   the   very   best   drinking   water,   it   has  similar   properties   to   ionized  water   -­‐‑   alkaline   pH,   a   high   colloidal  mineral  content,  active  hydrogen  and  micro  clusters. In  nature  you  see  a  separation  of  water  into  acid  and  alkaline:  high  altitude  spring  waters  tend  to  be  alkaline  (for  drinking),  whereas  hot  spring  waters  are  acidic   (but  have  a   reputation   for   skin  cleansing).  Fresh  Evian  source  spring  water  for  example  is  alkaline  and  has  small  cluster  sizes. Ionized   alkaline   and   acid  waters   are   used   in   hospitals   and   clinics  throughout   Japan   and   South   Korea,   where   the   water   ionizers   are  classified   as   a   medical   devices,   specially   for   certain   uses  (therapeutic).

Ionized  water  is  considered  to  be  one  of  the  most  effective  and  easy  ways  for  your  body  to: Hydrate Alkalize  and Detoxify Alkaline  water  can  slowly  reverse  the  aging  process,  which  is  a  gradual  process  of  acid  waste  accumulation.  It  is  every  effective  because  the  water  penetrates  deeply  to  dissolve  and  remove  toxins  from  the  body. Acid  wastes  like  lactic  acid  that  are  insoluble  in  neutral  water  become  soluble  in  alkaline  water  and  so  can  be  removed  from  the  body  by  drinking  alkaline  water.

PROPERTIES  OF  ALKALINE  IONIZED  

WATER SCIENTIFIC & MEASURABLE

High  pH  -­‐‑  excess  Oxygen:  It  has  more  OH-­‐‑  ions  than  tap  or  acid  water.  Blood  pH  at  7.45  has  been  calculated  to  have  an  excess  oxygen  of  around  65%  at  pH  10,  in  the  stable  bias  form  as  compared  with  blood  at  pH  7.3.  At  pH  over  9,  alkaline  water  has  100'ʹs  times  more  excess  oxygen  than  tap  water  at  pH  around  7. Low  NMR  -­‐‑  Reduced  Water  :  The  water  molecules  clump  together  in  micro-­‐‑clusters  (measured  by  Nuclear  Magnetic  Resonance,  NMR).  This  makes  the  water  beker  at  penetrating  and  hydrating.  The  water  also  has  a  low  surface  tension  (measured  in  dynes).

High   Colloidal   Minerals:   The   ionization   converts   the  minerals   in   the   water   into   an   ionic   or   colloidal   form,  considered  the  best  bio-­‐‑active  form.   Every  OH-­‐‑  ion  will  be  bonded  with  an  ionic  mineral  like  calcium.   Each  glass   of   alkaline  water   has  many  billions   of   these  life   enhancing   molecules.   Remember,   just   dissolving  calcium  in  water  and  drinking  does  not  mean  that  your  body  will   assimilate   the   calcium   -­‐‑   your   body   can   only  assimilate  minerals  that  are  in  ionic  form.

Low   ORP   -­‐‑   Micro-­‐‑clusters   :   Abundance   of   electrons   which  make  it  a  powerfully  liquid  Anti-­‐‑Oxidant,  more  effective  than  vitamin   C   because   of   of   its   smaller   molecular   size,   and   it  doesn'ʹt  need  any  synergistic  elements. High  Bio-­‐‑Energy:  this  is  indicated  by  devices  that  measure  the  electric   frequency   of   substances.   Alkaline   water   is   alive,  charged,   life-­‐‑enhancing   as   opposed   to   tap   water   or   stored  bokled  water,  which  is  dead.

EFFECTS  of  ALKALINE  IONIZED  WATER

LITTLE BIG MIRACLES

Alkaline  water  has  many  reported  Miraculous  effects.  It  can  help  with  weight  loss,  help  the  body  detoxify,  reduce  the  aging  process,  help  in  cases  of  Diabetics  and  other  health  conditions,  provide  valuable  anti-­‐‑oxidants,  help  prevent  cancer,  help  with  skin  conditions  and  more. Nails  placed  in  ionized  alkaline  water  do  not  rust,  but  they  do  rust  in  tap  water,  and  in  acid  water  (such  as  Cola,  pH  2.5),  they  rust  (oxidize)  much  faster. Blood  cells  photographs  taken  over  a  period  of  six  months  of  drinking  alkaline  ionized  water  show  that  the  blood  cells  are  well  hydrated,  look  strong,  independent,  reflecting  the  overall  good  health  of  the  body

The  rodents  were  injected  with  malignant  skin  cancer,  separated  into  two  groups  and  the  growth  of  cancer  cells  measured.

Tumor  weight,  size  and  no  of  cancer  colonies  halved  for  rodents  fed  ionized  water  as  

compared  with  tap  water.

ALKALINE  IONIZED  WATER  is  LIFE

Live Water

Childhood  and  adult  skin  conditions  and  allergies  respond  well  with  ionized  water.  Skin  conditions  that  can  be  treated  include:  Eczema,  Dermatitis,  Skin  Rashes,  Psoriasis,  Athletes  Foot  and  Acne.   The  process  can  take  several  months,  but  there  are  no  side  effects    The  skin  condition  may  not  re-­‐‑occur  so  long  as  a  healthy  diet  with  plenty  alkaline  water  is  consumed.

Ionized  water  was  reported  to  have  restored  blood  sugar  levels  and  reduced  the  effects  of  Oxygen  free  radicals  in  the  body,  including  the  

Lungs,  Liver  and  Kidneys.

These  pictures  show  that  there  is  more  to  the  life  giving  properties  of  water  then  we  know.

You  are  well  advised  to  stay  clear  of  microwaved  foods,  and  also  mobile  phones  which  use  microwave  technology.  

Dr   Emoto   has   had   a  number   of   critics   from  some   scientists   that   can'ʹt  except   truth   when   it   is  placed   in   front   of   their  noses.   His   crit ics   are  c onv in c ed   t h a t   i t   i s  impossible   for   water   to  have   memory,   reflec t  t h o u g h t s ,   emo t i o n s ,  musical   vibrations   and   the  environment.

Please   read   the   Published   Alkaline   Water  Clinical  Studies  below  that  look  at  how  Ionized  Water  protects  DNA,  including: 1.  Electrolyzed-­‐‑Eeduced  Water  Protects  Against  Oxidative  Damage  to  DNA,  RNA,  and  Protein (Appl   Biochem   Biotechnol.   2006   Nov;135(2):133-­‐‑44) 2.   Electrolyzed-­‐‑Reduced   Water   Scavenges  Active  Oxygen  Species  and  Protects  DNA  from  Oxidative  Damage."ʺ (   Biochem   Biophys   Res   Commun.   1997   May  8;234(1):269-­‐‑74.) 3.  The  Mechanism  of  the  Enhanced  Antioxidant  Effects   Against   Superoxide   Anion   Radicals   of  Reduced  Water  Produced  by  Electrolysis."ʺ (Biophys  Chem.  2004  Jan  1;107(1):71-­‐‑82) 4.   Protective   Mechanism   of   Reduced   Water  Against   Alloxan-­‐‑Induced   Pancreatic   Beta-­‐‑cell  Damage:   Scavenging   Effect   Against   Reactive  Oxygen  Species (Cytotechnology,   Volume   40,   Numbers   1-­‐‑3,  2002,  pp.  139-­‐‑149(11))

pH  BALANCE What is it?

Our   blood  pH   should   ideally   by  7.365.   At   this   slightly   alkaline  pH   level  our   bodies   function   optimally.  Like  gravity,  we  are  continuously  pushed   towards  acidity   from   the  food   we   eat,   and   other   certain  e n v i r o nmen t a l   a n d   p u r e  physiological  conditions.   Even   if  we   consume   appropriate  and   near-­‐‑perfect   food,   the  digestion   process   will   always  create  organic  acid  wastes  which  we  will  need  to  remove.  

Long   term  acidity   is   like  rust;   it   corrodes  our   tissues,   veins   and   arteries.   It  interrupts   all   cellular   activity   from   the  beating  of  the  heart  to  the  way  we  think. Slightly   alkaline   blood   pH   ensures   that  micro-­‐‑organisms  remain  in  harmony  with  the   body.   When   the   pH   becomes   acidic  there   is   a   lack   of   oxygen  which   causes   a  proliferation   of   antagonistic,   anaerobic  microforms   to   appear.   The   acidic   body  becomes   a   breeding   ground   for   germs,  fungus   and   viruses.   They   consume   the  food  we  eat  and  leave  us  more  acid  waste  excrements!  Acidity  coagulates  blood  and  clogs  up  the  capillaries. Over-­‐‑acidity   interferes   with   life   itself,  leading   to   virtually   all   sickness   and  disease   including   heart   akacks   and  cancer,  premature  aging  and  obesity

Our   75   trillion   cells   are   slightly   acidic   within  and   are   surrounded   by   slightly   alkaline  interstitial   fluid   around   them.   This   polarity   is  essential   for   chemical   or   energy   interchange,  and   is   lost   with   acidity   -­‐‑   one   reason   why   so  many  people  lack  energy. Acidic   pH   interferes   with  mineral   absorption.  We  will  receive  no  iodine  unless  the  body  pH  is  almost   perfect   and   calcium   is   very   difficult   to  absorb  with  an  excessively  acid  body. Excess   acidity   weakens   all   our   systems   and  forces   the   body   to   take   minerals   from   vital  organs  and  bones   to  buffer/neutralize   the  acid  and  safely   remove   it   from   the  body.  The  body  creates   cholesterol   (faky   deposits)   to   safely  store   deadly   crystallized   acid   wastes   away  from   vital   organs   of   liver,   heart   and   kidney.  ‘Obesity   is   an   acid   problem,   the   fat   is   saving  our  lives'ʹ  explains  Dr  Robert  Young.

Acid  vs.  Alkaline The Living Fight for Equilibrium

Water  with  more  OH-­‐‑  ions  is  alkaline,  water  with  more  H+  ions  is  acidic,  and  water  is  neutral  if  they  are  equal. It  is  the  OH-­‐‑  ions  that  carry  the  life  giving  and  life  enhancing  properties  of  water.  The  H+  water  state  is  a  deficient  state,  deficient  in  oxygen  and  deficient   in   electrons.  Energetically   speaking,  you  can   say   that  high  H+  water   (acidic   water)   is   lacking   in   energy,   which   in   the   case   of   ionized  water  has  been  transferred  to  the  OH-­‐‑  ions.

The  pH  of  water  is  a  measure  of  the  quantity  of  H+  ions  in  it;   if   this   quantity   is   high   the   pH   is   low   and   the   water   is  acidic;   if   the   OH-­‐‑   levels   are   high,   the   pH   is   high   and   the  water  is  Alkaline.  Ordinary  or  distilled  water  is  neutral  (pH  7),   sugary   soft   drinks   like   Colas   are   acidic   (pH   2.5)   and  Ionized  Alkaline  Water  has  a  high  pH  (around  10).

OH-­‐‑  ions  are  a  form  of  oxygen,  a   stable   form   as   it   is   bonded  with  an  alkaline  mineral.  When  two   such   molecules   combine  they   produce   a   molecule   of  water,   the  organic  mineral  and  pure   oxygen.   All   three   are  absolutely   essential   for   your  body. You   get   all   three   when   you  drink   ionized   alkaline   water:  water,   oxygen,   and   ionic  alkaline  minerals. The   bubbles   in   acidic   soft  drinks   are   carbon   dioxide  which   forms   carbonic   acid,   a  waste  product  in  the  body.  The  bubbles   seen   in   Ionized   water  are   pure   oxygen,   which   the  body  needs.

Reasons  to  Drink  ALKIOWater?

All of us are important.

We   need   to   drink   2-­‐‑3   liters   of   good   quality  water;   this   is  an  essential  requirement  for  our  body.   We   lose   around   1.5   liters   a   day   from  sweat,   urine   and   breath.   Most   of   us   don'ʹt  because  it'ʹs  difficult  to  drink  tap  water  -­‐‑  it  just  doesn'ʹt  taste  good,  is  heavy  on  the  stomach  so  we   just  don'ʹt  drink  enough.  As  a   result,  most  of  us  are  dehydrated  and  don'ʹt  even  know  it. We  often  mistake   the   thirst  signal   for  hunger,  and  overeat. There   are  many   reasons   for   drinking   ionized  water,  but  for  me  the  most  important  reason  is  that   it   allows   you   to   drink   the   required   2-­‐‑3  liters   of   water   a   day   very   easily.   The   other,  some  what  magical  properties  are  a  plus.

Ionized   water   is   light   water,  very   easy   to  drink.  This   is   the  first   thing   you   will   notice  when   you   drink   it.   It   is  considered  the  best  water  you  can   drink;   water   as   it   should  be;   pure,   fresh,   invigorating,  life   enhancing   and   delicious.  Ionized   water   is   like   having  pure   water   from   the   high  Himalayas  or  the  Alps  on  tap.

Ionized  water  has   been   shown   to   be  more  effective  then  ordinary  water  in  removing   acid   wastes   from   your  body  which   cause   Toxemia,   the   root  cause  of  all  degenerative  diseases  like  cancer.   It   is   up   to   six   times   more  hydrating   then   ordinary   water  because   of   the   smaller   size   of   the  water   clusters,   allowing   the  water   to  penetrate  deeply  and  hydrate  all   the  cells   in   your   body   if   you   drink  enough  of  it. Not  only  does  it  tastes  good,  ionized  water  also  gives  you  countless  health  benefits   such   as   slowing   down   or  reversing   the   aging   process,   giving  you   more   energy,   giving   your   cells  and   tissues   an   alkaline   boost,   and  helping   you   to   detox   by   dissolving  and   removing   the  acid  poisons   from  your  body.

Most   of   all   though,   alkaline  water  will  allow  you  to  drink  the  required  2-­‐‑3  liters  of  clean  water   that   your   body   needs,  which   is   difficult   to   do   with  tap  or  other  waters. A l l   t h e   o t h e r   b en efi t s  m e n t i o n e d   h e r e   a n d  elsewhere   from   drinking  alkaline  water  are  a  plus.

Water  Facts We Love Water

Water  is  the  number  one  nutrient.  It  is  essential  for  life We  are  over  70%  water,  and  water  is  required  for  virtually  every  cellular  function. Studies   show   that   75%   of   Americans   are   chronically   dehydrated   and  virtually  everyone  in  the  U.S.  has  one  or  more  toxic  chemicals   lodged  in  faky   tissue   as   a   result   of   ingestion   of   tap   water;   53   million  Americans  drink  water  containing  potentially  dangerous  levels  of  chloro-­‐‑  and  fluoro-­‐‑chemicals,   lead,   fecal  bacteria,  as  well  as  pesticides  and  other   impurities  associated  with  cancer  and  metabolic  dysfunction. In   37%   of   Americans,   the   thirst   mechanism   is   so   weak   that   it   is   often  mistaken  for  hunger.

One  glass  of  water  deters  hunger  pangs  for  98%  of  the  dieters  observed  in  a  University  of  Washington  study. The  biggest  trigger  of  daytime  fatigue  is  lack  of  water. Research  indicates  that  8-­‐‑10  glasses  of  water  a  day  could  ease  back  and  joint  pain  for  up  to  80%  of  sufferers. A  mere  2%  drop  in  body  water  can  trigger  fuzzy  short-­‐‑term  memory,   trouble  with  basic  math,  and  difficulty  focusing  on  the  computer  screen  or  on  a  printed  page. Drinking  5  glasses  of  water  daily  decreases  the  risk  of  colon  cancer  by  45%,  breast  cancer  by  79%,  and  bladder  cancer  by  50%.

Alakline  Ionized  Water Probably the most important health discovery within the

modern era (XXth Century and beyond)

There  are  two  things  to  remember  when  it  comes  to  water: It'ʹs  the  most  important  substance  to  all  life  on  this  planet Our  bodies  are  made  up  of  more  than  70%  water. Distilled,   reverse   osmosis,   spring,   bokled,   tap   and   mineral   are   all  water.  But   is   all  water   the   same  or   even   similar?   Is  one  beker   than  another?  Volumes  have  been  wriken  on  the  subject.   But  the  facts  are  facts… Ionized  water  is  different  than  any  of  the  aforementioned  waters.  It   has   twelve   different   properties   to   it   that   no   other   water   (save  glacier  milk)  has.  Here  are  a  few  differences:   Ionized   water   is   hexagonally   shaped   (like   a   snowflake).   It   is  considered   to   be   the   healthiest   water   in   the  world   to   drink.   [Fish,  plankton   or   algae   quickly   die   in   de-­‐‑ionized,   distilled   pentagonal  water].

Ionized  water  is  structured  water  with  hydrogen  bonding.  All  bio-­‐‑  mechanical  processes  of  the  human  body  function  at   the   cellular   level.   It   is   the   hydrogen   bonding   of  structured   water   that   provides   the   greatest   support   for  these  vital  processes.   Ionized  water   is   living  water.  All  electrons   in  water  either  spin   to   the   left  or   the  right.  High  speed  of   the   left   spin  of  electrons  is  considered  to  substantiate  that  the  water  is  vital  and  alive.  Only  ionized  water  has  this  quality.   Ionized   water   is   the   only   water   that   has   a   low   surface  tension.  Surface  tension  is  measured  in  dynes.  This  allows  for  greater  absorption  of  water  and  nutrients  into  the  body.  

Ionized  water  has  a  very  alkaline  pH.  It  can  be  from  100  to  thousands  times   more   alkaline   than   all   the   aforementioned   waters.   Alkaline  water  removes  acidosis   from  the  body,   the  environment   in  which  all  diseases  dwell,  as  well  as  the  cause  of  most  diseases.   Ionized  water   has   Super  Conductive   properties.  Only   ionized  water  holds  an  electrical  charge.  This  is  what  gives  water  it'ʹs  vitality.   Ionized  water  is  in  clusters  of  4  to  6  H20  molecules.  Nuclear  Magnetic  Resonance  has  shown  that  this  is  one  third  that  of  other  waters,  which  has   clusters   of   10   to   15  molecules.   This   cluster   reduction  helps   cells  absorb  ionized  water  quickly  and  efficiently.  

Ionized  water   is   ‘pure'ʹ  or   ‘virgin'ʹ  water.  Everything  water  has  been  exposed  to  leaves  an  electromagnetic  frequency  signature  or  imprint.  Negative   frequencies   (example:   is   your   tap  water   recycled   sewage  like   in  most  major   cities?)   are   associated  with   diseases   like   cancer.  Ionized   water   is   virgin   water   because   the   EMF   (electromagnetic  frequencies)  have  been  ‘reset'ʹ.   Ionized   water   has   millions   of   hydroxyl   ions   per   glass.   No   other  water   has   this   incredible   benefit.  Hydroxyl   ions   ‘neutralize'ʹ   cancer  causing  and  destructive  free  radicals  in  the  body.   Ionized  water   oxygenates   the   body  via   an   increase   in   the  Oxygen/  Hydrogen  angle.  All  other  water  is  void  of  this  benefit.  

Ionized   water   has   positive   polarity.  Almost   all   other   waters  are  negative  in  their  polarity.  Only  positive  polarity  water  can  efficiently   flush   out   toxins   and   poisons   in   the   body   at   the  cellular  level.   Ionized  water  is  highly  positive  charged.  This  allows  the  cells  to   efficiently   transmit   photons   to   each   other.   This   allows  productive  vital  cell  to  cell  communication.   Ionized  Water  is  thousands  times  more  healthful  to  your  body  than  any  other  water.  And  the  proof  "ʺis  in  the  pudding"ʺ  so  to  speak.   Everyone   who   drinks   ionized   water,   either   in   it'ʹs  natural   state   as   glacier   milk,   or   from   a   properly   built   and  functioning  water  ionizer,  lives  in  a  state  of  health  light  years  beyond  those  that  don'ʹt.

Ionized  water  is  thousands  times  more  healthful  to  your  body  than  any   other  water.  And   the   proof   "ʺis   in   the   pudding"ʺ   so   to   speak.  Everyone  who  drinks   ionized  water,   either   in   it'ʹs  natural   state   as  glacier  milk,  or  from  a  water  ionizer,  lives  in  a  state  of  health  light  years  beyond  those  that  don'ʹt. Did   you   know   that   average   life   expectancy   of   those   that  exclusively  drink  glacier  milk  is  over  110  years  of  age,  and  the  15%  of   the   population   of   Japan   that   drinks   ionized  water   from  water  ionizers   have   a   10  plus   year   longer   life   expectancy   than   those   in  the  United  States?  And  they  have  been  drinking  the  ionized  water  for   an   average   of   only   12   years!   Just   think   if   they   would   have  started  drinking   ionized  water   from  birth!  They  would   live   to  be  120  or  more! One   glass   of   Ionized   water   can   hydrate   your   body   beker   than  gallons  of  any  other  water.

Ionized   water   alkalizes   your   body   beker   than   the   only   other  method  (eating  a  100%  organic  and  raw  vegetarian  diet). Ionized  water  removes  damaging  free-­‐‑radicals   from  your  body  more  efficiently  than  consuming  bokles  of  vitamin  C! Ionized  water  oxygenates  your  body  more  effectively   than  any  other  ‘oxygen'ʹ  therapy. Ionized   water   can   flush   toxins   and   poisons   out   of   your   body  beker  and  with  considerably  less  negative  effects  than  any  other  detox  program/protocol. Cancer,  obesity,  high  blood  pressure,  diabetes,  arthritis,  kidney/  renal   disease,   cardiovascular   disease,   ad   infinitum,   are   all  slowed,   stopped,   and   in   most   circumstances   reversed   when  drinking  ionized  water.

Free  Radicals  O.R.P.

Does it sound to you?

Free  radicals  are  very  reactive  substances  that  damage  the  cells  of  our  bodies;  they  have  been  described  as  public  enemy  number  1  and  the  cause  of  aging.  If  you  cut  an  apple  and  leave  it,  it  turns  brown.  This  is  because  of  the  action  of  free  radicals  and  oxidation.  What  stops  this  oxidation   from   happening   substances   known   as   anti-­‐‑oxidants   like  Vitamin   C   and   E   that   donate   an   electron,   in   effect   sacrificing  themselves  to  protect  you. Free   radicals   are   deficient   in   electrons,   so   they   steal   electrons   (and  energy)   from   others,   which   starts   of   a   chain   reaction.   There   is  evidence  that  Ionized  Alkaline  Water  is  a  very  powerful  anti-­‐‑oxidant. Ionized   Alkaline   Water   when   measured   with   an   ORP   (oxidation  reduction  potential)  meter  shows  an  abundance  of  electrons  that  can  counter  act  the  effects  of  free  radicals.

Ionized   Alkaline   Water   (also  called   Reduced   Water   for   this  reason)   has   a   negative   redox  potential  of  approximately  -­‐‑250  to  -­‐‑350  mV. This  means  it  has  a  large  mass  of  electrons   ready   to   donate   to  electron-­‐‑thieving  active  oxygen  in  the  form  of  free  radicals. Tap  water  has  an  ORP  or  redox  of  +400  to  +500  mV.  Because  it  has  a  positive   redox   potential,   it   is   apt  to   acquire   electrons   and   oxidize  other   molecules,   and   then   rob  your  body  of  electrons  in  the  form  of   energy.   For   more   information,  read   the   micro-­‐‑water   article   by  Dr.  Hayashi.

Hunza? Wait, wait, I have not a clue what you´re talking about!

Alkaline   ionized  water   is  called   'ʹLiving  Water'ʹ.   It   is  similar   in  atomic  structure   to   the  waters   that   the  people  of  Hunza  drink  directly   from  glacial   streams   in   the   high   Himalayas.   It   is   fresh,   invigorating,   life  enhancing,  free  radical  scavenging  and  delicious. The  Hunza  have  the   longest   life  span   in   the  world  and  this  has  been  traced  as  related  to  the  water  that  they  drink  and  their  natural  diet. Hunza  water  is  an  example  of  perfect  natural  water.  Hunza  has  people  who  routinely   live   to  120-­‐‑140  years,   in  good  health  with  virtually  no  cancer,   degenerative   disease,   dental   caries   or   bone   decay.   Hunza  people   remain   robust   and   strong   and   are   also   able   to   bear   children  even   in   old   age.   Research   has   proven   conclusively   that   the   major  common  denominator  of   the  healthy   long-­‐‑living  people   is   their   local  water.

Dr.   Henri   Coanda,   the   Romanian   father   of   fluid   dynamics   is  believed  to  be  the  first  scientist  to  study  the  physical  properties  of   Hunza   water   to   determine   what   it   was   in   this   water   that  caused   such   beneficial   effects   for   the   body.   His   studies  suggested  that  Hunza  glacier  water  appeared  to  have  a  different  viscosity  and  surface  tension  then  normal  city  water. Dr.   Patrick   Flanagan   and   others   picked   up   on   this   research.  They  found  Hunza  water  had  a  high  alkaline  pH  (high  mineral  content)  and  a  high  amount  of  active  hydrogen  (hydrogen  with  an  extra  electron),  with  a  high  negative  Redox  Potential  (ORP). Similar   natural   water   properties   and   longevity   are   found   in  other  remote  unpolluted  places  such  as   the  Shin-­‐‑Chan  areas  of  China,  the  Caucasus  in  Azerbaijan,  and  in  the  Andes  Mountains.

What  we´ve  done? Our research and discovery

We´ve   got   interest   in   research   ,   and   our   lead  scientists   resolved   the   mysteries   behind   the  pure  healthy,  natural  energized  water   from  the  Himalayas  and  other   fountains  of  youth  as   the  Alps. We´ve   discovered   the   natural-­‐‑mineral   water  revolution,  as  ALKIOW  TM  is,  in  effect.

Thus  far,  ALKIOW  TM,  represent  the  only  natural,  wholly  organic  &  mineral  bio-­‐‑reactive  method,  with   enough   capacity   to   transform  water   into   alkaline  ionized   water   under   our   special   formula   patented   and   our   manufacturing  method   protected   as   industrial   secret.   From   these   two   discoveries,   we   are  elaborating   a   product   with   a   certain   number   of   applications   and   uses,   a  number  of  others  under  research  at  the  present  time,  and  some  other,  certainly  to  discover.  Lifelong  learning,  research  and  an  immense  curiosity  to  unveil  the  natural  secrets  and  presents  that  Mother  Nature  is  giving  us  from  the  past  and  everyday,  even  conscious  or  not,  about  their  real  and  deep  value. This  is  part  of  our  philosophy  of  evolution  and  innovation.   This   is   why   ND   Pharma   &   Biotech   exists,   and   is   called   to   be   a   leading  company.

ND  Pharma  &  Biotech Home of ALKIOW TM

Alkiow  TM Recreating Hunza Water Composition…

A Challenge and an Adventure!

In  the  late  40'ʹs  and  early  50'ʹs  there  was  a  lot  of  interest  amongst  researchers   on   the   health   of   the   Hunza   mountainous   people  living   in   the   foothills   of   the   Himalayas.   They   showed   likle  disease,   no   tooth   decay,   very   long   life   spans   and   robust   health  even   in   old   age.   Researchers   wanted   to   establish   what   could  account  for  it.  They  concluded  that  it  could  be  due  to  the  Hunza  diet,  in  particular  the  glacier  water  that  they  drank,  as  well  as  the  clean  air  and  natural  diet. The  properties  of  Hunza  water  were  studied  in  depth.  In  efforts  to   recreate   this   'ʹmagical'ʹ   Hunza   water,   Japanese   scientists  investigated   Russian   electrolysis   technology.   They   found   that  electricity   could   be   used   to   re-­‐‑structure   the   water,   giving   it  properties  similar  to  Hunza  water.

This  was  the  birth  of  Japanese  functional  water  technology,  first  developed  in  Japan   in   the   early   1950'ʹs.   The   used   electricity   and  magnets   to   improve   the  qualities  of  water.  They  conducted  experiments,  first  on  plants  and  animals,  and  found  significant  differences  as  compared  to  tap  water  in  terms  of  growth  and   general   health.   Animals   and   plants   remember   are   not   subject   to   the  placebo   effect.   Full   scale   experiments   were   started   by   several   agricultural  universities  in  1954.  Experiments  on  the  human  body  followed,  conducted  by  Japanese  doctors. Satisfied   with   the   experimental   results,   large   ionizers   were   built   in  coordination   with   the   Japanese   Government.   The   first   ionizers   built   were  large  units  used  in  Japanese  Hospitals  in  the  early  60'ʹs. Following   efforts   by   Japanese  medical   doctors   and   agriculture   doctors,   the  water   ionizer   was   approved   for   medical   therapeutics   by   the   Japanese  Ministry  of  Health  and  Rehabilitation   in   January  1966.  Later   they  were  also  approved  as  medical  devices  by  the  government  of  South  Korea. Some  30  million  people   in   Japan  have  used  a  water   ionizer  over   the   last   40  years.

Bio-­‐‑Active  Ions  from  Minerals?

Yeah! It´s Nature in Action.

When  water   ionizes,   the  OH-­‐‑   ions  bond  with  minerals   such   as   calcium.   In   this   form   the  Calcium  is  in  'ʹIonic'ʹ  or  'ʹColloidal'ʹ  form. The  body  can  only  absorb  minerals  that  are  in  colloidal  form. The   colloidal   minerals   in   Ionized   Alkaline  Water  will  depend  upon  the  water  supply,  and  include   Calcium,   Magnesium,   Sodium,  Potassium,   Iron   and  Manganese.   This   means  that  you  get  the  beneficial  OH-­‐‑  oxygen  ions  as  well  the  ionic  minerals  in  the  same  drink. The   minerals   in   soft   drinks   like   colas   are  mostly  phosphorus  in  the  form  of  phosphoric  acid  which  is  destructive  to  health. Acidic  colas  dissolve  teeth  and  bones;  Ionized  Alkaline  Water  helps  rebuild  teeth  and  bones.

Alkaline  Water  electrolytes The  electrolytes,  or  mineral  elements  that  are  found  in  water  that  conducts  electricity,  fall  into  the  following  classification:   Positive  Electrolytes  (M+)  Negative  Electrolytes  (X-­‐‑)   Ca++  Calcium                                CO3-­‐‑Carbonic   Mg++  Magnesium Cl-­‐‑Chlorine Na++  Sodium                                SO4-­‐‑Sulfuric K+  Potassium Fe++  Iron Mn4  Manganese The  positive  electrolytes  present  in  the  water  are  delivered  in  an  ionic  form  as  part  of  the  Ionized  Alkaline  Water.

Hexagonal  Water  Blood  Cells  Hydration

Three Concepts One Wholly Truth

Tap   water,   and   static,   dead   water   molecules  tend   to   clump   together   to   form   clusters   of  12-­‐‑13  water  molecules.  This  water  clumping  is  a   nuisance   as   it   restricts   how  well   the  water  can  penetrate  the  cells  in  your  body. When   water   is   ionized,   these   clusters   are  reduced   to   half   their   size,   and   thus   the  hydrating   properties   of   water   are   improved.  Ionized   water   has   predominantly   six  molecule  or  hexagonal  cluster  'ʹstructure'ʹ. This   is   something   that   you   feel   immediately  after  drinking  Ionized  water  -­‐‑  it  seems  to  just  disappear,  and  there   is  not   the  same   'ʹbloated  tummy'ʹ   feel   that   you   get   after   drinking   tap  water.   Somehow,   passing   water   through  electricity  seems  to  reset  the  cluster  sizes. This   effect   lasts   for   1-­‐‑2   months   in   storage,  after  which   the  water  clusters   revert   to  12-­‐‑13  molecules.

The   smaller   cluster   sizes   explains   why  ionized  water   is   'ʹweker'ʹ;   it   has   less   surface  tension,  and  can  penetrate  dehydrated  body  tissues  much  more  effectively. Blood,  which  is  mostly  water,  is  also  'ʹweker'ʹ  -­‐‑  if  blood  falls  on  clothes,  it  readily  soaks  it,  you  don'ʹt  get  droplets  as  you  do  with  water.  This   is   because   blood   has   less   surface  tension. Naturopaths   that   have   taken   photographs  of   blood   cells,   clearly   see   the   benefits   of  ionized  water  at  a  cellular  level,  and  advice  their  clients  to  get  a  water  ionizer  and  drink  ionized  water  daily. A  UK  microscopist  says   that   the  hydrating,  anti-­‐‑coagulating   effects   of   alkaline   ionized  water   can   be   seen   in   the   live   blood   cell  images  in  15  minutes.

Water  Structuration? I´ve never hear that thing!

Scientists   using   NMR   (nuclear   magnetic  resonance)  values  believe  that  the  water  created  by  ionization,  the  natural  water  found  in  springs  and  glaciers  and  much  of  the  water  in  our  bodies  has  a  hexagonal   arrangement   of   its   clusters.   This  hexagonal  water  is  also  called  Structured  Water. Remember,  this   'ʹStructure  Water'ʹ   is  dynamic  -­‐‑  the  molecules   actually   perform   a   dance,   but   when  viewed   at   any   given   instance,   they   display   a  hexagonal   structure   or   arrangement   of   the  molecules. Water   clusters   have   been   photographed   by  crystallizing   the   water   by   Massaru   Emoto   and  described  in  his  book  "ʺThe  Messages  from  Water"ʺ. Dr   Emoto   became   intrigued   when   he   was  introduced  to  micro-­‐‑clustered  water,  and  also  was  told   that   every   snow   flake   was   different.   He  wondered  if  water  could  be  micro-­‐‑clustered,  what  shapes   would   these   clusters   have?   Would   it   be  possible  to  see  them?

Dr  Emoto  devised  a  way  to  photograph  the  water  clusters  by  freezing  the  water  and  taking  pictures  of  the  crystals  formed.  Look  at  the  images  and  decide  for  yourself  what  message,  if  any,  the  water  crystals  are  sending  out. Initially,  no  one  in  Japan  would  publish  his  book,  so  he  self-­‐‑published   the  pictures,   initially   for   friends.  Word  of  mouth  spread,  and  countless  people  all  over  the  world  have  seen  his  pictures.  The  Messages  from  Water  is  now  on  the  New  York  Times  best  seller  list! Here  are  some  of  his  pictures:  Images  of  Water  Crystals  . It  is  sensible  to  assume  that  the  best  drinking  water  would  be  hexagonal  structured  water  -­‐‑  but  is  there  any  evidence? Yes,  there  is  evidence  from  research  conducted  in  Korea  that  our  body  actually  prefers  hexagonal  water.  This  is  shown  in  Dr.   Mu   Shik   Jhon   book:   "ʺ   The   Water   Puzzle   and   the  Hexagonal  Key  -­‐‑  Scientific  Evidence  of  Hexagonal  Water  and  its  positive  influence  on  health!  "ʺ

I  have  had  people   tell  me  that  "ʺWater  does  not   form  clusters,  and  if  it  did  we'ʹd  be  dead.  And  devices  sold  that  allegedly  produce  such  waters  are  scams!  "ʺ There  are  a  number  of  products  (often  sold  via  multi-­‐‑level  or  pyramid  marketing)   that  make  various  such  claims  -­‐‑  which  seem  to  be  dubious,  agreed.  However,  this  does  not  mean   that   the  research  by  people  such  as  Dr  Shik  Jhon  is  flawed.  There  is  some  50+  years  of  Japanese  research  (much  that  has  not  been  translated  into  English,  but  some  has)   that  has  been  conducted  on   ionized   micro-­‐‑clustered   water   -­‐‑   for   references  search  for  Japanese  Functional  Water. The   'ʹhexagonal'ʹ  water   that   these  and  other   scientists  are   researching   is   a   soft,   moving   water   'ʹclustering'ʹ  phenomena   that   is   continually   changing;   our  thoughts   are   able   to   change   it.   The   research   is   not  related   to   any   device   that   is   pyramid   marketed   as  being  able  to  produce  such  water.

What  we   know   is   that   hexagonal   crystals   are   formed  when  water   is   frozen  (such  as  a  a  snowflake);  we  also  know   from   NMR   values   that   electricity   appears   to  reduce   these   clusters,   a   property   that   lasts   for   1-­‐‑2  months,   after   which   stored   water   reverts   to   12-­‐‑13  clusters. Massaru   Emoto'ʹs   photographs   are   the   first   evidence  that  water  responds  to  or  reflects  our  thoughts.  As  we  are   mostly   water,   this   means   that   if   you   have   loving  thoughts,  these  will  change  the  cells  in  your  body  and  the  water   clusters   in   your   body  will   reflect   this   love.  Conversely,  thoughts  of  hate,  fear,  and  so  on  will  create  the  corresponding  nasty  looking,  toxic  'ʹclusters'ʹ  in  your  body.  This  could  be   the  primary  cause  of  all   ill  health  and  disease. Dr.  Yang  H.  Oh,  a  biochemist  with  a  Phd  from  Harvard  Medical   School,   and  Gil-­‐‑Ho  Kim  have  wriken   a   book  based  on  the  research  of  the  late  Dr.  Mu  Shik  Jhon.  The  research  explains  that  the  clustering  of  water  molecules  is   significant   and   that   our   body   needs   hexagonal  structured   water:   Miracle   Molecular   Structure   of  Water:  Human  Body  Loves  Hexagonal  Water.

World  Water  Crisis And other hidden dangers…

Tap  Water What we are paying for?

Water   is   the  universal   solvent.  This   is  a  double  edged  sword   -­‐‑  on  the  one  hand  it  can  dissolve  and  remove  the  toxins  from  our  body,  but  it  can  also  collect  all  kinds  of  toxins  on  its  way  to  our  tap   as   a   result   of   industrial   pollution.   Dangerous   pollutants  such  as  toxic  metals  like  lead  and  mercury,  pesticides,  industrial  solvents,   arsenic,   nitrate   and   estrogen   mimics   (endocrine  disrupters)  are  entering  our  water  supplies. Hundreds  of   toxins  have  been  detected   in  our  drinking  water.  The  water  authorities  can  not  remove  all  these  as  it  would  be  far  too  expensive.  There  is  not  a  water  system  in  the  world  that  has  the   time,  manpower,   money   or   capability   to   check   for   all   the  dangerous  pollutants  now  being  found  in  our  water  supplies.  It  would  be  an  impossible  task.

Water   authorities   also   deliberately   add   poisons  to   the   water   to   kill   germs   and   allegedly   to  protect   children'ʹs   teeth!     Fluoride   is   a   toxic   by  product   that   was   used   by   the   Nazis   in   the  concentration   camps   because   it   made   the  inmates  obedient  and  docile. Most  drinking  water   is   chlorinated.   It   has   been  known   for   over   25  years  now   that   chlorine  has  direct   links   to   some   very   serious   health  problems.   Chlorinated   water   contains   cancer-­‐‑causing   compounds   called   trihalomethanes.  Studies   by   the   National   Cancer   Institute   have  shown   that   drinking   chlorinated   water   can  double   your   risk   of   developing   bladder   cancer  and   have   linked   it   to   increased   rates   of   colon,  rectal   cancer   and   heart   disease.   Water   treated  with   chlorine   also   destroys   vitamin   E   stores   in  the  body,   leading   to  mitral   valve  problems   and  other  heart  problems.

With  the  level  of  toxins  in  our  drinking  water,  I  think  that  it  is  essential  to   install  a  water  purification  system  that  purifies  our  drinking  water  at  point  of  use.  Remember,  a  water  ionizer  does  much  more  then  just  remove  the  toxins  present  in  drinking  water.

Mineral  or  distilled? None of Both!

As   it'ʹs   kept   in   plastic   bokles   for   long   periods,   some   of   the  harmful,   carcinogenic   substances   in  plastic   get   into   the  water.  Also,   studies   have   shown   that   many   mineral   water   bokles  contain   more   contaminants   then   tap   water.   It'ʹs   best   to   get  mineral  water  in  glass  bokles  or  purify  the  water  at  point  of  use  which  would  be  much  cheaper  when  you  use  lots  of  it.   What'ʹs  wrong  with  Distilled  Water? Distilled  water   can  be  used   to   top  up  car  bakeries,  but   it'ʹs  no  good  as  drinking  water  because  it   lacks  the  minerals  we  need,  and  can  cause  the  leaching  of  minerals  from  the  body.  Fish  and  Plankton  cannot  live  in  distilled  water.

What'ʹs  wrong  with  charcoal  filtered  water? We  would  say  that   if  you  don'ʹt  drink  ALKIOWater,   this  would  be  your  best  bet,  but  once  you  try  alkaline  water  water  you'ʹll  never  go  back!  A  couple  of  points  to  bear  in  mind  are: You  need  a  good  1  micron,  multi-­‐‑phase  filter,  and  you  must  change  the  filter  regularly Almost  all  charcoal  filters  acidify  the  water  (check  it'ʹs  pH) Water  filtration  is  a  small,  minor  part  of  what  a  water  ionizer  does;  however,  the  Bio-­‐‑stone  filters  that  come  with  the  latest  Royal  Water  ionizers  are  probably  as  good  if  not  beker  then  any  other  charcoal  filter  in  the  market.  Bio-­‐‑stone  filters  are: 1  micron,  multi-­‐‑phase,  hollow  fiber,  activated  charcoal  filters Have  a  layer  of  Coral  Calcium Have  a  layer  of  Tourmaline  Ceramic The   running/replacement   cost   is   significantly   less   then   any   other  filter.

Do  you  know  this  guy? Sounds familiar,…uhmm?

Oko  Warburg  and  the  Real  Cause  of  Cancer?

An unknown Nobel Prize History?

Dr  Oko  Warburg  discovered  the  real  cause  of  cancer  in  1923  and  he  received  the  Nobel  Prize  for  doing  so  in  1931.  Dr  Warburg  has  made  it  clear  that  the  prime  cause  of  cancer  is  oxygen  deficiency  (brought  about  by  Toxemia).   In   this   lecture  he  explains   that   though  there  are  many  secondary  causes  of  cancer,  there  is  only  ONE  primary  cause. A  primary  cause  is  one  that  is  observed  in  ALL  cases  of  cancer. Dr   Warburg   discovered   that   cancer   cells   are   anaerobic   (do   not  breathe  oxygen)  and  cannot  survive  in  the  presence  of  high  levels  of  oxygen.  He  discovered  that  cancer  cells  have  a  metabolism  similar  to  plant  cells  -­‐‑  they  seem  to  revert  to  this  more  elementary  form  when  deprived  of  oxygen.

"ʺAll  normal  cells  have  an  absolute  requirement  for  oxygen,  but  cancer  cells  can  live  without  

oxygen  -­‐‑  a  rule  without  exception."ʺ   Dr.  Oko  Warburg

"ʺDeprive  a  cell  35%  of  its  oxygen  for  48  hours  and  

it  may  become  cancerous."ʺ

Dr.  Oko  Warburg.

Cancerous   tissues   are   acidic,   whereas   healthy   tissues   are  alkaline.  Water  contains  H+  and  OH-­‐‑  ions,  if  there  is  an  access  of  H+,   it   is   acidic;   if   there   is   an   access   of  OH-­‐‑   ions,   then   it   is  alkaline.  Lack  of  Oxygen  and  Acidity  are   the   two  sides  of   the  same  coin.  Presence  of   cellular  Oxygen  and  Alkalinity  are   the  two  sides  of  the  other  coin  -­‐‑  healthy  cells  are  alkaline,  sick  cells  are  acidic. High   acidic   levels   encourage  morbid,   cancerous   growth;   high  alkaline  levels  encourage  healthy  cell  growth. As   alkaline   water   provides   Alkalinity   and   excess   Oxygen   to  cells,  many  experts  are  suggesting  that  alkaline  water  may  help  prevent  cancer.

Scientific  Support Who needs more?

1.  Influences  of  alkaline  ionized  water  on  milk  yield,  body  weight  of  offspring  and  perinatal  dam  in  rats.   J  Toxicol  Sci.  1998  Dec;23(5):365-­‐‑71.  Watanabe  T  ,  Pan  I  ,  Fukuda  Y  ,  Murasugi  E  ,  Kamata  H  ,  Uwatoko  K  .   Department  of  Veterinary  Physiological  Chemistry,  College  of  Bioresource  Sciences,  Nihon  University,  Kanagawa,  Japan.   The   authors   previously   reported   that   male   offspring   of   mothers   rats   given   alkaline   ionized   water  (AKW)  showed  a  significantly  higher  body  weight  by  day  14  after  birth  than  did  offspring  of  mother  rats   given   tap   water   (TPW);   furthermore,   marked   myocardial   necrosis   and   fibrosis   were   observed  particularly  in  the  former  male  offspring  at  the  age  of  15  weeks.  In  the  present  experiment  we  looked  for  differences   in  bioparameters,   namely   the  milk  yield  of  mothers   and   suckled  milk  volume  of   the  offspring,  between  the  AKW-­‐‑  and  the  TPW-­‐‑treated  groups  in  order  to  reveal  the  factors  which  cause  the   unusual   body  weight   gain   in   the   offspring.   Even   though  we  were   able   to   repeat   our   previous  observation  (the  body  weight  of  the  male  offspring  of  the  AKW  group  increased  significantly  more  by  day  14  and  20  after  birth  and  of  the  female  by  day  20  after  birth  than  did  that  of  the  TPW  group  (p  <  0.05),  no  significant  difference  was  noted  in  any  of  the  bioparameters,  including  those  related  to  milk  production   and   consumption.   It   is   thus   suspected   that   the   water-­‐‑hydrated   cation,   which   was  transferred  either  to  the  fetus  through  the  placenta  or  to  the  offspring  through  the  milk,  might  be  the  cause  of  the  unusual  body  weight  increase.  Since  calcium  plays  an  important  role  in  skeletal  formation,  it  is  tentatively  concluded  that  the  higher  calcium  concentration  of  AKW  enriched  the  mother,  serum  calcium  which  was  transferred  to  the  fetus  through  the  placenta  and  to  the  offspring  through  the  milk.   PMID:  9922938  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

2.  Histopathological  influence  of  alkaline  ionized  water  on  myocardial  muscle  of  mother  rats.   J  Toxicol  Sci.  1998  Dec;23(5):411-­‐‑7.  Watanabe  T  ,  Shirai  W  ,  Pan  I  ,  Fukuda  Y  ,  Murasugi  E  ,  Sato  T  ,  Kamata  H  ,  Uwatoko  K  .   Department  of  Veterinary  Physiological  Chemistry,  College  of  Bioresource  Sciences,  Nihon  University,  Kanagawa,  Japan.   We  have  reported  that  a  marked  necrosis  and  subsequent  fibrosis  of  myocardium  occurred  among  male  rats  15  weeks  old  given  alkaline  ionized  water  (AKW)  during  gestation  and  suckling  periods,  and  after  weaning.  In  this  study,  it  was  examined  whether  similar  lesions  would  occur  in  mother  rats  which  were  given  AKW  from  day  zero  of  gestation  to  day  20  of  lactation.  The  myocardial  lesion  in  the  mother  rats  given  AKW  showed  cell  infiltration,  vacuolation  and  fibrosis  in  the  papillary  muscle  of  the  left  ventricle,  as  were  observed  in  male  rats  of  15  weeks  old.  Myocardial  degeneration  may  cause  a  leakage  of  potassium  into  the  blood  that  results  in  a  higher  concentration  of  potassium  in  the  blood  in  the  test  group  than  in  that  of  the  control  group  given  tap  water.   PMID:  9922944  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

3.  Degradation  of  myocardiac  myosin  and  creatine  kinase  in  rats  given  alkaline  ionized  water.   J  Vet  Med  Sci.  1998  Feb;60(2):245-­‐‑50.  Watanabe  T  ,  Kishikawa  Y  .   Department  of  Veterinary  Physiological  Chemistry,  College  of  Bioresource  Sciences,  Nihon  University,  Kanagawa,  Japan.   Recently,  the  authors  have  shown  that  marked  necrosis  and  fibrosis  of  myocardium  were  observed  in  rats  given  alkaline  ionized  water  (AKW).  To  clarify  the  cause  of  myocardial  lesions,  the  activities  of  myosin  ATPase,  actomyosin  ATPase  and  creatine  kinase  (CK)  in  myocardium  of  rats  given  AKW  at  15  weeks-­‐‑old  were  compared  with  those  in  myocardium  of  rats  given  tap  water  (TPW).  Furthermore,  sodium  dodecyl  sulfate  polyacrylamide  gel  electrophoresis  (SDS-­‐‑PAGE)  of  myocardiac  myosin  and  isoelectric  focusing  (IEF)  of  myocardiac  CK  were  performed  which  revealed  a  distinct  difference  between  AKW  and  TPW  groups.  The  activities  of  myosin  ATPase  and  actomyosin  ATPase  in  the  AKW  group  were  higher  than  those  in  the  TPW  group,  and  these  elevated  activities  were  caused  by  the  degradation  of  myosin  in  the  AKW  group  judging  from  the  SDS-­‐‑PAGE  pakern  of  myosin.  On  the  other  hand,  the  activity  of  CK  in  the  AKW  group  was  lower  than  that  in  the  TPW  group,  and  the  IEF  pakern  of  CK  showed  leakage  of  myocardiac  CK.  These  results  indicate  that  increases  in  actomyosin  ATPase  activity  and  myosin  ATPase  activity,  plus  the  decrease  in  CK  activity  caused  the  disorder  of  coupled  reaction  in  male  rats  given  AKW  at  15  weeks-­‐‑old.  It  is  concluded  that  this  disorder  of  coupled  reaction  may  cause  marked  myocardiac  necrosis  and  fibrosis  in  rats  given  AKW.   PMID:  9524951  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

4.  Influence  of  alkaline  ionized  water  on  rat  erythrocyte  hexokinase  activity  and  myocardium.   J  Toxicol  Sci.  1997  May;22(2):141-­‐‑52.  Watanabe  T  ,  Kishikawa  Y  ,  Shirai  W  .   Department  of  Veterinary  Physiological  Chemistry,  College  of  Bioresource  Science,  Nihon  University,  Kanagawa,  Japan.   Alkaline  ionized  water  (AKW)  produced  by  the  electrolysis  of  tap  water  (TPW)  was  given  to  pregnant  rats  throughout  gestation.  AKW  was  subsequently  given  to  infants  as  a  test  group  until  15  weeks  old  to   determine   changes   in   body   and   organ   weights,   erythrocyte   hexokinase   (HK)   activity   and  histological  preparations  of  myocardiac  muscle.  The  results  were  compared  with  those  for  rats  given  TPW.   Body   weight   of   male   and   female   rats   given   AKWA   at   3   to   11   weeks   of   age   after   birth  significantly   increased   beyond   control   group   values.   Organ   weights   of   offspring   at   15   weeks-­‐‑old  showed   no   statistical   difference   for   either   group.   HK   activity,   the   rate-­‐‑determining   enzyme   in  erythrocyte   glycolysis,   significantly   increased   in  males   given  AKW   at   15  weeks-­‐‑old.   This   suggests  that  AKW   intake   causes   elevation   of  metabolic   activity.  Hyperkalemia  was   observed   in  males   and  females   given   AKW   at   15   weeks-­‐‑old.   Especially   in   males,   pathological   changes   of   necrosis   in  myocardiac  muscle  were  observed.   PMID:  9198011  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

5.  Effect  of  alkaline  ionized  water  on  reproduction  in  gestational  and  lactational  rats.   J  Toxicol  Sci.  1995  May;20(2):135-­‐‑42.  Watanabe  T  .   Department  of  Veterinary  Physiological  Chemistry,  College  of  Agriculture  and  Veterinary  Medicine,  Nihon  University,  Kanagawa,  Japan.   Alkaline  ionized  water  (AKW)  produced  by  electrolysis  was  given  to  gestational  and  lactational  rats,  and  its  effect  on  dams,  growth  of  fetuses  and  offsprings  were  investigated.  The  results  showed  that  the  intake  of  food  and  water  in  dams  increased  significantly  when  AKW  was  given  from  the  laker  half  of  the  gestation  period  and  from  the  former  half  of  the  lactation  period.  Body  weight  of  the  offsprings  in  the  test  group,  both  males  and  females,  increased  significantly  from  the  laker  half  of  the  lactation  period.  During  the  lactation  period  and  after  weaning,  the  offsprings  in  the  test  group  showed  significantly  hastened  appearance  of  abdominal  hair,  eruption  of  upper  incisors,  opening  of  eyelids  and  other  postnatal  morphological  developments  both  in  males  and  females,  as  well  as  earlier  separation  of  auricle  and  descent  of  testes  in  males  compared  with  the  control  was  noted.  As  mentioned  above,  it  was  suggested  from  the  observations  conducted  that  the  AKW  has  substantial  biological  effects  on  postnatal  growth,  since  intake  of  food  and  water  and  body  weight  of  the  offsprings  increased  and  postnatal  morphological  development  was  also  accelerated.   PMID:  7473891  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

6.  Impact  of  extra  waters  on  immunosystem  in  mice Wei  Sheng  Yan  Jiu.  2004  Jul;33(4):422-­‐‑5.  [Article  in  Chinese]   Li  Y  ,  Han  C  ,  Li  Y  ,  Li  Y  ,  Zhao  X  ,  Zhong  K  ,  Chen  T  ,  Zhang  M  ,  Fan  F  ,  Tao  Y  ,  Ji  R  .   Institute  of  Nutrition  and  Food  Safety,  Chinese  Center  for  Disease  Control  and  Prevention,  Beijing  100021,  China.   OBJECTIVE:  To  study  impact  of  extra  waters  on  immunosystem  in  mice-­‐‑alkaline  ionized  water,  mineralecology  water,  activated  water,  and  pure  water.  METHODS:  According  to  Function  Assessment  and  Experiment  for  Function  Food,  1996,   the   ratio   of   spain   and   body  weight,   the   ratio   of   thymus   and   body  weight,   the   delayed   type   hypersensitivity  (DTH),   the  phagocytosing  functions  by  cock  RBC,  the  plaque  forming  cell   (PFC)  and  HC50  testing  were  assessment  with  120  male  Balb/c  mice  of  17.8  -­‐‑  23.3  g  (group  I),  the  mice  were  divided  into  four  group,  and  drank  daily  the  four  kinds   of   waters   respectively   until   50   days.   The   lymph   cell   transformation   by   ConA   and   NK   cell   activity   were  assessment  with  otherl20  male  Balb/c  mice  of  17.8  -­‐‑  23.3  g  (group  II),  the  mice  were  divided  into  four  group  and  drank  daily   the   four   kinds   of   waters   respectively   until   50   days.   The   phagocytosing   functions   by   carbon   powder   were  assessment  with  other  120  female  Balb/c  mice  of  16.7  -­‐‑  22.0  g  (group  III)  were  divided  into  four  group  and  drank  daily  the   four   kinds   of  waters   respectively   until   50   days.   The   data  were   statisticed   by   Stata   soft.   RESULTS:  Other   three  waters  compared  with  the  pure  water:   (1)  Alkaline   ionized  water  and  activated  water  can  alleviate  the  body  weight  increase  of  male  Balb/c  mouse  (P  <  0.01  &  P  <  0.05),  but  alkaline  ionized  water,  mineral-­‐‑ecology  water,  activated  water  don'ʹt  impact  on  the  female  Balb/c  mouse  body  weight  (P  >  0.05).  (2)  Activated  water  can  remarkly  increase  the  ratio  of  thymus  and  body  weight  (P  <  0.05),  and  increase  the  phagocytosing  ability  by  cock  RBC  (P  <  0.01),  and  increase  the  NK  cell  activity  (P  <  0.01).  (3)  The  three  extra  waters  don'ʹt  impact  on  othe  items  for  the  Balh/c  mouce.  CONCLUSION:  The  study  must  be  continued  to  impact  on  immunosystem  in  mice  for  extra  waters.   PMID:  15461264  [PubMed  -­‐‑  in  process]

7.  Selective  stimulation  of  the  growth  of  anaerobic  microflora  in  the  human  intestinal  tract  by  electrolyzed  reducing  water.   Med  Hypotheses.  2005;64(3):543-­‐‑6.  Vorobjeva  NV  .   Department   of   Physiology   of  Microorganisms,   Biology   Faculty,   Lomonosov  Moscow  State  University,   119992   Moscow,   Russia.   nvvorobjeva@mail.ru   96-­‐‑99%   of   the   "ʺfriendly"ʺ   or  residential  microflora  of  intestinal  tract  of  humans  consists  of  strict  anaerobes  and  only  1-­‐‑4%  of   aerobes.  Many   diseases   of   the   intestine   are   due   to   a   disturbance   in   the   balance   of   the  microorganisms  inhabiting  the  gut.  The  treatment  of  such  diseases  involves  the  restoration  of   the   quantity   and/or   balance   of   residential  microflora   in   the   intestinal   tract.   It   is   known  that   aerobes   and   anaerobes   grow   at   different   oxidation-­‐‑reduction   potentials   (ORP).   The  former  require  positive  E(h)  values  up  to  +400  mV.  Anaerobes  do  not  grow  unless  the  E(h)  value  is  negative  between  -­‐‑300  and  -­‐‑400  mV.  In  this  work,  it  is  suggested  that  prerequisite  for  the  recovery  and  maintenance  of  obligatory  anaerobic  microflora   in  the   intestinal   tract   is  a  negative  ORP  value  of   the   intestinal  milieu.  Electrolyzed   reducing  water  with  E(h)   values  between  0  and   -­‐‑300  mV  produced   in  electrolysis  devices  possesses   this  property.  Drinking  such  water  favours  the  growth  of  residential  microflora  in  the  gut.  A  sufficient  array  of  data  confirms   this   idea.  However,  most   researchers   explain   the  mechanism   of   its   action   by   an  antioxidant   properties   destined   to   detox   the   oxidants   in   the   gut   and   other   host   tissues.  Evidence   is  presented   in   favour  of   the  hypothesis   that   the  primary   target   for   electrolyzed  reducing  water  is  the  residential  microflora  in  the  gut. PMID:  15617863  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

8.  Water  desirable  for  health  in  terms  of  ORP  (oxidation-­‐‑reduction  potential)  to  pH  relationship   Review   PMID:  16180690  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]  Shokuhin  Eiseigaku  Zasshi.  2005  Aug;46(4):J228-­‐‑33.  [Article  in  Japanese]   Okouchi  S.   Department  of  Materials  Chemistry,  Faculty  of  Enginnering,  Hosei  University,  3-­‐‑7-­‐‑2,  Kajino-­‐‑cho,  Koganei-­‐‑shi,  Tokyo  184-­‐‑8584,  Japan.   Publication  Types: Review   PMID:  2829704  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

9.  Influences  of  alkaline  ionized  water  on  milk  electrolyte  concentrations  in  maternal  rats.   J   Toxicol   Sci.   2000   Dec;25(5):417-­‐‑22.   Watanabe   T   ,   Kamata   H   ,   Fukuda   Y   ,   Murasugi   E   ,   Sato   T   ,  Uwatoko  K  ,  Pan  IJ  .   Department   of   Veterinary   Biochemistry,   College   of   Bioresource   Sciences,   Nihon   University,   1866  Kameino,  Fujisawa,  Kanagawa  252-­‐‑8510,  Japan.   We  previously  reported  that  body  weight  on  day  14  after  birth  in  male  offspring  of  rats  given  alkaline  ionized  water  (AKW)  was  significantly  heavier  than  that  in  offspring  of  rats  given  tap  water  (TPW),  but  no   significant  difference  was  noted   in  milk  yield  and   in   suckled  milk  volume  between   the   two  groups.  Additionally,   the  offspring   in   the  AKW  group  and  TPW  group  were  given  AKW  and  TPW,  respectively,  at  weaning,  and  unexpectedly,   the  necrotic   foci   in   the  cardiac  muscle  were  observed  at  the  15-­‐‑week-­‐‑old  age  in  the  AKW  group,  but  not  in  the  TPW  group.  The  present  study  was  designed  to  clarify   the   factors   which   are   involved   in   that   unusual   increase   of   body   weight   and   occurrence   of  cardiac  necrosis.  Eight  dams  in  each  group  were  given  AKW  or  TPW  (control)  from  day  0  of  gestation  to   day   14   of   lactation.   The   milk   samples   were   collected   on   day   14   of   lactation   and   analyzed   for  concentrations  of  calcium  (Ca),  sodium  (Na),  potassium  (K),  magnesium  (Mg)  and  chloride  (Cl).  The  AKW  and  TPW  were  also  analyzed.  Ca,  Na  and  K  levels  in  milk  were  significantly  higher  in  the  AKW  group   compared   to   the   TPW   group.   No   significant   difference   was   noted   in   the  Mg   and   Cl   levels  between   the   two   groups.   These   data   suggested   that   the   Ca   cation   of   AKW   enriched   the   Ca  concentration  of  the  milk  and  accelerated  the  postnatal  growth  of  the  offspring  of  rats  given  AKW.   PMID:  11201172  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

10.  Electrolyzed-­‐‑reduced  water  scavenges  active  oxygen  species  and  protects  DNA  from  oxidative  damage.   Biochem  Biophys  Res  Commun.  1997  May  8;234(1):269-­‐‑74. Shirahata  S  ,  Kabayama  S  ,  Nakano  M  ,  Miura  T  ,  Kusumoto  K  ,  Gotoh  M  ,  Hayashi  H  ,  Otsubo  K  ,  Morisawa  S  ,  Katakura  Y  .   Institute  of  Cellular  Regulation  Technology,  Graduate  School  of  Genetic  Resources  Technology,  Kyushu  University,  Fukuoka,  Japan.  sirahata@grt.kyushu-­‐‑u.ac.jp   Active  oxygen  species  or  free  radicals  are  considered  to  cause  extensive  oxidative  damage  to  biological  macromolecules,  which  brings  about  a  variety  of  diseases  as  well  as  aging.  The  ideal  scavenger  for  active  oxygen  should  be  'ʹactive  hydrogen'ʹ.  'ʹActive  hydrogen'ʹ  can  be  produced  in  reduced  water  near  the  cathode  during  electrolysis  of  water.  Reduced  water  exhibits  high  pH,  low  dissolved  oxygen  (DO),  extremely  high  dissolved  molecular  hydrogen  (DH),  and  extremely  negative  redox  potential  (RP)  values.  Strongly  electrolyzed-­‐‑reduced  water,  as  well  as  ascorbic  acid,  (+)-­‐‑catechin  and  tannic  acid,  completely  scavenged  O.-­‐‑2  produced  by  the  hypoxanthine-­‐‑xanthine  oxidase  (HX-­‐‑XOD)  system  in  sodium  phosphate  buffer  (pH  7.0).  The  superoxide  dismutase  (SOD)-­‐‑like  activity  of  reduced  water  is  stable  at  4  degrees  C  for  over  a  month  and  was  not  lost  even  after  neutralization,  repeated  freezing  and  melting,  deflation  with  sonication,  vigorous  mixing,  boiling,  repeated  filtration,  or  closed  autoclaving,  but  was  lost  by  opened  autoclaving  or  by  closed  autoclaving  in  the  presence  of  tungsten  trioxide  which  efficiently  adsorbs  active  atomic  hydrogen.  Water  bubbled  with  hydrogen  gas  exhibited  low  DO,  extremely  high  DH  and  extremely  low  RP  values,  as  does  reduced  water,  but  it  has  no  SOD-­‐‑like  activity.  These  results  suggest  that  the  SOD-­‐‑like  activity  of  reduced  water  is  not  due  to  the  dissolved  molecular  hydrogen  but  due  to  the  dissolved  atomic  hydrogen  (active  hydrogen).  Although  SOD  accumulated  H2O2  when  added  to  the  HX-­‐‑XOD  system,  reduced  water  decreased  the  amount  of  H2O2  produced  by  XOD.  Reduced  water,  as  well  as  catalase  and  ascorbic  acid,  could  directly  scavenge  H2O2.  Reduce  water  suppresses  single-­‐‑strand  breakage  of  DNA  b  active  oxygen  species  produced  by  the  Cu(II)-­‐‑catalyzed  oxidation  of  ascorbic  acid  in  a  dose-­‐‑dependent  manner,  suggesting  that  reduced  water  can  scavenge  not  only  O2.-­‐‑  and  H2O2,  but  also  1O2  and  .OH.   PMID:  9169001  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

11.  The  mechanism  of  the  enhanced  antioxidant  effects  against  superoxide  anion  radicals  of  reduced  water  produced  by  electrolysis. Biophys  Chem.  2004  Jan  1;107(1):71-­‐‑82. Hanaoka  K  ,  Sun  D  ,  Lawrence  R  ,  Kamitani  Y  ,  Fernandes  G  .   Bio-­‐‑REDOX   Laboratory   Inc.   1187-­‐‑4,   Oaza-­‐‑Ueda,   Ueda-­‐‑shi,   Nagano-­‐‑ken   386-­‐‑0001,   Japan.  hanak@rapid.ocn.ne.jp   We  reported  that  reduced  water  produced  by  electrolysis  enhanced  the  antioxidant  effects  of  proton  donors  such  as  ascorbic  acid  (AsA)   in  a  previous  paper.  We  also  demonstrated  that   reduced   water   produced   by   electrolysis   of   2   mM   NaCl   solutions   did   not   show  antioxidant  effects  by  itself.  We  reasoned  that  the  enhancement  of  antioxidant  effects  may  be  due  to  the  increase  of  the  ionic  product  of  water  as  solvent.  The  ionic  product  of  water  (pKw)  was  estimated  by  measurements  of  pH  and  by  a  neutralization  titration  method.  As  an  indicator  of  oxidative  damage,  Reactive  Oxygen  Species-­‐‑  (ROS)  mediated  DNA  strand  breaks  were  measured  by  the  conversion  of  supercoiled  phiX-­‐‑174  RF  I  double-­‐‑strand  DNA  to   open   and   linear   forms.   Reduced   water   had   a   tendency   to   suppress   single-­‐‑strand  breakage  of  DNA  induced  by  reactive  oxygen  species  produced  by  H2O2/Cu  (II)  and  HQ/Cu  (II)  systems.  The  enhancement  of  superoxide  anion  radical  dismutation  activity  can  be  explained  by  changes  in  the  ionic  product  of  water  in  the  reduced  water.   PMID:  14871602  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE

12.  Protective  mechanism  of  reduced  water  against  alloxan-­‐‑induced  pancreatic  beta-­‐‑cell  damage:  Scavenging  effect  against  reactive  oxygen  species Authors:  Li  Y.1;  Nishimura  T.1;  Teruya  K.1;  Maki  T.1;  Komatsu  T.1;  Hamasaki  T.1;  Kashiwagi  T.1;  Kabayama  S.2;  Shim  S-­‐‑Y.1;  Katakura  Y.1;  Osada  K.1;  Kawahara  T.1;  Otsubo  K.2;  Morisawa  S.2;  Ishii  Y.3;  Gadek  Z.4;  Shirahata  S.5   Source:  Cytotechnology,  Volume  40,  Numbers  1-­‐‑3,  2002,  pp.  139-­‐‑149(11)   Publisher:  Springer   Abstract:   Reactive  oxygen  species  (ROS)  cause  irreversible  damage  to  biological  macromolecules,  resulting  in  many  diseases.  Reduced  water  (RW)  such  as  hydrogen-­‐‑rich  electrolyzed  reduced  water  and  natural  reduced  waters  like  Hita  Tenryosui  water  in  Japan  and  Nordenau  water  in  Germany  that  are  known  to  improve  various  diseases,  could  protect  a  hamster  pancreatic  beta  cell  line,  HIT-­‐‑T15  from  alloxan-­‐‑induced  cell  damage.  Alloxan,  a  diabetogenic  compound,  is  used  to  induce  type  1  diabetes  mellitus  in  animals.  Its  diabetogenic  effect  is  exerted  via  the  production  of  ROS.  Alloxan-­‐‑treated  HIT-­‐‑T15  cells  exhibited  lowered  viability,  increased  intracellular  ROS  levels,  elevated  cytosolic  free  Ca2+  concentration,  DNA  fragmentation,  decreased  intracellular  ATP  levels  and  lowering  of  glucose-­‐‑stimulated  release  of  insulin.  RW  completely  prevented  the  generation  of  alloxan-­‐‑induced  ROS,  increase  of  cytosolic  Ca2+  concentration,  decrease  of  intracellular  ATP  level,  and  lowering  of  glucose-­‐‑stimulated  insulin  release,  and  strongly  blocked  DNA  fragmentation,  partially  suppressing  the  lowering  of  viability  of  alloxan-­‐‑treated  cells.  Intracellular  ATP  levels  and  glucose-­‐‑stimulated  insulin  secretion  were  increased  by  RW  to  2–3.5  times  and  2–4  times,  respectively,  suggesting  that  RW  enhances  the  glucose-­‐‑sensitivity  and  glucose  response  of  beta-­‐‑cells.  The  protective  activity  of  RW  was  stable  at  4  °C  for  over  a  month,  but  was  lost  by  autoclaving.  These  results  suggest  that  RW  protects  pancreatic  beta-­‐‑cells  from  alloxan-­‐‑induced  cell  damage  by  preventing  alloxan-­‐‑derived  ROS  generation.  RW  may  be  useful  in  preventing  alloxan-­‐‑induced  type  1-­‐‑diabetes  mellitus.   Affiliations:  1:  Department  of  Genetic  Resources  Technology,  Faculty  of  Agriculture,  Kyushu  University,  6-­‐‑10-­‐‑1  Hakozaki,  Higashi-­‐‑ku,  Fukuoka,  Japan  2:  Nihon  Trim  Co.  Ltd.,  1-­‐‑8-­‐‑34  Oyodonaka,  Kita-­‐‑ku,  Osaka,  Japan  3:  Hita  Tenryosui  Co.  Ltd.,  647  Nakanoshima,  Hita,  Oita,  Japan  4:  Center  for  Holistic  Medicine  and  Naturopathy,  Schmallenberg-­‐‑Nordenau,  Germany  5:  Department  of  Genetic  Resources  Technology,  Faculty  of  Agriculture,  Kyushu  University,  6-­‐‑10-­‐‑1  Hakozaki,  Higashi-­‐‑ku,  Fukuoka,  Japan  (Author  for  correspondence;  E-­‐‑mail:  sirahata@grt.kyushu-­‐‑

u.ac.jp;  Fax:  +81  92  642  3052)

13.  Electrolyzed  hydrogen-­‐‑saturated  water  for  drinking  use  elicits  an  antioxidative  effect:  a  feeding  test  with  rats. Biosci  Biotechnol  Biochem.  2005  Oct;69(10):1985-­‐‑7   Yanagihara  T,  Arai  K,  Miyamae  K,  Sato  B,  Shudo  T,  Yamada  M,  Aoyama  M.   MiZ  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fujisawa-­‐‑shi,  Kanagawa,  Japan.   A   new   type   of   electrolyzed   hydrogen-­‐‑saturated   (EHS)   water   was   produced   using   a   water-­‐‑electrolyzing  device  equipped  with  a  special  cation  exchanger.  Use  of  the  EHS  water  for  drinking  in  a  feeding  test  with  rats  elicited  an  antioxidative  effect.  After  intraperitoneal  injection  of  2,2-­‐‑azobis-­‐‑amidinopropane   dihydrochloride,   urinary   secretion   of   8-­‐‑hydroxydeoxyguanosine   and   hepatic  formation  of  peroxidized  lipid  were  significantly  lessened  in  rats  which  had  received  the  EHS  water  for   one   week.   These   results   suggest   the   possibility   that   this   drinking   water   shows   an   effect   in  reduction  of  oxidative  stress  in  the  body.   PMID:  16244454  [PubMed  -­‐‑  in  process]

14.  Effects  of  supplementing  of  calcium,  iron  and  zinc  on  women'ʹs  health  during  pregnancy Zhonghua  Yu  Fang  Yi  Xue  Za  Zhi.  2001  Nov;35(6):365-­‐‑9.  [Article  in  Chinese] An  H,  Yin  S,  Xu  Q. Department   of   Maternal   and   Child   Nutrition,   Institute   of   Nutrition   and   Food   Hygiene,   Chinese   Academy   of   Preventive  Medicine,  Beijing  100050,  China. OBJECTIVES:  To  determine   the  effects  of  supplementing  biscuits   fortified  with  calcium  (Ca)  and  vitamin  D  (VD),   iron   (Fe),  vitamin  C  (VC)  and  zinc  (Zn)  to  pregnant  women  from  the  5th  month  of  gestation  until  delivery  on  their  health,  and  to  explore  a  way   to   improve   their  Ca,  Fe  and  Zn  nutritional   status  during  pregnancy.  METHODS:  A   total  of  313  healthy  and  primary  pregnant  women  were   enrolled  and  divided   into  five   study  groups  based  on   their  order  visiting   the  hospitals   for  prenatal  care.  Each  woman  of  the  study  groups  was  given  three  pieces  of  biscuit  fortified  with  VD,  Ca  and  VD,  Ca,  Zn  and  VD  (Ca  +  Zn  +  VD),  Ca,  Fe,  VC  and  VD  (Ca  +  Fe  +  VD),  Ca,  Fe,  VC,  Zn  and  VD  (Ca  +  Fe  +  Zn  +  VD),  respectively,  from  the  15th  month  of  gestation   until   delivery   (24  weeks   in   total)   daily.   The   fortified   levels  were   10  micrograms  VD,   400  mg  Ca   from   carbonate  calcium,   10  mg  Zn   from   lactate   zinc,   10  mg  Fe   from   ferrous   lactate,   and   50  mg  VC,   respectively.  A  parturient  women  was  selected  from  the  same  hospital  as  control  after  one  trial  subject  for  each  study  groups  selected.  RESULTS:  The  daily  dietary  intakes  of  Ca,  Zn  and  Fe  in  pregnant  women  were  only  47.7%,  54.7%  and  86.7%  of  the  Recommended  Dietary  Allowances  for  Chinese.  Incidence  of  anemia  for  mid-­‐‑term  pregnant  women  was  35.2%,  and  Fe-­‐‑supplementation  could  significantly  improved  their  hemoglobin  level  (P  <  0.05).  Prevalence  of  anemia  in  the  groups  of  Ca  +  Fe  +  Zn  +  VD  and  Ca  +  Fe  +  VD  was  35.3%  and  40.7%,  respectively,  before  Fe  supplementation  and  reduced  to  zero  and  4.0%,  respectively,  after  Fe  supplementation.  Whereas,  prevalence   of   anemia   in   the   other   groups   without   Fe   supplementation   still   kept   in   a   relatively   high   level.   In   the   groups  supplemented  with  Ca,  their  plasma  Ca  level  increased,  especially  with  the  best  results  in  Ca  +  VD  group.  Plasma  level  of  Zn  declined  with   length   of   gestation,  which   could   be   improved   by   Zn   supplementation.   Serum   level   of   alkaline   phosphatase  activity   increased   a   likle   bit  with   length  of   gestation.  There  was  no   significant  difference   in   radial   and  ulnar  bone  mineral  density   (BMD)   between   trial   groups   and   controls   two   months   after   delivery.   Maternal   radial   and   ulnar   BMD   correlated  significantly  with  their  dietary  Ca  intakes  in  Ca  +  VD  group.  CONCLUSION:  The  best  way  to  improve  maternal  nutritional  status  is  supplementation  of  Ca  +  Fe  +  Zn  +  VitD,  based  on  the  Recommended  Dietary  Allowances  for  Chinese. PMID:  11840760  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

15.  Supplementation  with  alkaline  minerals  reduces  symptoms  in  patients  with  chronic  low  back  pain. 1:  J  Trace  Elem  Med  Biol.  2001;15(2-­‐‑3):179-­‐‑83. Vormann  J,  Worlitschek  M,  Goedecke  T,  Silver  B. Institut  fur  Pravention  und  Ernahrung,  Ismaning,  Germany.  vormann@ipev.de The  cause  of  low  back  pain  is  heterogeneous,  it  has  been  hypothesised  that  a  latent  chronic  acidosis  might  contribute  to  these  symptoms.  It  was  tested  whether  a  supplementation  with  alkaline  minerals  would  influence  symptoms  in  patients  with  low  back  pain  symptoms.  In  an  open  prospective  study  82  patients  with  chronic  low  back  pain  received  daily  30  g  of  a  lactose  based  alkaline  multimineral  supplement  (Basica)  over  a  period  of  4  weeks  in  addition  to  their  usual  medication.  Pain  symptoms  were  quantified  with  the  "ʺArhus  low  back  pain  rating  scale"ʺ  (ARS).  Mean  ARS  dropped  highly  significant  by  49%  from  41  to  21  points  after  4  weeks  supplemention.  In  76  out  of  82  patients  a  reduction  in  ARS  was  achieved  by  the  supplementation.  Total  blood  buffering  capacity  was  significantly  increased  from  77.69  +/-­‐‑  6.79  to  80.16  +/-­‐‑  5.24  mmol/L  (mean  +/-­‐‑  SEM,  n  =  82,  p  <  0.001)  and  also  blood  pH  rose  from  7.456  +/-­‐‑  0.007  to  7.470  +/-­‐‑  0.007  (mean  +/-­‐‑  SEM,  n  =  75,  p  <  0.05).  Only  intracellular  magnesium  increased  by  11%  while  other  intracellular  minerals  were  not  significantly  changed  in  sublingual  tissue  as  measured  with  the  EXA-­‐‑test.  Plasma  concentrations  of  potassium,  calcium,  iron,  copper,  and  zinc  were  within  the  normal  range  and  not  significantly  influenced  by  the  supplementation.  Plasma  magnesium  was  slightly  reduced  after  the  supplemenation  (-­‐‑3%,  p  <  0.05).  The  results  show  that  a  disturbed  acid-­‐‑base  balance  may  contribute  to  the  symptoms  of  low  back  pain.  The  simple  and  safe  addition  of  an  alkaline  multimineral  preparate  was  able  to  reduce  the  pain  symptoms  in  these  patients  with  chronic  low  back  pain. Publication  Types: *  Clinical  Trial PMID:  11787986  [PubMed  -­‐‑  indexed  for  MEDLINE]

16.  Physiological  effects  of  alkaline  ionized  water:  Effects  on  metabolites  produced  by  intestinal  fermentation   Takashi   Hayakawa,   Chicko   Tushiya,   Hisanori   Onoda,   Hisayo   Ohkouchi,   Haruto   Tsuge   (Gifu  University,  Faculty  of  Engineering,  Dept.  of  Food  Science)   "ʺWe   have   found   that   long-­‐‑term   ingestion   of   alkaline   ionized   water   (AIW)   reduces   cecal  fermentation  in  rats  that  were  given  highly  fermentable  commercial  diet  (MF:  Oriental  Yeast  Co.,  Ltd.).  In  this  experiment,  rats  were  fed  MF  and  test  water  (tap  water,  AIW  with  pH  at  9  and  10)  for  about  3  months.  Feces  were  collected  on  the  57th  day,  and  the  rats  were  dissected  on  the  88th  day.   The   amount   of   ammonium   in   fresh   feces   and   cecal   contents   as  well   as   fecal   free-­‐‑glucose  tended  to  drop  down  for  the  AIW  group.  In  most  cases,  the  amount  of  free-­‐‑amino  acids  in  cecal  contents  did  not  differ   significantly   except   for   cysteine   (decreased   in  AIW  with  pH  at   10)   and  isoleucine  (increased  in  AIW  with  pH  at  10).  

17.  Clinical  evaluation  of  alkaline  ionized  water  for  abdominal  complaints:  Placebo  controlled  double  blind  tests   Hirokazu   Tashiro,   Tetsuji   Hokudo,   Hiromi   Ono,   Yoshihide   Fujiyama,   Tadao   Baba  (National   Ohkura   Hospital,   Dept.   of   Gastroenterology;   Institute   of   Clinical   Research,  Shiga  University  of  Medical  Science,  Second  Dept.  of  Internal  Medicine   "ʺEffect   of   alkaline   ionized   water   on   abdominal   complaints   was   evaluated   by   placebo  controlled   double   blind   tests.   Overall   scores   of   improvement   using   alkaline   ionized  water  marked  higher  than  those  of  placebo  controlled  group,  and  its  effect  proved  to  be  significantly  higher   especially   in   slight   symptoms  of   chronic  diarrhoea  and  abdominal  complaints   in   cases   of   general   malaise.   Alkaline   ionized   water   group   did   not   get  interrupted   in   the  course  of   the   test,  nor  did   it   show  serious  side  effects  nor  abnormal  test  data.   It  was  confirmed   that  alkaline   ionized  water   is   safer  and  more  effective   than  placebos.  

18.  Effect  of  Electrolytic  Water  (Ionized  Water)  Intake  on  Lifespan  of  Autoimmune  Disease  Prone  Mice Research  from  Texas  University Recent  studies  on  electrolyzed  water  indicate  that  anode  or  acidic  water  is  most  effective  as  disinfectants;  whereas,  reduced  or  alkaline  water  processed  through  cathode  is  used  as  safe  drinking  water.  The  present  drinking  water  study  was  undertaken  in  two  strains  of  autoimmune  disease  prone  mice  to  establish  the  spontaneous  disease  process  and  longevity.  Weanling  MRL/lpr  and  NZBxNZW  [B/W]  F1  female  mice  were  provided  daily  with  (1)  tap  water  [pH  ~7.5,  oxygen  reduction  potential  (ORP)~600+]  (2)  electrolyzed  water  with  pH  of  ~9.0  and  ORP  ~400-­‐‑  and  (3)  hyper-­‐‑reduced  water  with  pH~10.0  and  ORP~600-­‐‑.  Mice  were  provided  H2O  and  chow  diet  ad  libitum  and  weekly  body  weights  and  spontaneous  deaths  were  recorded.  The  mean  survival  data  recorded  as  days  for  MRL/lpr  mice  [25  mice/group]  is  as  follows:  (1)  tap  water  235±25,  (2)  reduced  water  287±40  and  (3)  hyper-­‐‑reduced  water  346±45  days  [<0.05].  In  the  case  of  B/W  mice  [25  mice/group],  (1)  tap  water  269±16,  (2)  reduced  water  298±19  and  (3)  hyper-­‐‑reduced  302±18  days.  A  significantly  decreased  (<0.05)  serum  lipid  peroxides  were  observed  in  mice  fed  hyper-­‐‑reduced  H2O.  Also,  the  source  of  water  did  not  alter  lymphocyte  subsets  or  their  response  to  mitogens.  In  summary,  hyper-­‐‑reduced  water  with  pH~10.0  appears  to  inhibit  autoimmune  disease  of  MRL/lpr  mice  whereas  only  a  modest  increased  lifespan  was  noted  for  B/W  mice.  The  increased  lifespan  by  electrolyzed  H2O  appears  to  be  related  to  the  changes  in  free  radicals  and  antioxidant  enzyme  levels.  [Supported  in  part  by  Zanix  Co.  and  Mr.  Waterman  Co.,  Tokyo,  Japan]

19.  Physiological  effects  of  alkaline  ionized  water:  Effects  on  metabolites  produced  by  intestinal  fermentation by  Takashi  Hayakawa,  Chicko  Tushiya,  Hisanori  Onoda,  Hisayo  Ohkouchi,  Harul-­‐‑~to  Tsuge  (Gifu  University,  Faculty  of  Engineering,  Dept.  of  Food  Science)   We  have  found  that  long-­‐‑term  ingestion  of  alkaline  ionized  water  (AIW)  reduces  cecal  fermentation  in  rats  that  were  given  highly  fermentable  commercial  diet  (MF:  Oriental  Yeast  Co.,  Ltd.).  In  this  experiment,  rats  were  fed  MF  and  test  water  (tap  water,  AIW  with  pH  at  9  and  10)  for  about  3  months.  Feces  were  collected  on  the  57th  day,  and  the  rats  were  dissected  on  the  88th  day.  The  amount  of  ammonium  in  fresh  feces  and  cecal  contents  as  well  as  fecal  free-­‐‑glucose  tended  to  drop  down  for  the  AIW  group.  In  most  cases,  the  amount  of  free-­‐‑amino  acids  in  cecal  contents  did  not  differ  sign-­‐‑  icantly  except  for  cysteine  (decreased  in  AIW  with  pH  at  10)  and  isoleucine  (increased  in  AIW  with  pH  at  10).

20.  Reduced  Water  for  Prevention  of  Diseases Part   paper   delivered   by  Dr   Shirahata   to   the   Functional  Water   Symposium   in   Tokyo   by  Dr.Sanetaka  Shirahata,   Graduate   school   of   Genetic   Resources   Technology,   Kyushu   University,6-­‐‑10-­‐‑1   Hakozaki,  Higashi-­‐‑ku,  Fukuoka  812-­‐‑8581,  Japan. It   has   long   been   established   that   reactive   oxygen   species   (ROS)   cause   many   types   of   damage   to  biomolecules  and  cellular  structures,  that,  in  turn  result  in  the  development  of  a  variety  of  pathologic  states  such  as  diabetes,  cancer  and  aging.  Reduced  water  is  defined  as  anti-­‐‑oxidative  water  produced  by  reduction  of  water.   Electrolyzed  reduced  water  (ERW)  has  been  demonstrated  to  be  hydrogen-­‐‑rich  water  and  can  scavenge  ROS   in   vitro   (Shirahata   et   al.,   1997).   The   reduction   of   proton   in   water   to   active   hydrogen   (atomic  hydrogen,  hydrogen  radical)  that  can  scavenge  ROS  is  very  easily  caused  by  a  weak  current,  compared  to   oxidation   of   hydroxyl   ion   to   oxygen   molecule.   Activation   of   water   by   magnetic   field,   collision,  minerals  etc.  will  also  produce  reduced  water  containing  active  hydrogen  and/or  hydrogen  molecule.

21.  Clinical  Impovements  Obtained  From  The  Intake  Of  Reduced  Water Extracts  from  the  Presentation  At  The  Eight  Annual  International  Symposium  On  man  And  His  Environment  in  Health  And  Disease  on  February  24th  1990,  at  The  Grand  Kempinski  Hotel,  Dalls,  Texas,  USA  by  Dr.  H.  Hayashi,  M.D.  and  Dr.  M  Kawamura,  M.D  .,  on: THE  CONCEPT  OF  PREHEPATIC  MEDICINES Since  the  introduction  of  alkaline  ionic  water  in  our  clinic  in  1985,  we  have  had  the  following  interesting  clinical  experiences  in  the  use  of  this  type  of  water.  By  the  use  of  alkaline  ionic  water  for  drinking  and  the  preparation  of  meals  for  our  in-­‐‑patients,  we  have  noticed  :-­‐‑ Declines  in  blood  sugar  levels  in  diabetic  patients. Improvements  in  peripheral  circulation  in  diabetic  gangrene. Declines  in  uric  acid  levels  in  patients  with  gout. Improvements  in  liver  function  exams  in  hepatic  disorders. Improvements  in  gastro-­‐‑duodenal  ulcer  and  prevention  of  their  recurrences. Improvements  in  hypertension  and  hypotension. Improvements  in  allergic  disorders  such  as  asthma,  urticaria,  rhinitis  and  atopic  dermatitis. Improvements  in  persistent  diarrhea  which  occurred  after  gastrectomy. Quicker  improvements  in  post  operative  bower  paralysis. Improvements  in  serum  bilirubin  levels  in  new  born  babies.

22.  Effects  of  alkaline  ionized  water  on  formation  &  maintenance  of  osseous  tissues by  Rei  Takahashi  Zhenhua  Zhang  Yoshinori  Itokawa (Kyoto  University  Graduate  School  of  Medicine,  Dept.  of  Pathology  and  Tumor  Biology,  Fukui  Prefectural  University) Effects  of   calcium  alkaline   ionized  water  on   formation  and  maintenance  of  osseous   tissues   in   rats  were  examined.  In  the  absence  of  calcium  in  the  diet,  no  apparent  calcification  was  observed  with  only  osteoid  formation  being  prominent.  Striking  differences  were  found  among  groups  that  were  given   diets   with   30%   and   60%   calcium.   Rats   raised   by   calcium   ionized   water   showed   the   least  osteogenetic   disturbance.   Tibiae   and   humerus   are   more   susceptible   to   calcium   deficiency   than  femora.   Theses   results   may   indicate   that   calcium   in   drinking   water   effectively   supplements  osteogenesis   in   case   of   dietary   calcium  deficiency.   The  mechanism   involved   in   osteoid   formation  such  as  absorption  rate  of  calcium  from  the  intestine  and  effects  of  calcium  alkaline  ionized  drinking  water   on   maintaining   bone   structure   in   the   process   of   aging   or   under   the   condition   of   calcium  deficiency  is  investigated.

Chlorination  Water Some studies

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14  Righi  E,  Fantuzzi  G,  Montanari  M,  Bargellini  A,  Predieri  G,  Aggazzoki  G  (2003).  [Exposure  to  water  disinfection  by-­‐‑products  and  adverse  pregnancy  outcomes:  results  of  a  case-­‐‑control  study  carried  out  in  Modena  (Italy).]  Ann  Ig  ;  15:  649-­‐‑62 15  Toledano  MB,  Nieuwenhuijsen  M,  Best  N,  Whitaker  H,  Hambly  P,  de  Hoogh  C,  Fawell  J,  Jarup  L,  Elliok  P  (2004).  Relation  of  trihalomethane  concentrations  in  public  water  supplies  to  stillbirth  and  birth  weight  in  three  water  regions  in  England.  Env  Health  Perspec  ;  doi:10.1289/ehp.7111.   hkp://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2004/7111/abstract.html 16  Waller  K,  Swan  SH,  Windham  GC,  Fenster  L  (2001).  Influence  of  exposure  assessment  methods  on  risk  estimates  in  an  epidemiologic  study  of  total  trihalomethane  exposure  and  spontaneous  abortion.  J  Exp  Anal  and  Env  Epidem  ;  11:  522-­‐‑531 17  Wright  JM,  Schwar�  J,  Dockery  DW  (2003).  Effect  of  trihalomethane  exposure  on  fetal  development.  Occup  Environ  Med  ;  60:  173-­‐‑180 18  Wright  JM,  Schwar�  J,  Dockery  DW  (2004).  The  effect  of  disinfection  by-­‐‑products  and  mutagenic  activity  on  birth  weight  and  gestational  duration.  Env  Health  Perspec  ;  112:  920-­‐‑5 19  Yang  CY  (2004).  Drinking  water  chlorination  and  adverse  birth  outcomes  in  Taiwan.  Toxicology  ;  198:  249-­‐‑54 20  Yang  C-­‐‑Y,  Cheng  B-­‐‑H,  Tsai  S-­‐‑S,  Wu  T-­‐‑N,  Lin  M-­‐‑C,  Lin  K-­‐‑C  (2000).  Association  between  chlorination  of  drinking  water  and  adverse  pregnancy  outcome  in  Taiwan.  Env  Health  Perspec  ;  108;  765-­‐‑768

Recent  papers  on  exposure  and  uptake 21  Backer  LC,  Ashley  DL,   Bonin  MA,  Cardinall   FL,  Kieszak   SM,  Wooten   JV   (2000).  Household  exposures   to  drinking  water  disinfection  by-­‐‑products:  whole  blood   trihalomethane   levels.   J  Exp  Anal  and  Env  Epidem  ;  10:  321-­‐‑326 22  Lynberg  M,  Nuckols  JR,  Langlois  P,  Ashley  D,  Singer  P,  Mendola  P,  Wilkes  C,  Krapfl  H,  Miles  E,  Speight  V,   Lin  B,   Small   L,  Miles  A,   Bonin  M,  Zei�  P,   Tadkod  A,  Henry   J,   Forrester  MB   (2001).  Assessing  exposure   to  disinfection  by-­‐‑products   in  women  of   reproductive  age   living   in  Corpus  Christi,   Texas   and   Cobb   County,   Georgia:   Descriptive   results   and   methods.   Envir   Health  Perspect  ;  109:  597-­‐‑604 23  Miles  AM,   Singer   PC,  Ashley   DL,   Lynberg  MC,  Mendola   P,   Langlois   P,   Nuckols   JR   (2002).  Comparison  of  trihalomethanes  in  tap  water  and  blood.  Environ  Sci  Technol  ;  36:  1692-­‐‑1698

Recent  studies  in  laboratory  animals: 24   Bielmeier   S,   Best   DS,   Guidici   DL,   Narotsky   MG   (2001).   Pregnancy   loss   in   the   rat   caused   by  bromodichloromethane.  Tox  Sci  ;  59:  309-­‐‑315 25   Bielmeier   S,   Best   DS,   Narotsky   MG   (2004).   Serum   hormone   characterisation   and   exogenous  hormone   rescue   of   bromodichloromethane-­‐‑induced   pregnancy   loss   in   the   F344   rat.   Tox   Sci   ;   77:  101-­‐‑108 26  Chen   J,  Douglas  GC,  Thirkill  TL,  Lohstroh  PN,  Bielmeier  SR,  Narotsky  MG,  Best  DS,  Harrison  RA,  Natarajan  K,  Pegram  RA,  Overstreet  JW,  Lasley  BL,  (2003)  Effect  of  bromodichloromethane  on  chorionic  gonadotrophin  secretion  by  human  placental  trophoblast  cultures.  Tox  Sci  ;  76:  75-­‐‑82 27  Chen  J,  Thirkill  TL,  Lohstroh  PN,  Bielmeier  SR,  Narotsky  MG,  Best  DS,  Harrison  RA,  Natarajan  K,   Pegram   RA,   Overstreet   JW,   Lasley   BL,   Douglas   GC   (2004).   Bromodichloromethane   inhibits  human  placental  trophoblast  differentiation.  Tox  Sci  ;  78:  166-­‐‑174 28  Christian  MS,  York  RG,  Hoberman  AM,  Diener  RM,  Fisher  LC,  Gates  GA  (2001a).  Biodisposition  of  dibromoacetic  acid  (DBA)  and  bromodichloromethane  (BDCM)  administered  to  rats  and  rabbits  in   drinking   water   during   range-­‐‑finding   reproduction   and   developmental   toxicity   studies.   Int   J  Toxicol  ;  20:  239-­‐‑253 29  Christian  MS,   York   RG,  Hoberman  AM,  Diener   RM,   Fisher   LC   (2001b).   Oral   (drinking  water)  developmental  toxicity  studies  of  bromodichloromethane  (BDCM)  in  rats  and  rabbits.  Int  J  Toxicol  ;  20:  225-­‐‑237 30  Christian  MS,  York  RG,  Hoberman  AM,  Fisher  LC,  Ray  Brown  W  (2002)  Oral   (drinking  water)  two-­‐‑generation  reproductive  toxicity  study  of  bromodichloromethane  (BDCM)  in  rats.  Int  J  Toxicol  ;  21:  115-­‐‑146

Recent  review  papers: 31  Bove  F,  Shim  Y,  Zei�  P  (2002).  Drinking  water  contaminants  and  adverse  pregnancy  outcomes:  A  review.  Env  Health  Perspec  ;  110  (Suppl  1):  61-­‐‑74 32  Graves  CG,  Matanoski  GM  Tardiff  RG   (2001).  Weight  of   evidence   for  an  association  between   adverse   reproductive   and   developmental   effects   and   exposure   to   disinfection  by-­‐‑products:  A  critical  review.  Reg  Tox  and  Pharm  ;  34:  103-­‐‑124 33  Nieuwenhuijsen  MJ,  Toledano  MB,  Eaton  NE,  Fawell  J,  Elliok  P  (2000).   Chlorination   disinfection   by-­‐‑products   in   water   and   their   association   with   adverse  reproductive  outcomes.  Occup  Environ  Med  ;  57:  73-­‐‑85

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