Looking At the many ways we can comfort our food.

By W i l l y C h a n

“It goes without saying that when the materials of design are not plastics, wood, ceramics, or glass, but rather living beings or living tissues, the implications of every project reach far beyond the form or function equation and any idea of comfort, modernity, or progress”

-Paola Antonelli

TOCIntroduction 1Market 13Goals 32Methodology 38lenses 70Looking Forward 101footnotes 103bibliography 105

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Intr

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Introduction

The relationship between humans and animals especial-ly the reliance of humans on animals for survival has long been practiced for millennia. The word reliance can be in-terpreted many ways, some see reliance as a source of food, some see reliance as a means of accomplishing a certain task, and some see reliance as a form of compan-ionship. Whichever form that reliance takes on one thing is for certain, humans have had a long standing relationship with nature and humans un-derstand the symbiotic con-nection between us and them. So how is it that the earth has become a midst of a mass ex-tinction of life and there is only one reason for it : Humans.

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There are over 100 million species sharing the earth with humans and somewhere between 150 to 200 species of plant, bird, and mammals go extinct every 24 hours. This is directly linked to humans consuming natural resources at a rate which is one thousand times faster than ever recorded. The alienation and separa-tion of humans from nature has become a huge problem in the world we live in today. Due to industrialization, we now see nature as an incon-venience in our modern world and we have forgotten the importance of nature and the role it has played in our history for millennia. This thesis, con-centrates on the relationship between humans and the food they eat or rather the lack of relationship between humans and the food they eat.

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The issue is not being able to see the issue

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the issue is that we can't possibly com-prehend how much we are loosing with-out actually seeing how much we have.

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Often times people forget that the places they buy food (supermarkets, green markets, restaurants) are there as a third party distributor that separates them from the farms that their goods come from. This separation can be considered an outcome of industrialization and ur-banization which in a way can be seen as positive or negative. On the positive side, never has it been so easy for people to have access to food. People take a walk or a drive to the closest supermarket and inside they see aisles upon aisles and mounds upon mounds of food that has come from all parts of the world.

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Modern society see this as a convenience and people know that the foods they buy come from somewhere but they have no idea about how they got there. On the negative side, our society is so separated and distanced from the animals and vegeta-bles that we eat that we have no clue how they were grown, where they come from, and how to even cook them. Conve-nience has allowed us to walk right up to the meat section of the market and pick, from a array of hundreds of different types of meat and different types of styles of meat. This experience separates people from food and

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in return changes the ethical practices around animal slaughtering and farming in general.

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Back when people used to farm and know exactly where their meat was coming from, people were more humble and appreciative. There was a deeper connection between the eater and the eaten and there was an undeniable relation-ship between humans, farmers, and livestock. During this time farmers knew when their animals were sick, they knew when they were happy or healthy, and above all farmers knew each and every animal by name or appearance. Pressure because of a higher population growth and thus a higher demand for meat products has forced farmers to

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the traditional farming methods (allowing animals to roam free and graze) to industrial farming (allowing animals no space at all and increas-ing productivity through artificial alteration). The world has been in this in-dustrial farming era since the forties and traditional farming is now labelled as organic farming. So what was once seen as the norm in traditional farming now requires a third party regulation and certifica-tion system that slaps a sticker on produce that people “rely” on and “trust” as being organic.

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In many cases there are small scale farms who love their animals so much that they would medicate them when necessary, which voids them from being labelled organic. However, the organic labelling system within the USA is flawed and just because an animal is labelled as organic, which needs to reach certain requirements set forth by the government, does not necessarily ensure animal welfare and the humane treatment of farm livestock.

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Over 100 million species live on our planet and over 150 of these species are going extinct every day do to the negative impacts of humans either through consumption, land degradation, and air pollution. In just 2009, 59 Billion animals were killed by humans with 8.3 billion being from the sea and the remaining from land and air. These numbers include animal killings for human con-sumption and it does not include unaccountable organisms and animals that are not protected by the Animal Welfare Act such as insects and rodents.

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Wild animals killed by hunters, wildlife displaced by animal agriculture, wildlife directly killed by pesticides, and traps are also not included in these numbers. 100 million animals are killed every year for studies related to cosmetics. Perhaps our indifference to certain animals sprouts from our recent separation from nature and perhaps we feel no remorse for certain species because we see them as irrelevant to our daily lives.

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Unions square’s livestock vendors were part of a study done by the USDA on organic farming practices. Looking into the flaws in the organic certi-fication system in our country. brought to light interesting facts. We trust a labelling system we know nothing about. In the USA there are over 18,000 organic farms with an increase in organic practices of 245% since 2008. A system that was once worth only 1 billion dollars in 1990 is now worth more than 30 billion.1 It costs anywhere from $800 and above for a farm to be certified organic and in Union Square alone there are 140 farmers 18 of which are livestock and 8 of those 18 are not certified organic.

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In the year 2011 alone, the organic industry grew by more than 9% with 4.6 million acres of farmland in the USA dedicated to organic farming. Seventy Eight percent of all families in the United States are beginning to buy organic with 40% being fruits and vegetables and the remaining 60% livestock and dairy. Most interesting-ly is that more than half of these families who are buying organic have a high level of trust for organic products and the organic certification system even though all they see are stickers and labels on the foods they are buying.

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The term organic refers to the methods used to produce foods rather than the char-acteristics of the foods themselves. These are some examples of the labels we see on organic products today. What do they ensure? and most importantly how do we ensure that they are ensuring what they say they are ensuring. The way the system works now is by having farmers keep records of their activities which are then reviewed once a year during pre-announced inspections. There is no way to ensure that organic farmers are taking responsibilities for very sub-jective requirements. There are over 200 labels which certify products as humane, organic, natural, and even nontoxic but what do these labels actually mean to the consumer and how does the consumer trust such labelling system.2

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In a recent study done by the US Farmers and Ranchers Alliance, only 2% of farmers believed that consumers have an accurate understanding of the organic farming process 56% of farmers believed consumers have no clue at all what organic farming entails but trust it anyway. Another study done on 5000 customers begged the question of what topic should be of priority for people who grow and raise food and the results were pretty amazing with the way animals are treated coming in at number 2 in order of impor-tance. If the humane treatment of animals is second most important to the consumer after pesticides then how do we ensure that organic really means happiness and wellness for our livestock.3

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The standards in organic certification are so subjec-tive that as long as there is no human waste, no chemical inputs, access to fresh water and open space, a farm can be certified organic. What we need to start asking is how fresh the water is and how much of open space is given. When the government requires an organic farm to have access to outdoor space for their animals, does it mean they only have to open their barn door for an hour, 6 hours, or 12?

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The food network within every country is extremely complex and detailed but can be seen as three simple systems that are in play. The first being the relationship between consumer and distributor. For example, a customer who walks into Whole Foods, Trader Joe’s, or any other supermar-ket who wishes to buy organic food can be labelled as the consumer whereas the distrib-utor is the supermarket from which they are buying from. The second system within the food network is the relation-ship between the farmer and the distributor but within that relationship there are multiple levels of processing and cer-tification that products must go through before it reaches the distributor. The third and last system within the food network is the relationship between farmers and their livestock that they use for meat or byproducts such as milk and eggs.

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These three systems represent the food network as a whole.The positive relationship between buyer and seller, farmer and seller, and farmer and animals is crucial in creating a better life for our livestock. Looking at the food network from the framework of animal welfare and so changing the ways these systems interact in hopes of creating a more humane ex-perience for our animals is the ultimate goal.

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Recently there has been a large interest in green markets around New York with farmers bringing their goods into the city in hopes of selling a true and healthy product to consumers. After doing multiple interviews with farmers in the Union Square greenmarket, the conclusion is that farmers at greenmarkets are extremely frustrated that people cannot comprehend the added value in their products. People just can’t get themselves to pay an extra 3 dollars for a product that comes directly off of the farmers hands but would rather pay 3 dollars less for a similar product at Whole Foods. Organic does not necessarily ensure the humane treatment of animals and in fact a product that is labelled organic might actually be worse from a moral standpoint.

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The lack of trust between consumer and farmer is clearly shown when farmers lose business to large scale cor-porations. The goal is to bring people closer to the farmers who grow their food. It is much more important to establish a connection between farmer and buyer before anything else and any form of certifica-tion. The lack of trust between farmer and consumer and the lack of knowledge from the consumers side about farming are the two main factors in why some people can’t see the added value in green-market products.

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The answer is quite simple but also complex. Show the people the stories behind some of these farmers and how they truly treat their animals with care. Show the people that these small scale farms, though opted not be certified organic, are treating their animals better. Measure their successes and their animal’s successes to prove to the people that quality goods do not always come from organic farms.

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“I believe that the best way to create good living con-ditions for any animal, whether it’s a captive animal living in a zoo, a farm animal, or a pet, is to base animal welfare programs on the core emotional systems in the brain. The environment the animals live in should activate their positive emotions as much as possible, and not activate their negative emotions any more than necessary”

- Temple Grandin

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Alive is a service that aims to build trust between people who buy goods at green-markets and the farmers who sell these goods. A good re-lationship between customers and farmers ensures that the customer knows where their food is coming from at all times. They know how their food is being handled, and how the animals that even-tually become their food are being treated. Alive brings to life stories from the farmers and their animals through assessing the mental and physical well being of the animals on the farm. Creating environments that stimulate animals through play, lust, and care.

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Alive makes the argument that at everyone who is responsi-ble for animal such as farmers need a set of simple, reliable guidelines for creating good mental welfare that can be applied to any animal in any situation.

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EducatorsFarmersBiologistsZoologistsPETAdistributors

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EducatorsFarmersBiologistsZoologistsPETAdistributors

Stakeholders can represent anyone who could benefit from Alive. Many of these stakeholders play a large role in the distribu-tion and the consumption of food and it is critically necessary that each and every stakeholder of the food process do their share to ensure maximum success.

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Subject Experts

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Subject ExpertsErika Doering is a designer and educator specializing in sustainable design. She studied Studio Art and Architecture at the University of Vermont and in Florence, Italy, and received a Masters in Industrial Design from Pratt Institute in New York. Her studies sparked a keen interest in materials, fabri-cation methods and ergonomics, while her travels to Turkey and India have inspired a strong use of color, textiles and the art and design of cultures throughout the world. 4

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Kate Orff is a assistant Professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, where she teaches graduate design studios and interdisciplinary seminars focused on sustainable development, biodiversi-ty, and community-based change. She is the co-author of Petrochemical America.5

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Claireis Hartten a designer whose work deals with the relationships between food, agriculture, society, and the natural envi-ronment. Claire co-founded the Dirt Café, an experimental project that uses social interaction to solve problems creatively.6

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Davy Hughs is the opertions manager of Union Square green Market with a back-ground in industrial design and farming.7

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Temple Grandin is an american doctor of animal science, a professor at Colorado State University, a best-selling author, an autistic activist, a consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior, and an engineer.8

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Michael Yezzi is the owner and founder of Flying Pigs Farm which is a small-scale, pastured livestock operation located on the shores of the Battenkill River in Washington County, New York. Since 2000, Michael Yezzi has raised rare, heritage breed pigs, as well as meat chickens and laying hens for eggs. Over the past ten years michael has grown the farm from three pigs in 2000 to over 1,000 pigs in 2014. The farm also raises 1,000 laying hens and 2,500 chickens for meat. 9

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Ronald Kipps raises bison and black angus beef. Growing practices “My animals are naturally raised, 100% grass-fed. I used no hormones, steroid, or antibiotics.” Ron Kipps grew up on his grandmother’s farm in West Virginia and bought his hilltop ranch in 1984. In 1988, he married his vet, Margaret. Ron’s family has been farming for over 200 years.10

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It is important to have a good un-derstanding of the organic industry to further support why work needs to be done in this area. The organic cer-tification process in the United States involves many requirements to which farmers need to meet in order to be labelled as such. These requirements are not very strict to say the least and are subjective without a clear set of instructions. This allows room for mistakes and unregulated farms that are labelled organic. The feed which animals are fed on an organic farm include products from the pasture, forage, and crops which all need to be handled organically (there are different requirements for the organic handling of crops) and there are certain synthetic and nonsynthetic substances that can be used as food additives and supplements. Cattle under 9 months old are allowed 20% of their feed to come from non-organic sources which can consist of anything from plastic pellets, manure, urea, and poultry by-products.11

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When it comes to the living conditions of organic labelled livestock there is the most amount of leniency. A farmer who is certified organic must maintain living conditions that allow animals to express their natural behavior and their natural health. These living condition requirements include access to outdoors, fresh air, direct sunlight, and access to a pasture.12 As one can see these requirements are very subjective and allow for give when it comes to the farmers responsibility. Although it is understandable and widely accepted that these requirements are what we have to go off of, there are also multiple other ways that humans can improve these conditions for livestock. Healthcare for organic livestock is another requirement for every organic farmer but it is more about what farmers don’t put in our livestock rather than what they do. Producers of organic livestock must create an appropriate environment that “minimizes” stress and disease to promote animal health that reduces pain and stress and they must also not administer preventative antibiotics or growth hormones. 13

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This is not to say that producers of organic livestock are not able to induce treatment when necessary but it does mean that when an animal is given antibiotics and other medications they can no longer be sold or labelled as organic. Finally, a farm that is certified organic must always keep a paper trail or record of each and every animal on the farm. These records are very important for the verification of the organic status of an animal and the practices that come along with the treatment of livestock. This record is required to be maintained for only 5 years even though some farm animals far outlive 5 years for by-products.

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Although the organic certification system in the United States is widely accepted and believed in, there are many requirements within each category that can be bypassed without auditors realizing. In addition to the consumers lack of knowledge on the organic certification process, there is no way for consumers to truly ensure that the products they are eating are truly legitimate. This dilemma is unavoidable however there is room for improvment. We can begin to concentrate more on the mental and physiological status of an animal as well as their physical well being.

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Searching for small scale farms around the tristate area that really do care about their animals and how they are treated is where Alive starts. The best part about all of this is that Alive develops relationships with farmers over the span of a few months where Alive is able to engage in conversation about this topic. The first farmer Alive spoke with is Michael yezzi and michael is the founder and owner of flying pigs farm and cares a lot about the issues that alive is exploring and raises rare and endangered species of pig only of which 2000 exist on the planet. Michael is not certified organic because he truly cares for his livestock and gives antibiotics to them when they are sick just as he would for his children. He uses no growth hormones or synthetic feed. Farms who medicate their animals are not allowed to be certified organic.

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The second farmer that Alive developed a relationship with is Ronald Kipps who is a bison and elk farmer on Elk Trails Ranch and Ron has been a farmer for over 30 years. Ron has some really interesting stories about his animals on his farm which he loves to talk about. He knows each and every one of his animals and like Michael, ron is also not certified organic. Alive started to question whether these small scale farms who medicate their animals when necessary are actually treating their animals with much more care and love than other organic certified farms. These small scale farms are losing out in competition with large organic corporations that provide no more incentive to buy their products other than a label. We still have no idea who our farmers are. It’s small farms like michael’s and rons that truly have the added value in their products although not certified. Perhaps it’s these small scale farm practices that should be highlighted.

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In a study commissioned by the British Government called the Brambell Report14 there are five freedoms that are listed as the essential requirements that every farm animal should have whether organic or not. These Five freedoms consists of the freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury, or disease, freedom to express normal behavior, and freedom from fear and distress. The first of the five freedoms which is also the most straightfor-ward requires that consistent food and water is supplied throughout the farm so as to ensure that every animal is well fed and not hungry or thirsty.

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Freedom from discomfort is a freedom that ensures every animal has what it needs to feel comfortable which may include providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a resting area. In addition to the freedom from hunger and thirst and freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain and disease is the ability of a farmer to take good care of their animal and be able to diagnose, prevent, and treat any form of pain or disease as soon as possible. The first three freedoms are straightfor-ward and can be performed on any farm given the space and the proper management. The last two freedoms are complex and are psychological rather than physical. There have been many instances where farms are able to perform the first three freedoms really well and the implementation of these freedoms are successful.

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When it comes to the implementation of the last two freedoms which are the freedom to express normal behavior and the freedom from fear and distress, the situation becomes really complex really fast. The freedom to express normal behavior becomes complicated with farm animals especially since they are domesticated. They are not able to express themselves in the way they do in a natural environment. In many cases, it’s impossible to “give a domestic or captive animal the freedom to express a normal behavior”15 However, we can improve this by providing substitute behaviors that keep an animal active to replace these movements and gestures. Freedom from fear and distress is the ability of a farm to remove an animal from a fearful environment and thus avoiding mental suffering. Recent studies have shown that fear and stress in cattle before slaughter or the witnessing of slaughter by other livestock increases fear hormones and cortisol levels in the blood of the livestock.16

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This results in the alteration of the taste of meat during processing as there is no way of removing this hormone from meat that has already been slaughtered. In addition to stress and fear levels that reduce the taste of meat, bruising as a result of forcing of animals into stalls during slaughtering or caretaking costs the slaughterhouse approximately $5.00 per animal to carve out the bruised sections of the meat. This leads to inefficiency and loss of money on both the producer and consumer end. Although there is no way to measure the happiness or wellness levels, we can ensure that everything is done in our power to improve the living and wellbeing conditions of our livestock animals. We need to begin to concentrate more on the animals emotional “expressions” rather than their physical appearance. It is a known fact that we will never be able to get people to stop eating meat but if we are to eat them then the least we can do is ensure that they live a happy and healthy life before slaughter.

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LUSTcareplay

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There are three emotional systems that can be useful tools in assessing animal happiness. The first of these three emotion systems is lust. Lust is the sexual desire inside of an animal for another animal. Lust is a good sign of animal happiness and every farmer should try to stimulate their animals as naturally as possible. The second of these emotion systems is care. Maternal care is the most powerful of the different types of care and is a good sign of animal happiness as well. Other care factors can include animal friendships and sharing among animals. I truly believe that every farmer should create an environment that is conducive to showing care. The last of three emotions is play. Play is extremely useful in assessing an animals happiness as it invokes the natural behavior of curiosity. An animal that does not play is not happy which is why every farmer should incorporate play into the animal’s daily routine.

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As a designer I was able to take inspiration from temple grandin’s work and create objects that fostered this conversation with farmers about the humane treatment of their animals. I wanted to engage in talks about how we can improve the life of the animals we eat.

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Megaphone allows an animal to communicate with humans so that we can hear exactly what their needs are. Megaphone is a speculative object that questions our understanding of even the smallest animals (in this case a hamster) and to make us question what animals would say to us if only they can communicate with us. Megaphone aims to aid in our understanding of animals and to further make the argument that we need to do more to try and under-stand other beings.

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Fish embroidery exists as a speculative object that phys-icalizes sound especially those we cannot hear. Sonar communication among fish is inaudible to the human ear without using a sonar device. This embroidery machine aims to represent the com-munication that is happening between two fish and allows the user to visualize the emotions that are taking place within the fish bowl. Depending on the emotions of the fish, the embroidery machine would begin to embroider a piece of fabric either with soft forms or rigid shapes which would represent an intense or soft interaction between the fish. Fish embroi-dery is a speculative object that is paired along with a short narrative.

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“Two marine biologists prepare their equipment for the study they would be performing on blue whales and the way they communicate with each other in the ocean. Many fish and other marine animals communicate via audio waves and sonic waves that are not audible to the human ear, however just because we cannot hear it does not mean it does not exist.

As the two marine biologist finish setting up their equipment and securing it to the floor of the boat they are using they begin to use their sonar devices to locate the whales and it appears that a pair of adult blue whales are directly underneath them. As they increase the volume of their audio receiver they begin to hear whistling sounds and soothing tones similar to the sound a clarinet produces. The two marine biologists attach another device that looks like a miniature loom to a computer that their audio device is also connected to. Within 10 minutes of having everything connected to everything else the miniature loom buzzes to life and threads begin to move. After another 10 minutes a foot of material has produced itself from the loom and on the piece of fabric one can see intricate designs that is a direct physicalization of the communication between the two whales…… The two biologists take this weaved pattern to a marine conservation conference and present it as a physi-calization of a whales existence. Just because we can’t see, smell, hear, taste, or feel them does not mean they don’t exist”

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#alivelunch

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In order to reestablish this connection between farmers and their animals we need to begin to understand them all over again. #AliveLunch aims to understand the communication between humans and animals, animals and animals, and animals and their environment by providing us with experiences. Alive is an experience design that creates connection and compassion by engaging the audience in gestural and sensorial food design. These experiences include dining interventions that allow the audience to feel more connected to the food they are eating but also make the audience spend more time thinking about what they are eating.

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Foraging table gives audiences a deeper look into how their food is grown but also allows the audience to develop a relationship with these foods. The foraging table enables the audience to pluck their vegetables directly out of the dirt in front of them. They are then able to rinse the dirt off of their vegetables with a bowl of water and eat them directly from their hands. The foraging table acts as a platform for the audience to engage in conversation about the way food is grown and how it is gathered.

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Chicken dining table is inspired from the way chickens are fed on farms using PVC pipes that house certain grains. These pvc pipes are cut in all different shapes to accommodate different farms and they are usually hacked together by the farmer himself. The chicken dining table makes the audience peck and lick from the pipes and bowls.

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Sheep dining table is also inspired by the way sheep are fed on farms using a funnel which dispenses grains, corn, and vegetables for multiple sheep at the same time. The sheep dining table required the audience to lay on their stomachs and grab vegetables from the end of the funnel using only their mouths.

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Pig dining table is an experience that takes cues from existing pig trough designs and brings it to life through allowing the audience to consume larger foods such as bread. The dining table is divided into 8 different sections and allows for up to eight people to eat at once. While the audience is eating side by side literally everything becomes a blur as they are trying to hold a piece of bread in their mouths.

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Interventions

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An animal’s willingness to play is a crucial tool in assessing it’s happiness. An animal that does not play is not happy period. We know that “play behavior is probably a good sign of welfare, because an animal that’s depressed, frightened, or angry doesn’t play”17 Play produces feelings of joy and thus can help make animals happier if they interact with toys. In a study done by Dr. Panksepp care is another tool for assessing an animal‘s happiness level as care is crucial in determining if an animal is consciously aware of another animal and their feelings.18 Care can be seen in action when a mother cares for her young or when a group of animals mourn the death of a lost one as is the case with elephants but it can also be seen as animal friendships or avoidance of one another. Finally, Lust, sex or sexual desire of an animal by another animal is a good tool for measuring wellbeing and happiness and can also be measured by the amount of times a female or male procreates during its life.

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Lust is an important factor in determining an animal’s happiness. This first prototype is of a necklace that is braided from wool of a male sheep and worn around the neck of a female sheep. Research has shown that the scent of a male sheep during the females ovulation period actually helps in the natural stimulation of the female sheep. This particular female sheep lost her mate due to a harsh winter and so the wool that was taken from him was braided into a lavalier. These objects allowed farmers to think more about the natural ways they can stimulate their animals instead of artificial insemination and biostimulation.

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The amount of care an animal shows throughout its life is crucial in measuring its happiness or sadness on a farm. Care can be described as the recognition of an animal by another another when they are around. The ability to understand its own kind, the ability to surround or remove itself from others in a situation, and its ability to show attention, solicitude, caution, and anxiety all are signs of good care. This prototype is of an ear tag that has an RFID embedded into it. The information that is provided can then be used to determine where each animal should be placed. Farmers can then create ideal environments free of violence and stress.

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Play is a good sign of animal happiness and should always be encouraged on a farm. Play invokes the natural behavior of seeking and curiosity in animals which is positive. Alive creates toys for farm animals to interact with.

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Design plays a huge role in our world and where our world will go. Not only does design permeate into every field of study but it has the power to change and shift the way people perceive the world. Although we will never be able to get people to stop eating animals, the least we can do is try to create a happy and healthy life for them when they are alive. Alive does this through creating interventions and storytelling and hopefully somewhere in the near future Alive will begin to implement its designs into every farm starting with small scale farms.

Looking Forward

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Looking Forward

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Footnotes

1.“Connecticut NOFA: Organic Is Growing!” Connecticut NOFA: Organic Is Growing! N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.2. “Why You Can No Longer Trust The USDA Organic Label.” Why You Can No Longer Trust The USDA Organic Label. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.3. “What do non-farmers really want to know about the farm” N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.4. “Erika Doering Design.” Erika Doering Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.5. “SCAPE: People.” SCAPE: People. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.6. “Claire Hartten.” Green Rabbits. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.7. “Serious Eats - Seriouseats.com.” Serious Eats. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.8. “Colorado State University.” Temple Grandin. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.9. “Flying Pigs Farm.” Flying Pigs Farm RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.10. “GrowNYC Greenmarket: Union Square: Livetock: Elk Trails.” Flickr. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.11. “Organic Livestock.” - Small Farms / Alternative Enterprises. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.12. “Organic Livestock.” - Small Farms / Alternative Enterprises. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.13. “Organic Livestock.” - Small Farms / Alternative Enterprises. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.

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Footnotes

14. “Five Freedoms.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 May 2014. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.15. Grandin, Temple, and Catherine Johnson. Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. Print. Page 316. ”Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport.” Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.17. Grandin, Temple, and Catherine Johnson. Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. Print. Page 918. “Animals in translation: Using the mysteries of autism to decode animal behavior. “Temple Grandin,. Page 241

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Bibliography

Grandin, Temple, and Catherine Johnson. Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior. New York: Scribner, 2005. Print.

Grandin, Temple, and Catherine Johnson. Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. Print.

Masson, J. Moussaieff. Beasts: What Animals Can Teach Us about the Origins of Good and Evil. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

Myers, William. Bio Design: Nature, Science, Creativity. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2012. Print.

Connecticut NOFA: Organic Is Growing. Connecticut NOFA: Organic Is Growing! N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.

Why You Can No Longer Trust The USDA Organic Label.” Why You Can No Longer Trust The USDA Organic Label. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014

What do non-farmers really want to know about the farm” N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014

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Bibliography

Organic Livestock.Small Farms / Alternative Enterprises. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014

“Five Freedoms.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 May 2014. Web. 28 Apr. 2014

Grandin, Temple, and Catherine Johnson. Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Print. 2009.

Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport.” Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.