Alien aquatic biota: Alien aquatic biota: patterns and current issuespatterns and current issues

Dan Minchin Dan Minchin

INVASIVE SPECIES IN IRELANDINVASIVE SPECIES IN IRELANDBelfast, 22 March 2007Belfast, 22 March 2007

I gratefully acknowledge:I gratefully acknowledge:Dr Cathy MaguireDr Cathy Maguire

IRELAND:IRELAND: EHSNI, EPA, MI, NPWS, EHSNI, EPA, MI, NPWS, NRFB, SRFB, SRBD, UL, WI, WRFB, NRFB, SRFB, SRBD, UL, WI, WRFB,

ELSEWHERE:ELSEWHERE: CAWTHRON & NIWA-NZ, CAWTHRON & NIWA-NZ, CRIMP-CSIRO, EU-ALARM, EU-CRIMP-CSIRO, EU-ALARM, EU-DAISIE, Friday Harbour, ICES-DAISIE, Friday Harbour, ICES-BWSG, ICES-WGITMO, IUCN-ISSG, BWSG, ICES-WGITMO, IUCN-ISSG, PICES, Queensland Museum, PICES, Queensland Museum, NCMCC, Plymouth ML, SAMSNCMCC, Plymouth ML, SAMS

……and many good friendsand many good friends

1.1. EU projects ALARM & EU projects ALARM & DAISIEDAISIE

2.2. Some case historiesSome case histories

3.3. Species on the moveSpecies on the move

EU FW6 Integrated Project - EU FW6 Integrated Project - ALARMALARM

http://www.alarmproject.net/alarm/

Environmental risk Environmental risk assessmentassessment

Modules:Modules: climate, pollination, climate, pollination, socio-economics,socio-economics, chemicals, bioinvasionschemicals, bioinvasions

BioinvasionsBioinvasions- - pathwayspathways- ecosystem invasibility & risk ecosystem invasibility & risk assessmentassessment- traits of invaders- traits of invaders- management issues- management issues

Invasions – Invasions – Socio-economicsSocio-economics

Management of Management of zebra mussels zebra mussels on the Ebro on the Ebro River – River – National not National not regional regional problemproblem

Binimelis et al. 2005 ALARM Report

Invasions - ChemicalsInvasions - Chemicals

Organotin (TBT) Organotin (TBT) toxicity in portstoxicity in ports

1987-1993-1999-20051987-1993-1999-2005

Overall decline of TBTOverall decline of TBT

Similar trend in FranceSimilar trend in France

Minchin & Oehlman (in prep)Minchin & Oehlman (in prep)

ToolkitsToolkits

Rapid assessmentsRapid assessments Minchin 2007 Minchin 2007 Aquatic InvadersAquatic Invaders (in press) (in press)

Biopollution indexBiopollution index

Olenin et al. 2007 Olenin et al. 2007 Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin

(in press) (in press)

Community/habitat/ecosystemCommunity/habitat/ecosystem

Principle Principle human human

activitiesactivitiesMinchin 2007. Minchin 2007. Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin (in (in

press) press) Minchin et al. (in prep.)Minchin et al. (in prep.)

1.1. ShippingShipping

2.2. Wild fisheriesWild fisheries

3.3. CultureCulture

4.4. OrnamentalOrnamental

5.5. Live foodLive food

6.6. LeisureLeisure

7.7. Research/Research/edu.edu.

8.8. BiocontrolBiocontrol

9.9. Flow changeFlow change

10.10. OthersOthers

““Invasion corridors” in Invasion corridors” in EuropeEurope

Expansion of Ponto-caspian species

Northern corridor special study area

Records of alien species in European coastal watersreported in Aquatic Invasions in 2006

Charybdis feriata

Rapana venosa

Mytilopsis leucophaeata Hemimysis anomala

Neogobius melanostomus

Platax teira

Cardites akabana

Aplysia dactylomelaParupeneus

forsskali

Callinectes sapidus

Chromodoris quadricolor

Percon gibbesi

Cercopagis pengoi

Eriocheir sinensis

Diadema setosum

EU FW6EU FW6Strategic Targeted Research Strategic Targeted Research

Project DAISIEProject DAISIE

www.europe-aliens.org

• Linked to ALARMLinked to ALARM

• Register of expertsRegister of experts

• Alien species Alien species registerregister

• Invasive species Invasive species documentationdocumentation

• Mapping European Mapping European distributionsdistributions

Join the European Alien Species

Expertise Registry !

http://daisie.ckff.si

Irish databaseIrish database

Alien & CryptogenicAlien & Cryptogenic Freshwater (~101)Freshwater (~101) Marine and brackish (~75)Marine and brackish (~75) 6 ‘new’ species6 ‘new’ species in last year in last year caca 40 new localities 40 new localities in last year in last year

UK marine & brackish (~142)UK marine & brackish (~142)

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Decommissioned Decommissioned vesselsvessels

““Ghost ships”Ghost ships”

US naval vesselsUS naval vessels

71 ships71 ships

Idle for many yearsIdle for many years

In oyster areaIn oyster area

Oysters fouling hulls?Oysters fouling hulls?

US to EuropeUS to Europe

Breaking up yard in BritainBreaking up yard in Britain

Idle while Idle while being being dissembleddissembled

Opportunities Opportunities for for colonisationcolonisation

Commercial species on hullsCommercial species on hulls

Minchin & Gollasch 2003Minchin & Gollasch 2003 BiofoulingBiofouling 19:19: 111-122111-122

Blue mussel 19%Blue mussel 19% Pacific oyster 10%Pacific oyster 10% Horse mussel 3%Horse mussel 3% Flat oyster 2%Flat oyster 2% Olympic oyster 2%Olympic oyster 2% Soft shell clam 2%Soft shell clam 2% Surf clams 2%Surf clams 2%

Oysters can carry diseasesOysters can carry diseases Minchin & Mann 2003 Minchin & Mann 2003 ICES ICES

ITMOWGITMOWG

Risk of transporting Risk of transporting PerkensisPerkensis and MSX and MSX

Risk of transporting other biotaRisk of transporting other biota

Decommissioned vesselsDecommissioned vessels

Mytilus galloprovincialis

Styela clava Minchin 2006 In: The ecology of transportation. Springer

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Movements of fishesMovements of fishes

European fish movementsEuropean fish movements

García-Berthou et al. 2005. Introduction pathways and establishment rates of invasive aquatic species in Europe. Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Science 62, 453-463.

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Pseudorasbora parva

! Orfe fish farms# Wild Gudgeon

The top-mouthed gudgeon

Gozlan et al. 2005 Nature 435: 1046

Adverse Impact of intron on native species

Mass Mortalities

Rosette Agent Rosette-like Agent

Identical Mass Mortalities

Recreational fishing

Aquaculture industry

Global scale

Threat to biodiversity

Coarse fish Salmonids

Adverse impact of an introduction on native species

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An aquaculture storyAn aquaculture story

An aquaculture storyAn aquaculture story

Japanese eel importsJapanese eel imports

Parasite escapes to the wildParasite escapes to the wild

Parasite infects native eelsParasite infects native eels

Native eels suffer organ damageNative eels suffer organ damage

Atlantic eel stock alreading Atlantic eel stock alreading decliningdeclining

AnguillicolaAnguillicola a “coffin nail” a “coffin nail”

Pacific parasite of eelsPacific parasite of eels

Spread:Spread:

Adult eel movements Adult eel movements in tanksin tanks

Infected intermediate Infected intermediate stages, ballast stages, ballast waterwater

Natural spreadNatural spread

Paratenic hosts Paratenic hosts (insects?)(insects?)

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Oysters move other Oysters move other species – again!species – again!

Pressed for tradePressed for trade

Oyster movements have a long Oyster movements have a long historyhistory

Since 1960’s Ireland prevented entrySince 1960’s Ireland prevented entry

EU trade in pacific oystersEU trade in pacific oysters

January 1993 – half-grown importsJanuary 1993 – half-grown imports

Minchin 1996 Aquatic Conservation, Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4: 229-244

Pacific oysters arePacific oysters are importedimported

Trade agreement enter Ireland - 1993Trade agreement enter Ireland - 1993

Mytilicola orientalisMytilicola orientalis becomes becomes establishedestablished

Oyster summer mortalities appearOyster summer mortalities appear

Slipper limpets may be introduced with Slipper limpets may be introduced with bottom cultured oysters or musselsbottom cultured oysters or mussels

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A gardner’s A gardner’s faut pasfaut pas

The gardener’s handThe gardener’s hand

Garden centresGarden centres

Introductions Introductions of plantsof plants

Ornamental pond Ornamental pond plants rapidly plants rapidly speadingspeading

Lough Corrib

Country-wideLough Derg, Shannon

Nuttall’s pondweedNuttall’s pondweed

20052005 20062006

Absent

Present

Moderate

Dense

Absent

Present

Moderate

Dense

Water violetWater violet

2005-06

20062006

<2002-2006

o

o

oo

oo

Minchin & Boelens 2005 Irish Naturalists’ Journal

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The cryptogenThe cryptogen

DidemnumDidemnum sp sp – a sea squirt– a sea squirtLikely to impact aquaculture and fisheriesLikely to impact aquaculture and fisheries

Photo: Damien OfferPhoto: Damien Offer

Photo: Liz SidesPhoto: Liz Sides

Minchin & Sides 2006 Aquatic Invasions 1: 143-147

Potential impact on aquaculturePotential impact on aquaculture

St Georges St Georges BankBank

@80m, 140km@80m, 140km22

Potential Potential impact on impact on benthic benthic resourcesresources

Likely impact on benthic food chains

Species on the Species on the movemove

CorbiculaCorbicula spp spp

Asian clamAsian clam

Now spreading from SE BritainNow spreading from SE Britain

Can survive in air long periodsCan survive in air long periods

A small number can create a new A small number can create a new populationpopulation

Very invasiveVery invasive

Likely to arrive in IrelandLikely to arrive in Ireland

Pacifastacus Pacifastacus leniusculusleniusculus

a freshwater crayfisha freshwater crayfish

Moved for cultureMoved for cultureAmbulatoryAmbulatoryPredatoryPredatoryInterferes with bait anglingInterferes with bait anglingCompetes with ‘native’ crayfishCompetes with ‘native’ crayfishLikely to arrive in IrelandLikely to arrive in Ireland

Undaria pinnatifidaUndaria pinnatifidaJapanese kelpJapanese kelp

Introduced for culture Introduced for culture to Brittanyto Brittany

In southern BritainIn southern Britain

Excludes native algaeExcludes native algae

May be transported May be transported with small craftwith small craft

Eriocheir sinensisEriocheir sinensisChinese mitten-crabChinese mitten-crab

Photo: Stephan GollaschPhoto: Stephan Gollasch

MarlinMarlin

Minchin 2006 Irish Naturalists’ Journal 28: 303-4

Mitten-crabs could spread throughout Mitten-crabs could spread throughout IrelandIreland

Cyst in lungCyst in lung

Prey on fish eggs and insectsPrey on fish eggs and insects

Future scenarios facing Future scenarios facing IrelandIreland

Unexplained and crisis eventsUnexplained and crisis eventsFurther expansion of unwanted speciesFurther expansion of unwanted speciesNew routes – new risksNew routes – new risksHuman economy/health issuesHuman economy/health issuesRapid transport – high riskRapid transport – high riskManaging secondary spread from BritainManaging secondary spread from BritainNew industry: aquaculture biotechnologyNew industry: aquaculture biotechnologyLeisure activitiesLeisure activitiesImported live foodsImported live foods

So how do we manage?So how do we manage?

Pro-active managementPro-active management

Risk assessmentsRisk assessments

Pre-border controlsPre-border controls

Rapid assessment monitoringRapid assessment monitoring

Join the European Alien Species Expertise

Registry !http://daisie.ckff.si