Dificultades frecuentes de

traducción para la combinación

lingüística inglés-español

Karina Socorro

Ginebra

abril, 2010

Competencia traductora

• The essential competences required of a

translator are competence of reception

and analysis, research competence,

transfer competence, competence of text

production, competence of translation

quality assesment, and linguistic and

cultural competence both on the source

and the target side (Nord: 1991).

Translation competence

• is the ability to carry out the transfer process from the

comprehension of the source text to the reexpression of

the target text, taking into account the purpose of the

translation and the characteristics of the target text

readers (PACTE: 2003)

Encargo de traducción(Wh-questions: Nord 1994)

determinará las estrategias de traducción aplicables en

cada caso

Análisis TO/TM

• ¿Cuándo? = dialecto temporal (arcaísmos)

• ¿Dónde? = dialecto geográfico (papas, guagua, trusa es ropa

interior en Perú y bañador en Cuba, jaba es bolsa en Cuba, movie,

vacation, elevator…)

• ¿Cómo? = dialecto social (cultismos, expresiones coloquiales,

palabras tabú…)

• ¿Quién? = autor

• ¿Para quién? = lector

• …

REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA

DICCIONARIO DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA - Vigésima segunda edición

plomero

1. m. Fabricante de objetos de plomo.

2. m. And. y Am. fontanero.

Competencias para la traducción especializada(Rodríguez Camacho, 2002: 312-313)

(tarea multidisciplinar)

• Cognitiva, que está centrada en el conocimiento del ámbito especializado.

• Lingüística, que está relacionada con el dominio de dos o más lenguas.

• Comunicativa, que es la capacidad para comunicar conocimiento especializado (escrito y oral).

• Metodológica, que es la capacidad para hacer el trabajo de forma ordenada y sistemática mediante la aplicación de una metodología y la utilización de herramientas y recursos documentales, terminológicos e informáticos disponibles.

ORTOTIPOGRAFÍA

“conjunto de usos y convenciones por la que se

rige en cada lengua la escritura mediante signos

tipográficos” (DRAE).

The World's Fastest HumanBy ALEX ALTMAN Time Magazine, Aug. 18, 2009

Jamaica's Usain Bolt celebrates winning the 100-m final at the 12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics, Berlin

He shocked everyone but himself. Less than a year after blazing into history by setting a world record in the 100-m dash at the

Beijing Olympics, Usain Bolt, a 6 ft. 5 in. blur, broke his own mark on Aug.16 in Berlin. At the same site where American Jesse

Owens upstaged Adolf Hitler 73 years ago, Bolt shaved more than a tenth of a second off his own record, clocking an absurd 9.58

seconds. Never shy about touting his talent, Bolt hinted at even greater successes ahead. "I think it will stop at 9.4, but you never

know," he said. At this point, nothing seems impossible for the lanky, 22-year-old Jamaican, whose win cemented his place in track-

and-field lore, and left no doubt that he owns the sport's most fabled title: World's Fastest Human.

Only 17 men have staked claim to the honor, which has grown in stature since Donald Lippincott became the first official

world-record holder in the 100-m dash at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics by running a 10.6. Still, his mark stood until his compatriot,

Charley Paddock, topped him by notching a 10.4 at a meet in California nine years later. In 1930, Percy Williams, a Canadian,

became the first non-American to take the title. Six years later, Owens took the record back with a 10.2-second time — part of the

epic performance in Berlin in which the sprinter notched four gold medals and punctured Hitler's vision of Aryan supremacy beneath

the Fuhrer's scornful gaze. In the 1980s and '90s, Leroy Burrell and Carl Lewis both held the World's Fastest Human title twice. At

the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, Canadian Donovan Bailey snatched the mantle by speeding to gold in 9.84 seconds

In 1988, Jamaican-born Canadian Ben Johnson clocked a scorching 9.79 at the Seoul Olympics, but quickly had his record

expunged after testing positive for the anabolic steroid stanozolol. Johnson wasn't the last World's Fastest Human to succumb to the

lure of steroids. American sprinter Justin Gatlin, who ran a 9.77 at a meet in Qatar, is serving a four-year suspension for doping, and

Tim Montgomery is currently serving time in an Alabama prison for bank fraud and heroin distribution. But charismatic, telegenic and

steroid-free —he has passed every test administered to him and attributed his win in Beijing to a steady diet of chicken nuggets— the

colorful star has outsize talent and a personality to match. "I just blew my mind and blew the world's mind," Bolt said after racing to

glory last August. On Aug. 16 he did it again.

“THE PIG” IS PENNEDThe dramatic capture of Italy's most notorious mafioso encourages a tormented

nation to believe that the mob may at last be on the run

THOMAS SANCTON

Unkempt, pudgy and beady-eyed, Giovanni brusca was well suited to his Sicilian nickname, u Verru ("the Pig"). Despite his unimpressive physique, Brusca had managed, at 39, to become one of the most powerful and ruthless bosses in the history of the Mafia's legendary Corleone clan. Italian prosecutors say he detonated the bomb that blew up crusading anti-Mafia investigator Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three bodyguards near Palermo in 1992. The following year, Brusca allegedly ordered bombings in Florence, Milan and Rome that left 10 dead. Last January, he was convicted in absentia and sentenced to life in prison for killing a Sicilian tax inspector. According to a former henchman, in one particularly chilling act, he personally tortured and strangled the 11-year-old son of a Mafia turncoat, then threw the boy's body into a vat of acid.

To the lawmen who had been closing in on him for the past five months, Brusca seemed as lucky as he was bloodthirsty. He evaded at least three capture attempts this year, but on Monday, May 20, his luck ran out. As Brusca sat in the dining room of a Sicilian villa near Agrigento, eating a steak dinner with his girlfriend and his five-year-old son, along with his brother Vincenzo, 27, his sister-in-law and their two children, some 200 black-hooded special police troops circled the property.

At 9:45 p.m., the commandos knocked the doors down and stormed in. Brusca and his brother, also a wanted mafioso, offered no resistance. Ironically, they were watching a TV movie about the Falcone killing at the time of the arrest. Besides a copy of Falcone's book on the Cosa Nostra, police found $30,000 in cash in the villa, suggesting that Brusca was preparing to flee again. The capture of Italy's most wanted mobster was exhilarating news for the center-left government of Prime Minister Romano Prodi, who took office two days earlier with a pledge to wage war on the Mafia. Informed of the arrest while attending a concert in Rome, Interior Minister Giorgio Napolitano exulted, "It's an extraordinary success to have captured the main author of the attack on Falcone. It's the greatest tribute we could pay to his memory." Said Falcone's sister Maria: "Finally the state is giving the strong response that Giovanni wanted."

Discrepancias ortotipográficas

•Sistema monetario€ 30 € ; £30 ; Código ISO 4217 (USD; GBP; GMD, etc.); conversión

•Franjas horarias•1 am; 1 pm

•FechasFebruary 14th, 2010

on Feb.14, A.D. 269

•Puntuación

.” ; ?; ¡

•Sistema imperial frente al sistema métrico decimal

pounds, miles, feet, pint, ounces, etc.

Grados: ºF; Cº

•Mayúsculas/ minúsculas

• Uso distinto de tipos de letra (siglos, 125th, 25th)

• Cifras1,345; 4.2 2010

• Enumeraciones

(i), (ii)

• Interjecciones y onomatopeyas

ORTOTIPOGRAFÍA

•Sistema monetario(€ 30 30 €); £30 30 libras; Código ISO 4217 (USD; GBP; GMD, etc.); conversión

•Franjas horarias1 am; 1 pm 1.00 ó 13.00

•Puntuación

•Sistema imperial frente al sistema métrico decimal

pounds, miles, feet, pint, ounces, etc.

•Mayúsculas/ minúsculas (gentilicios, versos, títulos, meses, días de la semana…)

• Uso distinto de tipos de letra (siglos, números volados)

• Cifras1,345 1.345; 4.2 4,2

• Enumeraciones

(i), (ii) a), b); 1), 2)

Puntuación

• Interjecciones y onomatopeyas

Interjecciones y onomatopeyas

• Ah¡

• Aha¡

• Ahem¡

• Atishoo¡

• Bah¡

• Hey¡

• Haha¡

• Scat¡

• Ouch¡

• Whoops¡

• Knock knock

• Yummy yummy

• Tweet-tweet

• Baa-baa

• Cock-a-doodle

• Bow-wow

• Woof-woof

• Miaow

• Moo

Modismos o expresiones idiomáticas

• Out of sight, out of mind

• East, West, home’s best

• Travel broadens the mind

• All that glitters is not gold

• In Rome do as Romans do

• He was caught with his hands in the till

• To drop a brick

• No tengo donde caerme muerto

Anglicismos

Anglicismo

―es un elemento lingüístico, o grupo de los

mismos (sic), que se emplea en el

castellano peninsular contemporáneo y

que tiene como étimo inmediato un

modelo inglés‖ (C. Pratt 1980:115)

Préstamo

• ―una forma de expresión que una

comunidad lingüística recibe de otra‖

Léxico patrimonial castellano

• Voces pre-romanas

• Voces latinas y las griegas o helenismos

• Voces de los pueblos bárbaros invasores del Imperio (germanismos)

• Voces de origen incierto y etimología discutida

• Voces de la presencia árabe en España (s. VIII)

• Lusismos

• Galicismos

• Anglicismos

Causa justificada

• la falta de una expresión en la lengua de

llegada que represente realidades nuevas

a través de los términos correspondientes

para designarlas y la rápida incorporación

del concepto a la cultura de llegada.

Factores que propician la entrada de anglicismos

(STEEL, B., Esbozo del Espanglish de Australia)

• 1.- Los medios de comunicación

• 2.- Las tres pantallas (cine, televisión y

ordenador)

• 3.- El mundo del espectáculo

• 4.- La Comunidad Europea y la necesidad

de estandarización

Formas de entrada

• Transferencia (anglicismos puros)

- croissant, sandwich, squash, aerobic, bar;

software o de banana, pizza…

• Naturalización

- fútbol de football, estándar de standard‖;

líder de leader.

Casos de anglicismos puros(vacíos de caso: no existe otro vocablo que

designe ese concepto)

• Internet

• Halloween

• Squash

• Badminton

Casos de convivencia del préstamo y léxico

patrimonial

• jersey y pulóver (Canarias)

• hall y vestíbulo (ambos)

• jeans (Sudamérica) y vaqueros

• fútbol y balompié (en desuso)

• película y filme (ambos)

• hobby o afición (ambos)

• sandwich o emparedado (en desuso)

!Ojo¡

En EEUU viven 30 millones de hispanohablantes y existen 20 países de habla hispana en el mundo. Se depositan anglicismos por aluvión en muchos de estos países.

– Anglicismos léxicos: plomero de plumber : naife de knife

– Anglicismos sintácticos: vacunar

la carpeta; ¿qué tu dices?

Calco lingüístico

• es el término que adopta un significante

parecido al del término inglés ya existente

en español o el significado más inmediato

y literal de la palabra.

• es una palabra o grupo de palabras que

imitan el esquema o la significación de

una palabra o expresión inglesa o

extranjera y no su entidad fonética.

Ejemplos de calcos lingüísticos

• mouse

• skyscraper

• hot dog

• public relations

• miniskirt

• basketball

• science fiction

• What do you say?

• draft

!Falsos amigos¡

• Son aquellos que provienen de palabras

cuya grafía, cuerpo fónico y sonido inglés

es muy parecido o casi igual a la del

vocablo español, es decir, su significante,

pero cuyo significado es completamente

distinto.

Falsos amigos

• Crime

• Educated

• Attend

• Assist

• Argument

• Collar

• Carton

• Instructor

• Embarrassed

• Library

• Jubilation

• Pretend

• Properly

• Delito

• Culto

• Asistir

• Ayudar

• Discusión

• Caja

• Avergonzado

• Biblioteca

Anglicismos sintácticos

• Es una traducción literal del modelo

sintáctico inglés que ofrece como

resultado una estructura sintáctica o

sintagma menos frecuente o que mantiene

una correspondencia parcial con el

original.

Visión purista y no purista:

equilibrio

• Estrany (cfr. Rodríguez Segura 1999: 76)

nos preocupa que ―los calcos sintácticos

por negligencia o ignorancia nos lleguen

sin la depuración necesaria y puedan

tergiversar las estructuras españolas‖.

Estructuras objeto de anglicarse

porque no existe

correspondencia exacta

inglés-español

Determinantes

• He speaks with his hands in his

pockets Habla con las manos en los

bolsillos

Artículos

• I don´t like cats

• My father is a lawyer

Discrepancias en el uso de

formas verbalesLA VOZ PASIVA

• ―Ten Palestinians were killed‖ Ayer fueron muertos 10 palestinos (anglicismo de pasiva)

• Changes can be made from Monday 13th to Friday 17th ???? cambios desde el lunes 13 hasta el viernes 17 (futuro); ???? cambios desde el lunes 13 hasta el viernes 17 (pasiva refleja)

• This portrait was made by Dámaso Alonso Este cuadro lo pintoDámaso Alonso (voz activa)

You are not allowed to come in No puedes entrar (activa)

• This form must be returned by April 10th Este formulario ha de ser devuelto antes del 10 de abril (pasiva perifrástica); Este formulario se entregará antes del 10 de abril (pasiva refleja, futuro); Devuélvase este formulario antes del 10 de abril (activa, forma imperativa).

Sujeto

• By the time Dikembe Mutombo turned 9,

he knew he wanted to be a doctor. He

would work hard and return to Congo to

help his country-men Cuando Dikembe

Mutombo …

Adverbio

• She was seriously injured La hirieron degravedad (locución prepositiva) y no gravemente

• Carelessly

• Unwillingly de mala gana

• Ironically

• Jane is extremely intelligent Jane no tiene un pelo de tonta (expresión idiomática y contrario negado)

• He came in sadly Entró triste (cambio de categóría gramatical: de adverbio a adjetivo)

Preposiciones

• Lincoln is one of the best schools in

Oxford Lincoln es uno de los mejores

colegios de Oxford

Adjetivos

• Irish Tourist Board Oficina de Turismo

de Irlanda

• She’s got big blue eyes tiene los ojos

grandes y azules

• She’s got long fair hair

• The second major subordinate compound

sentence type

• A null and void vote voto nulo

• A cooperative and collective action

Despersonalización del ―you‖

• The more you eat, the more you spend

• I am talking to you, sir me dirijo a usted

• The more you eat, the more you spend

Cuanto más se come, más se gasta;

cuanto más comes más gastas; cuanto

más comemos más gastamos

Parataxis e hipotaxis

• Please do not feed the animals. To do so

can damage their health and lead even to

fatal injury Se ruega no dar de comer a

los animales puesto que podría

provocarles daños fatales e irreversibles

• ―I want to take some cakes to Grandma.

She’s not very well.‖

Ejercicio

• Las Canarias son siete islas. Están

situadas en el Océano Atlántico.

Constituyen un archipiélago. Tienen un

benigno clima tropical y también playas de

finísima arena. Tradicionalmente son

visitadas por numerosos turistas. Estos

turistas se sienten atraídos por el sol.

Ejercicio

• This year’s Christmas cribs were a great

success. Over one hundred pupils made

cribs at home. These were displayed in

the church during the Christmas period.

Lots of parishioners commented on the

creativity of our pupils. Congratulations to

all the boys who took part in this very

worthwhile project.

Otras construcciones que tienden a

anglicarse

• He is big enough to understand

• Both France and Spain belong to the EU

• Such girl is nice

NOMBRES PROPIOS:

siempre alerta¡

• Antropónimos

• Topónimos

• Otros nombres propios

- acrónimos

- nombres de publicaciones

- títulos de películas…

Antropónimos

NOMBRES DE INDIOS AMERICANOS

• Crazy horse

• Two Moons

• Sitting Bull →

TRANSLITERACIONES Y TRADUCCIONES

• Горвачев → (Mikhail) Gorvachev → (Mijaíl) Gorbachov

• Гласност → Glasnost (transparencia)

• Перестройка → Perestroika (reorganización o reestructuración)

• (Osama) Ben Laden → Bin Laden

• Ariel Sharon Ariel Sharón

Antropónimos

(nombres de persona)

NOMBRES DE LA REALEZA

• Charles I

• Queen Elizabeth II

• Prince William

• Stéphanie de Monaco

• Henry VIII

NOMBRES DE PERSONAJES CON

RELEVANCIA HISTÓRICO-CULTURAL

• Ane Boleyn

• Michelangelo

• Moses

• William I

Topónimos

(nombres de lugares)• England

• Ireland

• Canary Islands

• USA

• U.K.

• The Falklands

• Mauritius

• Cape Town

• Andalutia

• Seville

• Galway

• Mont Blanc

• The Rocky mountains

•Kenya

•Libya

•Rwanda

•Sydney

•South Africa

•Latin America

•Tokyo

•Seoul

!Cuidado con la renominación de lugares¡

La URSS

• Nombres de calles

The Fith Avenue

The Seventh Avenue

10 Downing Street 10 Downing Street ; el número 10 de Downing Street

• Nombres de lugares emblemáticos

The Redwoods Las Secuoyas (en California)

The Pentagon El Pentágono (sede del departamento de defensa de los EEUU, en Washington)

The White House

The British Museum

Westminster Abbey

Fota Wildlife Park Parque natural Fota o Reserva natural Fota.

La Moncloa

The Rose Garden

• Nombres de bares y tiendasNo se traducen

• Peter’s bar

• El Corte Inglés

NOMBRES DE INSTITUCIONES Y ORGANISMOS (ACRÓNIMOS)

• NATO

• UE

• DVD

En caso de no existir traducción reconocida, se debe procurar una traducción aproximada y mantener la sigla en su forma original, de acuerdo con las norma ISO o su homóloga española UNE 50-128-94(International Standards Organization). Ejemplos:

• Dublin City University (DCU)

• National Socialist Party

• PSOE

EJEMPLO DE NOMBRE DE BANCO

Para Barclays Bank, Moya (2000) recoge las siguientes opciones encontradas en distintos periódicos:

• Barclays Bank

• El Barclays

• El Barclays bank

• El banco Barclays

• El banco británico Barclays

Copenhagen 2009

Climate Conference in Copenhagen

6. - 18. December, 2009

• In 2012 the Kyoto Protocol to prevent climate changes and global warming runs out. To keep the process on the line there is an urgent need for a new climate protocol. At the conference in Copenhagen 2009 the parties of the UNFCCC meet for the last time on government level before the climate agreement need to be renewed.Therefore the Climate Conference in Copenhagen is essential for the worlds climate and the Danish government and UNFCCC is putting hard effort in making the meeting in Copenhagen a success ending up with a Copenhagen Protocol to prevent global warming and climate changes.The Climate Conference will take place in the Bella Center. The conference centre is placed not far from Copenhagen and near the Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup. Governmental representatives from 170 countries are expected to be in Copenhagen in the days of the conference accompanied by other governmental representatives, NGO's, journalists and others. In total 8000 people are expected to Copenhagen in the days of the climate meeting.Minister for Climate and Energy, Connie Hedegaard. Photo: Jakob Dall. The host of the meeting in Copenhagen is the government of Denmark represented by Connie Hedegaard, the Danish minister of Climate and Energy and Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen. The official sekretariat is placed in connection to The Prime Ministers Office in Copenhagen. Originally the hosting of the climate conference was initiated by the former Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen.

• The Danish Government has decided that not only the subject of the conference should be focused on the climate but also the conference itself. Among other initiatives the organizers work on mounting af windmill near the Bella Center to produce climate friendly electricity for the conference.

The conference in Copenhagen is the 15th conference of parties (COP15) in the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The recent meeting in United Nations Climate Change Conferences was held in December 2007 in Bali.The secretary for the climate conferences is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC - based in the German city Bonn. An important part of the scientific background for the political decisions taken on the conferences is made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC, based in Geneva, Switzerland. The IPCC is Established to provide the decision-makers and others interested in climate change with an objective source of information about climate change. IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In 2007 the IPCC received the Nobel Peace Price). The Climate Conference in Copenhagen is organized in cooperation between the Ministry of Climate and Energy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Ministry of Finance and the Prime Minister's Office.

Otros nombres propios

Nombres de equipos

Se transfieren.

Manchester United → Manchester United

New Jersey Nets (equipo NBA) → New Jersey Nets

NBA (liga de baloncesto)

Nombres de vientos

Se traducen.

Trade winds vientos Alisios

Nombres de huracanes o tornados

Se transfieren.

Mitch, Katrina, Rita...

Marcas registradas

Kleenex clínex (Panhispánico de dudas)

Aspirine Aspirina

Formica

Gomina

Thermos (flask) Termo

Jacuzzi

Confort

Obras literarias y de arte

Se traducen

The thinker El Pensador (de Rodin)

Moses El Moisés (de Miguel Ángel)

Sense and sensibility Sentido y sensibilidad (Jane Austen)

Festividades. Traducción con inclusión de explicación (ejemplos extraídos por Moya 2000: 70 de la prensa nacional):

Halloween, noche de todos los Santos

St Patrick’s day Día de San Patricio, patrón de Irlanda

Fourth of July El Cuatro de Julio, día nacional en el que EEUU conmemora su independencia

TÍTULOS O NOMBRES DE PELÍCULAS

Spiderman

Chicken Little

Seven Brides for Seven Brothers

Two much

Gone with the Wind

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

Airplane¡ Aterriza como puedas; ¿Dónde está el piloto?

PUBLICACIONES

El País

Nature