alain badiou's seminar i, 1992-1993: nietzsche's antiphilosophy, translated

7/25/2019 Alain Badiou's Seminar I, 1992-1993: Nietzsche's AntiPhilosophy, Translated.

1/271

RANSLA ED AND EDI ED BY WANYOUNG KIM

ALAIN BADIOU - Seminar I, 1992-1993

Niet!"#e$!Anti-%#i&'!'(#)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

A! 'ne !t*+ent ' %r'e!!'r Ba+i'* +*rin #i! .i!it t' Gran+ Ra(i+! in 2/10, I a!a((r'.e+ in (er!'n a! a tran!&at'r A&& ri#t! re!er.e+ M*"# ratit*+e t' m) i'&'i"a& (arent!at %*r+*e, an+ m) !(irit*a& ami&) in Gran+ Ra(i+!, Mi"#ian an+ Ne Y'r4, Ne Y'r4 5

2/16 ) Wan)'*n Kim A&& ri#t! are re!er.e+
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/


2/271

1

TRANSLATOR$S NOTE

%#i&'&'i!t, ('et an+ m*!i"ian, Niet!"#e i! 'ten mi!*n+er!t''+ r'm t#e !tan+('int '

#i! !'"i'('&iti"a& ae!t#eti", a&'n it# an a*t'i'ra(#i"a& an+ (!)"#'&'i"a& "'mmentar),#i!t'ri"a& an+ (#i&'!'(#i"a& I, a! t#e !a)in, n'rma&&) attri*te+ t' Ari!t't&e 'e!7 8Ma+ne!! i!

it# eni*! "&'!e&) a&ine+, rare&) are i*re! ' Niet!"#e$! &iterar) !tat*re 'r inte&&e"t

e:amine+ in t#eir 'n ri#t 'r (!)"#'&'), a! (#i&'!'(#i"a& !*;e"t!, it# a n'+ at Wi&&iam


3/271

2

A! !*"#, t#e FAnti$- ' FAnti-C#ri!t i! n't a !tri"t inar) 'r +iametri"a& '(('!iti'n, *t e m*!t

4n'

t#at in De&e*e, a! e&& a! ee&, +ia&e"ti"a& '(('!iti'n re!'&.e! it!e& in #i#er !)nt#e!i! T'

!'me'ne

airmin in t#e &*: ' &ie =!imi&ar in !tr*"t*re t' ait# in Be"'min?, t#e *e!ti'n remain! i

Bein

8a&!e&) ana&)e+ 'r !*eee+ int' '.er&) narr' "ate'rie! ' inter(retati'n 'r T'ta&iati'n a!

8Ot#er

('int at a&& t' ('!!i&e '((re!!i'n ' inar) '(('!iti'n! a! a t#in an+ it! neati'n, 'r )

i+enti)in t''

reat&) it# "'n"rete !iniie+! Creati'n i&& re!i!t (a!!i.e ni#i&i!m in Be"'min 'ne it# t#e

'i+, an+ )et it! &*i+it) i! interate+ it# t#e "'n"retene!! ' a"ti.e ni#i&i!m, "reatin a!

ma!ter ' 'ne!e&, in an+ +e!(ite t#e mere&) (er"ei.e+ !#a&&'ne!! ' t#e ine.a&*a&e +e(t# a!

'i+ T#i! i&& rin in t#e im('rtan"e ' ait# a! a .eri+i"a& (er"e(ti'n ' !*!tan"e t#at 'ne

"an 'i!t 'nt' t' 'r ra!(, in 'r+er t' *i&+, ma4e, tear +'n, #en ne"e!!ar), an+ t' "reate

W#at re!i!t! inter(retati'n (!)"#'ana&)ti"a&&) 'r #ermene*ti"a&&) i! n't r'*n+! 'r e"'min a

rea"ti.e (a!!i.e ni#i&i!t ' Niet!"#e$! Came& !tae a! '((re!!i'n3 We ma) !ee #' Niet!"#e,

it# re!(e"t t'#i! r'&e a! an '!er.er, 't# at t#e interi'r a! e&& a! e:teri'r ' C#ri!tianit), ma) e&& e "a&&e+

a

(a!t'r a! e&& a! a min'r (r'(#et, e.en a !aint Wit# t#e er.en") ' a t#ir+, 'r at &ea!t a t#ir+-

an+-#a&

enerati'na& %r'te!tant C#ri!tian a"4r'*n+ =Niet!"#e$! at#er, ran+at#er an+ reat-

ran+at#er

ein L*t#eran mini!ter!, 'r t#'!e #'m Niet!"#e reer! t' a! (rie!t!, an+ Niet!"#e #im!e&

#a.in

!t*+ie+ it# a %r'te!tant t#e'&'ian Free-t#in4er$ an+ (#i&'&'i!t name+ rie+ri"# Wie&m

Rit!"#&?, Niet!"#e i! *n+'*te+&) *a&iie+ t' i+enti) en*ine C#ri!t-Bein, a! #e menti'n! in

Anti-C#ri!t, a! e&& a! "riti*e t#e #)('"ri!) ' C#ri!ten+'m a.in #a+ t#i! t#ir+-enerati'na&

3The Three Metamorphoses in hapter Si! and Zarathustra


4/271

3

%r'te!tant a"4r'*n+ 'n m) 'n m't#er$! !i+e, it# a reat-ran+m't#er "'n.erte+ t'

%r'te!tanti!m ) mi!!i'narie!, 'rn in 1H9/ =t#e )ear +*rin Niet!"#e$! +ementia '&&'in a )ear

' ritin! in"&*+in Anti-C#ri!t an+ Ca!e ' Waner?, !' (er#a(! I "an "&'!e&) i+enti) it#

Niet!"#e$! ain *('n 8#a&-C#ri!tian #)('"ri!) ' We!tern i+ea&!, 'r 8'r&+-+en)in m'+e! 't#'*#t it# an A!iati", !*(ra-A!iati" an+ m're-t#an-A!iati" e)e, 6, Be)'n+ G''+ an+ E.i&,

tran!&ate+ ) Ian


5/271

"

&a*#ter a! a a) 'r t#e !'*&$! !tri.in !trent# t' '.er"'me !*erin an+ #ar+!#i(! 'e.er, i&&

t' ('er i! n't mere&) a"ti.e, t#at i!, a"ti.e ni#i&i!t, *t a !)nt#e!i! ' a"ti.e =i&&*&? an+ (a!!i.e

=i&&in?J 'r m'!t ' t#e '+)$! ;'), t' e !*&imate+ 'r rai!e+ #i# a'.e t#e Se&, i! &'"ate+ in t#e

Dri.e! See Untime&) Me+itati'n!, rear+in t#e (#ra!e =in 8S"#'(en#a*er a! E+*"at'r? 8Y'*rtr*e !e& +'e! n't &ie *rie+ +ee( it#in )'*, *t rat#er ri!e! immea!*ra&) #i# a'.e )'*, 'r

at &ea!t a'.e #at )'* "'mm'n&) ta4e t' e )'*r FI$ en"e, FLie$ (er!i!t! in an+ (a!t (at#'&'),

(er#a(! (a!t +eat# A S*(eri'r O.er#*man, 'r an Ot#er'r+&) O.er#*man in Niet!"#e i! 'ne

#', a! t#e "'mm'n C#ri!tian !a)in 'e!, &i.e! in t#e 'r&+ *t n't ' it =


6/271

#

Art an+ We!tern (#i&'!'(#) i! t#*! a B&an"#'tian ininite "'n.er!ati'n, a! t#e &atter an+ 'rmer

e:"#ane enerie! #i"# are (a!!i.e an+ a"ti.e, in e!!en"e T#ere ma) e at time! e in

(#i&'!'(#er!, a! in an) #*man! in &i.in$! .i"i!!it*+e! !&i#t (er!'na&it) *ir4!, a! e&& a! tra*ma in

(#i&'!'(#er!, e.en #)!teria at 'ne ('int in Niet!"#e@'r a! !'me ma) !a), a #i#-*n"ti'ninne*r'!i! B*t t#e!e are a&& ten+en"ie! ' ein #*man, an+ i! ' &e!!er im('rtan"e t#an t#e e'rt '

tr)in t' *n+er!tan+ #at Niet!"#e$! 'n "ate'rie! ma) mean It i! n'ta&e in Ba+i'*$! ana&)!i!

' Niet!"#e, #e i! a"ti.e&) re.er!in t#e !tan+('int ' ana&)!t a! ma!ter !iniier a&'ne7 'r t#'*#

e are *e!ti'nin Niet!"#e$! te:t, it i! !ti&& a&i.e a! a 'rma& +ia&'*e 'r tra+e T' ren+er an

#'ne!t 'r '(en-en+e+ +ia&'*e it# Niet!"#e *ntainte+ ) E&iaet# Niet!"#e$! a!"i!t e+it'ria&

#an+, it$! e!(e"ia&&) ne"e!!ar) t' em(#a!ie t#at Niet!"#ean ('er #a! een tran!&ate+ r'm t#e

'riina& !eminar! a! (*i!!an"e A! Ein!tein #im!e& +i!"'.ere+, it i! Ma"#t 'r (!)"#i"a& ener), a!

EQMC2 t#at !tr*"t*re! t#e *ni.er!e, in"&*+in t#e materia& a! mere&) a "'n+en!e+ ener) T#i!

"an it!e& e:(&ain t#e re&ati'n eteen '+) an+ (!)"#e, 'r !'*& German Ma"#t i! "&'!e!t t'

(*i!!an"e a! a reine+ ('ten") 'r (!)"#'&'i"a& 'r"e ' !e&-'.er"'min, n't at a&& t#e "r*+e

(#)!i"a& !trent# ' Krat It i! Ma"#t, t#e 'rmer t#at "#ara"terie! Niet!"#e$! O.er#*man 'r

S*(er#*man T#*! Ma"#ti&& +ierentiate t#e A"t*a&it) ' ('er t'ar+ #i"# 'ne i&&!, r'm

t#e mere r*te 'r"e in %&at'$! T#ra!)ma"#*!, 'r !#eer (#)!i"a& Krat =!trent# 'r '+i&) itne!!?,

;*!ti)in Gea&t 'r r*te .i'&en"e, in Nai! 'r t#e Anti- Semiti" e:tremi!t! ' t#e *nreine+

C#ri!tian ar ri#t T#e !*&imati'n e !('4e ' ear&ier, a&'n it# &a*#ter, i! #at Niet!"#e, ina&m'!t (r'(#eti" 're!#a+'in ' E&iaet#$! a*!e, reer! t' in Da)rea4 a! .i"t'r) 'r !trent#

'.er Krat en"e, it i! t#e a++e+ ren"# +e!inati'n ' (*i!!an"e t#at i&& #e&( *ar+ Niet!"#e

aain!t an) *rt#er +i!t'rti'n! ' Wi&& t' %'er an+ 't#er 'r4! a!e+ 'n it! #i!t'ri"a&&) ina""*rate

*!ae ' Krat ) t#e Nai! ater Niet!"#e$! !i!ter ma+e &iera&&) a*!i.e e+it! t' t#e te:t!,

!*!tit*tin Krat in in!tan"e! ' Ma"#t0 Niet!"#e #a+ reerre+ t' t#e


7/271

$

e'i!ti" in!e"*ritie! ' !&a.e m'ra&it), ie re!!entiment M*!t e menti'n it&er i! !#'n t' #a.e #a+

DNA 'riin! a! *arter


8/271

%

ear&) !tae! +e!inate! t#e !'*&*& !4i&& an+ !trent# ' t#e "#ara"ter ' a ein, n't mere&) a

+e!tr*"ti.e 'r"e ' re!!entiment ar*a&) '*n+ in "r*+e, r*te, an+ e:treme&) "'n!er.ati.e !(in! 'n

Niet!"#e, a! e&& a! in t#e Anti-Semiti" D'na&+ Tr*m( A&ain Ba+i'* 'ten *!e! t#e 'r+ reime

t' +i!"*!! F'r+er$, t#at i!, ' a meta(#)!i"a& !tr*"t*re 'r !"#ema Ste((in a!i+e r'm it! '.i'*!a!"i!ti" "'nn'tati'n, I #a.e &et it a! F'r+er$ t' e tr*e t' t#e #i!t'ri"a& *!ae ' 8'r+er !*"# a! 'r

e:am(&e, in '*"a*&t$! Or+er ' T#in!, 'r 8'r+er ' tr*t#, 8'r+er ' t#e a++re!!, 8'r+er ' t#e

ar*ment *rt#er, I t#*! #a.e ren+ere+ 8(rV"i(itati'n .er! &a '&ie ' t#e Niet!"#ean A"t a! t#e

8r*!# t'ar+, 'r 8r*!# ', #en !(ea4in ' Niet!"#e$! ma+ne!!, Ba+i'*$! L$a"t ' ina&

"r*"ii:i'n a! Di'n)!*! 'r Niet!"#e %er#a(! t#e m'!t *ni*e a!(e"t ' Ba+i'*$! treatment '

Niet!"#e a! Anti-%#i&'!'(#er, i! in #i! +i!tin"ti'n ' t#e 8anti in anti-(#i&'!'(#er r'm inar)

'(('!iti'n in +ia&e"ti", #i"# (re"e+e! t#e !tae ' me+iati'na& !)nt#e!i! T#i! i! (art an+ (ar"e&

De&e*ian a! it tran!"en+! a ee&ian n'ti'n ' '(('!iti'n S*"# a eat*re re&ate! t' t#e +i!"*!!i'n

' t#e n'n-"'ntra+i"t'r) Faain!t$ in t#e Se"'n+ C#a(ter, a! e&& a! in t#e A((en+i: +i!"*!!i'n '

Niet!"#e aain!t Waner Ba+i'*, in t#e Si:t# C#a(ter ren+er! t#e (*re m*&ti(&i"it) ' 8i& ) a

+i!tin"t r'm Bein a! &$tre, 'r &$Vtant a! a !tate M) *!e ' 8!tate ' ein 'r &$Vtant +e!inate!

Bein =&$tre? it#in t#e i& ) aF! (*re m*&ti(&i"it) Bein i! mere&) ait#*& t' ei+eer$! +i!tin"ti'n

eteen Bein an+ ein!, *t t#'!e ami&iar it# Ba+i'* i&& in+ intere!t in t#e Niet!"#ean

!*((&ementati'n ' Be"'min, +e.enir in i& ) a, it#in t#e .ita& (!)"#'&'i"a& 'r"e 'r ('er '

(*i!!an"e T#ere i! at &a!t (ara&&e&&in eteen Bein an+ art in t#i! 'r4$! A((en+i:, +e.'te+ t'Niet!"#e an+ Waner In C#a(ter E&e.en, I #a.e "#'!en t' tran!&ate &$a((araXtre a! 8a((earin,

+i!tin"t r'm &$a((aren"e--a! e&& a! !em&an"e =!ame in ren"#? t#at i! +i!tin"t r'm !em&ant

=!eemin? I #a.e ren+ere+ t#e tran!&ati'n ' 8t#eatra&i!ati'n in ren"# t' 8+rama, 'r

+ramatiati'n, #i"#, in a++iti'n t' a #)!teri" +rama, "arrie! t#e m're !*ita&e n*an"e '

Niet!"#ean 8tr*t# 'r Anti- %#i&'!'(#) a! n't !tri"t&), 'r in inar) '(('!iti'n t' tr*t# a! a a&!it),

a +iametri" ' .erita! in t#e tr*t# ' Bein$! &*: a! a Be"'min 'e.er, i&& t' ('er a! a

"reati.e !e&-Ma!ter), "'ntain! t#e tr*t# ' ('etr), art, (!)"#'&'), an+ r#et'ri"a& a+.i"e a!

t#emati"a&&) !it*ati'na&, 'r #i!t'ri"a& it#in Lie a! Be"'min, a! i! t#e a+e*ate mean! t' e:(re!!

'*r !it*ati'n in &ie Tr*t# e:(re!!e+ ) ('etr), art an+ ('&iti"! a! #i!t'ri"a& t#eme! ' e:(re!!i'n

are n't !tri"t&) '(('!e+ t' t#e "'n"e(ti'n ' Lie an+ Be"'min a! (#i&'!'(#i"a& Tr*t# S*"# i! t#e

n*an"e ' Aain!t 'r 8Anti-%#i&'!'(#) in A&ain Ba+i'*$! Niet!"#e

Wan)'*n Kim Ne Y'r4 Cit), Gran+ Ra(i+!, 2/1


9/271

&


10/271

'

ALAIN BADIOU - 1992-1993, SEMINAR I - NIE SCE$S AN I-

%ILOSO%Y

TRANSLATED BY WANYOUNG KIM

IRS COURSE A RI%LE OB


11/271

1(

Niet!"#e an+ =Anti-?%'&iti"!T#e Ami*it) ' t#e W'r+ 8Lie

Di'n)!ian Dit#)ram!

T#e Cir"&e

T#e W'r&+ an+ Lan*ae7 i!t'ri"ie+ S'(#i!tr) An+ Anti-T#eatri"a& ('eti"!

W'r&+

Lan*ae

'*r *e!ti'n! A++re!!e+ t' Niet!"#e *e!ti'n ' Bein in Si: (r'('!iti'n! =t'(?

ir!t Statement7i& ) a #a! t#e name ' 8Be"'min 'r 8Lie

Se"'n+ Statement7 Bein i! a i"titi'*! +e!inati'n7 T#e 8i& ) a '*#t n't e name+

I COURSE- E S A E AS E NEW IDOL

T#e State a! t#e Ne I+'&

ir!t T#e!i!7 Di!;*n"ti'n eteen (e'(&e an+ t#e State

Se"'n+ T#e!i!7 G'+ i! Dea+, Deat# ' t#e State

T#ir+ T#e!i!7 State i! C'rr*(ti'n

'*rt# T#e!i!7 State C#ane! Art, S"ien"e an+ %#i&'!'(#) t' a C*&t*ra& Mama

it# T#e!i!7 *manit) i! Be)'n+ State

Niet!"#e$! Ont'&') in Si: Statement!

SI: COURSE- S A E AS NEW IDOL\ DIALEC ICAL CREA ION an+

OID

Remin+er7 T#e Si: Anti-%#i&'!'(#i"a& Ont'&'i"a& %r'('!iti'n! ' Niet!"#e

T#e Si: %#i&'!'(#i"a& Ont'&'i"a& Statement! ' A&ain Ba+i'*ir!t%r'('!iti'n7 8I& ) a in Niet!"#e a! a Be"'min'r LieSe"'n+ %r'('!iti'n7 Bein i! a +ramati" +e!inati'n7 it i!n$t ne"e!!ar) t' name 8I& ) air!t Statement7 T#e Name ' 8I& ) a a! M*&ti(&i"it) 'r %*re M*&ti(&e


12/271

11

2n+ Statement7 namin t#e m*&ti(&e Bein ' 8i& ) a (er#a(! inn'"ent i 'ne !(&it! t#i!+e!inati'n, ie i 'ne (art! Bein an+ tr*t# r'm a&& "'ntin*it) it# meanin

3r+ Statement, L'i" i! #at (#i&'!'(#) retra"e! in it!e& +*e t' mat#emati"!

0t# Statement, !in"e t#ere i! (*re m*&ti(&i"it), t#ere i! n' re&ati'nt# Statement7 T#e mean! ' (#i&'!'(#i"a& t#'*#t i&& '.er&a( 'r "'mine 'r arti"*&ate t#e i+ea& 'a+e*ate &an*ae an+ t#at ' inten!e +rama

6t# !tatement7 T#e e&ement ' inten!e +rama in e.er) (#i&'!'(#) i!, in tr*t#, #at i! tra"e+ in(#i&'!'(#) in it! arti!ti" "'n+iti'n

T#e A"t an+ Ni#i&i!m

Intr'+*"ti'n an+ Re&ea!e ' T#ree Orientati'n! =ee&, ei+eer an+ De&e*e?

ir!t inter(retati'n7 T#e A"t '*&+ #a.e t#e e!!en"e ' "reatin ne .a&*e! aain!t rea"ti.eni#i&i!ti" .a&*e!

Se"'n+ inter(retati'n7 T#e A"t i! a (r'm'ti'n ' e.er)t#in t#at i! ' ma:ima& inten!it)

T#ir+ inter(retati'n7 '*"a*&t$! Niet!"#e7 t#e *e!ti'n ' inter(retati'n E:('!iti'n '

'*"a*&t]! t#e!i!

Criti*e ' '*"a*&t]! t#e!i! T#e 3 Metam'r(#'!i!

A%%ENDI^ - WAGNER$S AN I-

%ILOSO%Y

C#a(ter Se.en - On T#eater, %'etr), an+ t#e Niet!"#ean A"tC#a(ter Ei#t Ba+i'*, Niet!"#e ArtC#a(ter Nine - A('&&' Z Di'n)!*!C#a(ter en Wanerian Art

C#a(ter E&e.en - Kn'ttin! %en*&timate C'*r!e

C#a(ter e&.e %#i&'!'(#), S*;e"ti.it) Z Art


13/271

12

IRS COURSE - NOEMBER 1H, 1992

RI%LE OB


14/271

13

*e!ti'n #i"# i! a"t*a&&) a!4e+ ) t#e "ent*r) W#en e !ee t#e r'*( in *e!ti'n !tate !'

+e"i!i.e&)7 8W#) e are n't Niet!"#ean, I '*&+ &i4e t#e ir!t i+ea e #a.e ' it t' e t#at

(er#a(! e !#'*&+ e Niet!"#ean Be!i+e!, it i! 'r me a re&ati.e !*r(ri!e t' +i!"'.er m)!e&,

i&&)-ni&&), a! Niet!"#ean T#i! #a! ena&e+, I m*!t !a), m) re&ati'n t' Niet!"#e, t#at I #a+ )a&& mean! anti"i(ate+, a! I ann'*n"e+ t#i! (a!!ae ' Niet!"#e e're t#e (*&i"ati'n ' t#i!

''4, *t it #a! a""e&erate+ t#e nee+ t' ' !ee m're "&'!e&) in #at !en!e (er#a(!, #at (art '

t#e "ent*r) an+ it! t#in4in #a+ in+ee+ re"ei.e+ a Niet!"#ean t'*"# At t#e 't#er en+, !in"e e

are in.e!tiatin (arti"*&ar in!tan"e!, I '*&+ &i4e t' ('int '*t t#at t#e ea*ti*& ''4 ) Sara#

K'man, tit&e+ E:(&'!i'n I, i! an e:tra'r+inari&) "are*& a!!e!!ment ' E""e 'm', an

a&m'!t (er(et*a& "'mmentar) 'n t#at ''4, (arara(# ) (arara(#, an+ near&) &ine ) &ine A

''4 t#at e #a.e t' tra.er!e !e.era& time! E:(&'!i'n I a! n't#in *t t#e ir!t (art ' t#i!

*n+erta4in, #i"# in it! 'n a), a&!' e!ta&i!#e! 'r re-e!ta&i!#e! t#e *e!ti'n ' Niet!"#e a!

a *e!ti'n t#at i! imme+iate&) e!!entia& an+ "'ntem('rar) S' t#e #i!t'ri"a& *e!ti'n '*&+ e7

Can e t#in4, 'r &et '*r!e&.e! t#in4 t#at !'met#in in t#e "ent*r) a! Niet!"#ean, an+ t#at it

'*&+ e ne"e!!ar) t' re'rm*&ate t#i! ('!iti'n, #et#er e$re '(('!e+ t' it 'ne a) 'r an't#er

In+ee+, in t#e (at# #i"# I !*e!t t' )'*, e i&& in+ t' e!!entia& *e!ti'n! "'n"ernin t#i!

*e!ti'n, #i"# are t#e interr'ati'n! ' ei+eer an+ De&e*e7 T' #at e:tent a! t#i!

"ent*r) Niet!"#ean 'r ei+eer, )'* mi#t 4n', t#e ma in reerentia& te:t! are t#e

t' &are .'&*me! (*&i !#e+ ) G a&&imar+

7 Niet!"#e I an+ II, #i"# re!tit*te, it#'*t +'*tre!#a(in t#e "'*r!e! i.en ) ei+eer eteen 1936 an+ 1906 - a (e"*&iar time T#ere are

' "'*r!e a n*mer ' 't#er a&&*!i'n! in t#e te:t! ) ei+eer 'n Niet!"#e- in (arti"*&ar,

t#e te:t t#at #a! a"#ie.e+ !'met#in "'m(&ete&) remar4a&e, an+ #a! t#e tit&e7 W#' i!

Niet!"#e]! arat#*!tra B*t t#e ma!!i.e "'r(*! ' t#e ei+eerian a!!e!!ment ' Niet!"#e

"'m(ri!e! t' &are .'&*me!

'r De&e*e, t#e main ''4 i! Niet!"#e an+ %#i&'!'(#) An+ a! e$&& !ee, I t#in4

ei+eer]! inter(retati'n an+ De&e*e]! re"'n!tr*"ti'n +ra a 4in+ ' ma:ima& +e.iati'n

ar'*n+ t#e *e!ti'n ' Niet!"#e$! "'ntem('raneit) #e t#ir+ .ie i&& #a.e t' +' it# t#e

+eterminati'n ' t#e re&ati'n ' (#i&'!'(#) t' art, a! I #a+ menti'ne+ near t#e en+ ' &a!t

)ear, ie ta4in Niet!"#e a! !*(('rt 'r an a"ti.e 'r "*rrent +eterminati'n t#at (#i&'!'(#),

(r'.i+e+ t#at it (er!i!t! 'r in!i!t!, "'n.er!e! it# arti!ti" a"ti.it) In .er) r'a+ !tr'4e!, #at #a!

#a((ene+ t' t#e (r'(er 'r+er ' (#i&'!'(#) in t#i! rear+ Y'* 4n' t#at ee& ann'*n"e+ t#e

en+ ' !(e"*&ati.e intere!t in art =&et$! *!e t#i! (#ra!e? One #a! 'ten "'n"entrate+ *('n t#e 'rm


15/271

1"

' t#e en+ ' art, *t it i! n't e:a"t&) t#e en+ ' art a! a a"t*a& en+ ' arti!ti" a"ti.it)J t#i! i! n't

#at ee& mean! ee& e&ie.e+ t#at #at a! at !ta4e in t#e 'rm ' (#i&'!'(#) n' &'ner

#a! a re&ati'n ' imme+iate interi'rit) t' art S' e "an !tate t#at art a! !*"#, n' &'ner 'er!

(#i&'!'(#) tr*t# a'*t t#e *e!ti'n ' t#e min+ T#at !ai+, it i! *ite tr*e t#at t#i! ee&ian;*+ment #a! (&a"e+ 'n t#e +a)]! aen+a an't#er *e!ti'n, #i"# i! t#e *e!ti'n ' t#e en+ '

art It #a! (&a"e+ 'n t#e aen+a a (er!(e"ti.e ' a 4in+ ' interi'rit) it# #i"# (#i&'!'(#)

"'n.er!e! it# art An+ a! '(('!e+ t' t#e ee&ian m'.ement, t#ere #a! een r'm t#e

einnin ' t#e 19t# "ent*r) a .i'r'*! (r'm'ti'n ' art a! a "'n+iti'n ' ra+i"a& t#in4in,

e.en in !'me "a!e! a! t#e !'&e "'n+iti'n 'r t#in4in A ('!iti'n ta4en ) German R'manti"i!m,

"ertain&) "'ntin*e+ ) S"#'(en#a*er, #ere Niet!"#e i! t#e (rin"i(a& i*re ' t#i!

re"'ni*rati'n ' t#e *e!ti'n ' art in a "entra& interi'rit) ' (#i&'!'(#), n't in t#e &ea!t

e"a*!e, *&timate&), t#e (#i&'!'(#i"a& t)(e t#at i! #i!, in #i! .er) term!, t#e t)(e ' (#i&'!'(#er-

arti!t 'r Niet!"#e, art i! (rimari&) a !*;e"ti.e t)(e Be're an+ e!!entia&&) in t#e 'r4, art$!

i*re i! t#at ' t#e arti!t, an+ in !*"# a rear+, Niet!"#e +e(i"t! t#e 4in+ ' (#i&'!'(#er,

name&) t#e arti!t-(#i&'!'(#er #' i! a!i"a&&) t#e (#i&'!'(#er an+ n't a (rie!t, 'r n' &'ner a

(rie!t Art i&& !er.e a! a "r*"ia& (ara+im, in"&*+in t#e e!!entia& Niet!"#ean e!t*re ' t#e

re.er!a& ' a&& .a&*e!, an+ e!(e"ia&&) #at )'* mi#t "a&& a "#ane ' t)(e 'r t#e (#i&'!'(#er

Niet!"#ean m*tati'n i! ami*'*! in t#e !en!e t#at e "an imme+iate&) !a) t#at Niet!"#e i!

't# (#i&'!'(#er an+ anti-(#i&'!'(#er, e"a*!e it 'er! a +e-t)(in an+ ret)(in ' t#e(#i&'!'(#er S' in t#i! t)(e ' (#i&'!'(#er a! an arti!t-(#i&'!'(#er, t#ere i! a re"'ni*rati'n '

t#e e!!entia& "'nne"ti'n eteen (#i&'!'(#) an+ art, #i"# i! #) Niet!"#e (r'.e! t' e a

+e"i!i.e a*t#'r 'n t#e *e!ti'n ' t#e re&ati'n eteen (#i&'!'(#) an+ art It i! a *e!ti'n t#at

'e! e)'n+ ei+eer *( *nti& t'+a) T#i! *e!ti'n 'r *! i&& e t#i!7 #at t#e nat*ra& m'+e in

#i"# (#i&'!'(#) retra"e! art, ie #at i! t#e m'+e in #i"# (#i&'!'(#) i! *n+er t#e "'n+iti'n!

' art, in t#e !en!e t#at it retra"e! it, an+ rename! it 'r e:am(&e, e "an !a) t#at Niet!"#e

retra"e! art in t#e i*re ' it! t)(e an+ n't in t#e i*re ' #i! 'rma& "'ni*rati'n - *t in t#e

i*re ' it! t)(e T#e *e!ti'n ' art a! a 'rm ' tr*t# - e "an !a) it i! !' in t#e e)e! 'Niet!"#e - #' i! it tra"e+ in t#e "'ntem('rar) (#i&'!'(#i"a& e!t*re An+ a! in m) ;ar'n, art

i! a eneri" (r'"e+*re, &i4e an) (r'"e+*re ' tr*t# We i&& !a) t#at t#i! *e!ti'n i! a eneri"

*e!ti'n, ie t#e *e!ti'n ' t#e eneri" *a&it) ' art it# rear+ t' a (#i&'!'(#i"a& +i!('!iti'n

#e !trate) ' t#i! !eminar i&& entan&e, t#at i!, "'n"ern t#ree *e!ti'n!7T'(i"a&, On

t#e Stat*! ' t#e Niet!"#ean te:t i!t'ri"a&7 Wa! t#e "ent*r) Niet!"#ean, an+ #' !' in

#at !en!e An+ t#e eneri" *e!ti'n, "entere+ *('n art


16/271

1#

TUES IONING NIE SCE]S E^

T#e entan&ement, a&rea+) a air&) "'m(&e: (r'&em, i&& e re+'*&e+ in an't#er+ii"*&t), re"*rrent in t#e a!!e!!ment ' Niet!"#e, #i"# i! &in4e+ t' Niet!"#e, an+(re"i!e&) !*ite+ 'r Niet!"#e, an+ it i! t#e *e!ti'n a *n+amenta&&) !im(&e 'ne - name&),W#at e:a"t&) +'e! it mean t' *ti&ie t#e Niet!"#ean te:t W#at i! t#e (r't'"'& 'r a('!!i&e *!e ' t#e Niet!"#ean te:t M're (re"i!e&), #i"# ' t#e!e *e!ti'n! "an e a++re!!e+in !*"# a te:t An+ "an 'ne e.en a!4 !*"# a *e!ti'n An+ +'e! it #a.e t' +' it# a te:t t#ati! in#erent&) e:('!e+ in t#e *e!ti'n T#'!e #' #a.e tr*&) rea+ Niet!"#e 4n' t#at #i! te:t+'e! n't a((ear t' e '(en It i! n't in t#e 'rm ' t#e (r'('!iti'n7 it e:#iit! m're t#an it(r'('!e! T#e te:t i! n't a.ai&a&e 'r *e!ti'nin a! !*"#, 'r rea!'n! t#at are interna& t'#im!e& an+ are *ite e!!entia& T' +e!"rie it in a .er) !*(eri"ia& manner, t#e te:t *!*a&&)'!"i&&ate! eteen (am(#&eteerin an+ anr) +e!tr*"ti'n, t#e te:t ' #i"# i! an animati'n,an+ an airmati.e 'r+er, #i"# ) n' mean! i! in +ia&e"ti"a& re&ati'n t' t#e (re.i'*! 'r+erT#e airmati.e 'r+er i! ) n' mean! a +ia&e"ti" "'rre&ati'n ' +e!tr*"ti'n Niet!"#eana!!em&ae i! n't an a!!em&ae #ere neati'n '*&+ (re"e+e 'r "'n!tit*te t#e ('!!ii&it) 'airmati'n In!tea+ - an+ t#i!, a! De&e*e ('int! '*t i! #i#&) re&e.ant - t#ere i! a 4in+ '!ta&&in t#at i! *ite !in*&ar eteen t#e neati.e 'r "riti"a& +imen!i'n, 'r+! t#at are a&!'t'' ea4 'r Niet!"#e 'r+!, in t#e +e!tr*"ti.e +imen!i'n, !' t' !(ea4, an+ t#en in t#e!tr*"t*re a(('inte+ ) Niet!"#e a! t#e Gran+ Mi+i, ie t#e !)!tem ' airmati.e !erenit) 't#e ret*rn B*t #et#er (am(#&eteerin +e!tr*"ti'n 'r Di'n)!ian airmati'n, neit#er 'nen'r t#e 't#er are (r'('!e+ t' t#e *e!ti'nin a!!e!!ment T#i! i! n't it! !tat*! Or, i )'*ant, t#e Niet!"#ean te:t i! n't +ia&'i"a& It +'e! n't it in t#e re"*rrent 'rm ' %&at'ni"(#i&'!'(#) a! +ia&'*e Niet!"#e i! e!!entia&&) a t#in4er #' e:('!e! #i! t#'*#t! in a 'rme:em(te+ r'm +ia&'i"a& "#ara"ter, a! in +ia&e"ti"! Wit# t#i! "'nne"ti'n e ma) re"a&& t#e!*tit&e ' i& i#t ' t #e I+'& ! t#at e.er)'ne 4n'! '7 [' t' %#i&'!'(#ie it# aammer[ O.i'*!&), a #ammer i! #ar+&) !'met#in it# #i"# t' a++re!! a *e!ti'n One"an "ertain&) re"ei.e it t' !a) #), *t (#i&'!'(#) ta4en in t#e imae ' #ammer in+i"ate!(re"i!e&) t#at it i! n't +ia&'i"a& S*"# i! t#e e!!entia& ('int T#e #ammer i! 't# #at i&&+e!tr') #at +e!er.e! t' e +e!tr')e+, an+ ('!!i&) en'r"e t#e (aram'*nt airmati'n T#i!i! n't #at i&& e t#e !*;e"t 'r ';e"t ' t#e 'rm ' t#e *e!ti'n In (arti"*&ar, it "ann't, atan) time ' t#e Niet!"#ean te:t, e e:aminin e.i+en"e 'r e.en t#e i&& t' (r'ati'n One"an e.en !a) t#at t#e Niet!"#ean +e.i"e i! t#at ' *n+'in t#e ar*mentati.e !tr*"t*reBa!i"a&&), e.en #en t#ere are a((arent&) ar*ment! 'r !e*en"e!, (#i&'!'(#) i! #ammerinaain!t t#e !&'(e ' t#e ar*mentati.e !tr*"t*rin

T#*! t#e ina& ma:im i! in t#e i&i#t ' t#e I+'&! It i! it# reat !trent#, #en Niet!"#e

!ai+, [W#at nee+! t' e (r'.e+ i! n't 'rt# m*"#,[ A(#'ri!m 'r in+ee+, t#e enera& 'r+er 't#'*#t i! n't in t#e !tr*"t*re ' t#e ar*ment 'r t#at ' e.i+en"e It i! t#ere're ne"e!!ar) t' #ear it

in t#e !tr'n !en!e7 W#en Niet!"#e !ai+ [#at nee+! t' e (r'.e+ i! n't ' m*"# 'rt#,[ it i! an

e!!entia& ;*+ment, e"a*!e, ' "'*r!e, t#e .a&*e, 'r e.a&*ati'n i! (re"i!e&) t#e 4e) '(erati'n in

Niet!"#e A! e !#a&& !ee in +etai& - t#e Niet!"#ean (#i&'!'(#) i! *n+amenta&&) a (#i&'!'(#) '

a!!e!!ment, an+ tran!.a&*ati'n, a! it! t' '(erati'n! are t#e t' '(erati'n! 4e) t' t#i! t#'*#t It

a++re!!e! #at i! e!!entia& 'r it *e!ti'n! e.er)t#in a! it i! S' )'* "'*&+ !a) - t#i! i! an anti"i(ati'n


17/271

1$

' #at e #a.e t' !a) a'*t Niet!"#e]! 'nt'&') - #at nee+! t' e (r'.e+, m're enera&&) e.en

e.i+en"e, *e!ti'n e.en #i"# i! n't ' 'rt# T#e e!!entia& ea4ne!! 'r Niet!"#e r'm t#e !)!tem

' e.i+en"e, it i! n't !' m*"# #et#er t#e ar*ment i! !tr'n 'r ea4, 'r *i&in, *t it i! t#at 'n"e

)'* are in t#e e&ement ' (r'' )'* are .i!-`-.i! in t#e &i#t ' #at i!, #at #a! een &a"4in in'rt# W#at i! ' .a&*e r'm #at i! ) it!e& e:em(t r'm t#e e.i+en"e T#ere're, n' *e!ti'nin '

Niet!"#e "an e an ar*mentati.e *e!ti'nin ' a!!em&ae, a &'i" ' "'n!e"*ti'n, 'r e.en a

!tan+ar+ie+ arti"*&ate+ +em'n!trati'n ' #at it i! T#'!e #' rea+ Niet!"#e tr*&) 4n' t#at t#e

te:t +'e! n't a((ear a! '(en It i! in t#e 'rm ' t#e (r'('!iti'n7 it e:('!e! m're t#an it 'er! T#e

te:t i! n't (r'('!e+ t' *e!ti'nin a! !*"# 'r rea!'n! t#at are interna& an+ e!!entia& T' +e!"rie it

!*(eri"ia&&), t#e te:t '!"i&&ate! in a enera& manner eteen (am(#&eteer an+ anr) +e!tr*"ti'n,

#ere t#e te:t i! animati'n, an+ an airmati.e rei!ter, #i"# i! in n' a) in a +ia&e"ti"a& re&ati'n

it# t#e (re.i'*! 'r+er T#e airmati.e !tr*"t*re i! n't t#e +ia&e"ti"a& "'rre&ati'n ' +e!tr*"ti'n

Niet!"#ean a!!em&ae i! n't an a!!em&ae #ere t#e +enia& '*&+ (re"e+e t#e ('!!ii&it) '

airmati'n On t#e "'ntrar)@an+ t#i! De&e*e em(#a!ie! it# reat re&e.an"e7 T#ere i! a !'rt '

e:treme&) *ni*e !ta&&in eteen t#e neati.e 'r "riti"a& +imen!i'n, 'r+! #i"# are 't#eri!e t''

ea4 t' +e!"rie t#e 'r4 ' Niet!"#e, !' e !a) t#e +e!tr*"ti.e +imen!i'n, t#en t#e !tr*"t*re #i"#

Niet!"#e name! 8T#e Great N''n, ie t#e !)!tem ' airmati.e !erenit) ' t#e ret*rn B*t #et#er

+e!tr*"ti.e (am(#&eteer 'r Di'n)!ian airmati'n, neit#er 'ne n'r t#e 't#er are (r'('!e+ t' t#e

*e!ti'nin a!!e!!ment B*t 'r n', in an) "a!e, &et]! n't !ee t#i! a! a t#e!i! ' irrati'na&i!m, !a.e *t

t' t#in4 t#at an) rea!'n i! (art an+ (ar"e& a "a&"*&ati.e 'r ar*mentati.e rea!'n Let]! ;*!t !a) t#at

i t#ere i! rea!'n 'r Niet!"#e, it i! an e.a&*atin rea!'n , ie a rea!'n 'ere+ 'r +i!('!e+ r'm t#e

an&e ' #at it i! 'rt# An+ t#e e.a&*atin rea!'n i! n't a "'m(e&&in 'ne 'e.er, ' "'*r!e t#e

*e!ti'n ' 4n'in #at *e!ti'n Niet!"#e a++re!!e! in t#e e.a&*atin rea!'n i! a &*rre+

*e!ti'n, e"a*!e, a! e !#a&& !ee, t#ere i! a&a)! t#at ee&in ' ein in +i!"'r+ t' n'n-re&ata&e

(rin"i(&e! ' e.a&*ati'n, ie #i"# +'e! n't e.en "'me t' e!ta&i!# a "'mm'n !(a"e T#i! i! #) t#e

rea!'n i! e.a&*atin, an+ (#i&'!'(#) "ann't e +ia&'i"a& B*t t#ere i! )et a m're e!!entia& rea!'n 'r

t#e *e!ti'n t#at i! !' +ii"*&t t' a++re!! in t#e Niet!"#ean te:t7 t#at t#e "entra& ar*ment 'Niet!"#e]! *!ine!! i! n't#in e!i+e! Niet!"#e #im!e&, #i"# (re!ent! a .er) !tri4in (#i&'!'(#i"a&

!in*&arit) Niet!"#e intr'+*"e! #im!e& in t#e #eart ' t#e +e.i"e a! a (rin"i(&e "entra& t'

e.a&*atin #i! 'n (r';e"t An+ t#e m're time (a!!e!, t#e m're t#i! i! !' In t#e te:t! e i&& main&)

retain, name&) t#e te:t! ' 1HHH, 'r rea!'n! t#at I i&& ;*!ti) &ater, t#i! a((r'a"# i! 'mni(re!ent

E.er)t#in #a((en! a! i Niet!"#e #im!e& i! !*mm'ne+ a! a (rin"i(&e ' e.a&*ati'n ' t#e (r';e"t

#ere, m're'.er, #e ta4e! *! &et t' e itne!!e! Niet!"#e n't 'n&) *n"ti'n! a! an a*t#'r, 'r an


18/271

1%

a*t#'r m're 'r &e!! rem'.e+ r'm t#e *ni.er!a&it) ' t#e te:t, *t Niet!"#e i! (art ' t#e te:t it!e&,

an+ !tratei"a&&) a "enter(ie"e One i&& '.i'*!&) !a), an+ 'ne #a! !ai+ it aain7 *t t#i! #ere i!

ma+ne!!_ E!(e"ia&&) i )'* ta4e 1HHH int' a""'*nt, a! t#i! i! a )ear t#at !eem! t' r*!# t' t#e

"ata!tr'(#e '


19/271

1&

"#an"e[ An+ a! &'n a! t#e te:t i! "'ni+ant ' an e:"e!! ' !e&-tr*t#, #i"# i! t#at in !'me !en!e

t#e en*n"iati'n ' tr*t# i! "'n.in"in, t#e e.i+en"e in e:"e!! in t#e te:t i&& atte!t, in t#e e)e! ' e.en

Niet!"#e, t' e.er)t#in ir!t ' a&& in 'rm, ie in it! !t)&e W#at i! e:em(t r'm t#e ar*ment i&&

en+ *( 'r e +e('rte+ a! e:"e!! ' it!e&, tr*&) in t#e ('er ' t#e 'rm Ba!i"a&&), t#i! 4in+ 'ami.a&en"e t#at I ('inte+ t' ear&ier, #i"# i! t#at t#e ('eti" !*re ' t#e te:t ma4e! 't# tr*t# in

e:"e!! ' it!e&, an+ i! e.i+en"e 'r it!e&, an+ at t#e !ame time, t#e te:t i! a&!' #at a&&'! 'ne t' ear

t#i! !it*ati'n, t' "a&m it, t' "'ner t' it an a++re!! S' Niet!"#e]! te:t*a& ('etr) in it! 'rani"a&&)

(#i&'!'(#i"a& r'&e i! 't# t#e ('!!ii&it) ' tr*t# an+ t#e ('!!ii&it) t' !*(('rt it T#i! i! it! ('er

an+ t#e ai&it) t' en+*re t#i! ('er An+ t#i! i&& arrane t#e te:t ar'*n+ t#e 'rm ' Niet!"#e a!

'ne #', (re"i!e&), i! e:('!e+ t' t#i! +'*&e m'.ement7 t' e "r'!!e+ ) 'r t' e t#e "arrier ) t#e

e:"e!! ('er ' tr*t#, an+ at t#e !ame time t' en+*re it, t'&erate it, an+ e t#e "'ni+ant #' i! 't#

"ra) an+ (atient Niet!"#e i! a ('et, ie t#e (#i&'!'(#er arti!t, !' Niet!"#e i! (re) t' #i! 'n

ritin, an+ 'ne "an !a) t#at &ie i! t#e tr*t# it (r'"&aim! T#i! i! t#ere're #) #e m*!t e t#ere in

(er!'n7 E""e 'm' , #ere i! t#e man_

e i! &itera&&) t#ere, n't a! a*t#'r, *n&e!! e:em(t, *t n' +e(&')e+, *n'&+e+ in t#e te:t it!e& a! a

&ie ' t#e tr*t# it (r'"&aim! An+ t#e &ie ' tr*t# it (r'"&aim! ma4e! !en!e, an+ i&& t#*! re(&a"e t#e

'r+er ' t#e ar*ment T#e ar*ment, 'r e.i+en"e i! #at *e!ti'n! Bein r'm '*t!i+e a! t#e 'n&)

t#in t#at matter!, t#at #a! 'rt# B*t i 'ne a!4! it in e.a&*atin rea!'n, ie r'm #at i! t' e, 'r

a! it ma) e 'rt#, t#en e m*!t e:('!e t#e tr*t# a! &ie, an+ n't a! a "'n.in"in ar*ment B*te:('!in it a! &ie, i! t' e:('!e it!e&, an+ t#ere i! n' 't#er a) An+ t#i! e:#iiti'n i&& "'n!i!t in

('eti" !t)&e a! t#e &ie ' tr*t# r'm #ere t#i! ('eti" i&& in!"rie Niet!"#e a! !*"# in t#e te:t,

an+ #en )'* *n+er!tan+ t#i! "r*"ia& ('int, it m*!t in m) '(ini'n, e a met#'+ ' rea+in, ta4in

&itera&&) t#e m'!t em(#ati", m'!t amain, m'!t e:tra'r+inar) !tatement! in t#e &etter N't#in, I

e&ie.e, i! m're +amain t' an in-+e(t# *n+er!tan+in ' Niet!"#e an+ t#*!, t#e *e!ti'n7 Are e

'r are e n't Niet!"#ean, t#an ' attem(tin t' +eine e:"e!!i.e !tatement!, #ere t#e mar4 '

in!anit) i! '.i'*!, r'm !tatement! e !a) are "a&m 'r 'r+inar) In rea&it), t#i! i! n't t#e a) it

'r4!, e"a*!e ma+ne!! it!e& 'r an em(#ati" !tatement 'r !tatement #i"# !eem! e:tra.aant, 'r

a! e !a) +e&*!i'na&, e&& t#i! !tatement i! 'n&) t#at e!ta&i!#in ' Niet!"#e #im!e& a! t#e &i.in

tr*t# it (r'"&aim! An+ i )'* rea+ t#i!, it! em(#ati" "#ara"ter a((arent&) &'ate+, it ta4e! 'n

an't#er +imen!i'n, #ere e !ee t#at in a "ertain !en!e it ma) e.en e m'+e!t E.en #en

Niet!"#e !a)! !tatement! ' t#e !tr*"t*re7 [I "arr) t#e ate ' t#e "ent*r)[, t#e) are &e!! - in m)

.ie - +e&*!i'na& !tatement!, e.en i t#e) are !'- *t in a !en!e, it +'e!n$t matter_ - Statement! t#at


20/271

1'

I '*&+ "a&& *tteran"e! e!ta&i!#in t#e !tr*"t*re ' t#e te:t, ie t#e Niet!"#ean te:t i! 'n&) ('!!i&e

i !imi&ar !tatement! are a&!' ('!!i&e I it i! rea&&) t#e a((r'.a& ' a tr*t# i! in it! 'n &ie, it i!

ne"e!!ar) t#at t#e e:('!*re i! ra+i"a&&) !*;e"ti.e, an+ t#ere're !*"# !tatement! m*!t e "'- ('!!i&e

it# t#e tr*t# t#at !a)! t#at e"a*!e, in a"t, 'ne #a+ a!'&*te re!('n!ii&it) - 'ne m*!t !'&itari&)"arr) a!'&*te re!('n!ii&it) T#at]! #) I t#in4 e !#'*&+ ta4e t#e!e !tatement! at a"e .a&*e, an+

ma4e t#em 'r4 a! (#i&'!'(#i"a& !tatement!, rat#er t#an a! !)m(t'm! T#i! ('int ' met#'+ i! .er)

"r*"ia& t' me S' #at i! it in t#e!e *tteran"e!

S A US O NIE SCEAN MAD S A EMEN S

ir!t, it i&& #a.e t' +' it# !(ea4in 'n #i! 'n e#a& =!(ea4in a! #im!e&?

Niet!"#e i! a *&& (#i&'!'(#er #' #a! (*!#e+ t' t#e e:treme &imit! t#e nee+ t' !(ea4 ri'r'*!&)

in #i! 'n name, ie !(ea4in a! #im!e& It i! a&!' *ite !tri4in t#at eteen #at Niet!"#e

*n+er!t''+ a! [!(ea4in a! )'*r!e& [ an+ #at La"an mean! ) [n't i.in int' #i! +e!ire[,

t#e "'nne"ti'n i! e:treme r'm t#i! ('int ' .ie, t#e ma:im [n't i.in int' #i! +e!ire[, i it

mean! !'met#in in t#e #i!t'r) ' (#i&'!'(#), t#i! i! #at Niet!"#e meant #en #e !ai+ it

#im!e& an+ !ett&e+ in t#e #eart ' #i! 'n !a)in, t' t#e ('int t#at t#e (#ra!e [n't )ie&+in[

i&& "'me .er) nat*ra&&) r'm #i! (en in E""e 'm'7 [M) in!tin"t irre.'"a&) re!'&.e+ t' +'

aa) it# t#i! #ait t' a!!in, t' +' &i4e e.er)'ne e&!e, t' ta4e m)!e& 'r an't#er[ It rea&&) i!

n't t' i.e in, !' t#at 'ne i! "'n.in"e+ t#at #at *tter!, 'ne *tter! it a! 'ne!e&, ie t#e +e!ire in#i"# 'ne i! "'e:ten!i.e T#e rea& "#a&&ene i&& e t' ta4e #im!e& 'r #im!e&, n't 'r an't#er

Or, ' "'*r!e, #at Niet!"#e i! e&& aare ' i! t#at t#e "'mm'n !)!tem ' !(ee"# i! a&a)! t#e

'r+er ' an'n)mit) 'r e.er)'ne, ie t#e !)!tem ' an'n)mit) ' t#e [e[, 'r t#e !eria& 'r+er '

'(ini'n S', in+ee+, "'n*erin t#e ('!!ii&it) ' n't i.in *( #i! +e!ire t' !a), t#at]! t#e

!tret"#in 'r t#e e:"e(ti'n T#e 'r+inar) !tr*"t*re i!7 I am &i4e e.er)'ne e&!e, an+ t#ere're I

ta4e m)!e& 'r an't#er 'e.er, "'n*erin t#e '(('rt*nit) t' ta4e 'ne!e& a! 'ne!e&, t#at i!

rea&&) t#e *e!ti'n ' [(#i&'!'(#i"a& !a)in,[ it# a&& t#e *'tati'n mar4! )'* ant Se"'n+,

tr*t# i! a&a)! in t#e 'r+er ' +e"i+in S(ea4in *n+er #i! 'n name, ta4in #im!e& a!

#im!e&, i&& ' it# #at i! "a&&e+ t#e tr*t# in t#e 'rm ' +e"i+in an+ n't in t#e 'rm '

e:teri'rit) 'r ra&&) Ta4e 'r e:am(&e t#i! !tatement t#at i! *ite em(#ati" r'm E""e 'm' 7 [I

am ir!t t' e#'&+ t#e "riteri'n ' [tr*t#![ I am ir!t #' "an +e"i+e[ [I am t#e ir!t[ T#i!

#ere i! ma+ne!! a! a [ma!4 ' a ata& an+ t'' !*re 4n'&e+e,[ an+ n't#in e&!e B*t t#e #eart '

t#e *e!ti'n i! t' e!ta&i!# t#at t#e tr*t# i! t#e 'r+er ' t#e ('!!ii&it) ' +e"i!i'n An+ t#at 'ne


21/271

2(

i!, in rea&it), in t#e *e!ti'n ' tr*t# i an+ 'n&) i it i! t#e !tr*"t*re ' t#e ('!!ii&it) ' t#e

+e"i!i'n [I am t#e ir!t #' "an +e"i+e[ It i! in+ee+ a ('er it!e& +e(en+ent t' ta4e 'ne!e& 'r

'ne!e&, ie t#e ai&it) t' !(ea4 in #i! 'n name We !a) t#at Niet!"#e]! (#i&'!'(#) i! (r';e"te+

int' a #)!teri"a& 'r+er ' tr*t#, (ri'r t' t#e "'n"e(t*a& +e.e&'(ment ' t#i! !)!tem in t#e "'*r!e' ana&)ti" +i!"'*r!e An+ t#i!, ' "'*r!e i! rea&&) t#e e!ta&i!#ment ' t#e tr*t# t' #i! #)!teri"a&

!tr*"t*re7 [I, t#e tr*t# I !(ea4,[ #i"# a&a)! mean!7 me, t#e tr*t#, I !(ea4 ir!t, 'r I am t#e ir!t

#' !(ea4!, an+ I +e"i+e n't t' (&an a((r'.a& 'r ar*ment, *t in t#e !tr*"t*re ' *tteran"e,

e"a*!e it i! t#e *tteran"e t#at in+! tr*t# t' it! ('er T#i! a&!' mean! - an+ t#i! i! an e!!entia&

('int - t#at Niet!"#e i! t#e ir!t t' e!ta&i!# #i! !(ee"# in t#e t#e!i! t#at t#ere i! n' r*t# *t

r*t#T#ere i! a +e"i!i'n t' tr*t#, *t n't#in "'me! '.er&''4in t#i! +e"i!i'n t' a*t#'rie 'r

*arantee it T#e tr*t#, a! ar a! a +e"i!i'n #i"# r*&e+, !in"e I ta4e m)!e& a! me, an+ n't 'r

an't#er, 'n&) a*t#'rie! it!e& (re"i!e&) a! (*re !tr*"t*re ' +e"i!i.e *tteran"e It '&&'! t#at

t#e Tr*t# it!e& i! i.en in t#e 'rm ' a ri!4, ie *n&i4e an) i*re ' i!+'m 'r "'ntem(&ati'n,

an+ t#e #'&e (r'&em i! t#at e are a&e t' ear it T#e *n+amenta& *e!ti'n ' t#e tr*t# i!7

#at "an I ear It i! n't t#e *e!ti'n ' it! re!ear"# 'r "'ntem(&ati'n, *t ' t#e manner in

#i"# e en+*re, #i"# i! a&!' .er) "&'!e t' t#e !*!e*ent tea"#in! ' t#e ana&)ti" +i!"'*r!e It

i! "&ear t#at t#e tr*t# i! t' !#are in t#e *e!ti'n ' !*erin Niet!"#e 'ten re(eate+, ' "'*r!e

n't in t#e re+em(ti.e 'r C#ri!tian !en!e, ie in t#e !en!e t#at #e m*!t !*er !' t#at at t#e 'tt'm

' t#i! !*erin "'me! t#e !a.in re+em(ti'n, *t in t#e !en!e ' t#e *e!ti'n ' #at anima& amI t' ear, en+*re 'r !*er !*"# an+ !*"# am'*nt ' tr*t# It$! .er) "&ear in t#i! (ae ' E""e

'm'7 [W#at +'!e ' tr*t# a !(irit 4n'! #e "an ear, 4n'! #e "an ri!4 T#i! i! #at #a!

in"rea!in&) e"'me 'r me t#e tr*e te!t ' .a&*e![ =%rea"e? T#ere're, t#e +e"i!i'n, ri!4,

e:('!*re ' 'ne!e&, ta4in *( a"ti'n 'r 'ne!e&-- a&& t#e!e t#eme! reer t' a ('eti" "'nne"ti'n 'r

!(ea4in ar'*n+ a te:t*a& "'ni*rati'n, #ere e !ee t#at it i! t#e %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t a""'r+in

t' Niet!"#e, a !tr*"t*re #i"# ma4e! tr*t# ne.er #at i! ar*e+ 'r +i!"*!!e+, *t t#e tr*t# a!

tr*&) #at it !tate! A&& tr*t# i! in t#e 'rm ' a !tatement ' ri!4, #ere t#e main itne!! a! e&&

a! t#e main (r'.i+er ' e.i+en"e i! t#e !*;e"t ' en*n"iati'n it!e& in it! ai&it) t' en+*re, t'

ear #at it !a)! E "" e ' m ' "'n"entrate+ *&&) *('n t#i! *'te !' t#at 'ne i! "&'!er t' t#i!

(r';e"ti'n ' t#e #)!teri"a& !tr*"t*re7 [It i! t#e tr*t# t#at !(ea4! t#r'*# m) &i(!, *t m) tr*t# i!

terri&e[ An+, a! a&a)!, Niet!"#e im(&ie! t#at it i! '.er#e&min&) terri&e 'r #im It i! n't

!im(&) t#at it i&& terr'rie t#e 'r&+, t#e ir!t rea!'n t#at it i! terri&e, it i! t#e !*;e"t #i"#

en+*re! in t#e m'+a&it) ' t#e a"t t#at it i! Niet!"#e #' !(ea4! T#ere i! a !erie! ' t#in! t'

4ee( in min+ in 'r+er t' reer t' t#e Niet!"#ean te:t, t' 4n' #at "an 'r i&& e a!4e+ ' it7


22/271

21

-Be a!'&*te&) 'ne!e&, ie rea4 it# a !erie! ' '(ini'n!

-Ri!4 an+ +e"i+e #ate.er t#e "'!t

-a"e t#e terri&e a! ar a! it i! t' !(ea4 t#e tr*t#, ein +ire"te+ t' !a) it

An+ !' e "an !a), t#at 'r Niet!"#e, Tr*t# ir!t ' a&&, i! a terri&e r*(t*re in a +e"&arati.e'rm, #ere t#e (er!'n #' rea4! an+ +e"&are! i! t#e tr*e itne!! It i! a&!' t#e 'ne #'

te!tiie! 'r t#e +e"&arati'n #e #a! ma+e Y'* #a.e t' ta4e 8te!tim'n) in it! !tr'n !en!e, ie it i!

"'n.in"in e.i+en"e 'r t#e !tatement t#at #e ma+e, e"a*!e #e +e!"rie! #' #e en+*re! t#e rea4

t#at #e +e"&are! We]&& !ee #' t#i! i*re, +e!(ite t#e re!em&an"e i! a"t*a&&) t#e '(('!ite ' t#e

mart)r i*re It i! n't t#at t#e mart)r i! t#e tr*t# t#at 'ne !a)!, a! it '*&+ e ina+mi!!i&e

inter(retati'n in t#e e)e! ' Niet!"#e, *t t#at t#e mart)r i! t#e ;')*& itne!! in!'ar a! t#i!

;') i! (re"i!e&) t#e terri&e a! !*"# T#i! reat atern''n ' te!tim'n) t' t#e !tatement ' tr*t# i!

a&!' terri&e, atte!tin t#at t#i! +'!e ' tr*t# i! !*ere+ ) t#e !*;e"t #' #a! "'n!ente+ t' e

'ne!e&, t' !(ea4 a! 'ne!e& an+ n't an't#er It i! 'n&) ) #a.in a&& t#i! in min+ t#at e "an

*n+er!tan+ (#ra!e! !*"# a!, 'r e:am(&e, in E""e 'm' 7 [I ear *('n m) !#'*&+er! t#e +e!tin) '

#*manit)[ We "an !a) a (ri'ri7 a +e&iri'*! (aran'i+ !enten"e, an+ )e!, it i! B*t #' t'

*n+er!tan+ it ' m*!t e *n+er!tan+ it! (#i&'!'(#i"a& (r';e"ti'n T#i! i! #at intere!t! *!, ie

#at i! it! n'n- !)m(t'mati" '(erati'n, i it i! e.a&*ate+ 't#er t#an a! a !enten"e ' ma+ne!!

We&& t#en, I t#in4 it mean! t#i!7 Imme+iate&), eteen #at i! !ai+ an+ t#e (er!'n #' !(ea4!,

t#ere i! n' +ieren"e, e"a*!e t#e rea"ti.e, t#e (rie!t#''+, t#e .a!!a&ae an+ t#e &'erin,ein!, in Niet!"#e]! e)e!, #en 'ne e!ta&i!#e! a !tan+ar+ eteen t#e 'ne #' !(ea4, an+ t#at

#i"# i! !('4en T#i! .er) a( i! a&m'!t t#e 'riin ' t#e neati.e in t#e #i!t'r) ' #*manit) a! ar

a! it i! a +i!;*n"ti'n, a&eit !ma&&, eteen #at i! !ai+ an+ #' !a)! Niet!"#e]! ra+i"a& t#e!i!

('!it! t#at it i! 'ne an+ t#e !ame 'ne #' !ai+ an+ #e #' !a)! W#en e ta&4 a'*t art, e !ee t#e

(arti"*&ar a((r'a"# t' Niet!"#e, 'r #'m t#ere i! n' +ieren"e eteen t#e art an+ t#e arti!t,

#i"# i! .er) +ii"*&t t' *n+er!tan+ in t#e (r'+*"ti.i!t &'i" in #i"# 'ne "'n"ei.e! ' rt It i! n't

!im(&) t#at t#e a*t#'r i! in #i! 'r4 an+ t#at 'n&) #i! i'ra(#) "'*nt!J t#i! i! n't meant at a&&, *t

!tri"t&) eteen t#e arti!t t)(e an+ art, t#ere i! n' a(, t#ere]! n' nee+ t' "reate a a( Genera&&),

a*t#enti" !(ee"# t#at i! en*ine, !' t' !a), (#i&'!'(#i"a&, i! t#e e:('!*re ' en*n"iati'n a! a

r*(t*re, an+ t#*! it enae! a&& ' #*manit), e.en i t#i! enaement 'n&) rin! 'ne ' it! ('int!

B*t #ene.er t#i! #a((en!, it in.'&.e! #'&e #*manit)7 ea"# time t#ere i! *&& e:('!*re ' t#e

*tteran"e a! a r*(t*re, t#en t#i! "'mmit! a&& man4in+, e.en i t#i! "'mmitment "'.er! 'n&) 'ne ' it!

('int! T#e a"t t#at it enae! in 'ne ' it! ('int! +'e! n't matter, e"a*!e n't#in in Niet!"#e i!

n*meri"a& 'r !tati!ti"a& 'r m*&ti(&e, *t i! t)('&'i"a& an+ "an e &'"a&ie+ An+ i in 'ne ' it!


23/271

22

('int! t#ere rea&&) i! n' +ieren"e eteen #at i! !ai+ an+ t#e !tat*! ' t#e #' t#at !tate!

!'met#in, an+ an)#ere t#at t#i! '""*r!, t#e ate ' a&& man4in+ i! at !ta4e T#i! i! #) Niet!"#e

"an !a)7 [I ear t#e ate ' #*manit) 'n m) !#'*&+er!,[ e:"e(t t#at in #i! 'n e)e!, t#i! !enten"e

e"'me! em(#ati" 'r +e&*!i'na&, an+ !im(&) it i! Be"'min t#i! - e!(e"ia&&) in E""e 'm' #ereit$!7 ere I am_ -E!ta&i!#in a !)!tem ' +i!"'*r!e, in a"t, it#'*t an) +ieren"e eteen t#e 'ne

#' !('4e an+ #at i! !('4en An+ Niet!"#e #a! a +ee(, m'+e!t, an+ ri'r'*! aarene!! t#at +'in

t#at, +'in !', e.en in 'ne ' t#e!e ('int!, t#e ate ' #*manit), i! entire&) at !ta4e One "an a&!' !a),

an+ 'r m) (art I am *ite !en!iti.e t' t#i! in e.er) !en!e ' t#e term--i! t#at in Niet!"#e n't#in

i! i.en in t#e 'rm ' enera&it) T#ere i! n' enera&it) W#at e:i!t!, ie t#at in.'&.e! t#e +e!tin) '

#*manit), ne.er #a! a enera& !tat*! It i! a&a)! !'met#in t#at i! in a ('int, ie a&a)! re!'r(ti'n

at t#i! ('int, r'm a a( (re.ai&in e&!e#ere T#i! +ieren"e i! a +i!;'int eteen #at i! !ai+ an+

#' !a)!, an+ t#en, in t#e #i!t'r) ' ritin, ' art, ' t#'*#t an+ ' #*manit), it "an '""*r t#at at

a ('int t#i! a( i! "ir"*m!tantia&&) 'r tem('rari&) "an"e&e+ an+ !' t#ere i! e:('!*re ' t#e *tteran"e

it!e& T#i! i! #at La"anian &an*ae "a&&! t#e an"#'rin ('int ' t#e #i!t'r) ' t#'*#t, ie #at

"'*nt! a! a ('int #ere t#e #i!t'r) ' t#'*#t ret*ne! t'ar+ it! Rea&, e"a*!e t#ere i! a

terminati'n ' t#e a( an+ t#e '""*rren"e ' t#e terri&e, terri&e i i.en t#e !tat*! a!!ine+ t'

Niet!"#e, ie t#e (rimar) attri*te ' a tr*t# #at!'e.er In 't#er 'r+!, #en t#ere i! *&&

e:('!*re ' t#e en*n"iati'n, a +i!;*n"ti'n i! a!'re+ at 'ne ('int, t#e ate ' #*manit) i! at !ta4e,

an+ #'e.er i! t#ere, ie a (er!'n #' i! !ame it# t#e te:t, an+ n't t#e a*t#'r 'r t#e inn'"ent(r'+*"t, "arrie! 'n #i! !#'*&+er! t#e ate ' #*manit) a"e+ it# a&& ' t#i! - an+ t' ret*rn t' t#e

!tartin ('int ' t#i! .er) ir!t "r'!!in e mi#t a!47 #' +' e *e!ti'n t#e 'r4 ' Niet!"#e

Ba!i"a&&), 'ne "'*&+ e tem(te+ t' !a) t#at it# rear+ t' Niet!"#e, t#ere i! 'n&) t#e ta4in a"ti'n

' #at ta4e! (&a"e Niet!"#e #im!e& !a)! .er) &*nt&) t#at e're an)t#in e&!e, it i! an E.ent,

#im!e&, Niet!"#e, ie t#e !ame a! t#e te:t T#*! e "an !a) t#at t#ere i! 'n&) t#e ta4in ' a"ti'n in

t#i! E.ent, r'm t#e a"t t#at it ta4e! (&a"e #e 'n&) "'nne"ti'n t#at 'ne "an !*(('rt in

Niet!"#e, i! t' a"4n'&e+e t#at Niet!"#e t''4 (&a"e, an+ ma4e ree *!e a! e i!# t'

ma4e ' an E.ent, ie t' enr'&& in it! a4e, 'r 'n t#e "'ntrar), t' a'&i!# it! ee"t! B*t I

e&ie.e it '*&+ n't rea&&) ma4e an) !en!e t' e Niet!"#ean 'r anti- Niet!"#ean r'm t#i! ('int '

.ie, 'r Niet!"#e '*&+ reer t' t#e i+ea ' a +'"trine, #ere 'ne ma) !#are t#e main

ar*mentati.e t#e!i! 'e.er, t#e Niet!"#ean te:t +'e! n't it in a +'"trina& "'ni*rati'n,

*t in a +e"&arati.e E.enta& 'rm T#i! E.enta& +e"&arati'n t''4 (&a"e, !' it it! int' t#e '.era&&

!"#eme ' #at t''4 (&a"e S' t#ere i! n' !en!e in ein Niet!"#ean, *t t#ere i! !im(&) meanin in

ta4in a ('!iti'n it# rear+ t' t#i!7 t#ere a! Niet!"#e, i e en+ t' Niet!"#ean r*&e! At t#i!


24/271

23

('int, #at #a! #a((ene+, an+ #at t''4 (&a"e, i! ir!t an+ 'rem'!t in t#e ('er ' a 'rm, ie t#e

"a(t*rin ' a ta4in ' (&a"e =a.'ir &ie*? i! n't a +'"trina& "a(t*rin, an+ +'e! n't re*ire a

ra&&)in 'r e&ie It +eman+! t' e 4n'n, a! i! a&!' t#e "a!e in an) E.enta& !it*ati'n, #at e

t#in4 ' 'rma& ('er ' t#i! ta4in ' (&a"e An+ Niet!"#e, in a++iti'n t' #at e #a.e ;*!t !ai+,t#e main ar*ment ' !a)in #at i! re.ea&e+ #ere &an*ae i! "a(a&e Niet!"#e i! t#e

+e"&arat'r) E.ent t#at re.ea&! #at &an*ae i! "a(a&e ' It re.ea&! a (re.i'*!&) *n(er"ei.e+

"a(a"it) ' &an*ae, #i"# i! t#*! t#e !ame t#in a! t#e !tatement ' tr*t#, a! t#e a!en"e ' an)

+i!tan"e eteen t#e !*;e"t ' t#e *tteran"e an+ t#e !*;e"t ' #at i! *ttere+ T#*!, in t#e e)e! '

Niet!"#e ' "'*r!e an+ at &a!t re!'rt, E.enta&it) i! a +e"&arat'r) E.ent ' t#e tr*t#, #ere t#e

m'!t '.i'*! !in #a! re.ea&e+ an *n(re"e+ente+ +imen!i'n ' t#e "a(a"it) ' &an*ae I i&& i.e

)'* 'ne &a!t *'te r'm E""e 'm'7 [Be're rea+in m)!e&, 'ne 4n'! n't #at "an e +'ne it#

t#e German &an*ae, 'r #at "an e +'ne in enera& it# &an*ae[ An't#er ["ra)[ an+

em(#ati" !tatement, *t t#at mean! t#at ta4in (&a"e in a Niet!"#ean manner manie!t! a! an

E.ent in an *n(er"ei.e+ "a(a"it) ' &an*ae B*t in+ee+, t#i! i! tr*e ' an) E.ent, e"a*!e in m)

'(ini'n, an) E.ent a&a)! !*mm'n! a 'rmer&) *n!een "a(a"it) ' &an*ae--an+ 't#eri!e !', it

remain! name&e!!, an+ t#*! *n+e"i+a&e, ie a n'n-E.ent T#ere are 'n&) a"t! t#at "an e name+ in

t#e a.ai&a&e re!'*r"e! ' &an*ae E.ent! t#em!e&.e! re*ire - t#at i! t' !a) t#at e are '&&'in

tra"e! - t#at &an*ae i! "a&&e+ t' it! 'n inner em(tine!!, ie t' a n'minati.e re!'*r"e it!e&,

(re.i'*!&) *n(er"ei.e+ S' #ere, Niet!"#e 'n&) re(eat! #at m*!t e rea+ a! an E.ent, an+ n't a! a+'"trine t#at t#e ri#t re&ati'n t' it! inter.enti'n i! We i&& !a) t#at t#e +i!"'.ere+ ('er '

&an*ae, ie #at 'ne +i!"'.er! r'm t#e ('er in &an*ae, +em'n!trate! t#e a!'&*te e:('!*re '

t#e !*;e"t t' ri!4 an+ t' t#e (*re +e"i!i'n ' t#e +e"&arati'n ' t#e tr*t# T#i! i! t#ere're t#e

manner in #i"# Niet!"#e arri.e! t' *! e !a)! t#at t#ere a! a ('er (re.i'*!&) *n(er"ei.e+ in

&an*ae, an+ t#i! i! ' #at it i! "a(a&e, an+ t#i! *n(er"ei.e+ "a(a"it) +em'n!trate! 'r t#i! t#at

I, m)!e&, Niet!"#e, am a!'&*te&) e:('!e+ t' ri!4 an+ t' t#e +e"i!i'n ' t#e +e"&arati'n ' tr*t# In

&i#t ' !*"# a "'ni*rati'n, 'ne "an ina&&) re"'nie 'r n't re"'nie t#e Niet!"#ean E.ent,

#i"# i! *ite +ierent r'm 8t' e 'r n't e Niet!"#ean It "'*&+ e ' t#i! E.entin t#e !en!e t#at

it i! re"'nie+, ie #ere e re"'nie t#e E.enta& +imen!i'n 'r n't N'ti"e t#at in &i#t ' #at

e #a.e ;*!t !ai+, re"'niin it i! t#e 'ne an+ 'n&) t#in t#an re"'niin #at #a! ma+e

&an*ae "a(a&e ' #at it a! (re.i'*!&) in"a(a&e In 't#er 'r+!, aain, re"'niin t#at

Niet!"#e i! an E.ent ' t#'*#t i!, t' t#e e)e! ' Niet!"#e #im!e&, t#e !ame a! a+mittin t#at #e

#a! ma+e t#e German &an*ae =*t a"t*a&&) &an*ae in enera&? "a(a&e ' #at it a! n't

"a(a&e ' e're Or e "'*&+ !a), t#e !t)&i!ti" rea+in 'r arti!ti" re&ati'n t' t#e Niet!"#ean


25/271

2"

&an*ae i! t#e !ame t#in a! t#e re"'niti'n ' it! +e"&arati'n ' tr*t# 'r it! !*;e"ti.e e:('!*re in

&an*ae M're'.er, Niet!"#e, in t#e &a!t )ear, a!'&*te&) inter.ene! it# an ar*ment in a.'r '

t#e te:t t#at i! re"'nie+ a! !*"# ) t#e "r'+--it +'e!n]t matter ) #'m T#e!e are *ite m'.in

(a!!ae!, an+ 'ne ma) &!' !a), e:treme&) in!ane 'ne!, *t )'* !ee #' t#e) arri.e at t#e #eart '#at e ere !a)in, a! Niet!"#e #a! !*"# a !tr'n !en!e t#at #at #e a!4! i! an E.enta&

re"'niti'n an+ n't a +'"trina& ra&&) e a!4! )'* t' ta4e &itera&&) t#e E.ent! +'"*mente+ in t#e

&an*ae +imen!i'n, t#at #e "ame t' e&ie.e t#at it +'e!n]t matter #' in t#e !treet i! re"'nie+ a!

!*"#, ie a! Niet!"#e #' !a)in in+i.i!i&) #e #' !a)! an+ #e #' i! !ai+, re"'nia&e e.en in

it! an'n)mit), !in"e it i! #e #' i! e:('!in #im!e& a! !*"# in t#e te:t T#i! ar*ment i!, in a"t, t#e

m'!t eneri", name&) t#at it +'e!n]t matter #' re"'nie! in Niet!"#e, n't at a&& a !a.i'r t' 'ne]!

e&ie ra&&ie+ a! a (r'(#et, *t #at #e i&&in&) "a&&! a (rin"e ' tr*t#, ie n't#in *t #at i!

e:('!e+, na4e+ in t#e te:t t#at e"ame (re.i'*!&) in"a(a&e, at t#e ri!4 ' it! 'n !tatement Aain,

in t#e "#a(ter ' E""e 'm' , entit&e+, W#) I rite !*"# ''+ ''4!, t#ere're a! an ar*ment in

a.'r ' it! te:t Imaine Niet!"#e in an a!'&*te&) &'ne&) time, .irt*a&&) *n4n'n in t#e "it) '

T*rin, &eein German), 'r #i"# #e #a! a +e.a!tatin #atre+, !' t#at #en it i! rememere+ t#at

German nati'na&i!m #a! "&aime+ #im, e are !ti&& !t*nne+ e"a*!e n''+) #ate+ German) an+ t#e

German! !' e:"e!!i.e&) Niet!"#e #im!e& in #i! e&'.e+ Ita&), rite! =I &'.e it?7 [W#at i! 'r me

m'!t &atterin, i! t#at t#e '&+ Mar4et ' '*r Sea!'n! ne.er "ea!e! t' "#''!e 'r me t#e ri(e!t

ra(e! ere]! #' 'ne m*!t e a (#i&'!'(#er[ It]! ea*ti*&, it]! *nn), it]! .er) "ra) an+ *iteea*ti*&, e"a*!e t#ere e e:('!e t#e eneri" .'"ati'n ' (#i&'!'(#) it!e&, ie i it i! rea&&) #at

Niet!"#e !a)!, ie t#e e:('!*re ' !a)in an)'ne #' !im(&) "'n!ente+ t' e 'ne!e& it#'*t i.in

int' T#e A"t ' ta4in 'ne!e& 'r an't#er, #en"e en+*re+ t#e terri&e tr*t#, #en (#i&'!'(#) i!

a++re!!e+ an+ re"'nie+ ) an)'ne, rear+&e!! ' #et#er t#e) rea+ it 'r n't, e"a*!e !'met#in i!

'r Niet!"#e #im!e& a&e t' e rea+ r'm t#i! nai.e e:#iiti'n t#at #e en+*re!, n't 'n"e aain, a!

an e:tra'r+inar) "#ara"ter ) irt# 'r .'"ati'n, *t !im(&) a! #e aree+ t' n't +ierentiate

eteen 'ne #' !(ea4!, an+ #at i! !ai+ I )'* +' n't ma4e a +i!tin"ti'n, e&& t#e mar4et ' '*r

!ea!'n! i&& i.e )'* t#e ri(e!t *n"#e! ' ra(e! I in+ it ea*ti*& Niet!"#e !ai+ t#at in inter

HH, an+ Niet!"#e i&& "'&&a(!e i e ta&4 ' "'&&a(!e, 'n


26/271

2#

re"'nie t#e Niet!"#ean E.ent, #i"# i! *ite +ierent r'm 8t' e 'r n't e Niet!"#ean It

ma) e, t#en, t#at t#i! E.ent i! in t#e !en!e t#at e re"'nie it, #ere e re"'nie t#e 8E.ent 'r

n't +imen!i'n

N'te, t#at i.en #at e #a.e !ai+, it i! t' re"'nie a !in&e t#in t' re"'nie #at ma+e t#e&an*ae "a(a&e ' #at !#e "'*&+ n't +' In 't#er 'r+!, aain, t' re"'nie t#at Niet!"#e i! an

E.ent ' t#in4in i!, in t#e e)e! ' Niet!"#e #im!e&, t#e !ame a! t' a+mit t#at #e ma+e t#e

German =*t in rea&it) &an*ae in enera&? "a(a&e ' #at #e "'*&+ n't Or7 !t)&i!ti" rea+in 'r

arti!ti" "'m(are+ t' t#e Niet!"#ean &an*ae i! t#e !ame a! t#e re"'niti'n ' #i! !tatement '

tr*t# 'r t#at ' #i! e:('!*re in t#e !*;e"ti.e &an*ae M're'.er, Niet!"#e, in t#e &a!t )ear,

"'m(&ete&) inter.ene! a! an ar*ment in a.'r ' t#e te:t t#at i! re"'nie+ a! !*"# ) t#e "r'+, )

an)'ne Let]! &''4 at t#e te:t, an+ !ee #' t#in! ' in t#i! e:treme '.er-!tret"#in ' t#e eneri"

+einiti'n ' (#i&'!'(#) It !tart! it# t#i!7 [ #ere i ! n' name t#at i ! n' (r'n'*n"e+ it#

m're "'n!i+erati'n 'r re!(e"t t#an mine,[ #i"# mean!, t#at t'+a) I am !' in!e(ara&)

eteen 8#at I !a) an+ t#e [I[ #' !(ea4!, #'!e name i! Niet!"#e, t#at t#i! !ame name, #i"#

i! n't#in, i! (r'n'*n"e+ ) e.er)'ne it# "'n!i+erati'n an+ re!(e"t S' t#i! a&&'! *! t' ret*rn t'

'*r in!i!tent *e!ti'n7 i t#e %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t !ee4! re"'niti'n, #at *e!ti'n "an e a++re!!e+ t'

#im I t#ere i! a +e"&arati.e E.enta&it) t#at E.ent*a&&) t#e Mar4et ' '*r Sea!'n! "an re"'nie

it#'*t 4n'in it, #ere it 4n'! t#e name e"a*!e it #a! n' name W#at i! t#e *e!ti'n

a++re!!e+ t' t#e A"t A ir!t e&ement t#at a++! a !e"'n+, #i"# i! t#at in t#e name, Niet!"#e, t#erei! n't#in 't#er t#an t#e name it!e& It i! n't a name t#at a! a(('inte+ a! a name t#at "ame t'

#im r'm '*t!i+e, an+ in t#i! re!(e"t t#ere i! n' name, ie #e i! [it#'*t name, tit&e, 'r m'ne)[

T#i! Niet!"#e i! a name it#'*t a name, an an'n)m'*! name, a name it#'*t n'mina&

re"'niti'n, an+ it i! t#i! name it#'*t name t#at re"'nie! t#e mer"#ant ' '*r !ea!'n!, ie t#e

name ' t#e (er!'n #' i! *nname+ e"a*!e #i! name i! !'&e&) #at #e !a)!, an+ in t#i!

in+i!tin*i!#a&e ('int it!e&, 'n&) in t#e !#e&ter ' t#i! name it#'*t a nameJ #'m an)'ne "an

eneri"a&&) re"'nie a! !*"# an+ "'n!tit*te a (rin"e T#i! meta(#'r ' t#e (rin"e i! .er) im('rtant7

t#e (#i&'!'(#er a! (rin"e, a! a &itt&e (rin"e, i! 'ne t#at i! re"'nie+ ) e.er)'ne a! t#e *nname+

name, an+ an an'n)m'*! name i! a name t#at #a! en+*re+ it! 'n e:('!*re it#'*t rear+ 't#er

t#an t#e terri&e arri.a&, a ri!4 an+ an a"ti'n T#i! i! e!!entia& e"a*!e it i&& a&&' *! t' ra+*a&&)

*a&i) #at I '*&+ "a&& t#e %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t a""'r+in t' Niet!"#e, in t#e #eart ' Niet!"#e]!

te:t 'r n', e 4n', in an) "a!e, t#at t#i! A"t i! it#'*t name, it#'*t tit&eJ *t it i! ra+i"a&&)

!*;e"ti.e, ie it e!ta&i!#e! t#e !*;e"t at t#e #eart ' t#e te:t #i"# i! a&!' ('eti" ina&&), an+ .er)


27/271

2$

im('rtant&), it i! eneri"a&&) re"'nie+ a! !*"# T#e em&em ' t#e eneri" i! #ere, a! Niet!"#e

!a)!, t#e mar4et ' '*r !ea!'n! Let]! a&!' !a) t#at t#e e!t*re ' t#e %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t i! n't &i4e&) t'

e !t*+ie+, *t it i! *n+amenta&&) &i4e&) t' e re"'nie+, #i"# i! #) t#i! i! a (ara+':i"a& a"t t#at

+'e! n't re*ire a re.ie 'r ra&&)in, *t a re"'niti'n S' t#at e ret*rn t' in!i!tent *e!ti'n7 it#e %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t !ee4! re"'niti'n, an) *e!ti'n "'nta"t #im I it i! a +e"&arati.e E.enta&it),

t#en e.ent*a&&) t#e mar4et ' 0 !ea!'n! "an re"'nie it#'*t 4n'in it, t#at !#e 4n'! t#e name

e"a*!e t#ere i! n' name, #i"# i! t#e *e!ti'n a++re!!e+ in t#i! A"t It i! #ere, in it! (re&iminar)

tit&e, t#at e i&& &''4 at 'r4! ) ei+eer an+ De&e*e 'n Niet!"#e We !ee at #i"# ('int t#i!

i! emarra!!in, at #i"# ('int Niet!"#e i! n't an a*t#'r #' a!4! a *e!ti'n, e"a*!e #e a!4! 'r

re"'niti'n It i! *ite "'m(&e: I !im(&) ant t' e!ta&i!# m) 'n met#'+, ) +ieren"e an+

"'nr'ntati'n

EIDEGGERIAN IN ER%RE A ION

ei+eer]! .ie i! a"t*a&&) t#e E.ent, an+ t#i! i! t#e ('int #ere it i! tr*e t' Niet!"#e

An)a), at ir!t, ei+eer a"t*a&&) +i!"*!!e! Niet!"#e a! an E.ent, an+ #e aree+ t' "'n!i+er it a!

!*"# T#e m'.ement ' ei+eer i&& e t' e:amine t#e E.ent in it! E.enta&it), ie t' e:amine t#e

ra+i"a& nat*re ' t#i! E.ent ' ar i! t#i! E.ent rea&&) an E.ent 'r t#'*#t, ie t' #at e:tent

+'e! #e ar*e 'r t#e ra+i"a& nat*re t#at #e aree! it# ei+eer i! 'in t' *e!ti'n t#e

Niet!"#ean E.ent t#r'*# it! inn'.ati.e ('er an+ e:"e(ti'na& !in*&arit) T#e met#'+ i&& e

immanent 'r Niet!"#e, e"a*!e it +'e! n't at a&& +ea& it# an)t#in '*t!i+e #i! (#i&'!'(#) a! a

'+) ' +'"trine, *t i&& treat Niet!"#e a! #e ant! t' e treate+, ie in t#e re"'niti'n ' an

E.enta& !tatement, *t ei+eer i! 'in t' rin t#e a!!e!!ment ' a manner t#at in"rea!in&)

"&'!e! in 'n t#e *e!ti'n ' 4n'in #et#er t#i! E.ent i! a! m*"# E.ent a! #e !tate! it i! In 't#er

'r+!, i E.enta&it) ' t#i! E.ent mea!*re! &et t' #at it "&aim!, ie t#at ei+eer i&& attem(t t'

a!!e!! t#e r*(t*re7 W#at i! t#e Niet!"#ean r*(t*re in term! ' E.ent Let$! rame t#in!

ma"r'!"'(i"a&&)7 t#i! e.a&*ati'n ) ei+eer ' t#e Niet!"#ean a"t '&&'! a +*a& a((r'a"#7 T#i!

+ramati" re.er!a& i! T#e A"t 'n e#a& ' #i"# Niet!"#e i! !et *( an+ +e!"rie+ ei+eer &''4!*n+er t#at name an+ t#at name a! ma) e a((r'(riate t' a"t Niet!"#ean re.er!a& ' a&& .a&*e!

C&ari)in t#e "'n+iti'n! ' T#e A"t ' t#'*#t, ie t#e 'rm ' t#'*#t ' Bein #i"# a&&'! T#e

A"t t' #a.e t#i! name T#i! *e!ti'n i&& e rai!e+7 #at i! a"t*a&&) t#e re&ati'n ' t#'*#t t' Bein

in Niet!"#e, t#at t#e *n+amenta& a"t 'n e#a& ' #i"# #e a!4! t' e re"'nie+ "an e "a&&e+ t#e

tran!.a&*ati'n ' a&& .a&*e! T#e a&ement i! a! '&&'!7 e i&& ta4e a"ti'n, t#e "'n+iti'n! ' t#i!

A"t, an+ e:amine t#e "'n+iti'n! in t#'*#t ' t#e name ' T#e A"tJ a "'n!i+erati'n i&& re.'&.e


28/271

2%

ar'*n+ t' "'n"e(t!, t#at ' t#e i&& t' ('er, an+ t#at ' t#e Eterna& Ret*rn ' t#e Same We "an

!a) t#at t#e ei+eerian (at# i&& e t' e&"'me t#e E.ent$! +imen!i'n, *n+er!tan+in t#e name

' t#i! A"t, e:aminin t#e "'n+iti'n! in t#in4in in term! ' +e!tin) ' t#e ein ' t#i! name *n+er

t#e +'*&e #ea+in ' i&& t' ('er 'n t#e 'ne #an+, t#e Eterna& Ret*rn ' Samene!! 'n t#e 't#erAn+, a! e 4n', t#i! m'.ement i&& "'n"&*+e t#at t#e n'.e& E.ent ' Niet!"#e n'.e&t) remain!

re&ati.e, ie t#at T#e A"t ' Niet!"#ean r*(t*re "an e a!!e!!e+ a! !ti&& remainin it#in

meta(#)!i"! B*t it i&& e, n'net#e&e!!, ) mem'riati'n ' t#e E.enta&it) ' t#e E.ent t#at t#e

Niet!"#ean a"t i&& e !ai+ t' remain interna& t' #at #e "&aim! t' e in r*in!, name&) We!tern

meta(#)!i"! an+ %&at'ni!m ei+eer i&& at e!t "'n+e!"en+ in !tatin t#at Niet!"#e i! t#e e+e

' t#e "'m(&eti'n ' meta(#)!i"! In it! "'n"&*!i'n, it i! rame+ ) t' (r'('!iti'n!7 1? [Niet!"#e$!

t#'*#t i! meta(#)!i"a&, in a""'r+an"e it# an) We!tern t#'*#t !in"e %&at'[ 2? 8T#e ae ' t#e

"'m(&eti'n ' meta(#)!i"! i! !een #en re.iein t#e a!i" eat*re! ' Niet!"#e]! meta(#)!i"![

Statement One7 Niet!"#e]! #'*#t Carrie! a Meta(#)!i"a& Str*"t*re

'e.er, in t#e !e"'n+ !tatement, a re.ie ' it! a!i" eat*re! a&&'! *! t' !a) t#at 'ne i!

!it*ate+ in t#e era ' t#e "'m(&eti'n ' meta(#)!i"! I (re!ent #ere t#e (rin"i(&e ' it! "'*r!e

In a "'m(&ete&) (rimar) a((r'a"#, e "an !a) t#at t#e e.a&*ati'n ' t#e Niet!"#ean E.ent )

ei+eer i! t#e a!!e!!ment ' t#e 'rm ' an en+('int a! #at i! at t#e e:treme e+e, ie t#e

en+ ' t#e re"a(it*&ati'n ' #ere it i! t#e e+e At 'tt'm, t#i! Niet!"#eani!m i&& e t#e

(r't'"'& ' #at We!tern meta(#)!i"! +ra! a! it! en+('int, t#e ('int #i"# i! n't e)'n+, *t

in interi'rit) re"a(it*&ati.e at t#e !ame time a! it i! an e:treme ee"t N'te t#at t#i! i! near&)

t#e '(('!ite ' t#e re(re!entati'n Niet!"#e #a! ' #im!e& I]m n't !a)in t#at t#i! in.a&i+ate!

ei+eer]! inter(retati'n, *t t#e a"t i! t#at i t#ere i! 'ne t#in Niet!"#e !a)!, it i! a&t#'*#

it i! n't an en+('int, a !*mmar), 'r a "'m(&eti'n T#e re(re!entati'n t#at Niet!"#e #a! ' #i!

A"t, an+ #i"# i&& e t#e (#en'men'&'i"a& *e!ti'n in t#e ne:t !e!!i'n, i! ir!t ' a&& a r*(t*re,

a rea4, a rea4in in t', an+ n't at a&& !'met#in t#at "'me! r'm a t'('&'i"a& 'ar+ in a

!(e"ie! ' t#e ee"t ' "&'!*re, #i"# '*&+ at t#e !ame time e t#e *&timate +i!('!iti'n ' a&&

t#at it "&'!e! T#i! i*re '*&+ #'n'r Niet!"#e in term! ' t#e re(re!entati'n ' it! a"t, e.en

t#'*# !tri"t&) !(ea4in t#ere are a&& !'rt! ' ar*ment! t' !a) t#at it]! !ti&& &i4e t#at B*t in m)

'(ini'n t#e e!!entia& ('int i! #en Niet!"#e !(ea4! ' #i! 'n a"t, an+ #e "'n"ei.e! it a!

(rimari&) a ('&iti"a& a"t T#i! %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t "'n"ei.e+ a! a ('&i") in!tr*ment i! #e&+ in t#e

a"e ' rea4in in t#e entire #i!t'r) in t', an+ n't at a&& &i4e arri.a& t' t#e tran!re!!i'n ' it!

&imit Am'n n*mer'*! te:t! 'n t#i! t'(i", (er#a(! t#e m'!t !tri4in i! a +rat &etter t' Ge'r


29/271

2&

Bran+e!, t#e Dani!# !"#'&ar ' Niet!"#e, +ate+ De"emer 1HHH, an+ !' a e +a)! e're #at

'*&+ e "a&&e+ t#e "'&&a(!e 'r !tart ' #i! rea4+'n7 [We #a.e ;*!t entere+ #i# ('&iti"!, e.en

t#e m'!t #i# I am (&annin an E.ent t#at i&& m'!t &i4e&) rea4 #i!t'r) int' t' !e"ti'n! t'

t#e ('int t#at it i&& re*ire a ne "a&en+ar #ere 1HHH i&& e ]1$9 ere i! Niet!"#e]!

re(re!entati'n ' #i! a"t, 'r ma+ne!! B*t e #a.e 'n"e aain, a:i'mati"a&&), ma+ne!! a! !im(&)

8t#e ma!4 ' a 4n'&e+e, ata& an+ ar a&&-t''-"ertain9 An+ #at i! "ertain i! t#at Niet!"#e

!ee! #i! %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t in t#e imae ' rea4in in t' e"ti'n! ' #i!t'r) ' a&& man4in+, !'

t#at #e !ee! it a! an a!'&*te '(enin ' a ne era, a! a [ne aen+a[ an+ t#*! Niet!"#e i!

mea!*re+ ) t#e ren"# Re.'&*ti'n, t#e !in&e (re.i'*! *n+erta4in t' #a.e #a+, in ee"t,

"'n!tit*te+ a ne !"#e+*&e We m*!t ein aain t#e *e!ti'n ' Year 1 In !#'rt, t#e

%#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t i! +e!ine+ ) Niet!"#e a! a re.'&*ti'nar) ('&iti"a&, ra+i"a& an+ '*n+ati'na&

a"t T#i! i! a 4e) ('int 'r me e"a*!e, r'm t#ere, I #a.e an '(('rt*nit) t' ar*e t#at Niet!"#e

i! (er#a(! t#e t#in4er #' trie+ t' rin (#i&'!'(#) t' t#e t*ne ' a re.'&*ti'n It i! in t#e ae

' re.'&*ti'n!, *t it i! in t#'*#t Niet!"#e #ate! t#e ren"# Re.'&*ti'n, #ate! !'"ia&i!t!, *t in

t#'*#t, Niet!"#e i! an)t#in *t a "'*nter-re.'&*ti'nar) In #i! i+e'&'i"a& #atre+ ' i*re! '

t#e re.'&*ti'n, #at #e re(r'a"#e! in t#em i! t#e ein ' a'rte+ an+ (ett) re.'&*ti'n!, (a"4e+

int' C#ri!tianit), an+ ' mi!!e+ re.'&*ti'n! An+ #at #e (r'('!e! i! .erita&) t#e ir!t )ear, ie

t#e Re.'&*ti'n !*"# t#at t#e t#'*#t ' t#e Re.'&*ti'n i! 'n t#e &e.e& ' t#e Re.'&*ti'n, 'r 'n"e

aain t#'*#t i! 'n t#e &e.e& ' it! a"t, 'r t#'*#t i! e.en in+i!tin*i!#a&e r'm it! a"t, an+ t#i!i&& '""*r in t#e rea4in in t' ' W'r&+ i!t'r)

T#ere're, Niet!"#e at n't at a&& in an immanent t#'*#t ' a en"in-in

I e&ie.e t#at t#e re(re!entati'n t#at Niet!"#e #a! i.en #im!e& i! a"t*a&&) t#e t#'*#t ' a

rea4 B*t ei+eer ina&&) mi!!e+ !'met#in in #i! e.a&*ati'n, reine+ a! it i!, name&) t#e tr*e

"#ara"teriati'n ' t#e %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t a""'r+in t' Niet!"#e, in t#i! ('int7 ei+eer

*e!ti'n! #) T#e A"t #a+ t#e name 8t#e tran!.a&*ati'n ' a&& .a&*e!, it#'*t n'ti"in t#at t#e

*a&ii"ati'n ' T#e A"t i! n't e:#a*!te+ ) t#e name i.en t' it T#e a"t t#at Niet!"#e !a)!t#at t#e %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t ) #i"# #e i! a'*t t' Brea4 in T' 'r&+ #i!t'rie! i! t#e

tran!.a&*ati'n ' a&& .a&*e!, #i"# ei+eer re&ate! t' t#e eterna& (r'&em ' .a&*e!, i! ina&&) a

(r'&em ' *n"'n+iti'ne+ !*;e"ti.it), #i"# #e !tate! .er) !tr'n&) r'm t#e ('int ' t#e name,

a! i, in t#i! area, it ere t#e name ' t#e %#i&'!'(#i"a& A"t a""'r+in t' #i"# Niet!"#e "'*&+

ear 'r en+*re t#e entire inter(retati'n ' t#i! A"t I +' n't e&ie.e t#i! I t#in4 t#at in t#e

Niet!"#ean "'ni*rati'n ' t#e A"t, t#ere i! !'met#in ree&&i'*! in t#e name #e a.e it, ie in


30/271

2'

t#e name ' t#e tran!.a&*ati'n ' a&& .a&*e!, ie in t#e name ' .a&*e! We i&& tr) t' ma4e t#i!

('int 'r4, e"a*!e t#e *e!ti'n ' Niet!"#e]! (#i&'!'(#) m*!t !tart r'm t#e e:tra'r+inar)

re(re!entati'n t#at Niet!"#e i.e! t' T#e A"t B*t ei+eer !#are! t'' m*"# ' t#e name '

T#e A"t an+ (ra"ti"e! a !'rt ' intra-Niet!"#ean n'mina&i!m, in #i"# #e remain! tr*e t'Niet!"#e, e"a*!e t#at i! t#e name t#at Niet!"#e !tate!, *t t#at]! n't #) t#e name e:#a*!t!

t#e !*!tan"e ' T#e A"t ) it! "ir"*&ati'n t#r'*#'*t t#e #'&e ' Niet!"#e$! t#'*#t 'r

Martin ei+eer, t#e a((r'(riati'n ' t#e name Niet!"#e, !in"e it i! a&a)! ) #im, i!

a.ai&a&e in t#e meta(#)!i"a& "ate'r) in t#e (re"i!e !en!e t#at t#in4in &i4e Niet!"#e]!

(#i&'!'(#) te:t i&& e re&ate+ 'r (&a"e+ in t#e !*!*min ' meta(#)!i"! B*t t#e meta(#)!i"!

a((r'(riate+ ) ei+eer in t#e "a!e ' [Niet!"#e[, it i! meta(#)!i"! ta4en *( in t#e 'rm '

it! "'m(&eti'n, #i"# it!e& #a! t#e name ' ni#i&i!m, an+ 'ne "an !a) in an a&&-t''-!*mmati'na&

a!#i'n, *t #i"# trie! t' ('int t#e '(en a), in Niet!"#e, ni#i&i!m i! "'m(&ete+ in '.er"'min

it, 'n"e aain (r'(er&) meta(#)!i"!, ' ni#i&i!m e.en ' ni#i&i!m, #i"# 'r ei+eer i! !tri"t&)

meta(#)!i"a& ni#i&i!m T#i! i! t#e ni#i&i!m "'m(&ete+ in t#e !e(arati'n r'm it! 'n e!!en"e, a!

Niet!"#e "&aim! t' #a.e t#e mean! t' '.er"'me ni#i&i!m r'm it#in, #i"#, 'r ei+eer,

ma4e! Niet!"#e t#e em&em ' "'m(&ete+ ni#i&i!m, a! +eine+ #ere it i! *&timate&) &in+ t' it!

'n e!!en"e In t#e *n+erta4in ' t#'*#t re(re!ente+ ) t#e t' .'&*me! ' Niet!"#e )

ei+eer, t#e (a!!ae t#at i! (er#a(! m'!t !)nt#eti" i! '*n+ (re"i!e&) in t#e 6t# (art ' '&*me

II7 T#e Meta(#)!i"! ' Niet!"#e =190/?, #i"# i! +e!"ri(ti.e&) t#e m'!t re(re!entati.e ' t#e'(erati'n ' ei+eer]! t#'*#t 'n Niet!"#e An+, in &i#t ' t#e !(e"ii"ati'n a! Niet!"#e a!

t#e enter(ri!e #i"# a"#ie.e! it r'm t#e in!i+e ' ni#i&i!m t#at en+! *( &in+ t' it! 'n e!!en"e,

t#e m'!t !tri4in (a!!ae i! '*n+ 'n (ae 3/1 ' '&*me II, #i"# i! in t#e !E.ent# !e"ti'n '

t#e ''4 entit&e+7 T#e 'nt'&'i"a&-#i!t'ri"a& +eterminati'n ' ni#i&i!m =1900-1906?7 [W#en t#e

meta(#)!i"! ' Niet!"#e n't 'n&) inter(ret! Bein r'm t#e ein in t#e !en!e ' t#e +ire"ti'n '

t#e i&& t' ('er a! 'ne .a&*e, *t *nti& Niet!"#e i&& t#in4 t#e i&& t' ('er i! t#e (rin"i(&e '

an e!ta&i!#in ' ne .a&*e! an+ #e attem(t! an+ i&&! t#i!, it a! #at i! !*(('!e+ t' '.er"'me

ni#i&i!m, an+ t#*! t#e e:treme emarra!!ment ' meta(#)!i"! in t#e ina*t#enti" ni#i&i!m "'me!

t' r*&e ) t#e !ame +e!ire t' '.er"'me it, !' t#at t#i! emarra!!ment i! #i+in r'm it! 'n

e!!en"e, an+ !', a! a re+*"ti'n ' ni#i&i!m it !im(&) tran!('!e! it int' t#e ei"a") ' it!

'riinatin e!!en"e #i"# i! *n&ea!#e+[ T#e m'.ement ' t#i! te:t i! "&ear, t#e m'ment

ei+eer$! ;ar'n i! interna&ie+ e !a)! t#at '.er"'min ni#i&i!m, #i"# in ei+eer]! e)e!,

i! t#e (r'ram ' Niet!"#ean t#'*#t, ie t#e re.er!a& ' a&& .a&*e!, *t a'.e a&& t#e


31/271

3(

intr'+*"ti'n ' ne .a&*e!, *n&ea!#e! ni#i&i!m it!e&, !in"e, in "&aimin t' '.er"'me it, it

e!ta&i!#e! t#e '(a"it) ' it! e!!en"e, #i"# i! (re"i!e&) ni#i&i!m t#at "ann't e '.er"'me, 'r t#e

e!!entia& #i!t'ri"a& +eterminati'n ' ni#i&i!m i! t#at #i"#, r'm it#in '*r!e&.e!, +'e! n't a&&'

it!e& t' e '.er"'me One "'*&+ a&m'!t !a) t#at t#i! i! #i! +einiti'n, in !'me re!(e"t! B*t #enni#i&i!m, ie Niet!"#ean meta(#)!i"!, i! e:(re!!e+ in t#e (r'ram ' '.er"'min it, t#*! !tate+

a! it! *&timate ai&it) (re"i!e&) #en it i! in"a(a&e, t#en ni#i&i!m i! a"t*a&&) *n&ea!#e+, e"a*!e

it i! n' &'ner e.en retaine+ in it! 'n e!!en"e, #at ei+eer "a&&! [t#e *n&ea!#e+ +e-e!!en"e![

' ni#i&i!m In t#i! !en!e, 'r ei+eer, Niet!"#e i! t#e 'ne it# t#e (r'ram ' ni#i&i!m, t#e

+e!tr*"ti.e aen+a ' t#e re.er!a& ' a&& .a&*e!, *t a&!' t#e (r'ram ' t#e e!ta&i!#in ne

.a&*e! in t#e 'rm ' t#e reat atern''n ' airmati'n An+ a! it# Niet!"#e #a! en+'e+ t#e

ni#i&i!m ' !*"# a (r'ram, an+ #a! +e&i.ere+ it r'm t#e (re!"ri(ti'n ' t#e .i!ii&it) ' it! 'n

e!!en"e, an+ *n&ea!#e+ ei"ien"), i 'ne mean! ) re.'&*ti'n a (r'rammati" .i!i'n ' #i!t'ri"a&

r*(t*re, name&) t#e (r'ram "'mine+ r'm +e!tr*"ti'n r'm #at i! an E.ent ' a ra+i"a&

inn'.ati'n T#i! i! #ere e!!en"e "'me! t' e +ar4ene+ t' t#e ('int ' #i+in r'm it! e!!en"e,

#en &ierate+, *n+er t#e 'rm ' (*re ei"ien"), 'r t#e arre!t ' Bein, t#e !#eer ('er '

ni#i&i!m it!e& In (a!!in, I '*&+ &i4e t' ma4e t#e '&&'in remar47 #en ei+eer ra!(!

an+ t#in4! &i4e Niet!"#e "'n"ernin t#e (r'rammati" +imen!i'n ' t#e re.'&*ti'nar) e&ement

' t#'*#t, #at i! intere!tin i! t#at t#i! i! tr*&) #at #e "riti"ie!, n't a! t#e eneri" i+ea ' a

r*(t*re e"a*!e ater a&& ei+eer "a&&! it a&!' e!ta&i!#e! t#e 'rm ' a re.er!a&, *t #e "riti"ie!t#e i+ea t#at t#i! re.er!a& "an ta4e t#e !#a(e 'r t#e 'rm ' e!ta&i!#in a (r'ram, e.en t#e

intr'+*"ti'n ' ne .a&*e! ei+eer ar*e!, in!tea+, t#at ni#i&i!m (r'.i+e! a (r'ram '

e:itin r'm ni#i&i!m, an+ e!!entia&&) a""'m(&i!#e! t#e (rin"i(&e ' re&ea!in 'ne r'm ni#i&i!m

T#i! i! t#e a) ' a "'n!i!tent ('er in t#e a((r'(riati'n ' t#e te:t ' Niet!"#e T#e *e!ti'n

i! #et#er it i! re&e.ant, ie i t#e Niet!"#ean te:t i! &et t' e e:('!e+ t' t#i! a((r'(riati'n, i!

an't#er matter, t' #i"# e i&& &ater ret*rn

DELEUIAN IN ER%RE A ION

In "'ntra!t, #at De&e*e (&a"e! at t#e "enter ' #i! (er"e(ti'n ' Niet!"#e, #i! main

*a&ii"ati'n, i! n't t#e !*;e"ti.e e:('!iti'n in t#e ir!t (&an T#i! i! n't t#e !tartin ('int '

De&e*e, #i"# i! n' &'ner t#e re.'&*ti'nar) +imen!i'n ' T#e A"t, *t #at De&e*e i&&

attem(t t' !(e"i) in *&&, i! Niet!"#e a! a trai" (#i&'!'(#er De&e*e a++re!!e! in Niet!"#e t#e

'&&'in *e!ti'n7 #at i! a trai" (#i&'!'(#) in t#e !en!e t#at Niet!"#e #im!e&

*n+er!tan+! it T#e "'nte:t ' De&e*e]! a!!e!!ment, #i"# i&& e em(&')e+ in an


32/271

31

e:tra'r+inari&) 'r+er&) manner - De&e*e]! ''4 i! "'n!tr*"te+ *ite !)!temati"a&&) an+

!trinent&) "'m(are+ t' t#e Niet!"#ean "'r(*! #a! a! an em&em t#e +e!inati'n ' a t)(e '

e:em(&ar) (#i&'!'(#), #i"# i! ' t#e trai" 4in+, #ere Niet!"#e #im!e& "&aim! t#e namin

S' e !#are intra-Niet!"#ean 'r+! E""e 'm'7 [I am entit&e+ t' "'n!i+er m)!e& a! t#eir!t trai" (#i&'!'(#er, ie a! t#e '(('!ite e:treme ' a (e!!imi!ti" (#i&'!'(#er[ T#e 4e)

"'*(&in i&& e t#at ' trae+) an+ (e!!imi!m, #i"# i! nat*ra&&) a&!' in t#e '(('!iti'n eteen

Niet!"#e an+ S"#'(en#a*er W#at i! meant ) trae+) in t#e Niet!"#ean !en!e, *t *&timate&),

t'', in an a&m'!t *ni.er!a& !en!e Trae+) !eem! t' #a.e t' e!!entia& reeren"e!7 T#e ir!t i!

t#at t#ere i! trae+) #en an ine.a&*a&e +e(t# i! '*n+, a 'tt'm&e!! 'tt'm 'r !'met#in

re+*"e+ t' t#e !tan+ar+! #e '*n+e+, ina""e!!i&e r'm +e(artin r'm #at +e(t# r'*n+! In

Niet!"#e, t#e ine.a&*a&e +e(t# i! r'm 'ne en+ t' t#e 't#er ' #i! t#'*#t "a&&e+ &ie An+ in a

ir!t !en!e, Niet!"#e]! (#i&'!'(#) i&& e trai" e"a*!e &ie, #i"# i! t#e (rin"i(&e ' an)

a!!e!!ment, i! it!e& ine.a&*a&e Ti&i#t ' t#e I+'&!7 [T#e .a&*e ' &ie "ann't e a!!e!!e+[ T#i!

ma:im e!ta&i!#e+ +e!(ite a&& !*tra"te+ +e(t#, +en'te+ at t#e !ame time it i! t'ta&&) airme+ in

t#e 'r+er ' a!!e!!ment T#e !e"'n+ reeren"e #i"# "#ara"terie! trae+) i! t#at "#an"e i!

irre+*"i&e T#e '""*rren"e t#at #a((en! in t#e a"e ' t#e terri&e +'e! n't &et it!e& e !*!i+e+

) an)t#in T#ere i! a "ra(!#''t, #i"# i&& i.e it *ite ea*ti*& "'m(arati.e (ae! '

De&e*e eteen Niet!"#e an+ Ma&&armV An+ e.en a! Niet!"#e !a)! in E""e 'm' 7 [I]m

a&a)! &et t' "#an"e[ Niet!"#e]! a trai" (#i&'!'(#er e"a*!e #e i! [a&a)! &i.in in t#e #ei#t' "#an"e[ Trae+) i! t#e "'rre&ati'n ' an ine.a&*ai&it) an+ t#e "#an"e !*((&ementin it On

t#e 'tt'm !i+e, !'met#in !&i(! aa), e.a+in t#e a!!e!!ment an+, in a++iti'n, t#ere i! t#e

"#an"e ' t#e &e.e& ' #at it re*ire! t' e in t#e in"a&"*&a&e manner I )'* i!#, t#e trae+) i!

t#e "'rre&ati'n ' t#e +e(t# an+ e:"e!! ' "#an"e, #i"# "'n!tit*te! t#e trai" a! ate, a! +e!tin)

in it! Gree4 !en!e We m*!t n't ta4e an) ' +e!tin) a! a 'rm ' ne"e!!it), t#e ate ' t#e Gree4

trae+) i! t#e e:('!e+ "'rre&ati'n eteen t#e &a"4 ' a!!e!!ment ' t#e '*n+ati'n, an+ #at

e!ta&i!#e!, an+ t#e in"a&"*&a&e e:"e!! ' "#an"e S*"# i! t#e ate t#at 'r4! in Gree4 trae+),

an+ n't at a&& 'rma& re*irement #i"# (re"e+e!, 'r a +etermini!m T#e trai" #er' i! 'ne #'

in a +'*&e in+in i! at 'n"e e:('!e+ t' t#e #i+in ' t#e a!!e!!ment in t#e +e(t# at t#e !ame

time t#at #e i&& !tri4e a !*((&ementar) "#an"e at t#e #ei#t! #i"# #e +e!(erate&) trie! t'

rea"# T#e trai" (#i&'!'(#er i! a&!' t#e 'ne #'!e +e"&arati'n ' t#'*#t i! t#at t#e .a&*e ' &ie

"ann't e e.a&*ate+, *t t#at it i! re*ire+ t' tr) t' e 'rt#) ' &ie T#e trai" ate in t#e

Niet!"#ean !en!e +i"tate! t' !tatement! t#at )'* in+ in an entire "#a(ter ' E""e 'm' ,


33/271

32

entit&e+ [W#) I am a De!tin)[ #) it i! 8I -an+ in t#e i&i#t ' t#e I+'&! , !ee4in t'

4n' #at 'ne i!, ie #at t#at an)'ne i! Niet!"#e i&& !a), [One i! a rament ' ata&it)[ I

'ne ta4e! ata&it) in t#e !en!e I #a.e ;*!t menti'ne+ #at 'ne i!, #en 'ne i! !'met#in - it]! a

rament ' t#'*#t t#at "r'!!e! t#e "'n"ea&ment ' t#e +e(t# an+ !*((&ementati'n ' "#an"eB*t a&t#'*# #e +'e! n't !a) !', it i! [I[ #' #a! t' re"'n!tr*"t, it i! t#e "enter ' ra.it) in

De&e*e, #' "'n"ernin Niet!"#e, +e(&')! t#e &a)'*t ' t#e trai" (#i&'!'(#)7 ', 'n"e t#i! i!

!ai+, +'e! t#e (#i&'!'(#) arri.e at an e!ta&i!#ment in Niet!"#e De&e*e +i!"*!!e! t#i! ('int 'n

t' &e.e&!7 'n t#e ir!t &e.e&7 e imme+iate&) e:(&ain! #) a&& trai" (#i&'!'(#) re(&a"e! t#e

*e!ti'n ' meanin it# t#at ' tr*t# T#i! i&& e #i! ir!t e!!entia& inter(retati'n T#e

'(enin !enten"e ' #i! ''4 'e!7 [T#e m're enera& (r';e"t ' Niet!"#e i! t#i!7 intr'+*"in in

(#i&'!'(#) t#e "'n"e(t! ' meanin an+ .a&*e[ Niet!"#e e!ta&i!#e! t#e (#i&'!'(#) in t#e

!)!tem ' t#e *e!ti'n ' meanin, (re"i!e&) e"a*!e #e e.a+e! t#e +e(t# ' t#e #aar+'*!

!*((&ementati'n +eman+in a (r'&em ' meanin S' trai" (#i&'!'(#) "'ntain! a (r'&em '

meanin On t#e !e"'n+7 rai" (#i&'!'(#) i&& e:amine t#e m*&ti(&i"it) ' meanin,

e"a*!e r'm t#e m'ment e &ea.e t#e !in*&arit) ' tr*t#, e are in t#e (&*ra&it) ' meanin

An+ t#*! t#e *e!ti'n! t#at De&e*e i&& a++re!! t' Niet!"#e i&& e e!!entia&&) t)('&'i"a&

*e!ti'n!, ie #at are t#e +ierent i+entiia&e t)(e! r'm #i"# meanin i! rante+ T#i! i&&

e t#e a:ia& matter tra.er!e+ ) a &'i", ie t#e t)('&'i"a& *e!ti'n i&& e "r'!!e+ ) a &'i" '

a"ti.e an+ rea"ti.e 'r"e! I )'* i!# t' !(e"i) t#e t)(e! r'm #i"# meanin i! i.en, 'ne m*!t*!e a &'i" ' 'r"e! #i"# +i!tri*te! T#e A"ti.e 'r"e! an+ rea"ti.e 'r"e! a! t#e ir!t inar)

&'i" ' 'r"e! S' i )'* #a+ t' !*mmarie in 'ne 'r+ t#e *e!ti'n t#at De&e*e a!4! Niet!"#e,

t#e *!ae t#at De&e*e ma4e! ' it, it "'*&+ e !ai+ t#i! a)7 Niet!"#e i! trai" (#i&'!'(#) a! a

&'i" ' t#e t)('&'i"a& m*&ti(&e

- rai" (#i&'!'(#)7 ran+'mne!! an+ t#e *n'*n+e+ r'*n+in

-L'i"7 a &'i" ' 'r"e!, a"ti.e an+ rea"ti.e

-M*&ti(&e7 t#ere are m*&ti(&e +'nati'n! ' meanin, ne.er 'ne

- )('&'i"a&7 t#i! "r)!ta&&ie! int' t)(e! =t#e (rie!t, arat#*!tra, t#e

!*(erman, t#e &a!t man? an+ ina&&), Niet!"#e #im!e& i! a t)(e, t#e t)(e '

trai" (#i&'!'(#)

'r De&e*e, t#e a((r'(riati'n ' t#e name 8Niet!"#e i! "arrie+ '*t *n+er t#e "entra&

"ate'r) ' trai" (#i&'!'(#) S' it i! t#e name Niet!"#e +e!inate! (#i&'!'(#) in it! trai"

t)(e, !in"e De&e*e a!!*me! t#e t)('&'i"a& (rin"i(&e ' Niet!"#ean t#'*#t An+ t#*! Niet!"#e,

in an e:em(&ar) a), name! (#i&'!'(#) in it! trai" t)(e 'e.er, a! m*"# a! trae+) i! t#e


34/271

33

"'rre&ati'n ' a +e(t# t#at i! #i++en, ie ' a '*n+in namin !*tra"te+ in t#i! a! it

e!ta&i!#e!, an+ a "'in"i+en"e t#at !*((&ement!, t#*! t#e "r'!!in ' e:('!*re ' it! '*n+ati'n,

an+ ' t#e !*((&ementati'n ) "'in"i+en"e, #i"# ' "'*r!e, +'e! n't i&& #at it '*n+!, [t#e

.a&*e ' &ie "ann't e e.a&*ate+,[ &ie ein t#e ('!!i&e name ' +e(t# in Niet!"#e, *t(re"i!e&) !'met#in r'm #i"# .a&*e remain! a!'&*te&) ine.a&*a&e an+, a! a&& t#'*#t i!

e.a&*ati'n, in a "ertain !en!e, &ie a! !*"# i! 'n&) a name, a name &'!t r'm it! r'*n+in In t#i!

&a!t ma:im, Niet!"#e !a)! ' #im!e& =*t t#i! it!e& i! a "ate'r) ' #i! (#i&'!'(#)?7 [I]m a&a)!

&et t' t#e #ei#t ' "#an"e[ Trai" t#'*#t t#*! !tan+! at t#e "r'!!in ' #at it "ann't

e.a&*ate #i"# '*n+! it at t#e !ame time it a&a)! t' e at t#e &e.e& ' t#e *n'*n+e+ r'm

t#i! ('int ' .ie, trae+) i! t#e "'rre&ate ' a &a"4 an+ e:"e!!, an+ t#e ('int #ere !'met#in

mi!!in i! i.en in e:"e!!, an e:"e!! #i"# ne.er i&&! t#i! a( T#i! &'i" ' t#e &a"4 an+ e:"e!!

rame! Niet!"#e$! &'i" r'm t#e +eterminati'n ' (#i&'!'(#) a! a trai" t)(e, Niet!"#e i!

enae+ in an inter(retati'n t#at (r'.i+e! a "'#erent t#e'r) ' m*&ti(&e! in a++iti'n t' t#e

t#e'r) ' t#e m*&ti(&e ' #at i.e! meanin, name&) ' t)(e! T#e De&e*ian inter(retati'n

"'n!i!t!, t#en, ' a t)('&'i"a& (at# ' Niet!"#e t#at i! !ett&e+ ) t#e n'n-+ia&e"ti"a&

"'rre&ati'n eteen a"ti.e 'r"e! an+ rea"ti.e 'r"e! In!tea+, in ei+eer, t#e entire '"*!

i! 'n t#e (r'ram ' t#in4in attri*te+ t' Niet!"#e ) ei+eer, ie t#e (r'ram '

'.er"'min ni#i&i!m De&e*e]! .i!i'n i&& e atta"#e+ t' t#e e!!entia& +e!"ri(ti.e !t)&e in

De&e*e, in t#e +e!"ri(ti'n ' a (at# re&ate+ t' t#e t)('&'i"a& m*&ti(&i"it) in t#e 'r4 'Niet!"#e De&e*e t'*"#e! *('n a !inii"ant an+ rea& ('int, n't 'n&) in !tatin t#at t#ere i! a

reat Niet!"#ean t)('&') ' #'me!, ' (rin"i(&e! 'r inten!itie! ' meanin, #i"# i! '.i'*!,

*t e"a*!e t#i! &ea+! t' a *e!ti'n t#at i! *n+amenta&, in m) .ie7 #i"# i!, in Niet!"#e, t#e

*e!ti'n ' (r'(er name! W#at i! t#e *n"ti'n ' (r'(er name! in Niet!"#e, i.en t#at e #a.e

a&rea+) met it# a (rin"i(a& name t#at i! Niet!"#e, *t it i! n't t#e 'n&) 'ne We&&, it i! in

&i#t ' a&& t#i! t#at I i&& tr) t' +ra '*t m) 'n a) in "'ntra('!iti'n an+ re.ie t#e!e ('int!

+*rin t#e ne:t !e!!i'n


35/271

3"


36/271

3#

SECOND COURSE - DECEMBER 9, 1992

On Di'Niet!"#ean 8Ye! #e Nat*re ' Airmati'n

La!t time, I$+ e*n !(ea4in ' t#e +ii"*&tie! t#at are .er) (e"*&iar t' t#e

a((r'(riati'n ' Niet!"#e]! te:t! T#i! a! a a) t' enter Niet!"#e]! !in*&arit),

ie ' n't treatin t#e te:t a! a (#i&'!'(#i"a& reeren"e a! an) 't#er, *t t' *n+er!tan+ #at i!

a!'&*te&) !(e"ii" a! !''n a! e attem(t t' +e.e&'( a (r't'"'& ' an) a((r'(riati'n ' #i! te:t I

t'&+ )'* t#at t#e "entra& +ii"*&t) "'n.ere! t'ar+! t#e a"t t#at Niet!"#e +'e! n't a!4 #i!

te:t*a& (r'('!iti'n t' e a !*mi!!i'n t' an a!!e!!ment 'r a "'mmentar), n'r +'e! #e +eman+,

!tri"t&) !(ea4in, ra&&)in W#at t#e nat*re ' Niet!"#ean te:t re*ire! i! a 'rm ' re"'niti'n,

ie t#e .er) a"t t#at t#i! te:t #a! ta4en (&a"e It i! ne"e!!ar) an+ !*i"ient t' n'te t#at ta4in

a"ti'n i! t#e tr*e re&ati'n!#i( t#at Niet!"#ean te:t re*ire! an+ t#i! i! t#e 'rm ' #at I mi#t

"a&& #i! !in*&ar a*t#'rit) Niet!"#e "a&&! 'r t#i! e:i!ten"e t' e a"4n'&e+e+, *t 'ne n'ti"e!

*ite !''n t#at #at Niet!"#e re*e!t! t' e a"4n'&e+e+ i! t#e .er) e:i!ten"e ' Niet!"#e It

m*!t e menti'ne+ t#at t#i! i! #at Sara# K'man !*e!t! in #er re"ent ''4 'n E""e 'm',

tit&e+ E:(&'!i'n I t#at e m*!t +i!tin*i!# [Niet!"#e[ an+ Niet!"#e T#*! t#ere i! a

Niet!"#e #' i!, in a"t, t#e "ir"*&atin (r'(er name t' #i"# e are a""*!t'me+, an+ t#en

t#ere a! t#e [Niet!"#e[ t#at "'*&+, in a"t, (*n"t*ate 'r em(#a!ie !'met#in, an+ t#at i!#ere Niet!"#e]! te:t a!4! t' e a"4n'&e+e+ Or e "an !a) t#at Niet!"#e #im!e& i!

(re!ente+, ie Niet!"#e (re!ent! [Niet!"#e[ a! t#e name ' an ininite ('er ' t#'*#t an+

t#at t#i! name a! !*"# !#'*&+ e re"'nie+ Let]! in+i"ate in t#i! (a!!ae t#at t#i! +eman+ 'r

re"'niti'n i! n't a"t*a&&) a nar"i!!i!ti" +eman+, *t a "ate'ri"a& +eman+, ie t#at Niet!"#e

a!4! t#at t#e "ate'r) [Niet!"#e[ i! &i!te+ a! it i! in t#e &*: 'r Be"'min ' t#'*#t One "an

a&!' !a) t#at t#e main ar*ment t#at Niet!"#e +i!(&a)! in a.'r ' #i! te:t, i! t#e .a&i+ati'n '

#at t#i! (r'(er name re"'.er!7 [Niet!"#e[ a! immanent "ate'r) ' t#e te:t*a& +e.i"e We "an

a&!' !a)7 t#e (r'(er name [Niet!"#e[ i! #at i! immanent e.i+en"e 'r Niet!"#e]! te:t It i! an

e.en reater +ii"*&t), #i"# ' "'*r!e e !#'*&+ n't #ear7 [Niet!"#e[, t#e [Niet!"#e[ a! a

"ate'r) ' Niet!"#e]! t#'*#t, a! a !inat*re '


37/271

3$

t#e a*t#'r, ie a! #at t#e te:t '*&+ reer t' a! it! a!ent "a*!e, *t 'ne m*!t rat#er *n+er!tan+

[Niet!"#e[ a! a "entra& "ate'r) ' t#e 'r4 it!e& I e i!#, e "an !a) t#at [Niet!"#e[ i!

e:(&i"it in Niet!"#e, an+ it i! n't *n+er&)in *a&it) ' t#e a*t#'r #i"# i! a'&i!#e+- ana*t#'r #' i! +ea+ #ere #i! te:t i! m'!t .irant [Niet!"#e[ i! (re!ente+ in #i! 'n &ie an+

n't in #i! 'r #er era!*re, 'r in #i! +eat#, in t#e Niet!"#ean te:t

ina&&), I #a+ in+i"ate+ t#at t#i! re"'niti'n Niet!"#e re*ire!, ie ' [Niet!"#e[ a! a

"ate'r) ' Niet!"#e]! te:t, i! a eneri" re"'niti'n It i! n't inten+e+, n'r a++re!!e+ It i!

aritrar) in t#e !en!e t#at Niet!"#e "an an+ !#'*&+ e re"'nie+ ) an)'ne a! [Niet!"#e,[

an+

alain badiou's seminar i, 1992-1993: nietzsche's antiphilosophy, translated

Documents