ajis (c) ajis llc, 2009jonathan wells, ajis llc 1 introduction to cellular technology jonathan...

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(c) AJIS LLC, 2009 Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

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Introduction to Cellular Technology

Jonathan Wells PhD MBAPresident, AJIS LLC

11th March 2013

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Huge Cellular Phone Advances

AJISHistory of Wireless Communications Early days: bonfires, smoke signals, flags 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic

induction 1864 Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves 1886 Hertz demonstrates waves travelling through

space 1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

1907 Commercial transatlantic connections 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York to San

Francisco 1928 First broadcast TV trials 1958 First mobile phone system

A-Netz in Germany


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A-Netz “Mobile” Phones


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First Generation “1G”

Introduced in 1980s Analog only

Motorola DynaTAC 6 March 1983, first

commercial cellphone 30 minutes of talk time, 8

hours of standby Memory for 30 numbers Priced at $3,995


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Dr. Martin Cooper

“Father” of the modern mobile phone

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Second Generation “2G”

Introduced in 1990s Digital technology Digital voice and basic data

Introduction of SMS Numerous different flavors

CDMAOne in USA GSM in Rest of World Several other regional versions

Many systems still operational(c) AJIS LLC, 2013 Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC

www.ajisconsulting.com6

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Wide Global 2G Usage

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Third Generation “3G”

Introduced in 2000s Digital voice and “broadband” data Variety of formats

Phones, dongles, tablets

Still regional flavors CDMA2000 in USA WCDMA in USA and Rest of World

Designed to operate with fallback to 2G

Widely adopted worldwide


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3G Challenge: Convergence

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Fourth Generation “4G” Introduced in 2010s Digital voice and “ultra broadband” data Only one flavor – LTE (Long Term Evolution) Universal, global adoption planned IP-based technology (as is Internet) Designed to operate with 3G and 2G systems Technically, much debate over what is 4G

Many vendors market 3G technology as 4G Strictly, even LTE doesn’t meet some technical

4G definitions


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4G Challenge: Revenue & Traffic Decoupled

Voice generates 80% revenue

Data traffic >> voice traffic

Costs follow traffic line!

Heavy reading, May 2007

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What About 5G?

Likely technology for 2020’s However we’ll see 5G hype

start soon Conferences and workshops

on “5G” Vendors marketing “4G”

systems as “5G”


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Cellular Infrastructure

Base Station

Service area (cell)

Many factors affect cell sizeTechnology, geography, power, coverage requirements, …

100 m to 30 km

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Cell Site

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Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station

BS

MS

Cell

Hexagonal cell area used in most models

Ideal cell area (typically 1 mile

radius)

MS

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Cellular Coverage

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BS BS

BS BS BS

BS BS

Service area

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Cellular Mobility: Handoff

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Cellular Network InfrastructureHome phone

PSTN

MSC

BSC …

BS

…

…

MS

…

BS MS

BSC

BS MS

…

BS MS

BSC

BS MS

…

BS MS

BSC

BS MS

…

BS MS

MSC

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone NetworkMSC: Mobile Switching CenterBSC: Base Station ControllerBS: Base StationMS: Mobile Station

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Next Generation Networks

regional

metropolitan area

campus-based

in-house

verticalhand-over

horizontalhand-over

integration of heterogeneous fixed andmobile networks with varyingtransmission characteristics

Satellite GPS Cellular Wireless LAN Wireless PAN Home Networking Ad Hoc Networks Sensor Networks Bluetooth

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OSI Reference Model

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Medium

Data Link

Physical

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Network Network

Radio

AJISOSI Model

service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing,

device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

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Wireless Transmit and Receive

Information to be transmitted (Voice/Data)

Coding Modulator Transmitter

Information received

(Voice/Data)

Decoding Demodulator Receiver

Antenna

AntennaCarrier

Carrier

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Coding


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11100110111111111110001000110101…..

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Modulation


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Digital Signal

Carrier Signal

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Phase Modulation

0 0 0 01 1 1 1

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1G Transmission

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access

Inefficient use of limited spectrum Number users limited by spectrum available

Frequency 1 User 1

Frequency 2 User 2

Frequency n User n

Base Station

… …

Mobile Stations

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2G Transmission

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

Much better use of limited spectrum Number users limited by timeslots available

Time 1

Time 2

Time n……

Base Station

User 1

User 2

User n

…

Mobile Stations

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FDMA and TDMA Comparison

User 1

User 2

User n

…

Time

Frequency

Use

r 1

Use

r 2

Use

r n

…

Time

Frequency

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3G Transmission CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

Multiply each user signal by a known code, such that multiple users can coexist “on top of” one another

Complex, but supports high number of users with efficient use of spectrum

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FDMA/TDMA/CDMA Analogy


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Summary

Blah, blah, blah


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Thank You For Listening!

AJIS LLCWireless Technology Consulting

Jonathan Wells PhD MBAPresident

[email protected]

2470 Sanderling Drive Pleasanton, CA 94566 Cell: +1 925 200 5124

ajis (c) ajis llc, 2009jonathan wells, ajis llc 1 introduction to cellular technology jonathan...

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