ajali water works gully erosion site - world bank · pdf filenigerian erosion and watershed...

Environmental and Social Management

Plan (ESMP)

Prepared by

ENUGU STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT (SPMU) NIGERIAN EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT

NEWMAP

HOUSE 73, COAL CITY GARDEN ESTATE, GRA, ENUGU

Phone: +234 80 3341 5539

Email: [email protected]

AJALI WATER WORKS GULLY EROSION SITE

FINAL REPORT

(JULY 2014)

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Table of Contents … … … … … … … … … … ii

List of Tables … … … … … … … … … … … v

List of Figures … … … … … … … … … … … vi

List of Plates … … … … … … … … … … … vii

List of Boxes … … … … … … … … … … … viii

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms … … … … … … … … ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY … … … … … … … … … xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION … … … … … … … … 1

1.1 Project Background … … … … … … … … … 1

1.2 Objectives of the ESMP … … … … … … … … … 1

1.3 Rationale for ESMP … … … … … … … … … … 1

1.4 Scope of ESMP … … … … … … … … … … 2

1.5 Approach and Methodology … … … … … … … … … 2

1.6 Structure of ESMP Report … … … … … … … … … 3

CHAPTER TWO: POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK … … 4

2.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 4

2.2 Policy and Legal Framework … … … … … … … … 4

2.3 Administrative Framework … … … … … … … … 5

2.3.1 Federal MDAs … … … … … … … … … 5

2.3.2 State MDAs … … … … … … … … … 5

2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies … … … … … … … … 5

2.5 International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria

is a party … … … … … … … … … … … 5

CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION … … … … … … 6

3.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 6

3.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention Site … … … … … … 6

3.3 Nature of the Project … … … … … … … … … 6

3.4 Project Objective … … … … … … … … … … 7

3.5 Project Components … … … … … … … … … 7

3.5.1 Project Components for Finger 1 … … … … … … … 7

3.5.2 Project Component for Finger 2 … … … … … … … 7

3.6 Project Activities … … … … … … … … … … 7

3.6.1 Pre-Construction Phase … … … … … … … … 7

3.6.2 Construction Phase … … … … … … … … 8

3.6.2.1 Construction Raw Materials … … … … … … … 8

3.6.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase … … … … … … 8

CHAPTER FOUR: DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE CONDITIONS … … … … 9

4.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 9

4.2 Environmental Setting of the Study Area … … … … … … … 9

4.3 Baseline Data Acquisition … … … … … … … … … 9

4.3.1 Sampling Locations … … … … … … … … 9

4.3.2 Quality Control … … … … … … … … … 10

4.3.3 Sampling Methodology … … … … … … … … 10

4.4 Physical Environment … … … … … … … … … 11

4.4.1 Climate/Meteorology … … … … … … … … 11

4.4.2 Air Quality and Noise Level … … … … … … … 12

4.4.3 Geology and Hydrogeology … … … … … … … 12


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4.4.4 Surface/Groundwater … … … … … … … … 13

4.4.4.1 Surface Water Hydrology and Drainage … … … … … … 13

4.4.4.2 Surface Water Quality … … … … … … … … 13

4.4.4.3 Ground Water Quality … … … … … … … … 13

4.4.5 Soil Studies … … … … … … … … … 14

4.5 Biological Environment … … … … … … … … … 14

4.5.1 Flora and Fauna … … … … … … … … … 14

4.5.2 Aquatic Ecology … … … … … … … … … 15

4.6 Waste Management … … … … … … … … … 15

4.7 Socio-economics … … … … … … … … … … 15

4.7.1 Sample Determination for Demographic Survey of the Project Area … … 15

4.7.2 Gender and Age of Respondents … … … … … … … 16

4.7.3 Marital Status and Household Size … … … … … … ….16

4.7.4 Education Livelihood and Income … … … … … … … 16

4.7.5 Occupancy Status of Dwelling … … … … … … … 16

4.7.6 Amenities and Infrastructure … … … … … … … 16

4.7.7 Source of Drinking Water and Expenditure on Water … … … … 17

4.7.8 Method of Waste Disposal … … … … … … … 17

4.7.9 Major Industries … … … … … … … … … 17

4.7.10 Religion and Culture … … … … … … … … 17

4.7.11 Land Tenure and Use … … … … … … … … 18

4.7.12 Community Administration … … … … … … … 18

4.7.13 Social organization in relation to gender participation … … … … 18

4.7.14 Existing Grievance Redress Mechanism … … … … … … 18

4.7 15 Health … … … … … … … … … … 18

CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS… … … … 19 5.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 19

5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology … … … … … … … … 19

5.2.1 Impact Identification … … … … … … … … 19

5.2.2 Impact Prediction … … … … … … … … 19

5.2.3 Impact Evaluation … … … … … … … … 19

5.3 Discussion of Significant Potential Environmental and Social Impacts … … 20

5.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts … … … … … … … 20

5.3.1.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts … … … … … 20

5.3.1.2 Potential Positive Social Impacts … … … … … … 21

5.3.2 Potential Negative Impacts … … … … … … … 21

5.3.2.1 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts … … … … … 21

5.3.2.2 Potential Negative Social Impacts … … … … … … 22

CHAPTER SIX: ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES… … … … 31

6.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … 31

6.2 Implementation Options … … … … … … … … 31

6.2.1 No Project Option … … … … … … … … 31

6.2.2 Delayed Project Option … … … … … … … … 31

6.2.3 Immediate Project Option … … … … … … … … 31

6.3 Technological Alternatives … … … … … … … … 32

6.3.1 Land Reclamation by Filling … … … … … … … 32

6.3.2 Civil Engineering Intervention … … … … … … … 32

6.3.3 Vegetation Intervention … … … … … … … … 32

6.3.4 Civil Engineering/ Vegetation … … … … … … … 32

CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN … … 33

7.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 33


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7.2 Summary of Potential Impacts … … … … … … … … 33

7.3 Mitigation Measures … … … … … … …. …. … 33

7.4 Monitoring Program … … … … … … … … … 33

7.4.1 Monitoring and Reporting Procedure … … … … … … 38

7.4.1.1 Internal Monitoring … … … … … … … … 38

7.4.1.2 External Monitoring … … … … … … … … 38

7.4.1.3 Reporting … … … … … … … … … 38

7.4.1.4 Record Keeping … … … … … … … … … 38

7.5 Institutional Arrangements … … … … … … … … 39

7.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities … … … … … … … 39

7.5.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) … … … … … 39

7.5.1.2 State Ministry of Environment (SME) … … … … … … 39

7.5.1.3 State Project Management Unit (SPMU) … … … … … 39

7.5.1.4 The World Bank … … … … … … … … 40

7.5.1.5 Contractor … … … … … … … … … 40

7.5.2 Institutional Arrangements … … … … … … … … 46

7.5.3 Capacity Building and Training … … … … … … 46

7.5.3.1 Training of Contractor Personnel … … … … … … 46

7.6 Implementation Schedule … … … … … … … … 47

7.6.1 Contractual Measures … … … … … … … … 47

7.7 Cost Estimates … … … … … … … … … … 48

7.8 ESMP Disclosures … … … … … … … … … 48

CHAPTER EIGHT: PUBLIC CONSULTATION … … … … … … 49

8.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … 49

8.2 Approach for Identification and Participation of Stakeholders … … … … … 49

8.3 Summary of Public Consultation … … … … … … … … … 49

8.4 Community Concerns and Perceptions … … … … … … … … 51

8.4.1 Stakeholder Consultation … … … … … … … … 51

8.4.2 Community Perception of Impact of the Gully Erosion in the Project Area … … 51

8.4.3 Perceived Development Needs of the Community and Expectations from the

Project … … … … … … … … … … 51

8.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism … … … … … … … … 51

8.6 Recommendations … … … … … … … … … … 52

REFERENCES … … … … … … … … … … … 53

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Terms of Reference for the Preparation of ESMP … … … … … … 54

Annex 2: Stakeholders Attendance Sheet … …. … … … … … 56

Annex 3: Summary of Triggered World Bank Environmental and Safeguards Policies … … … … 57

Annex 4: Household Questionnaire for the ESMP of NEWMAP: Socio-Economics … … … 58

Annex 5: General Environmental management for Construction Contract … … … … 61

Annex 6: Stakeholders Attendance Sheet at Community Level … … … … … 64


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LIST OF TABLES PAGE

Table 2.1: Relevant Federal / State Policies, Legislations, Regulations and Guidelines … … … 4

Table 2.2: International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a Party. … 5

Table 4.1: GPS Coordinates of Sampling Points in the Study Area … … … … 10

Table 4.2: Mean Monthly Climatic Conditions in the Study Area (2004-2013) … … … 11

Table 4.3: Field Meteorological Measurements … … … … … … … 11

Table 4.4: Air Quality and Noise Measurements in the Study Area … … … … 12

Table 4.5: Surface water bathymetry in the Study Area … … … … … … 13

Table 4.6: Physico-chemical Properties of Surface and Ground water in the Study Area … … 14

Table 4.7: Physico-chemical Properties of Soil from the Ajali Erosion Site … … … … 14

Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix... 20

Table 5.2: Identification of Potential Impacts of Proposed Project … … … … 23

Table 5.3: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Proposed Project … 26

Table 5.4: Summary of Significant Potential Impacts … … … … … … 30

Table 7.1: Mitigation and Enhancement Plan … … … … … … … 34

Table 7.2: Institutional Responsibilities … … … … … … … 40

Table 7.3 Monitoring Plan … … … … … … … … … 41

Table 7.4: Proposed Training Programme for the Implementation of ESMP … … … 46

Table 7.5: Tentative ESMP Implementation Schedule … … … … … … 47

Table 7.6: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP … … … … … 48

Table 8.1: Summary of Stakeholders Meeting with MDAs and Community … … … … 49

Table 8.2: Summary of Public Consultation with the Nsude (Ajali Works) Community ... … … 50


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LIST OF FIGURES PAGE

Figure 3.1: Pictorial Description of the Gully Erosion Site showing the Twin Tank

Water Reservoirs … … … … … … … … … … 6

Figure 3.2: Sketch showing structural components of the Reinforced Concrete

Chute Channel (RCCC) and the Stilling Basin (NEST Engineering Ltd, 2012) … … 7

Figure 4.1: Map of Enugu State showing Nsude in Udi LGA, Enugu State … … … 9

Figure 4.2: Sampling Location in the Study Area … … … … … … … 10

Figure 4.3: Geologic and Physiographic Map of the Study Area and Its Environs … … … 12

Figure 4.4: Age Categories of Respondents … … … … … … … 16

Figure 4.5: Trend in Education and Family Size over the Project Community … … … 16

Figure 4.6: Sources of Drinking Water by Season of the Year … … … … … 17

Figure 4.7: Methods of Waste Disposal in the Community … … … … … 17

Figure 7.1: Institutional Arrangement for ESMP Implementation … … … … 46


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LIST OF PLATES PAGE

Plate 4.1: Field Assistants taking Air Quality Measurements and Soil Samples at the Study Site … 11

Plate 4.2: Sections of the Vegetation in the Study Area … … … … … … 15

Plate 4.3: Illegal Dumpsite at the Ajali Gully Erosion Site … … … … … 15

Plate 4.4: Women Gathering Brewers waste … … …. …. …. …. … 15


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LIST OF BOXES PAGE

Box 7.1: Roles and Responsibilities of Project Coordinator … … … … … 39

Box 7.2: Roles and Responsibilities of Environmental Safeguard Officer (ESO) … … 39


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan

BP Bank Policy

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

CBOs Community Based Organizations

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CLO Community Liaison Officer

DO Dissolved Oxygen

EA Environmental Assessment

EC Electrical Conductivity

EFCZM Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area

ESFC Enugu State Forestry Commission

ESMARD Enugu State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework

ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan

ESMWR Enugu State Ministry of Water Resources

ESO Environmental Safeguard Officer

ESTDA Enugu State Capital Territory Development Authority

ESWAMA Enugu State Waste Management Authority

ESWC Enugu State Water Corporation

FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency

FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment

FMWR Federal Ministry of Water Resources

GPS Global Positioning System

GRA Government Reserved Area

HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

HSE Health Safety and Environment

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

ISDS Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet

ISO International Organisation for Standardization

Lexp Exposure Levels

LGA Local Government Area

Lmax Maximum Noise Levels

Lmin Minimum Noise Levels

MDAs Ministries Departments and Agencies

MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements

MFMP Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of Montreal Protocol

MPN Most Probable Number

NCFC Nigerian Construction and Foundation Company

ND Not Detected

NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency

NEWMAP Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project

NGOs Non-Governmental Organization

NIHSA Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency

NIMET Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET)

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NIWRMC Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission

NWRI National Water Resources Institute

OP Operational Policy

PAD Project Appraisal Document

PAPs Project Affected Persons

PC Project Coordinator


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PIM Project Implementation Manual

PMU Project Management Unit

POVINAA Poverty in Africa alternative

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

RAM Risk Assessment Matrix

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

RBDAs River Basin Development Authorities

RCCC Reinforced Concrete Chute Channel

RPF Resettlement Policy Framework

SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment

SLO Social Livelihood Officer

SME State Ministry of Environment

SON Standards Organization of Nigeria

sp Species

SPHM Spoil Handling Management

SPM Suspended Particulate Matter

SPMU State Project Management Unit

TOR Terms of Reference

WHO World Health Organization

WMP Waste Management Plan

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

% Percentage

g Microgramme

cfu/ml Colony forming unit per milliliter

cm Centimeter

cmol/kg Centimoles per kilogram

dB Decibel oC Temperature in degrees Celsius

oE Degree East

oN Degree North

kg Kilogramme

km Kilometer

pH Hydrogen ion concentration

ppm Parts per million

mm Millimeters

m/s Meter per second

mg/kg Milligramme per Kilogramme

mg/l Milligram per liter

m Meter

ds/m Decisiemens per meter

kN/m Kilonewton per meter

km Kilometer

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

Ca Calcium

CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate

Cl- Chloride

CO Carbon Monoxide

Cu Copper

Fe Iron

H2S Hydrogen Sulphide

HCN Hydrogen Cyanide

K Potassium


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Mg Magnesium

Mn Manganese

Na Sodium

NH3 Ammonia

NO3 Nitrate

NO3- Nitrate ion

NOX Nitrogen Oxides

Pb Lead

AV.P Average Phosphorus

PO43-

Phosphate

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SO42-

Sulphates

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

THC Total Hydrocarbons

TSS Total Soluble Solids

Zn Zinc


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Project Background

The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management

Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate

Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The project currently includes 7 south eastern states, namely

Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi and Imo. The development objective of NEWMAP is to

rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-watersheds.

The Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site in Nsude, Udi Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State is one

of the priority sites for intervention under the Enugu State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project

(ENUGU-NEWMAP). The rehabilitation works proposed for this site will involve medium-sized civil works

which are likely to cause negative environmental and social impacts. In order to minimize these impacts an

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared by the Enugu State Government. The

overarching objective of the ESMP is to ensure that the environmental and social impacts likely to arise from

the project activities are addressed and appropriate mitigation measures are integrated into project

implementation and operation in order to protect human and environmental health.

Policy, Legal & Administrative Framework

The ESMP was prepared in compliance with regulations, guidelines and standards of the Federal Ministry of

Environment (FMEnv), Enugu State legislations on the environment, all other applicable national legislations,

the World Bank environmental and social safeguard policies as well as Multilateral Environmental Agreements

(MEAs) to which Nigeria is a party. The relevant policy, legal and administrative framework at both national

and international levels is discussed in Chapter Two of the ESMF and is summarized below. Summary of Relevant National Policy and Legal Instruments S/N Policy Instrument Year Provisions 1 National Policy on the Environment

1989 revised 1991 Describes the conceptual framework and strategies for

achieving the overall goal of sustainable development in

Nigeria. 2 National Erosion and Flood Control Policy 2005 Addresses the need to combat erosion in the country utilizing

the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood

and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines

3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Act No. 86 1992 Provide guidelines for activities of developmental projects for

which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. 4 Land Use Act

1978

modified

1990

The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state

in the Federation in the Governor of the state and requires that

such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use

and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the

provisions of this Act. 5 FEPA/FMEnv EIA Procedural Guidelines 1995

Indicates the steps to be followed in the EIA process from

project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that

the project is implemented with maximum consideration for

the environment.

Triggered World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies

The proposed project has triggered the following policies: OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment; OP/BP

4.12: Involuntary Resettlement; OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitat and OP/BP 17.50: Disclosure of Information.

Details of the Bank’s Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies are presented in Annex 3. The project is

categorized as a B in accordance to the provisions of the World Bank OP:4.01 on Environmental Assessment.

This implies that the potential environmental and social impacts likely to arise will be minor, site-specific and

manageable to a reasonable level.

Project Description

The proposed intervention site, the Ajali Water Works gully erosion site is located in Nsude community in Udi

LGA, Enugu State within geographical co-ordinates of 6024’34” N Latitude and 07

023’09” E Longitude. The

gully erosion has two fingers with a confluence at a point downstream. The first finger of the gully erosion is

caused by unchecked/ uncontrolled washout and overflow from a twin tank water reservoir provided in the area

by Enugu State Water Corporation (ESWC) for supplying pipe-borne water to Enugu city. The second finger is

primarily caused by unchecked local gutter offshoot. The two gully fingers are very active and the gully heads

are rapidly approaching two public utilities. The project (intervention) will involve civil engineering works and

vegetation to repair and stabilize the gullies in order to restore the integrity of the gullies to effectively channel

storm/flood water to the desired watershed. The project components at both fingers of the gully include:


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Construction of Reinforced Concrete Chute Channels (RCCC) at sites with energy dissipation/stilling

basins.

Construction of check-dams complete with rip-rap protection immediately beyond the end of the aprons.

Construction of Collector/inlet drainage channels before the gully head structures with adequately sized

cross sections to direct discharge into the gully head structures and down to stilling basins with determinate

hydraulic entry conditions.

Description of Baseline Conditions

Physical Environment

The climate in the area is comparatively congenial with mean maximum temperature of 35.70C in the month of

March and a mean minimum temperature of 20.00C in the month of December. Rainfall is heaviest during the

months of April to October with mean values ranging from 139.3mm and 328.8mm and lowest in February.

The wind speed is relatively constant though with slight monthly variation with the highest value of 3.4 m/s is

in the month of April and the lowest in the month of November with 2.1 m/s.

The air quality in the project area is fairly good as results of the ambient air quality measurement show that

most air parameters are within the acceptable limits except for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) which was

slightly above permissible limits in two sampling locations. Noise levels are below the FMEnv regulatory limit.

The area is underlain by friable unconsolidated poorly sorted Ajali Sandstone. The bedrocks are predominantly

sandy, medium to fine grained, white to grayish and friable with little clay and siltstone bands. The sand unit is

highly unconsolidated and this accounts for its susceptibility to gullying. The main surface water body in the

area is the Ajali River. All the parameters measured for ground water samples were within acceptable limits

except Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (2.01mg/l - 2.10mg/l) and Iron (2.0mg/l - 2.13mg/l). Results of microbial

analysis indicate the presence of feacal coliform in the underground water samples. Physico-chemical results

for surface water show normal values for all measured parameters except Zinc (1.59mg/l – 2.53mg/l).

Microbial results indicate feacal and fungal water contamination. The soil in the area is moderately acidic with

high contents of heavy metals including Zinc, Manganese, Copper and Iron which were above FMEnv limits.

The soil microbial distribution showed the presence of facultative hydrocarbon degraders.

Biological Environment

The area is located in the southern margins of the semi tropical rainforest which has been altered by

anthropogenic activities such as farming. The existing vegetation is composed of rainforest vegetation such as

New bouldialaevis (Ogilisi), and Pentaclethrama crophylla (Oil bean tree) while the wildlife diversity in the

study area include python (Eke), Grass cutter (Nchi) and Guinea fowl (Ogazi).

Socio-economics

The baseline socio-economic and health status of the project areas was obtained through questionnaires,

community consultations and key informant interviews. Nsude community has an estimated population of

21,000. The survey covered a total of 67 male and 29 female respondents representing 70% and 30%

respectively. The respondents are predominantly adults between 25 to 60 years. Married persons are 81.2%,

while the singles constitute about 18%. The project community can be generally classified as being literate

with about 90% of the sample population having the ability to read and write. Average household size in the

area ranges from 3 to 8. All the respondents dwell in their private/household residences. Livelihood and

Income data indicate that presently about 40% of the population are farmers, 45% traders, 10% artisans and 5%

are shared into government and company employments. Amenities and infrastructure in the project area

include primary and secondary schools, healthcare facilities, electricity supply and road transportation.

Community members are in acute need of drinking water. About 58% of the respondents depend on rain fed

water during the rainy season while 36% buy from commercial vendors all year round. Land in the project area

is owned by households and community but can be acquired by government for the overriding public interest

as enshrined in the Land Use Act. Grievances and civil cases are resolved by a local grievance redress system

through the traditional governance structure. Malaria and Typhoid are the most common sickness that finds re-

occurrence in most of the households.

Summary of Impacts

Impacts assessment of the project was carried out and the identified social and environmental issues associated

with different project activities were characterized and evaluated to determine the level of significance. The

project is expected to have highly positive environmental and social impacts. However, the intervention works

will inevitably have some negative impacts that will largely be localized, short in duration, occurring within


xiv

less sensitive environmental areas and manageable. The significant potential positive and negative

environmental and social impacts of the project during the different phases are summarized below.

Summary of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Potential Positive Impacts Potential Negative Impacts

Environmental Erosion management and gully rehabilitation Deterioration of air quality Soil stabilization and regeneration Noise generation Reduction in the phenomenon of erosion in the project area Surface and ground water contamination Restoration of vegetative cover and ecosystem vegetation Loss Improved ecological balance and biodiversity conservation Ecosystem disturbance & displacement/destruction of fauna Improved microclimatic conditions Soil erosion/loss of soil quality Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity Soil contamination Reduced siltation in the Ajali River with resultant preservation of

ecosystem and aquatic life Waste generation

Social Availability of community land for alternative development Conflicts and crises over land resettlement and benefits Preservation of public infrastructures Traffic congestion Employment of labour; improved livelihood/welfare Disruption of public utility services Reduction of disaster risk in the project area Land dispute and communal clash Reduced mortality/morbidity Occupational/public health and safety issues Diversification of livelihood and increased productivity

Analysis of Project Alternatives

The project intervention was analysed in the context of both implementation options and technological

alternatives. The” immediate project” option and “Civil Engineering/Vegetation “approach were considered

most viable and recommended for implementation.

Environmental and Social Management Plan

The ESMP outlines the measures to be taken during project implementation and operation to control adverse

environmental and social impacts and the actions needed. The ESMP components include recommended

mitigation measures, description of monitoring program; institutional arrangement including capacity building;

Implementation schedule; and Cost estimates.

Mitigation Measures

Feasible, practical and cost effective measures to reduce the potentially significant adverse environmental and

social impacts to acceptable levels have been developed. These measures are described in Table 7.1. and

mainly relate to the adoption of best environmental practices in the design, construction and operations of the

project. Consequently the mitigation measures will be included in the bid and contract documents for the

successful enterprise to implement. Some of the key mitigation measures proposed in the ESMP include;

suppression of dust emissions, proper maintenance of vehicles and machinery, fitting of exhaust

mufflers/silencers, control of oil spillages, storm and flood water, installation of sediment retention basins/silt

fences, proper management of spoils, selective land clearance and re-vegetation. Other measures include

adoption of best engineering practices, preparation and implementation of Waste Management Plan (WMP)

and site specific Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Plan to address occupational health issues.

Monitoring Program

In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, an environmental performance monitoring

program has been designed to ensure implementation and check effectiveness of recommended mitigation

measures. Internal and external monitoring will be conducted to ensure compliance with the ESMP. The

detailed proposed mitigation measures and related monitoring activities are provided in the Monitoring Plan in

Table 7.3.

Institutional Arrangements

The implementation of this ESMP requires the involvement of various institutions and stakeholders fulfilling

roles to ensure sound environmental management during the life cycle of the project. The institutional

arrangement as well as the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions and persons that will be

involved in the implementation, monitoring and review of the ESMP are discussed in Section 7.5. They include

FMEnv, SME, State Project Management Unit (SPMU), World Bank, Contractor as well as other federal and

state MDAs. The Project Coordinator will be responsible for the overall implementation of the ESMP and

ensuring that the environmental and social requirements are satisfied.


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Capacity Building and Training

Capacity building measures will be required to ensure that institutions involved in implementing the various

ESMP components have the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfil their roles. The broad areas of capacity

building and proposed training programme are presented in Table 7.4. The cost for capacity building is

estimated at US$48,750 (N7,800,000).

Implementation Schedule

The activities related to environmental management and monitoring will be integrated in the overall

construction schedule. The key elements of the implementation schedule are presented in Table 7.6.

Cost Estimate

The total cost to implement the ESMP is estimated at US$149,160 (N23,865,600). The breakdown is as shown

below:

Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP S/N Item Responsibilities Estimated Budget

Dollars Naira 1 Mitigation Contractor To be included in contract cost

ENUGU-NEWMAP 9,500 1,520,000 2 Monitoring ENUGU- NEWMAP, SME, ESMANR,

ESWC, ESWAMA, ESML, FMEnv,

NESREA, FRSC, ESTMA, Police, WB

90,910 14,545,600

3 Capacity Building ENUGU-NEWMAP 48,750 7,800,000

Total 149,160 23,865,600

ESMP Disclosure

ESMP will be disclosed to the public through the FMEnv, SME and host LGA offices as well as the World

Bank Info Shop.

Public Consultation

Consultation was carried out at different levels with relevant stakeholders and members of the community.

These included: State MDAs, Traditional Rulers, Community Leaders, Community Association Members,

Women Groups, Youths and NGOs/CBOs.

Community Concerns and Perceptions

Community members in the project area expressed their concern about the menace of gully erosion in the

community. They reiterated that previous measures for handling erosion in the Ajali water work land had failed

because of the peculiar fragile nature of soil in the area. They advised that in addition to creating embankment

and drainage, NEWMAP should consider finding bio-natural measures of combating erosion (such as

forestation) that will help soil stabilization in the area. They expressed their desire for rapid intervention and

completion of the project, and willingness to cede the affected land area to NEWMAP for erosion control

work. They also promised to cooperate with the project sponsor by providing security and any relevant

information that could be required. Concerns were also raised about the activities of migrant herdsmen in the

area. They requested government to prohibit cattle grazing on the community lands. They also want to be

carried along at all the stages of the project and be provided employment.

Recommendations

The recommendations drawn from the views expressed by stakeholders include the following:

Priority should be given to local workers as this would lead to fewer public health problems at

community levels.

Enugu NEWMAP should keep in view other critical erosion sites in the community.

There is need to carry the community along during project implementation.

The issues of activities of herdsmen and overgrazing to be raised to the state government.

There is need to rehabilitate the Ajali waterworks to provide portable water to the community.

Site committee to be drawn to be drawn from the community and trained to supervise, maintain and

manage the project during and after intervention phase to ensure sustainability.


1

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management

Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate

Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by states and

activities implemented by the Federal Government. The project currently includes 7 south eastern states,

namely Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi and Imo. The development objective of NEWMAP

is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-watersheds.

The Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site in Nsude, Udi Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State is one

of the priority sites for intervention under the Enugu State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project

(ENUGU-NEWMAP). The rehabilitation works proposed for this site will involve medium-sized civil works

such as construction of infrastructure and stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gully, as well as small

works in the upper watershed where gullies form and expand. These civil works raise environmental and social

safeguards concerns and have triggered the World Bank’s safeguard policies including Environmental

Assessment OP 4.01. At the national level, the environmental and social safeguard concerns are being

addressed through two instruments already prepared under the project: Environmental and Social Management

Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). Now that the specific intervention at the

Ajali Water Works gully erosion site has been clearly identified, the Enugu State Government is required to

prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to translate these framework instruments into

specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions.

An ESMP is a management tool used to ensure that undue or reasonably avoidable negative impacts of

proposed projects are prevented and positive impacts are enhanced. It details the set of mitigation, monitoring

and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation of a project to eliminate negative

environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. This Report presents the

ESMP for the Ajali Water Works gully erosion site project to be implemented by the Government of Enugu

State.

1.2 Objectives of the ESMP

The overarching objective of the ESMP is to ensure that the environmental and social impacts likely to arise

from the project activities are addressed and appropriate mitigation measures are integrated into project

implementation and operation in order to protect human and environmental health. The specific objectives of

the ESMP are to:

- Comply with applicable national environmental legislations, standards and guidelines as well as the World

Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies;

- Achieve and demonstrate sound environmental performance based on the principle of continual

improvement;

- Identify potential positive and negative impacts that may arise from the implementation and operation of

the project;

- Proffer management actions that need to be implemented in order to mitigate the negative impacts and

enhance the positive impacts of the project;

- Propose environmental monitoring programmes that will ensure that mitigation measures are implemented

and effective during project execution and timely corrective actions are taken where required;

- Propose institutional arrangements, incorporating roles and responsibilities of stakeholders involved in

management actions and monitoring;

- Describe capacity building and training requirements for effective implementation of the ESMP;

- Outline the implementation schedule and reporting procedures for the ESMP;

- Communicate environmental and social expectations and requirements throughout the project life cycle;

and

- Ensure the allocation of sufficient resources for effective implementation.

1.3 Rationale for ESMP

The proposed rehabilitation works at the Ajali water works gully erosion site is classified as a Category B

project according to the World Bank’s Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment OP 4.01. The

categorization is justified on the basis of the potential negative impacts of the project on the biophysical and


2

social environment. The OP 4.01 when triggered requires that an ESMP be prepared that will ensure

environmental and social sustainability of the project.

1.4 Scope of ESMP

The scope of the ESMP as derived from the Terms of Reference (TOR) in Annex 1includes the following:

Brief description of project activities including engineering designs and vegetative land management

measures aimed at reducing or managing runoff within the sub-watershed;

Discussion of pertinent policies, regulations and standards governing environmental quality and

administration as it relates to the project i.e. Federal and State Policies, Laws, Regulations, Decrees , Acts,

and Guidelines;

Discussion of World Bank safeguard policies triggered by the project;

Description of the environmental baseline conditions and socioeconomic characteristics of the project area;

Public consultation with stakeholders including affected persons within the project location;

Identification of potential impacts associated with pre-construction, construction, operational and

maintenance phases;

Qualification of potential impacts, prediction and evaluation of their significance using appropriate

methods;

Development of a comprehensive ESMP, including management actions and monitoring plan;

Description of institutional arrangements for carrying out mitigation and monitoring measures, including

roles and responsibilities;

Description of capacity building and technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental

management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation;

Discussion of the implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project and

reporting procedure; and

Provision of expected cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP.

1.5 Approach and Methodology

This ESMP was prepared in accordance with the World Bank safeguard policies and the Nigerian

environmental assessment guidelines and procedures. The preparation of the ESMP was guided by the ESMF

for NEWMAP. The methodology essentially entailed: Literature Review/Desktop studies, Field studies, Public

consultations and Preparation of ESMP Report.

Literature Review/Desktop Studies

Literature review and desktop studies were undertaken to obtain information on the proposed project and

ecological conditions in the project area. The documents reviewed included: ESMF, RPF, Project

Implementation Manual (PIM), Project Appraisal Document (PAD) Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (ISDS),

World Bank’s safeguard policies, relevant federal/state laws, regulations, policies and guidelines, proposed

civil engineering designs and other relevant literature.

Field Studies

Field studies were carried out with a view to gather additional information on the baseline environmental and

social conditions that may potentially be affected during project implementation and operation. This involved

in-situ measurements, collection of samples for laboratory analysis, questionnaire administration and oral

interviews.

Public Consultations Consultations were held with stakeholders including the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and vulnerable

groups within the project area. Through this process, stakeholders concerns were addressed, views and inputs

as regards the likely environmental and social impacts of the project and proposed mitigation/enhancement

measures were obtained. The institutional arrangement and capacity need for implementation and monitoring

of the ESMP to ensure that action plans/recommendations of this ESMP are effectively carried out by the

relevant stakeholders were also identified. Stakeholders from relevant State Ministries, Departments and

Agencies (MDAs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs),

community groups and leaders were consulted. These included: Enugu State Ministry of Environment (SME),

Water Corporation (ESWC), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (ESMARD), Ministry of Land

and Urban Development (ESMLUD), Economic Planning Commission (EPC) and representatives of


3

NGOs/CBOs such as Poverty in Africa Alternative (POVINAA) and Clement-Gloria Foundation and Nsude

Town Union. Please see Annex 2 for the list of stakeholders consulted during the preparation of the ESMP.

1.6 Structure of ESMP Report

The ESMP Report is structured into eight chapters as follows:

Chapter One: provides a background to the project and discusses the objectives, scope, approach and

methodology for the preparation of the ESMP and the structure of the Report.

Chapter Two: describes the policy, legal and administrative framework for environmental and social

management as well as the triggered World Bank safeguard policies.

Chapter Three: provides a brief summary of the proposed project, and highlights the project objectives,

components and activities of the different phases of the project.

Chapter Four: presents the baseline information on the existing environmental and socio-economic

characteristics of the project.

Chapter Five: identifies the potential environmental and social impacts that may be associated with the project.

Chapter Six: discusses project alternatives. Chapter Seven: discusses the ESMP, prescribes mitigation and enhancement measures, presents the monitoring

plan and outlines the roles, responsibilities and cost of implementing the management actions and monitoring

plan. Chapter Eight: discusses the public consultation process and highlights the concerns, feedback and

recommendations proffered by stakeholders.


4

CHAPTER TWO: POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction

The policy, legal and administrative framework at both national and international levels is adequately described

in the publicly disclosed ESMF for NEWMAP. This chapter therefore presents a summary of the policy and

regulatory instruments relevant to the proposed project.

2.2 Policy and Legal Framework

Environmental management in Nigeria is based on the national Policy on the Environment and various

environmental legislations, regulations and guidelines. The relevant regulatory instruments as discussed in

Chapter Two of the ESMF document are summarized in Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislations, Regulations & Guidelines S/N Policy Instrument Year Provisions

1 National Policy on the Environment

1989

revised

1991

Describes the conceptual framework and strategies for

achieving the overall goal of sustainable development in

Nigeria.

2 National Erosion and Flood Control Policy

2005 Addresses the need to combat erosion in the country utilizing

the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood

and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines, developed by

the WIC Environmental Committee which was set up to plan

an operational platform for these issues.

Legal / Regulatory Instrument Year Provisions

3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86

1992 Provide guidelines for activities of developmental projects for

which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates

the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of

projects, which require mandatory EIAs.

4 Land Use Act

1978

modified

1990

The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state

in the Federation in the Governor of the state and requires that

such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use

and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the

provisions of this Act.

5 Forestry Act 1994 Provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of

forest reserves.

6 Endangered Species Act

1985 Provides for the conservation and management of Nigeria’s

wildlife and the protection of some of her endangered species

in danger of extinction as a result of over-exploitation

7 FEPA/FMEnv EIA Procedural Guidelines 1995

The Procedural Guidelines indicate the steps to be followed in

the EIA process from project conception to commissioning in

order to ensure that the project is implemented with maximum

consideration for the environment.

8 National Guideline and Standard for Environmental

Pollution Control

1991 Provide guidelines for management of pollution control

measures

9 S.I.8 National Environmental Protection (Effluent

Limitation) Regulations

1991 The regulation makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to

install anti-pollution equipment, makes provision for effluent

treatment and prescribes a maximum limit of effluent

parameters allowed.

10 S.I.9 National Environmental Protection (Pollution

and Abatement in Industries in Facilities Producing

Waste Regulations)

1991 Imposes restrictions on the release of toxic substances and

stipulates requirements for monitoring of pollution. It also

makes it mandatory for existing industries and facilities to

conduct periodic environmental audits.

11 S.I.15 National Environmental Protection

(Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes)

Regulations

1991 Regulates the legal framework for the effective control of the

disposal of toxic and hazardous waste into any environment

within the confines of Nigeria.

12 Urban and Regional Planning Decree No. 88 1993 Planned development of urban areas (to include and manage

waste sites).

13 Workmen Compensation Act 1987

reviewed

2010

Occupational Health and Safety

14 Public Health Law - Covering Public health matters

15 Enugu State Environmental Protection Regulations 2004 Focuses on the protection of the rural and urban environment

in the state

16 Environmental Sanitation Edicts, Laws and

Enforcement Agencies

- General environmental health and sanitation. Enforcing

necessary laws.

17 State Waste Management Law 2004 Ensures proper disposal and clearing of wastes


5

2.3 Administrative Framework

2.3.1 Federal MDAs

The federal MDAs primarily responsible for regulating and monitoring environmental issues at the federal

level include the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and the National Environmental Standards and

Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). Other federal MDAs relevant to the project include the Federal

Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) and its agencies such as River Basin development Authorities

(RBDAs), National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management

Commission (NIWRMC) and the Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA). The roles and

responsibilities of these MDAs are discussed in Section 5.2 of the ESMF document.

2.3.2 State MDAs

Enugu State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources

The Enugu State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources established in 2004 has the responsibility for

the general protection and development of the environment, conservation of biodiversity, natural resources and

sustainable development of the State. The Ministry oversees the Enugu State Waste Management Authority

(ESWAMA), Enugu State Capital Territory Development Authority (ESTDA) and the Enugu State Forestry

Commission (ESFC). Other state MDAs relevant to the project include ESMARD, Enugu State Ministry of

Water Resources (ESMWR) and its agency the ESWC. The roles and responsibilities of the State MDAs are

also discussed in section 5.2 of the ESMF document.

2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank has 10+1 Environmental and Social safeguard policies, designed to help prevent and mitigate

undue harm to people and their environment in the development process and ultimately ensuring that

environmental and social issues are addressed through the project cycle of a World Bank – financed project.

The Bank’s operational policies as applicable to NEWMAP are discussed in Section 2.3.1 of the ESMF

document.

Specifically, the proposed project has triggered the following policies:

i. OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment

ii. OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement

iii. OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitat

iv. OP/BP 17.50: Disclosure of Information

Detailed description and applicability of the triggered policies is presented in Annex 3.

2.5 International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a party

Some of the international Treaties and Conventions on environment to which Nigeria is a party is summarized

in Table 2.2 below.

Table 2.2: International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a Party S/N Treaties and Conventions Year Agreement

1. The United Nations Environmental

Guidance Principles

1972 Provide guidelines for protecting the integrity of the global

environment and the development system

2. Montreal Protocol on Substances that

deplete the Ozone Layer

1987 An international treaty to eliminate Ozone depleting chemical production

and consumption.

3. United Nations Convention on Biological

Diversity

1992 Places general obligations on countries to observe sustainable use and

equitably share the plants and animals of the earth

4. United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change

1994 It calls on developed countries and economies to limit her emissions of

the greenhouse gases which cause global warming

5. Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora

1973 Restricts the trade of fauna and flora species termed as endangered

species

6. Convention on Conservation of Migratory

species of Wild animals (Bonn

Convention)

1979 Stipulates actions for the conservation and management of migratory

species including habitat conservation

7. Vienna Convention for the Protection of

the Ozone Layer

1985 Places general obligation on countries to make appropriate measures to

protect human health and the environment against adverse effects

resulting from human activities which tend to modify the ozone layer


6

CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction

This chapter provides a brief description of the proposed intervention site and project, including the nature of

the project, its location, objective, components and project activities in all the phases of the project.

3.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention Site

Ajali Water Works gully erosion site is located in Nsude community in Udi LGA, Enugu State. It is within

geographical co-ordinates of 6024’34” N Latitude and 07

023’09” E Longitude. This gully erosion has two

fingers with a confluence at a point downstream. The length is about 800m long with the width varying from

15 m to 25 m and depth ranging from 6m to 15m. The length of the finger 2 gully is approximately 350m until

it confluences with finger 1 gully. Its depth varies from 3m at the gully head to 6m at the confluence point.

The first finger of the gully erosion is caused by unchecked/ uncontrolled washout and overflow with estimated

discharge of 1.34 m3/s from a twin tank water reservoir provided in the area by Enugu State Water Corporation

(ESWC) for supplying pipe-borne water to Enugu city. The second finger is primarily caused by unchecked

local gutter offshoot. The catchment area for finger 2 is 0.023 km2 which generates an estimated discharge of

0.5 m3/s into the gully. The two gully fingers are very active and the gully heads are rapidly approaching two

public utilities – the water storage reservoir and an important local access road in the area through which

people get to the Seminary School and nearby communities in this part of Udi LGA. The pictorial description

of the Ajali Waterworks gully erosion site is shown in Figure 3.1 below.

Figure 3.1: Pictorial Description of the Gully Erosion Site showing the Twin Tank Water Reservoirs

3.3 Nature of the Project

The project will involve civil engineering works and vegetation to repair and stabilize the gullies in order to

restore the integrity of the gullies to effectively channel storm/flood water to the desired watershed. It will

entail stabilisation of the gully heads using hydraulic control structures comprising of Reinforced Concrete

Chute Channel (RCCC) with stilling basin otherwise known as concrete reservoir. These structures will serve

to channel flood water into the gullies and control the velocity and hence the energy of the flood water. To

further dissipate the energy of the flood water along the gully channels, gabions check dams, rip-raps as well as

vegetation will be introduced. The gabions check dams and rip-raps will ensure that the energy of water flow

along the channel is kept below the threshold of the uprooting strength of the proposed vegetation.

Consequently, some of the slow moving flood water along the channel will infiltrate into the soil thereby

reducing the volume of surface runoffs.


7

3.4 Project Objective The objective of the project at Ajali Waterworks gully site is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce

vulnerability to soil erosion.

3.5 Project Components

The project components at both gully heads are:

3.5.1 Project Components for Finger 1

Construction of 1 number RCCC of 15 m total elevation drop at site with energy dissipation/stilling

basin. The RCCC is made of reinforced concrete chute with stilling basin.

Construction of 15 number check-dams of maximum drop height of 2 m complete with reno mattress

and rip-rap protection immediately beyond the end of the apron.

Construction of Collector/inlet drainage channel 5 m before the finger 1 gully head structure with

adequately sized cross sections to direct discharge from the circular discharge water pipe from the

reservoirs into the gully head structure and down to stilling basin with determinate hydraulic entry

conditions.

Figure 3.2 shows the arrangement of the structural components of the project.

ua = Approach speed ls = Base length of chute channel ha = Approach depth of flow lb = Length of dissipation basin

u1 = Pre-hydraulic jump speed lc = Base length of Apron outlet

h1 = Pre hydraulic depth of flow lo = Length of outlet channel Hw = Tail water maintenance height ht = height of hydraulic jump

H = Effective drop height ut = speed of flow within the basin

H’ = Physical drop height

Figure 3.2: Sketch showing Structural Components of the RCCC and the Stilling Basin (NEST Engineering Ltd, 2012)

3.5.2 Project Components for Finger 2

Construction of 1 number RCCC of 3 m total elevation drop at site with energy dissipation/stilling

basin. The RCCC is made of reinforced concrete chute with stilling basin.

Construction of 2 number check-dams of maximum drop height of 2 m, complete with rip-rap

protection immediately beyond the end of the apron.

Construction of Collector/inlet drainage channel 2.5 m long before the finger 2 gully head structure

with adequately sized cross sections to direct discharge from the roadside gutter into the gully head

structure and down to stilling basin with determinate hydraulic entry conditions.

3.6 Project Activities

The proposed work will be carried out in three phases namely; Pre-construction, Construction and Operational

and Maintenance phases.

3.6.1 Pre-Construction Phase

Prior to the commencement of the construction work at the erosion site, surveyors would mark the boundaries

of the working areas around the gullies. It is estimated that the construction work will claim up to 8m of land

from the edges of the gullies. Consequently, vegetation that falls within the working areas will be cleared. In

addition, areas around the project site will be cleared to allow for creation of access road to the site,

mobilisation of trucks, vehicles and other equipment as well as installation of camp offices and workshops.


8

3.6.2 Construction Phase

The activities during construction will include: Excavation of earth at the gully heads and along gully channels

as well as excavation of borrow pits, Filling and backfilling of excavated areas, Installation of gabion check

dams, Concrete works consisting of construction of RCCC and the stilling basin and Planting of trees and

grasses at locations in between the gabion check dams.

3.6.2.1 Construction Raw Materials

The fill material will be taken from borrow areas located less than 2 km away.

Materials for drains and filter will be extracted from the rocky zones of the region or from any official

natural quarry.

Rock for gabions and rip-rap will be extracted from the granitic or calcareous rocky zones of the region

or from any official natural quarry.

Wire mesh for gabion check dams will be sourced from corporate suppliers.

Cement will be sourced from local manufacturers.

Aggregates will be extracted from any official natural quarries (stone or sand).

3.6.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase

Despite the durability of the construction materials and the reliability of the design, close monitoring of the

facilities is necessary to ensure the integrity of the components is not compromised by natural or external

factors. Some community members represented on the Site Committee will therefore need to be trained to

monitor and maintain the facilities. Routine surveillance and maintenance of the facilities is necessary to

address issues of siltation, deforestation and waste generation. Regular silt and waste removal will enhance the

efficiency of the gabions. The planted vegetation along the channels needs to be nurtured so as to allow them to

propagate as desired.


9

CHAPTER FOUR: DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE CONDITIONS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents baseline information on the existing (pre-project) environmental and socio-economic

characteristics of the project area of influence, against which likely project impacts can be measured and

compared. The information provided was obtained from primary and secondary sources including field studies

carried out on the 20th – 23

rd March, 2014. The baseline information covers the following environmental and

social components:

Physical Environment: (climate/meteorology, air quality, geology/ hydrogeology, surface/groundwater &

soils)

Biological Environment: (flora & fauna, endemic/ rare & endangered species, sensitive habitats, etc.)

Socio-economic and Cultural Environment: (demographics, livelihood and income, community structures,

land tenure/use, cultural properties – historical/archaeological sites, health, etc.)

4.2 Environmental Setting of the Study Area

The study area is located at Nsude community in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State and lies within

latitude 6024’34”N and longitude 7

023’09”E. It has an undulating topography with rounded elevation of limited

extent, rising up to 1,000m at Nsude Hill. Geographically, the study area is bounded to the north by the highly

populated 9th Mile Corner and Enugu town to the east. Figure 4.1 shows the study area in Udi LGA, Enugu

State. Insert is the map of Nigeria showing Enugu State.

Figure 4.1: Map of Enugu State showing Nsude in Udi LGA, Enugu State

Source: Field Cartography Mapping

4.3 Baseline Data Acquisition

The baseline data acquisition took cognizance of the following:

4.3.1 Sampling Locations

The sampling points were geo-referenced using Global Positioning System (GPS) Garmin model 76CSX and

the map showing the study area. The overriding considerations in the selection of sampling points included

ecological features, geographical location of communities/settlements within the project area and accessibility.

Control points were situated in undisturbed areas outside the project area but within the same ecological zone.

Table 4.1 shows the coordinates of the sampling points and the biophysical components sampled, while Figure

4.2 shows the sampling locations in the study area.


10

Table 4.1: GPS Coordinates of Sampling Points in the Study Area Sample No. Sample Code Sample Coordinate Component Sampled

STATION 1

1 AGES-01 06024’38.3”N, 007023’04.2”E Soil

2 AGES-02 06024’47.4”N, 007023’05.1”E Soil, Air & Noise

3 AGE-03 06024’36.6”N, 007023’02.7”E Soil, Air & Noise

STATION 2

4 AGES-04 06024’30.1”N, 007022’56.8”E Soil, Air & Noise

5 AGES-05 06024’33.6”N, 07022’54.3”E Soil

STATION 3

6 AGES-06 60 22’ 36.9”N, 70 17’ 51.4”E Upstream (Water, Air and Noise)

AGES-07 60 22’ 58.7”N, 70 18’ 15.5”E Mid-stream (Water)

7 AGES-08 60 22’ 48.5”N, 70 18’ 05.4”E Downstream (Water, Air & Noise)

8 AGES-Control 060 22’ 46.8”N, 070 18’ 5.5”E Soil, Air & Noise – Control

9 AGES-09 06025’58.2”N, 07025’14.6”E Groundwater

10 AGES-10 Groundwater

Source: Fieldwork 2014

Figure 4.2: Sampling Location in the Study Area

4.3.2 Quality Control

Quality assurance measures were applied during the field study. Samples were collected, handled and analysed

in accordance with FMEnv guidelines and international protocols.

4.3.3 Sampling Methodology

Climate & Meteorological Studies

The meteorological data of the project area were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET)

whilst the prevailing climatic conditions were assessed in-situ.

Air Quality Studies

Ambient air sampling was carried out at six different locations between the hours of 9.00am and 5.00pm. Short

average times (1hr) were used with appropriate and optimum flow rates for each parameter. The air quality

parameters determined were: Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxide

(NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S),) and Ammonia (NH3).

Noise Measurement

Noise levels were measured using the precision Sound Level Meter (Bruel & Kjaer) Type 2203 with an

attached octave Band Filter (B&K) Type 1613. Measurement of minimum noise levels (Lmin), maximum noise

levels (Lmax) as well as noise exposure levels, (Lexp) were recorded at six sampling points between the hours of

9.00am and 4.00pm on hourly basis.

Soil Studies (Physico-chemistry & Microbiology)

Surface and sub- soil samples were collected within a soil depth of 0 - 15cm and 15 - 30cm at geo-referenced

locations using the Dutch Hand Auger. Soil samples for physico-chemical analyses were collected in

polyethylene bags and wrapped in aluminum foil. Samples for microbial analyses were collected in sterilized

100 ml McCartney bottles and stored in a cool box. A total of (6) soil samples were collected.


11

Plate 4.1: Field Assistants taking air quality measurements and soil samples at the study site

Surface & Ground Water Studies (Physico-chemistry & Microbiology)

Water samples were collected from surface and underground water points across the project area. Clean

sampling bottles and sterile 20 ml plastic containers were used to collect surface water samples at the

designated geo-referenced locations. Amber bottles of 250ml capacity were used to collect water samples for

heavy metals. These samples were acidified to pH of 2 in the field using concentrated nitric acid. Fast changing

physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and

Temperature were measured in the field using the Corning M-90 Checkmate Deluxe field system. These

samples were preserved by storing in ice-filled cooler boxes before transportation to the laboratory. A total of

three (3) surface water samples and two (2) ground water samples were collected for laboratory analyses of

various parameters.

Hydrobiology Studies

Physical features of the water body in the project area including, depth profiles, width, current velocity and

direction were determined. The prevailing use of the surface water was determined by physical observation and

interviews.

Flora & Fauna Studies

The study adopted the full characterization of the flora site to assess the vegetation in the study area. A 5 x

50m2 quadrant was selected randomly for the collection of full floristic and structural information. A species

list defining the floristic assemblages was recorded as much as possible and unrecognized species were

collected for identification in approved laboratories. Plants were examined in vivo for signs and evidence of

environmentally induced stress as well as disease conditions. Information on fauna was acquired by direct/

indirect sighting of animals and interviews/discussions with natives and residents within and around the project

area.

4.4 Physical Environment

4.4.1 Climate /Meteorology

The project area falls within the same climatic conditions as Enugu town. The climate is comparatively

congenial and particularly equable in the hilly and ecologically transitional region of Nsukka area. The ten year

(2004 – 2013) monthly average climatic conditions for the study area as measured by NIMET and in situ

weather parameters are shown in Tables 4.2 and 4.3. Table 4.2: Mean Monthly Climatic Conditions in the Study Area (2004 – 2013)

Climatic Condition Months

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Temperature Max. 0C 33.6 35.1 35.7 33.6 32.0 30.7 29.7 29.5 30.0 31.0 32.7 33.2

Temperature Min. 0C 21.3 23.9 24.9 24.0 23.1 22.5 22.4 22.3 22.2 22.1 21.9 20.0

Rainfall (mm) 17.0 12.8 40.8 139.3 278.1 275.0 260.4 245.8 328.8 216.8 37.7 35.6

Relative Humidity (%) 54 61 69 78 82 85 86 85 87 84 73 64

Wind Speed m/s 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.6

Source: NIMET (2014)

Table 4.3: Field Meteorological Measurements Parameter AGES-02 AGES-03 AGES-04 AGES-06 AGES-07 AVERAGE AGES-Control

Temperature

(oC) 31.5 32.2 32.2 30.2 30.1 31.2 27.4

Relative

Humidity

(%)

45.5 40.5 45.1 46.5 57.5 47.0 68.5

Pressure

(mmHg) 747.1 747.1 747.3 747.3 747.1 747.2 747.3

Wind Speed

(m/s) 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8

Source: Fieldwork, 2014


12

Temperature

The hottest period falls within the months of November and March with mean maximum temperatures of

32.70C – 35.7

0C. The highest mean monthly temperature is observed in March with 35.7

0C while the lowest

mean monthly temperature is in December with 20.00C.

Rainfall & Relative Humidity

Rainfall is heaviest during the months of April to October. The month of September has the heaviest rains with

a mean value of 328.8 mm and the lowest in February with a mean rainfall value of 12.8 mm. The heavy

rainfall play an important role in soil erosion by carrying away the soil damaged by the agents of

environmental denudation, thus destroying the soil in the study area that serves as farmlands and habitation.

The mean relative humidity is highest in September with 87%, corresponding to the same month of heaviest

rainfall. It is also comparatively low during the dry season with a minimum of 54% in January.

Wind Speed The wind speed is relatively constant though with slight monthly variation with the highest value of 3.4 m/s in

the month of April and lowest in the month of November with 2.1 m/s.

4.4.2 Air Quality and Noise Level

The air quality in the study area is fairly good as shown in the results of the ambient air quality measurement in

Table 4.4. Most of the pollutant indicators were below the FMEnv regulatory limits except for SPM which was

slightly above the limit in two sampling locations. The proposed project has the potential to negatively impact

air quality through the release of dusts and gaseous emissions during site preparation and construction

activities. The measured noise levels were all below the FMEnv regulatory limit of 90 dB (A) over an 8 hour

exposure period. Table 4.4: Air Quality and Noise Measurements in the Study Area

Parameter (ppm) Air Quality Measurement Stations FMEnv

Limit

AGES-02 AGES-03 AGES-04 AGES-06 AGES-07 AGES-Control

NO2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.04 - 0.06

SO2 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.01- 0.1

H2S 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -

CO <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 3 10

NH3 3 3 1 1 2 3 0.2

Cl2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 -

HCN <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 -

SPM 0.29 0.28 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.29 0.25

Noise dB(A) Noise Level Measurements

34.8 33 32.7 47.1 60.8 40.7 90


4.4.3 Geology/Hydrogeology

The study area is in the Anambra basin and is directly underlain by friable unconsolidated poorly sorted Ajali

Sandstone. The bedrocks are predominantly sandy, medium to fine grained, white to grayish and friable with

little clay and siltstone bands. The lateritic overburden is reddish brown and consists of silty sand. The sand

unit is highly unconsolidated and this accounts for its susceptibility to gullying in the selected area as they are

easily washed away by concentrated runoff from prolonged and torrential rainfall. The existence of

impermeable materials in the Ajali Sandstone makes possible the accumulation of groundwater at shallow

depths that constitute perched aquifer system; hence the existence of hand-dug wells in parts of the study area.

Figure 4.3 shows the geologic and physiographic map of the area.

Study Area


13

Figure 4.3: Geologic and Physiographic Map of the Study Area and Its Environs 4.4.4 Surface/Groundwater

4.4.4.1 Surface Water Hydrology and Drainage

The main surface water body found in the study area is the Ajali River. The part of the River flowing through

the study area is known, in local parlance, as Ajali-Owa. The river is dammed and used as raw water for the

Ajali Water Works. The Ajali River, together with other rivers in the State with their tributaries and sub-

tributaries form a network of surface water bodies with a dendritic drainage pattern, with water sources

occurring as contact springs at the valley of the Udi cuesta, joining up with other seepages to flow as streams

along river valleys and extensive gully channels. The streams are mostly perennial and get dry during the late

part of the dry season. Table 4.5 shows the bathymetry data for the Ajali Owa River.

Table 4.5: Surface Water Bathymetry in the Study Area Location Depth (m) Width (m) Flow Velocity (m/s) Flow Direction

Upstream 0.8 – 1.5 ≤ 4.0 0.5 NE –SW

Midstream ≤ 4.5 NE –SW

Downstream ≤ 7.5 1.2 NE-SW


4.4.4.2 Surface Water Quality

Physico-chemistry

The physico-chemical properties of surface water samples are presented in Table 4.6. The results show normal

values for all parameters measured except for Zinc with values of (1.59mg/l – 2.53mg/l) which were above the

FMEnv acceptable limits. This may be attributed to the release of effluents from surrounding industries.

Microbiology

Results of microbial analysis indicate the presence of microorganisms such as Streptococcus feacalis,

Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus Niger and Candida Tropicalis and total coliform count values of 2.7 x 103–

6.0 x 103.

4.4.4.3 Groundwater Quality

Physico-chemistry

The physico-chemical properties of groundwater samples are presented in Table 4.6. All parameters were

within acceptable limits except Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Iron with values of 2.01mg/l - 2.10mg/l and

2.0mg/l - 2.13mg/l respectively. The elevated value of iron may be attributed to the high content of ferrous

components in the local geological composition of the study area.

Microbiology

Results of microbial analysis indicate the presence of microorganisms with total coliform count values of 2.0 x

103 – 4.0 x 10

3. These included Bacillus Subtillis and Streptococcus feacalis, an indication of faecal

contamination.

Table 4.6: Physicochemical Properties of Surface and Ground water in the Study Area Parameters Surface Water Groundwater

AGES-06

Upstream

AGES-07

Midstream

AGES-08

Downstream

FMEnv

Limits

AGES -09 AGES-10 WHO

Limits

Temperature (oC) 27.5 27 25 <40 26 25.5 Ambient

pH 5.7 6.85 6.71 6-9 6.8 7.0 6.5-8.0

EC(ds/m) 0.55 0.48 0.69 - 0.79 0.70 1

TSS(mg/l) 3.23 3.55 4.12 30 2.01 2.10 0*

TDS (mg/l) 3.11 3.12 2.41 2000 3.00 3.21 600

Alkalinity (mg/l) 40.45 50.45 40.12 - 30.20 28.60 -

Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 8.9 8.0 9.6 200 7.2 7.0 300

Dissolved Oxygen(mg/l) 12.4 11.25 15.0 - 4.5 2.9 7.5

BOD5(mg/l) 4.56 3.75 4.25 30 0.4 0.48 0

Chloride (mg/l) 0.72 1.03 1.93 600 0.54 0.60 250

Phosphate(mg/l) 0.009 0.0075 0.0079 5 0.0078 0.007 -

Sulfate(mg/l) 0.03 0.03 0.09 500 0.08 1.2 500

Nitrate(mg/l) 0.52 0.48 0.58 20 0.56 0.49 50

THC(mg/l) 0.12 0.07 0.35 - ND ND -

Oil and Grease 0.06 0.02 0.04 10 ND ND -

Iron(mg/l) 3.11 5.19 2.54 20 2.00 2.13 0.3*

Zinc(mg/l) 1.59 2.53 1.44 <1.0 0.94 1.86 3.0

Manganese(mg/l) 0.05 0.20 0.04 5 0.06 0.04 0.4

Copper(mg/l) 0.18 0.21 0.41 <1.0 0.00 0.00 2.0

Lead (mg/l) ND ND ND <1.0 ND ND 0.01

Source: Field Work, 2014 ND=Not Detected * = SON Limits


14

4.4.5 Soil Studies

The soils in the study area are mainly from false bedded, thick, friable and poorly sorted sandstone origin. They

are made up of shallow and stony lithosols found on the steep slopes of the cuesta and often uncultivated;

ferrallistic soils, also called Red Earth or Acid Sands, found on the plateau; and hydromorphic soils of the flood

plains. The soils are highly prone to erosion, arising both from physical and manmade causes. It shows in rills

along roadside embankments, in sheet wash across compounds and farmlands, and in gullying, sometimes very

dramatic, along definitive channels and zones. The major gullies are concentrated on the edges of the highly

friable sandstones which yield easily to erosion and induce gullying even on slopes as low as 5Â°.

Top Soil Physico-chemical Characteristics

Table 4.7 shows the result of the composite physicochemical analysis of the soil in the study area. The soil in

the area is predominantly sandy and moderately acidic with pH values ranging from 5.28 – 6.4. Electrical

conductivity values and Phosphorus content of the soil exceeded FMEnv limits. This may be attributed to

entrapment and discrete accumulation of litters or portion of deposits of livestock dung which were seen in the

study area. Phosphorus is an essential element and its availability in adequate amounts in arable soil stimulates

early plant growth and hastens maturity. The soil has high contents of heavy metals such as Zinc, Manganese,

Copper and Iron with values above FMEnv limits. The high Iron content in the soil may be as a result of

dissolution of ferrous oxide during chemical weathering of rocks.

Table 4.7: Physico-chemical Properties of Soils from the Ajali Erosion Site PARAMETERS AGES-01 AGES-02 AGES-03 AGES-04 AGES-05 AGES-Control FMENV

LIMITS

pH 6.50 6.47 6.08 6.50 6.30 6.29 6 -9

Organic Matter [%] 0.52 0.48 0.42 0.82 0.66 0.62

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.20 0.48 0.30 0.15 0.13 0.31

AV.P (mg/kg) 12.00 11.80 12.50 10.20 11.00 11.40 1.00

Ca (cmol/ kg) 2.00 1.80 1.60 2.10 1.70 1.90

Mg (cmol/ kg) 0.80 0.72 0.92 0.88 1.20 0.96

Na (cmol/ kg) 0.66 0.58 0.71 0.82 0.75 0.70

K (cmol/ kg) 0.41 0.31 0.43 0.51 0.30 0.41

Conductivity (ds/m) 4.30 3.50 4.80 3.00 3.10 3.90 1.00

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION (%)

Sand 82.00 70.00 80.00 79.00 85.00 77.50 -

Silt 12.00 15.00 12.00 11.50 10.00 12.50

Clay 6.00 15.00 8.00 9.50 5.00 10.00

HEAVY METALS (mg/kg)

Fe 39.00 45.20 82.60 42.50 40.90 60.80 1.50

Zn 0.85 1.03 1.36 0.90 1.10 1.11 0.01

Mn 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.19 0.22 0.23 0.20

Cu 0.26 0.30 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.10

Pb ND ND ND ND ND ND


Soil Microbiology

The soil is inhabited by a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses and protozoa.

Facultative hydrocarbon degraders isolated from the study area included Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp.,

Aspergillus sp, Bacillus and Micrococcus sp. These organisms may become useful in remediating the

environment during construction work when the area may become contaminated with hydrocarbon from

machines.

4.5 Biological Environment

4.5.1 Flora & Fauna

The study area is located in the southern margins of the semi tropical rainforest which has been altered by

anthropogenic activities such as farming. The present landscape is created by uncontrolled removal of primary

vegetation cover leaving secondary vegetation growth as well as grasslands along these margins. These

activities decimated important plant species and thus contributed to severe erosion due to the continuous

removal of the ground vegetation cover. For example, the initial forest vegetation is made up of tropical

hardwoods, including, Khaya ivornsis (Mahogany), Milicia excels (Iroko), and Triplochiton scleroxylon

(Obeche). This has given way to a less dense forest largely made up of secondary growth, with species such as

the Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm), Bambusa vulgaris (Bamboo) and Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) trees

preserved for their economic value.

In addition, the vegetation in the study area is composed of rainforest vegetation such as Khayaivorensis, New

bouldialaevis (Ogilisi), Pterocarpus soy-auxii (Ora), Dacryodesedulis (Ubeigbo), Irvingia gabonensis

(Ogbono), Irvinigia wombolu (Ugili), Vernonia amygadalena (Onugbu), Ricinus communis (Castor oil plant),


15

Parkia biglobosa (Osisiokpei), Spondias mombin, Ceiba pentandra, Bombax buonopozense, Pentaclethrama

crophylla (Oil bean tree), Treculia africana (African breadfruit), and shrubs such as Jatropha curcas. The

principal grasses in the area are mostly high grasses such as Pennisetum, Andropogon, Chloris and

Hyperhania. The wildlife diversity in the study area include, python (Eke), Green snake (Nvuanyawu or

Nkerechi), Viper (Nvuro or Avuani), Grass cutter (Nchi), Antelope (Ene), Monkey (Enwe), Yellow monkey

(Utobo), Guinea fowl (Ogazi), Bush fowl (Okwa), Monitor lizard (Anwene), etc.

Plate 4.2: Sections of the Vegetation in the Study Area

4.5.2 Aquatic Ecology

The Ajali-Owa River in the study area has been greatly distorted by human and natural activities such as the

water dam and gully erosion etc, which has led to the possible migration or extinction of water organisms in the

river. As at the time of the study no aquatic animal species was found in the area surveyed. However

information obtained during informant interview, revealed that the River is a habitat to aquatic organisms such

as Crocodylus niloticus (Nile crocodile), Electrophorus electricus (Electric fish), Palaemon hastatus (Cray

fish), Cardisoma armatum (Crab), etc. The dominant species of aquatic plants found in the study area are

Pistiastratiotes, Nymphea lotus and Typha australis.

4.6 Waste Management

Waste management practice in the study area is characterized by indiscriminate disposal of waste. The gully

erosion site and its immediate environs are used as dump sites (Plate 4.3). The waste stream comprised

domestic wastes and organic wastes such as human faeces, animal droppings and plant materials. In addition,

Industrial wastes such as brewer’s waste from the nearby breweries at 9th Mile was also observed around the

study area. This waste was seen to be reused by the women of the area who processed it for animal feed as

shown in Plate 4.4

Plate 4.3: Illegal Dumpsite at the Ajali Gully Erosion Site Plate 4.4: Women Gathering Brewers Waste

4.7 Socio-economics

4.7.1 Sample Determination for Demographic Survey of Project Area

The project area has an estimated population of 21,000 (community based census 2010) and using a scientific

based Decision Analyst STAT 2.0 at certain statistical information range (Max. acceptable % size of error

(10%), Estimated % level (50%) Confidence level 95%) the sample population was established at 96. A

stratified random sampling method was used in which villages in Nsude that have erosion menace are strata

groups. Questionnaires were randomly administered to one person per household (see Annex 4). The following

section shows analysis of data collected from the sample population in the community.


16

4.7.2 Gender and Age of Respondents

The survey covered a total of 67 male and 29 female respondents representing 70% and 30% respectively. The

age distribution of the respondents shows that only adults were targeted in the household survey. This is

evidenced in Figure 4.4 which shows zero (0) frequency for age bracket below 20 years. Females featured in

every age range between 25 years to 54 years while the presence of males was seen across age ranges between

25 to 60 years and above.

Figure 4.4: Age Categories of Respondents

4.7.3 Marital Status & Household Size

The respondents are predominantly married persons (81.2%), while the singles constitute about 18%.

Average household size in the area ranges from 3 to 8; but of most interest in the result is the positive

correlation between academic level of households and the household size for the distribution. It appears from

Figure 4.5 that the higher the level of education/training the lesser the number of children parents are willing to

have.

Figure 4.5: Trend in Education and Family Size over the Project Community

4.7.4 Education, Livelihood and Income

Information from the survey shows that primary education is the highest attainment for the majority of the

people of the project area (about 45%) followed by secondary education in which about 32% of the

respondents fall in. The project community can be generally classified as being literate with about 90% of the

sample population having the ability to read and write. The people of the project area are predominantly

peasant farmers. However, the surge in urbanization has modified livelihood practices in the area as survey

indicates that presently about 40% of the population are farmers, 45% traders, 10% artisans and 5% are shared

into government and company employments. Similarly, the survey shows that majority of the people (about

78%) earn between N20,000 and N49,000 per month which indicate low income status for the project area.

4.7.5 Occupancy Status of Dwelling

The survey shows that all the respondents dwell in their private/household residences. The reason for this

common trend is that the project area is in semi-rural area where dwellers are all indigenes that live in their

family compounds and houses.

4.7.6 Amenities and Infrastructure

Schools: There are four public primary schools and one public secondary school in the community.

Other schools in Nsude include a Missionary school and one Seminary school. The road leading to the

Seminary school is one of the infrastructures at risk of encroachment by the gully head at the erosion

site. The public schools are in deplorable conditions and lack adequate desks for pupils and students to

learn in comfort. Despite the inadequacy of educational facilities, the enrolment of girls and boys into

the primary and secondary schools is encouraging in the community.

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 44-49 50-54 55-59 60+

Male

female

0

20

40

60

No edu Pry Edu Sec Edu TertiaryEdu

Edu level frequency

Av Family size


17

Healthcare Facilities: There exists one functional primary health centre, chemists and a maternity

centre in the community. However, a secondary healthcare facility has been constructed by the

government which has not been commissioned.

Electricity: The Nsude community is connected to the national grid but often without power supply

which accounts for the use of generator sets and lantern for many who cannot afford generators.

Transportation: The use of motor cycle (bike), cabs and buses are the main means of road transport.

4.7.7 Source of Drinking Water and Expenditure on Water

Evidence from the survey strongly shows difficult experience for the people of the project area over water for

domestic use. It was gathered that the Nsude people whose land has been engulfed by erosion had given their

land to the Water Corporation in the 1970’s with high expectation that their water demand would be met. Years

later, the people are still in acute need of drinking water. The survey reveals that during dry season all

community members buy water from commercial vendors but during rainy season about 58% of the

respondents state that they depend on rain fed while 36% of them buy from commercial vendors all year round.

Figure 4.6: Sources of Drinking Water by Season of the Year

Expenditure on water in the project area varies with season. During rainy season a 50 liters or 12 gallon of

water sells for N20 while the price goes for N50 or more during dry season. Depending on the household size,

respondents expenditure on water consumption per month varied between N1000 to N2,500 during wet season

and N4000 and N6000 during dry season.

4.7.8 Method of Waste Disposal

Giving the rural nature of the project community, it was not surprising to note that an average household

disposes its household waste in the surrounding bush within its environment. Open dump is practiced by about

7% of the households. Although the nature of wastes is largely domestic and bio-degradable, the poor nature of

waste disposal may not be unconnected with the breeding of mosquitoes which results in high level of malaria

sickness noted in the community.

Figure 4.7: Methods of Waste Disposal in the community

4.7.9 Major Industries

The major industries found within the project area are: (1) Coca-Cola bottling company located at Ngwo, about

3km from Nsude community and (2) East Chase Aluminium Company located at Ugwuto-Nsude. The presence

of these companies is linked to the employment of about 10% of the working population of Nsude community.

4.7.10 Religion and Culture

The project community is made up of mainly Christian worshippers with only about 2% of the respondents

who claimed to be traditional worshippers. Two main cultural festivals are celebrated. They are the annual Aju

festival that parades masquerade dance and the bi-annual festival called “Nkwa” which is a gallery for the

celebration of progress made in the community and by the people of the community. There is however, no

020406080

100

Rainy Season

Dry Season

Series10

50

100

Open dumpOrganizedcollection Bush disposal

Series1


18

interlink/effects of the project on historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artifacts, native religious or harvest

sites of the affected community.

4.7.11 Land Tenure and Use

Land in the project area is owned by households and community but can be acquired by government for the

overriding public interest as enshrined in the Land Use Act. The land where Ajali water works is located (Ajali

Erosion gully area) belongs to the Ugwuto village – Nsude. The land was ceded to/acquired by the State

government in 1985 for the purpose of water works meant to serve the water need of Enugu State. There are no

socio-economic activities in the planned intervention site. The intervention site used to be a community farm

land prior to the gully erosion encroachment. The land owners, Ugwuto Nsude people have for long deserted

farming activities in the area while the only pointer to agricultural history in the area are some cash crop trees

such as cashew plants. However an ARAP has been prepared for the project to ensure land take is properly

documented and land owners compensated to avoid conflicts.

4.7.12 Community Administration

There are two types of administration in Nsude, namely the traditional or cultural governance structure and the

community development union administration. The traditional or cultural administration commands a great

influence within the community and State. The “Igwe” is the head of the traditional council and adjudicates on

issues of culture, civil disputes and inter-village relations. Each of the 10 villages in Nsude has heads who are

members of the Igwe palace council. On the other hand, the Nsude Development Union is the community

organization responsible for day to day operation and development of the community. It is headed by an

elected President General who also supervises and coordinates the local village heads of the 10 villages in

Nsude.

4.7.13 Social organization in relation to gender participation

Nsude community practices a culture that gives freedom to women as well as men to engage and involve in all

aspects of community decision making, politics and livelihoods measures. Women are only secluded in the Aju

cultural festival which has cultural origin and significance specifically for men to participate.

4.7.14 Existing Grievance Redress Mechanism

In Nsude community grievances and civil cases are resolved by a local grievance redress system. The existing

local system is tied to the traditional administrative authority and requires that aggrieved persons in the

community report their complaints to the local village head. The village head and his executives have the

responsibility to invite the parties in dispute, and/or hear the issue under summon and find a resolution. Where

a matter is not satisfactorily resolved at the level of the village head, the matter is taken to the Igwe cabinet (the

traditional ruler of Nsude community) who resolves the matter with the members of his cabinet. However,

criminal matters are not entertained by the traditional system but referred to the appropriate government

security agencies.

4.7.15 Health

It was generally observed that an average household in the project area has had one or more members of their

households sick in the past two years. About 83% of the respondents stated that the causes of the sicknesses

were diagnosed while 17% stated that they did not know the cause of the sicknesses. The survey indicates that

about 50% of the community members go to private hospital for medical attention while 18% visit general

hospital which is located in a different community. Other results for where and how community people handle

their medical needs are 6% for pharmacy and self-medications and 5% for native herbal and prayer houses

respectively

Morbidity Pattern

The survey identified Malaria and Typhoid as most common sickness that find re-occurrence in most of the

households. About 75% of households have suffered from malaria in the past two years. Similarly, about 65 %

of households have suffered from the occurrence of typhoid fever in the same period while other diseases

common to households and frequency of distribution amongst households in the past two (2) years are:

dysentery (35%), high blood pressure or hypertension (15%), low blood pressure or hypotension (10%). It was

however, not intended in this study to establish the root causes of this diseases. However, mitigation measures

in this ESMP have taken cognizance of these baseline situations and have proffered measures that will ensure

that the project is not linked to causal effect or exacerbation of the adverse conditions prevailing before the

intervention.


19

CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter provides a summary of the environmental and social impacts that are likely to arise as a result of

the interaction of the project activities and the components of the environment. It also describes the methods

and the techniques used in assessing and analyzing the potential impacts.

5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology

A combination of methods was employed in assessing the impacts and included the use of checklists, matrix,

public consultation, professional experience and judgment. The potential impacts of the proposed project were

assessed in three overlapping phases as follows:

i. Impact Identification – to specify the impacts associated with each phase of the project and activities to

be undertaken;

ii. Impact Prediction – to forecast the nature, magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts;

iii. Impact Evaluation – to determine the significance of the impacts.

5.2.1 Impact Identification

A logical and systematic approach was used in order to capture all significant project - environment

interactions and impact. The existing baseline description of the project environment and the key project

activities were used to develop a checklist of potential impacts of the project on the biophysical and social

environment. A linkage concept was applied whereby the following were appraised:

The source and/or the cause of the problem ( project activity/environmental aspect),

The receptor of the impact (environmental component i.e. existing ecological and socioeconomic condition

of the project environment);

The way in which the effect is transmitted from the source to the receptor (pathway); and

The potential consequences (environmental impact).

5.2.2 Impact Prediction

In order to further qualify the impacts of the various project activities on the environment, identified impacts

were characterised based on the nature, duration and reversibility of impacts as follows:

Beneficial Impacts – these are impacts that have positive and beneficial effects.

Adverse Impacts – these are impacts that have negative and untoward effects.

Direct Impacts – these are impacts that are most obvious and are directly related to the proposed project

and can be connected to the action that caused them.

Indirect Impacts – these are secondary impacts that occur later in time or further away from the impact

source.

Cumulative Impacts – typically occur from the incremental impact of an action when combined with

impacts from projects that have been undertaken recently or would be carried out in the near future.

Reversible Impacts – these are impacts over which the components involved have the ability to recover

after the disturbances caused by the impact.

Irreversible Impacts – these are impacts whose effects are such that the environmental component cannot

be returned to its original state even after adequate mitigation measures are applied.

Residual Impacts – these are impacts that their effects remain after mitigation measures have been applied.

Short Term Impacts – these are impacts that have their effects remain over a short period of time and are

removed after the application of mitigation measures.

Long Term Impacts – these are impacts that have their effects remain over a long period of time, even after

the application of mitigation measures.

5.2.3 Impact Evaluation

The third stage in the assessment procedure involved the evaluation of the concerns, issues and impacts

identified. This was based on the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM). The risk of the impacts occurring was

analyzed by determining the consequence/severity of the impacts and the probability of occurrence. The

severity of the consequences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the probability of an

impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table. The RAM in Table 5.1 was

then used to determine the level of risk and the significances or otherwise of the impacts. The results of the

impact identification, characterization and evaluation exercise are presented in Tables 5.2 and 5.3.


20

Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix

5.3 Discussion of Significant Potential Environmental and Social Impacts

The project is expected to have highly positive environmental and social impacts for all the people residing in

the project area as it provides incentives for improved environmental management and livelihoods. However,

the intervention works will inevitably have some negative impacts on the biophysical and social environment,

particularly during the pre-construction, construction and maintenance phases. The negative impacts will

largely be localized in spatial extent, short in duration, occurring within less sensitive environmental areas and

are manageable through the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures. Most of these negative

impacts can be avoided by sound design, good construction practices, effective maintenance and adequate

supervision and enforcement during construction and operational phases of the project. This section contains a

summary of the significant potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the project in

“without mitigation” scenario.

5.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts

The significant potential positive environmental and social impacts are summarised below.

5.3.1.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts

The potential positive environmental impacts of the project include:

Erosion management and gully rehabilitation

Soil stabilization and regeneration

Reduction in the phenomenon of erosion in the project area

Restoration of vegetative cover and ecosystem

Improved ecological balance and biodiversity conservation

Improved microclimatic conditions due to increased vegetation cover for carbon sequestration

Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion

Reduced siltation in the Ajali River with resultant preservation of ecosystem and aquatic life

Reduced risks of floods due to reduced siltation.

Probability Attributes

Certain Impacts that can reasonably be expected to occur during the project

Likely Impacts that are likely to occur during the project

Possible Impacts that might occur sometime during the project

Unlikely Impacts that can reasonably be expected NOT to occur during the project

Rare Impacts that are unlikely to occur except in exceptional circumstances

Severity Attributes

Negligible No detectable environmental and socio-economic impact

Marginal Minimum environmental and socio-economic impact. Localised reversible habitat loss or minimal long term

effects on habitat species or media/ public health and safety

Critical Significant environmental and socio-economic harm. Significant widespread and persistent changes in species,

habitat and media (e.g. widespread habitat degradation/public health and safety)

Catastrophic Detrimental environmental and socio-economic impact. Loss of a significant portion of a valued species or

effective ecosystem function on a landscape scale/ injury and death is possible

Severity

Probability Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic

Certain

Likely

Possible

Unlikely

Rare

Low

Medium

High

Extreme

Impact Rating

Low Risk: No response plans will be needed for these risks.

Medium Risk: Actions may be required to control acceptable risk.

High Risk: Adequate action and management attention are required to control risk. There is need for some response planning for these risks.

Extreme Risk: Significant additional action and high priority management attention will be required to control risk. There is need for an in-depth response plans for these risks


21

5.3.1.2 Potential Positive Social Impacts

The potential positive social impacts include but not limited to:

Availability of community land for alternative development

Preservation of infrastructures (water storage reservoirs and access road)

Employment of labour and development of personal skills

Improved livelihood/welfare

Reduction of disaster risk in the project area

Increase in household savings and welfare

Reduced mortality/morbidity

Diversification of livelihood and increased productivity

5.3.2 Potential Negative Impacts

The significant potential negative environmental and social impacts are summarised below.

5.3.2.1 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts

Impact on Air Quality

Air Quality Deterioration

During pre-construction and construction periods, deterioration of local ambient air quality can arise as a result

of dust emissions from activities such as site clearing, excavation, filling and concrete works as well as gaseous

emissions from vehicles and operating machinery.

Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibrations are inevitable nuisance to the public during a project of this nature. During pre-

construction and construction activities, noise and vibration will arise mostly from equipment used for site

clearing and civil engineering works. The noise will have an impact mostly on construction workers and

residents living within 100 meters from the construction sites.

Impact on Water

Surface and Ground Water Contamination

Contamination of surface water can arise from sediment runoffs from exposed soil and spoils/stockpile during

clearing and excavation as well as from waste water during concrete works. These discharges into the surface

water body in the project area can have adverse attendant effects on water quality and aquatic life. This impact

is however likely to be more pronounced if the project is implemented during the rainy season. Contamination

of ground water can also occur from spillages and leakages of fuel and oils from project activities during the

construction.

Impact on Flora and Fauna

Vegetation Loss

Loss of vegetation will inevitably arise from site clearing during the preconstruction phase. Vegetation will be

cleared to allow for mobilization of equipment and machinery to site as well as installation of camp offices and

workshops. Loss of vegetation will occur in areas around the gully where excavation activities will take place.

Ecosystem Disturbance & Displacement/Destruction of Fauna

Site clearing activities will alter the flora and fauna species of the project site. The clearing of trees and related

flora will reduce the protection and shelter they afford to the fauna including the wildlife of the area. This will

lead to the displacement of fauna away from the site as well as increasing their exploitation tendencies through

hunting.

Impact on Soil

Soil Erosion and Loss of Soil Quality

Removal of vegetation and exposure of soil as a result of site clearing and excavation activities may further

expose soil to the risk of erosion and loss of quality. Soil erosion can also occur from improper abandonment of

borrow pits. Excavation in active areas of the gully can lead to slope instability and probable occurrence of

landslides.

Soil Contamination

Fuel spills and leakages from vehicles, machinery and storage facilities on site may lead to soil contamination.


22

Waste Generation

Waste generation is inevitable throughout the preconstruction and construction phases of the project. The

largest amount of waste is expected to come from the clearance of vegetation cover and will include grasses,

tree trunks and branches. Other wastes will be generated from construction activities and operations of the site

offices. These will comprise construction wastes such as equipment casings, electrical wastes, metal scraps,

waste oils as well as sewer and sewage from base camps. These wastes if not properly managed could lead to

significant deterioration of soil quality and possible contamination.

5.3.2.2 Potential Negative Social Impacts

Conflicts and Crises over Land Resettlement and Benefits

An integrated approach to sustainable erosion control measures being considered for this project presupposes

the possibility for land acquisition. This may cause resentment, conflicts and crises due to poor process of

implementation of resettlement. However, a critical consideration of the engineering design of the proposed

work suggests that land acquisition will be insignificant and largely temporal. Also, the site of intervention is a

community land used for farming prior to the erosion menace. Public consultation evidence underpinned field

visit evidence that the entire site stretch is void of human settlement, farms and economic activities and that the

project community is prepared to forgo some portion of their land necessary for erosion control. This however

doesn’t rule out the likelihood of this negative impact occurring.

Traffic Congestion

Increased traffic congestion may arise from road obstructions and diversion as well as from movement of

workers and materials to and from site.

Disruption of Public Utility Services

Damage to existing underground public utility cables and pipes that traverse the corridor of the project during

excavation works could disrupt water supply and shut down other public utilities in the project area. This may

pose economic and social difficulty to the members of the public.

Land Dispute and Communal Clash

Land dispute and communal clash may arise during the operational phase following the reclamation of

degraded land. Several factors may result to this, one of which is the ambition of members of the community to

own farm/use the reclaimed land.

Gender Impacts

The project activities will not pose specific impacts to women in the community however, adverse impacts will

emanate from “a do nothing scenario”. This is a derived impact that stems from land devastation, loss of soil

nutrients and depletion of land for farming. The female farmers are the worst hit by low farm productivity and

low income due to their feminine disadvantage. The tide will however change after the proposed intervention.

Occupational Health and Safety

Respiratory problems such as respiratory tract infection, cough and Rhinorrhea may occur as a result of

exposure to dust particulates from site clearing and excavation activities during preconstruction and

construction phases of the project. Vehicular exhaust emission might also be a source of air pollution capable

of triggering respiratory conditions. Construction workers are however more at risk of exposure to air

pollutants. The nearest settlement to the site is about 1.3 – 1.5 km away and as such community members will

be less predisposed to exposures from the construction site. Accidents and injuries may also result from use

and operation of equipment and machines.

Public Health and Safety

Interactions amongst male and female staff and between them and the community members may lead to

unprotected sex which has the likelihood to attract sexual infections such as HIV/AIDS and other STDs. To

protect public health and prevent a surge in STDs and other communicable diseases, priority should be given to

local workers thereby limiting the number of foreign workers to the bearest minimum. Increased risk of falls,

and injuries and drowning of humans, especially children could occur in improperly abandoned borrow pits.

The health and safety of the general public may also be threatened from accidental discharges of construction

materials such as stone and sand during transportation. During the operational phase of the project there may be

a potential risk of falls from unprotected stabilized gully sides. The significant potential positive and negative

environmental and social impacts of the project during the different phases are summarized in Table 5.4.


23

Table 5.2: Identification of Potential Impacts of Proposed Project Project Activity Source of Impact/ Environmental

Aspect

Environmental/Social

Media

Causative Pathway Potential Impact

PRE- CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Land Acquisition

Land take Land Use Land acquisition may cause conflicts and crises if there is no adequate plan in place to

address resettlement issues.

Conflicts and Crises over land

resettlement and benefits

Land Use Land take will restrict the use of land for grazing activities. Restriction on land available for

grazing activities

Mobilization of Equipment to Site Dusts and vehicular emissions

Noise emissions

Vibrations

Movement of heavy duty vehicles

Traffic disruptions

Air

Release of dusts and emissions from vehicles transporting equipment to site will deteriorate

local air quality

Movement of heavy duty vehicles transporting equipment could generate noise and vibration.

Local Air Quality Deterioration

Noise and Vibration

Fauna

Noise and vibration from vehicles and equipment could scare away animals and lead to

displacement of fauna around the project site

Displacement of fauna

Soil Use and stationary positioning of heavy duty equipment can result in soil compaction,

drainage problems and predisposition to erosion

Soil Erosion

Community Infrastructure Movement of heavy equipment to site could result in increased road traffic disruptions and

congestion.

Traffic Congestion

Public Health & Safety Traffic disruptions could increase the risk of road traffic accidents and injuries Road Traffic Accidents and Injuries

Occupational Health &

Safety Respiratory and eye related problems could occur amongst workers exposed to dusts and

gaseous emissions

Use of equipment could also put operators at risk of accidents and injuries

Respiratory and Eye related Problems

Occupational Accidents and Injuries

Site Clearing Clearing of Land

Dusts and gaseous emissions

Use of machineries and equipment

Oil spills

Sediment runoffs

Waste generation

Employment of labour

Air Land clearing will lead to generation of dust particles from exposed soil with resultant

deterioration in air quality. Gaseous emissions from equipment and machineries used in

clearing could also contribute to poor air quality

Use of machineries and motorized equipment will generate noise and vibration


Noise and Vibration

Flora and Fauna Land clearing will lead to removal of vegetal cover and disturbance/destruction of flora &

fauna habitat with resultant destruction/displacement of fauna

Loss of Vegetation

Disturbance /Destruction of flora and

fauna habitat (Ecosystem)

Destruction/Displacement of fauna

Soil Land clearing will expose top soil and increase predisposition to erosion,

Removal of top soil during the process of clearing and grubbing could also affect the quality

of soil

Spillages of oil and other petroleum products from leakages and/or improper handling during

maintenance of vehicles and equipment could contaminate the soil

Land clearing will generate vegetal and soil waste

Soil Erosion

Loss of Soil Quality

Soil Contamination

Waste Generation

Water Land clearing will expose soils to runoffs and siltation of surface water bodies resulting in

reduced water quality and potential use

Oil spills could also contaminate surface and underground water

Surface Water Contamination

Reduced Water Quality and Potential

Use

Livelihood Site clearing activities may involve employment of local labour

Land clearing and associated noise of heavy equipment will disturb wildlife and may affect

the economy of hunters in the community

Employment of Labour

Loss of Income


Safety Exposure to dusts and gaseous emissions could give rise to respiratory and eye related

problems

Continuous exposure to noise could adversely affect the health and quality of life of workers

Exposure of workers to poisonous plants, insects and wild animals during site clearing could

lead to health problems e.g. allergic skin diseases, stings and snake bites.

Respiratory and Eye related Problems

Noise and Vibration related health

problems

Health Problems – allergic skin

diseases, stings, snake bites

Installation of Equipment and

Structures (site offices, utilities,

workshops, etc.)

Dust and gaseous emissions

Noise emissions

Vibration

Air Construction of site structures could lead to generation of cement dust particles and harmful

gaseous emissions from equipment and machineries resulting in deterioration of air quality

Use of machineries and motorized equipment will generate noise and vibration


Noise and Vibration


24

Project Activity Source of Impact/ Environmental

Aspect


Media


Oil spills

Waste generation

Use of equipment and machineries

Soil Spillages of oil and other petroleum products as a result of leakages and/or improper handling

during maintenance of vehicles and equipment could contaminate the soil

Generation of construction waste

Soil Contamination

Waste generation

Water

Spills of oil and other petroleum products could result in contamination of surface and

ground water through runoffs and seepages.

Water Pollution


Safety Exposure to dusts and gaseous emissions could cause respiratory and eye problems

Use of equipment and machineries could put operators at risk of accidents and injuries as

well as noise related health problems

Respiratory and Eye problems

Occupational accidents and injuries

Noise related health problems

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Excavation , Borrowing, Filling, Back

filling and Compaction

Excavation for embankment,

concrete chutes and trenches

Dust and Noise emissions

Surface runoffs

Air

Excavation, borrowing, filling, backfilling and compaction activities will generate dust

particulates.

Slope instability and landslides could arise from excavation in active gully areas

The use of machineries as well the movement of vehicles will generate noise and vibration.


Noise and Vibration

Soil Increased predisposition to soil erosion from exposure of soil surfaces to rain and wind with

resultant increased sedimentation and runoff from loose top soil.

Slope instability and landslides could arise from excavation in active areas of the gully

Exposure of surface soil to erosion will alter the soil properties including loss of valuable top

soils

Alteration of soil composition as a result of filling could lead to changes in soil quality

Generation of spoils

Gullying and Erosion

Slope Instability

Changes in Soil Composition and

Quality

Generation of Spoils

Water Surface runoff from spoils into surface water bodies could result in pollution and damage to

aquatic ecosystem

Water Pollution

Community Infrastructure Excavation works may damage existing underground services like communication and

electrical cables, water pipes and other service lines which may lead to disruption of services.

Damage to Public Utility Cables and

Pipes

Disruption of Public Utility Services

Livelihood The project activities will attract more people to the area and create opportunities for

temporal services and employment.

Improved Livelihood & Welfare

Public Health & Safety Improper abandonment of borrow pits will expose inhabitants and animals to risk of falls,

injuries and drowning in excavated pits that have become water reservoirs

Falls, Injuries and Drowning of

humans and animals


Safety Use of equipment and machineries could put operators and other workers at risk of

accidents and injuries as well as noise related health problems


Noise related health problems

Civil Engineering Works Concrete and Cement Works

Installation of Gabions and Rip

Raps

Air Construction activities including use of machineries and equipment will generate cement

dusts, toxic fume as well as noise and vibration


Noise and Vibration

Soil

Spills of oil and other petroleum products from leakages and/or improper handling during

maintenance of vehicles and equipment could contaminate the soil.

Generation of construction wastes such as cement bags, metal scraps, etc.

Soil Contamination and Loss of Soil

Quality

Waste Generation

Water

Spills of oil and other petroleum products could result in contamination of surface and

ground water through runoffs and seepages

Contamination of Groundwater

Public Health and Safety HIV/AIDS and other STDs may arise from interactions within the workforce and members of

the host community

HIV/AIDs and other STDs

Occupational Health and

Safety Exposure of workers to physical and chemical hazards such as cement, noise, vibration.

Use of equipment and machineries could put operators at risk of accidents and injuries

Occupational Diseases (respiratory,

skin and noise related diseases.


Transportation of Construction

Materials (soil from borrow pits and

stones)

Vehicular movements

Mobilization of materials and

human to and from site

Community Infrastructure Transportation from borrow pit location to the intervention site may cause public

disturbance, traffic congestion and threat to public safety

Public Disturbances

Traffic Congestion

Public Health & Safety Accidental discharge/spill of sand and stones may have contact with the public and cause

injury

Accidents and Injuries

Operations of Site Office,

Workshops, Storage Facilities

Land Generation of waste materials such as used storage containers, scraps, and office wastes. Waste Generation

Water Spills and leakages of oil and other petroleum products may occur from storage tanks and

result in seepage into ground water.

Groundwater Contamination


25

Project Activity Source of Impact/ Environmental

Aspect


Media



Safety Activities carried out in site office and workshops including maintenance works could create

serious hazards to workers which predisposes them to injuries and accident


Vegetation Planting of trees shrubs and

grasses

Air The planted vegetation for erosion control will also provide carbon sequestration Improved microclimatic conditions

Land Planting of trees, shrubs and grasses will propagate vegetal cover Propagation of Vegetal Cover

Restoration of Flora Habitat

Ecological Balance and Biodiversity

Conservation

Soil Stabilization and Regeneration

Livelihood Temporary employment of locals for vegetation activities Improved Livelihood and welfare

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

Maintenance of Erosion Control

Structures

Routine maintenance

De-silting of drainage

Soil and Land De-silting of erosion control structures will generate waste materials and run offs Waste Generation

Community Infrastructure Sustainability of water service provision will result from slope stabilization Improved Welfare

Reduction in public spending on

replacement and rehabilitation of

infrastructure

Livelihood Training of locals as maintenance officers Creation of Employment


Safety Falling / tripping during routine maintenance activity Occupational Accidents and Injuries

Watershed Land Management

Land ownership Population/ Demographics There may be influx of people in the area to take advantage of the reclaimed land, which may

result to intra-communal clash

Land Dispute and Communal Clash

Soil Gully erosion may reoccur at rehabilitated area if there is damage to the erosion control

infrastructure probably as a result of uncontrolled outflow from the adjacent water storage

tanks.

Soil Erosion

Civil engineering works and vegetation will stabilize slopes, reduce vulnerability to erosion

and prevent landslides

Soil stabilization will lead to reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity

Reduced vulnerability to erosion

Prevention of Landslides

Public Health and Safety Risk of falls and injuries from unprotected stabilized gully site. Accidents and Injuries

Livelihood Spending reduction on domestic water demand which may result in increased availability of

water and reduced morbidity and mortality from water related disease

The reclaimed land will create landmass for alternative developments (housing, farms, etc.)

Increased Household Savings and

Welfare

Reduced Mortality/Morbidity from

water related diseases

Diversification of Livelihood and

Increased Productivity


26

Table 5.3: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Proposed Project Project Activity Potential Impact Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Category

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Pre-Construction Phase

Land Acquisition Conflicts and crises over land resettlement and benefits X X X X X POSSIBLE CATASTROPHIC EXTREME

Restriction on land available for grazing activities X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Mobilization of Equipment to

Site

Air quality deterioration from release of dusts and emissions from vehicles transporting

equipment to site X X X X

POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Noise and vibration from movement of heavy duty vehicles X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Displacement of fauna from the scare of noise and vibration emanating from vehicles X X X X


Increased predisposition to soil erosion as a result of soil compaction from stationary

positioning of heavy duty equipment X X X X X

UNLIKELY MARGINAL LOW

Traffic congestion and increased risk of road traffic accidents and injuries as a result of

movement of heavy equipment X X X X

POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Respiratory and eye related problems amongst site workers from exposure to dusts and

gaseous emissions X X X X

UNLIKELY MARGINAL LOW

Occupational accidents and injuries from the use of machineries and equipment X X X X

POSSIBLE CATASTROPHIC HIGH

Site Clearing Air quality deterioration from release of dusts and gaseous emissions from exposed soil

surfaces and vehicles X X X X

CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH

Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Vegetation loss from land clearing X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH

Disturbance/Destruction of flora and fauna habitat and displacement /destruction of fauna

due to site clearing X X X X

CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH

Exposure of soil to erosion and loss of quality from devegetation X X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Soil contamination from spillages of oil and other petroleum products from leakages

and/or improper handling during maintenance of vehicles and equipment X X X X


Generation of vegetal wastes from devegetation and site clearing activities X X X X CERTAIN NEGLIGIBLE HIGH

Surface water contamination as a result of sediment runoffs from exposed soils X X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Contamination of ground and surface water from spillages of oil and other petroleum

products as a result of leakages and/or improper handling during maintenance of vehicles

and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Employment of local labour for site clearing

X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Loss of income for hunters due to migration of wildlife as a result of disturbance during

site clearing X X X X UNLIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Respiratory and eye related problems from exposures to chemical hazards such as dusts

and gaseous emissions emanating from land clearing activities and vehicles. X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM


27

Project Activity Potential Impact Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Category

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Noise and vibration related health problems from exposures to physical hazards such as

noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Health problems such as allergic skin diseases, stings , snake bites, etc. from exposures to

biological hazards such as poisonous plants, insects and wild animals X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM


Structures (Site offices,

Utilities, Workshops, etc.)

Air quality deterioration from release of cement dusts, and toxic fumes from equipment

and machineries used during building and welding of site structures X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment during

construction of site structures X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Soil contamination from spillages of oil and other petroleum products as a result of

leakages and/or improper handling during maintenance of vehicles and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Generation of construction wastes X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH

Contamination of surface and underground water from spills of oil and other petroleum

products as a result of runoffs and seepages. X X X X UNLIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Risk of respiratory and eye related problems from exposures to cement dusts and toxic

fumes equipment and machineries used during building and welding of site structures X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Risk of noise and vibration related health problems from exposures to noise and vibration

from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Construction Phase

Excavation , Burrowing,

Filling, Back filling and

Compaction

Air Quality deterioration from dusts generated during excavation , burrowing, filling,

backfilling and compaction activities X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and vehicles during excavation,

burrowing, backfilling and compaction activities X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Gullying and soil erosion from the exposure of soil to rain and wind X X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Slope instability and landslides arising from excavation in active areas of the gully X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH

Changes in soil composition and quality as a result of filling excavated areas with soil of

different properties. X X X X UNLIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Generation of spoils X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Predisposition of soil to erosion resulting from improper abandonment of burrow pit X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH

Water pollution due to sedimentation and siltation from runoff from spoils X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Disruption of public utility services from damage to existing underground public utility

cables and pipes during excavation works X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Falls, Injuries and drowning of humans and animals in improperly abandoned burrow pits X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL EXTREME

Risk of occupational accidents and injuries from the use of machineries and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE CRITICAL HIGH


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Category

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Risk of noise and vibration related health problems from exposures to noise and vibration

from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X UNLIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Civil Engineering Works

- Concrete and Cement

Works

- Installation of Gabions

and Rip Raps

Deterioration of air quality from release of cement dusts and toxic fumes during

construction of concrete structures X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Soil contamination and loss of soil quality from waste water and spills of oil and other

petroleum products from leakages and/improper handling. X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Waste generation from cement and concrete works such as cement bags and metal scraps

etc. X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH

Contamination of surface and underground water from waste water and spillages of oil

and other petroleum products through leakages and/improper handling. X X X X UNLIKELY MARGINAL LOW

Employment of local labour for construction activities resulting in improved livelihood

and welfare X X X X LIKELY NEGLIGIBLE MEDIUM

HIV/AIDS and other STDs arising from the interactions amongst the workforce and the

host community. X X X X X POSSIBLE CRITICAL HIGH

Risk of respiratory and eye related problems from exposures to chemical hazards such as

cement dusts and toxic fumes emanating from cement and concrete works X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Risk of noise and vibration related health problems from exposures to physical hazards

such as noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Occupational accidents and injuries from the use of machineries and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Transportation of Construction

Materials (soil from burrow

pits and stones)

Traffic congestion as a result of increased vehicular movement to the site during

construction X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Injuries from accidental discharge of sand and stones during transportation to site X X X X UNLIKELY CRITICAL MEDIUM

Operations of site office,

workshops and storage facilities

Waste generation from site office and maintenance activities such as used containers,

scraps and office waste X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH

Underground water pollution from spillages and leakages from oil storage tanks. X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Risk of occupational accidents and injuries from activities carried out in site offices and

workshop including maintenance works. X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Vegetation

Improved micro climatic conditions as a result of carbon sequestration from vegetation X X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH

Propagation of vegetal cover, restoration of flora habitat, ecological balance and

conservation, soil stabilization and regeneration as result of vegetation X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH

Employment of locals for vegetation activities resulting in improved livelihood and

welfare X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Occupational Injuries X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Operation and Maintenance Phase

Maintenance of Erosion

Control Structures

Waste generation from de-silting and other maintenance works X X X X LIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Improved welfare due to sustainability of water service as a result of erosion control X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH

Reduction in public spending on replacement and rehabilitation of infrastructure X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM


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Category

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Sh

ort

term

Ben

efi

cia

l

Ad

ver

se

Resi

du

al

Pro

ba

bil

ity

Sev

erit

y

Creation of employment by training locals as maintenance officers X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH

Occupational accidents and injuries as a result of falling and tripping during routine

maintenance X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL HIGH

Watershed Land Management Land dispute and communal clash due to influx of people in the area to take advantage of

the reclaimed land X X X X X POSSIBLE CRITICAL HIGH

Reoccurrence of soil erosion due to damage to erosion control structures as a result of

uncontrolled outflow from the water storage reservoirs X X X X POSSIBLE CRITICAL HIGH

Prevention of landslides as a result of slope stabilization due to gully erosion control X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH

Reduced vulnerability to soil erosion X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH

Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity as a result of soil stabilization X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH

Increase in household savings and welfare as a result of spending reduction on domestic

water demand X X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Reduced mortality/morbidity from water related diseases X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW

Diversification of livelihood and increased productivity due to availability of reclaimed

land for housing, farming etc. X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM

Falls of humans and animals from unprotected stabilized gully sides X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH


30

Table 5.4: Summary of Significant Potential Impacts Project Phase Significant Potential Impacts

Positive Impacts Negative Impacts

Environment Social Environment Social

Pre-Construction Employment of local labour

for site clearing

Air quality deterioration from release of dusts and

gaseous emissions

Noise and Vibration from the use of machineries and

motorized equipment

Vegetation loss from land clearing

Disturbance and destruction of flora and fauna habitat

and displacement/destruction of fauna due to site

clearing

Exposure of soil to erosion and loss of quality from

devegetation

Generation of vegetal wastes, other cleared materials

and construction wastes

Surface water contamination as a result of sediment

run off from exposed soils

Conflicts and crises over land

resettlement and benefits

Traffic congestion and increased

risk of road traffic accidents and

injuries

Risk of occupational accidents,

injuries and .diseases

Construction Improved

microclimatic

conditions as a result of

carbon sequestration

from vegetation

Propagation of vegetal

cover

Restoration of flora

habitat

Ecological balance and

conservation

Soil stabilization and

regeneration

Employment of local labour

for construction and

vegetation activities

Air quality deterioration

Noise and Vibration

Gullying and soil erosion from exposure of soil to

rain and wind

Slope instability and landslides arising from

excavation in active areas

Predisposition of soil to erosion resulting from

improper abandonment of borrow pit

Water pollution due to sedimentation and siltation

from runoff from spoils

Soil contamination and loss of soil quality

Generation of spoils and other construction wastes

Underground water pollution from spillages &

leakages from oil storage tanks.

Damage to existing underground

public utility cables and pipes and

disruption of services

Health and safety risks associated

with falls and drowning in

improperly abandoned borrow

pits

Risk of occupational accidents,

injuries and diseases

HIV/AIDS and other STDs

arising from the interactions

amongst the workforce and the

host community

Injuries from accidental discharge

of construction materials during

transportation to site

Operation/

Maintenance

Reduced vulnerability

to soil erosion

Prevention of landslides

Reduced loss of

agricultural land and

productivity

Increased in household

savings as a result of spending

reduction on domestic water

demand

Reduced mortality and

morbidity from water related

diseases

Diversification of livelihood

and increased productivity

due to availability of

reclaimed land for housing,

farming, etc.

Reduction in public spending

on replacement and

rehabilitation of infrastructure

Creation of employment

Reoccurrence of gully erosion as a result of

uncontrolled outflow from water storage reservoirs

Land dispute and communal clash

Occupational accidents and

injuries

Risk of falls from unprotected

stabilised gully sides


31

CHAPTER SIX: ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

6.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the various project alternatives that were considered for the rehabilitation of the Ajali

Water Works gully erosion site. The erosion control intervention was analysed in the context of both

implementation options and technological alternatives. The analysis of the various alternatives is presented

below.

6.2 Implementation Options

6.2.1 No Project Option

The “no project” option assumes that the status quo remains and that the proposed project shall not be

executed. Given that this is an active erosion site, a “no project” scenario is very likely to cause detrimental

impacts on the environment and the people of the area. The gully is rapidly spreading, and with the imminence

of rainy season, there is the possibility of the erosion caving in on to the two public utilities – the water storage

reservoirs and the local access road through which people get to the Seminary school and community. The

gully spread is just less than 10 meters from the fence wall of the water storage reservoirs. Similarly, the access

road is about 89 meters from the gully head of the first finger at the Ajali Water Works and about 10.5 meters

away from the gully head of the second finger. Aside the imminent disaster to the water storage tanks and

access road, it is anticipated that without rapid intervention, the menace of erosion in the area will have a huge

detrimental consequences on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment of the area. Some of the future

adverse scenarios of “no project” option are articulated as follows:

Land depletion and degradation

Loss of ecosystem and degradation of microclimatic condition of the area

Fragmentation of community ties

Restriction to land based livelihoods

Limitation to movement and socio-economic activities among communities due to the impasse of the

erosion cave in on road

Disruption to water supply to Enugu city

Low productivity and income

Possible outbreak of diseases due to poor hygiene resulting from disruption of access to water supply

In view of the above, the “no project” option is not considered a viable option and therefore is rejected.

6.2.2 Delayed Project Option

This option implies that the proposed project will be delayed until a much later date. The “delayed project”

option will worsen the existing condition of the site as it will allow further encroachment of the gullies into

new terrains. This delay may also result in unnecessary increase in the cost of eventual intervention works.

Further encroachment will in addition lead to loss of more land, and possible significant infrastructural damage

and other consequences enumerated above for the “no project” option alternative. For these untoward

consequences, this option is also rejected.

6.2.3 Immediate Project Option

This option means the project will go ahead with the proposed rehabilitation works at the Ajali Water Works

gully erosion site. The “immediate project” option will:

Arrest and prevent further encroachment of the gullies into new terrains;

Restore degraded land to productive uses and diverse socio-economic activities that will further boost

the livelihood of the people in the area;

Restore the ecosystem and improve the micro climatic conditions of the area;

Preserve threatened infrastructures i.e. the water storage reservoirs and access road;

Enhance the sustenance and efficiency of the Water Works dam and access to both dam and the

Seminary;

Allay the fears and anxiety of people living in the project area; and

Develop and establish measures to prevent gully formation.

This option is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for implementation. Immediate

intervention will prevent further environmental degradation and preserve the source of livelihood of the local

communities. The Ajali Water Works erosion site should therefore be a priority, given the proximity of the


32

rapidly encroaching gully head to the water storage reservoirs, which are the transit/pump stations for the only

water supply line to the Enugu. This option will also serve to save other facilities such as land and local access

road, all of which are currently under threat.

6.3 Technological Alternatives

6.3.1 Land Reclamation by Filling

This option implies that the land will be reclaimed by filling the gullies with lateritic materials. This method

will involve the use of large quantities of lateritic materials to be borrowed from excavated pits in the area. The

gully is about 800m long and its width ranges between 15m – 25m. It also has a second finger which is about

350m to the confluence point. It is estimated that more than 100,000 tonnes of laterite materials would be

required to completely fill and compact the gullies. This option will leave at its wake borrow pits that will be

predisposed to erosion. This option is unsustainable and therefore rejected.

6.3.2 Civil Engineering Intervention

This option implies that civil engineering measures will be employed to stabilize the gully. This method will

stabilize the gully heads and the gully channels; however, the speed of flood water will still be significantly

high enough to wash away the top soil from downstream watershed. In addition, due to the nature of the soil in

the area, the concrete structures are likely to collapse. Previous experience suggests that works of this nature do

not last for more than two seasons before the structure will collapse due to lack of soil stability. This option

was therefore considered not viable for the intervention.

6.3.3 Vegetation Intervention

This option implies that bioengineering measures will be employed to stabilize the gully. With the adoption of

this option, the trees and grasses planted will help stabilize the soil but the channels might still be prone to

erosion due to the loose nature of soil in the area. The energy of the flood water might uproot the planted

vegetation before propagation and expose the channel to erosion attack. In addition, if the gully head is not

properly stabilized, the gully will continue to encroach new terrains and consequently destroy the nearby public

utilities. Here again the short term nature of the intervention makes this option not viable for intervention.

6.3.4 Civil Engineering/Vegetation

This approach combines civil engineering works with vegetation. The gully heads will be stabilized with

concrete structure while the gully channels will be rehabilitated by planting trees and grasses. The concrete

structure will effectively conduct flood water into gullies and also help dissipate its energy significantly to

prevent erosion. The vegetation, once propagated will help stabilize and regenerate the soil. This approach is

cost effective and its durability is assured and is therefore recommended.


33

CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the Environmental and Social Management Plan and outlines the measures to be taken

during project implementation and operation to control adverse environmental and social impacts and the

actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP includes the following components:

Summary of the potential impacts of the proposed project;

Description of the recommended mitigation measures;

Description of monitoring program;

Institutional arrangement (responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring) including recommendations for

strengthening existing institutional capacity;

Implementation schedule and reporting procedures;

Cost estimates and sources of funds.

7.2 Summary of Potential Impacts

The significant potential environmental and social impacts for which mitigation is required have been

identified in Chapter Five and summarized in Table 5.4.

7.3 Mitigation Measures

Feasible, practical and cost effective measures to reduce the potentially significant adverse environmental and

social impacts to acceptable levels have been developed. Measures to enhance beneficial impacts have also

been proposed. The mitigation measures are based on recommended good practice, regulatory requirements

and contributions received from relevant stakeholders. The primary objectives of the mitigation measures are:

Avoidance – To avoid project activities that could result in adverse impacts and certain types of

resources considered to be environmentally sensitive

Prevention – To consider measures aimed at impeding the occurrence of negative environmental

impacts and/or preventing such an occurrence having harmful environmental and social impacts.

Minimization – To limit or reduce the degree, extent magnitude or duration of adverse impacts.

Compensation – To consider measures aimed to remedy or compensate for unavoidable residual

impacts.

The mitigation measures mainly relate to the adoption of best environmental practices in the design,

construction and operations of the project as well as technical civil engineering measures. All the mitigation

measures will be included in the bid documents for the successful enterprise to implement.

The potential impacts of the projects and their mitigation and enhancement measures are indicated in Table 7.1.

The Table outlines the corresponding mitigation/enhancement measures for potential environmental and social

impacts that are envisaged to occur during project activities.

7.4 Monitoring Program

Monitoring is a tool to ensure adherence to agreed actions, to assess compliance, and to provide enhanced data

for refined risk management purposes. Environmental monitoring during project implementation provides

information about key environmental aspects of the project and the effectiveness of mitigation measures, which

enables proper evaluation of the success of the mitigation and allows for any additional corrective action to be

taken when needed. Specifically, the objectives for instituting a monitoring program are to:

- Ensure implementation and check effectiveness of recommended mitigation measures;

- Demonstrate that project activities are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures

and existing regulations procedure; and

- Provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level.

In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, an environmental performance monitoring

program has been designed to attain the above objectives. The monitoring program provides specific

description and technical details of monitoring measures, including the parameters to be measured, methods to

be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of

thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions. It also includes monitoring and reporting procedures

to (i) ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures, and (ii) furnish

information on the progress and results of mitigation. Detailed proposed mitigation measures and related

monitoring activities are provided in the Monitoring Plan in Table 7.3.


34

Table 7.1: Mitigation and Enhancement Plan

S/

N

Project Activity Significant Impact Enhancement/Mitigation Measures Institutional

Responsibilities

Estimated Cost $

(N)/Comments

A PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE

1 Land Acquisition Social Impact

Conflicts and crises over land resettlement and

benefits Prepare and implement as necessary an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP) before mobilizing to site; Ensure full

involvement of community during preparation and implementation.

PC-NEWMAP

World Bank

ARAP already

developed

2 Mobilization of

Equipment to Site

Social Impact

Traffic congestion and increased risk of road

traffic accidents and injuries as a result of

movement of heavy equipment

Develop and implement a Traffic Management Plan (TMP). Traffic control measures to include: strict enforcement of speed

limits, use of appropriate road safety signages and signalers and minimization of movement at peak hours of the day.

Training of drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety.

Ensure submission of TMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor.

Contractor

PC-NEWMAP

Part of construction

costs

OHS Impact

Occupational accidents and injuries from the use

of machineries and equipment Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Provision of

PPE to workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid

onsite.

Contractor Part of construction

costs

3 Site Clearing


Air quality deterioration from release of dusts

and gaseous emissions from exposed soil

surfaces and vehicles

Suppress dust emissions by appropriate methods such as spraying water on soil

Maintain vehicles in good working condition.

Ensure exhaust fumes from vehicles conform to applicable National standards and specifications.


costs

Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibration from the use of machineries

and motorized equipment Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels

Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation.

Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines.

Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and enforce usage.


costs


Vegetation loss from land clearing Undertake selective clearance, limiting clearing strictly to necessary areas so as to minimize the destruction of flora and fauna

and thus prevent ecological damages.

Re vegetate areas likely to be impacted with indigenous plant species immediately.


costs Disturbance/Destruction of flora and fauna

habitat (ecosystem) and displacement/

destruction of fauna due to site clearing

Impact on Soil and Land

Exposure of soil to erosion and loss of quality

from devegetation Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the extent possible.

Protect all vegetation not required to be removed against damage.

Re vegetate exposed soil quickly.


costs

Generation of vegetal wastes and other cleared

materials from devegetation and site clearing

activities

Prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy principles of avoid-

reduce- reuse- recycle- disposal. The Plan should:

- Identify requirements for waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling;

- Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes (especially cleared vegetation, timber, rubbles.).

Ensure submission of WMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor

Contractor

PC-NEWMAP


costs

Impact on Water

Surface water contamination as a result of

sediment run off from exposed soils Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to

surface water.


costs

Social Impact

Employment of local labour for site clearing Maximize employment of local labour by ensuring the submission of statement of intent to employ local labour as a condition

in the procurement document for the contractor.

Contractor

OHS Impact

Risk of occupational diseases e.g respiratory

eye disorders, noise related problems, stings and

bites as a result of exposures to hazards.

Implement site specific HSE plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Provision of PPE to

workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid onsite.


costs

4 Installation of

Equipment and

Structures (site

offices, utilities,

Noise and Vibration


and motorized equipment during construction of

site structures

Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels.




costs


35

workshops, etc.) Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and enforce usage.


Generation of construction wastes Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy principles of avoid-reduce- reuse-

recycle- disposal. The Plan should:


- Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete,

demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, sanitary wastes, metals, etc.).

Contractor


costs

OHS Impact

Risk of occupational diseases such as noise

related problems to excessive noise Implement site specific the HSE and Noise control plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction;

Provision of PPE to workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of

First Aid onsite.


costs

B CONSTRUCTION PHASE

1 Excavation ,

Borrowing, Filling,

Back filling and

Compaction


Air quality deterioration from dusts generated

during excavation , borrowing, filling,

backfilling and compaction activities

Suppress dust emissions by appropriate methods such as spraying water on soil especially in windy conditions.

Ensure workers use particulate respirators during soil excavation and other tasks that will generate dust.

Minimize stockpile height and cover to avoid dust/particulate emissions.

Excavate in batches to minimize dust emissions.

Carry out backfilling and compaction quickly to prevent dusts from exposed loose soil.


costs

Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibration from the use of heavy duty

vehicles during excavation, borrowing,

backfilling and compaction activities

Maintain vehicles adequately to reduce their noise levels and fit with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation.

Avoid unnecessary idling of vehicles when not in use.



costs


Gullying and soil erosion from exposure of soil

to rain and wind Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the extent possible.

Protect all vegetation not required to be removed against damage.

Apply best engineering practices to minimize soil structure damage and adhere strictly to design specifications.

Work on exposed areas and re vegetate quickly.

Control off-site storm and flood water before it reaches areas being excavated to prevent run-off of sediment. This can be

achieved by construction of temporary drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or screens.

Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to

surface water.


costs

Slope instability and landslides arising from

excavation in active areas of the gully

Generation of Spoils Reuse excavated materials immediately as fill, or stockpile for later use or dispose off

Ensure stockpile and disposal areas are stable and protected against erosion and not interfere with run off or subsequent

construction activities. Stockpile to be covered and stored in a sealed and bonded area in order to divert storm water away.

As part of the WMP, prepare and implement Spoil Handling Management (SHM) Sub-Plan that will identify how spoil will be

handled, stockpiled, reused and disposed.


costs

Predisposition of soil to erosion resulting from

improper abandonment of borrow pit Develop and implement Site Reclamation Plan to ensure that site is rehabilitated and restored to a safe and stable state. Contractor Part of construction

costs

Impact on Water

Water pollution due to sedimentation and

siltation from runoff from spoils and stockpiles Control off-site storm and flood water before it reaches areas being excavated to prevent run-off of sediment. This can be

achieved by construction of temporary drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or screens.

Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to

surface water.

Implement Spoil Handling Management Sub-Plan.


costs

Social Impact

Damage to existing underground public utility

cables and pipes during excavation works and


Use utility survey maps to identify existing underground facilities before excavation works to prevent damages and disruption

of services.

Where a need for shut down of service is necessary, it should be as temporal as possible to avoid significant adverse effect on

the people.


costs


Health and safety risks associated with falls,

Injuries and drowning of humans especially

children and animals in poorly abandoned

borrow pits

Implement Site Reclamation Plan.

Take appropriate measures to ensure borrow pits are secured where borrow pit is likely to pose significant risk after

rehabilitation e.g. stock proof fencing in concert with signages.


costs

Risk of occupational accidents and injuries from

the use of machineries and equipment Implement site specific HSE plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Provision of PPE to



costs


36

2 Civil Engineering

Works

- Concrete and

Cement Works

- Installation of

Gabions and

Rip Raps

Noise and Vibration


and motorized equipment Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels.





costs


Soil contamination and loss of soil quality from

waste water and spills of oil and other petroleum

products from leakages and/improper handling.

Implement WMP including measures to control oil spillages.

Proper maintenance of equipment to avoid oil spillages.

Refueling and maintenance of vehicles should conform to best practices to ensure there are no spillages or leakages.


costs

Waste generation from cement and concrete

works such as cement bags and metal scraps etc. Prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy principles of avoid-

reduce- reuse- recycle- disposal. The Plan will:


- Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete,

demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, metals, etc.).



costs

Social Impact

Employment of local labour for construction

activities resulting in improved livelihood and

welfare

Maximize employment of local labour by ensuring the submission of statement of intent to employ local labour as a condition


Contractor

PC-NEWMAP

OHS Impact

HIV/AIDS and other STDs arising from the

interactions amongst the workforce and the host

community.

Provide education, guidance and counseling on HIV/AIDS and other STDs for workers.

Provide condoms to construction staff.


costs

Risk of occupational accidents and diseases such

as noise related problems, respiratory and eye

disorders from exposure to health and safety

hazards.




costs

3 Transportation of

Construction

Materials (soil from

borrow pits and

stones)


Injuries from accidental discharge of sand and

stones during transportation to site Implement the Traffic Management Plan (TMP).

Train drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety.

Cover trucks and vehicles conveying sand, stones, etc.

Ensure submission of TMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor

Contractor

PC-NEWMAP


costs

4 Operations of site

office, workshops

and storage facilities


Waste generation from site office and

maintenance activities such as used containers,

scraps and office waste

Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy principles of avoid-reduce- reuse-

recycle- disposal. The Plan will:


- Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes (especially oils, grease, lubricants, sanitary

wastes, metals, etc.).


Contractor

PC-NEWMAP


costs

Impact on Water

Underground water pollution from spillages and

leakages from oil storage tanks. Implement measures to control oil spillages that will be included in construction contracts including guidelines for the proper

storage and siting of hazardous materials such as oil, grease, fuel.

Refueling, maintenance as well as storage of diesel and oil should conform to best practices to ensure there are no spillages or

leakages. Specifically;

- Fuel storage tanks should be leak-proof and checked daily. The tanks should be installed in a bounded area and should be

replaced in cases of leakage;

- Procedures for storage, handling of hazardous wastes and raw materials (e.g. batteries, chemicals, fuels) should be prepared as

part of the Contractors Waste Management Plan;

- Implementation of such procedures should be adequately enforced and monitored;

- Oils should be stored in their original drums and kept on top of an impermeable surface preferably in the contractors store

room.


costs

OHS Impact

Risk of occupational accidents and injuries from

activities carried out in site offices and

workshop including maintenance works.




costs

5 Vegetation Impact on Air Quality


37

Improved microclimatic conditions as a result

of carbon sequestration from vegetation Nurture vegetation and prevent deforestation activities such as over grazing.

Use vegetal waste as compost to aid rapid vegetal propagation.


costs


Propagation of vegetal cover in gully base.

Impact on Soil

Soil stabilization and regeneration as result of

vegetation Nurture vegetation and prevent deforestation activities such as over grazing.


costs

Social Impact

Employment of local labour for vegetation

activities resulting in improved livelihood and

welfare

Maximize employment of local labour by ensuring the submission of statement of intent to employ local labour as a condition


Target women, poor and vulnerable groups within the community for employment.

Train employed locals to acquire skills that will be useful after the completion of the project.

Contractor

PC-NEWMAP


costs

C OPERRATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

1 Maintenance of

Erosion Control

Structures

Social Impact

Improved welfare due to sustainability of water

service as a result of erosion control Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities. PC-NEWMAP

SME

Part of routine

maintenance costs

Reduction in public spending on replacement

and rehabilitation of infrastructure

Creation of employment by training locals as

maintenance officers Maximize employment of local labour for maintenance activities by enhancing their skills through appropriate training.


costs

OHS Impact

Occupational accidents and injuries as a result of

falling and tripping during routine maintenance

Develop and implement HSE Manual.

Implement HSE training for maintenance workers and provide appropriate PPEs.

PC-NEWMAP $9,500.00

(N1,520,000)

2 Watershed Land

Management

Soil and Land Impact

Reoccurrence of gully erosion due to damage to

erosion control structures as a result of

uncontrolled outflow from the twin water tanks

Ensure contingency plan is in place to address emergency situation at the water storage reservoirs.

Establish safeguards and guarantees that include overflow trigger and control mechanism, programmed operation and

Maintenance Manual complete with associated manpower.

Enugu State

Water

Corporation

(ESWC)

Part of ESWC

operational costs

Reduced vulnerability to soil erosion Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities. PC-NEWMAP

SME

Part of routine

maintenance costs Prevention of landslides as a result of slope

stabilization due to civil engineering works and

vegetation

Reduced loss of agricultural land and

productivity as a result of soil stabilization

Social and Public Health Impact

Land dispute and communal clash due to influx

of people in the area to take advantage of the

reclaimed land

Implement existing administration and land ownership system in place in the community Enugu State

Ministry of Lands

& Urban

Development,

Nsude

Community Head

Increase in household savings and welfare as a

result of spending reduction on domestic water

demand

Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities PC-NEWMAP

SME

Reduced mortality/morbidity from water related

diseases Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities PC-NEWMAP

SME

Diversification of livelihood and increased

productivity due to availability of reclaimed land

for housing, farming etc.

Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities PC-NEWMAP

SME

Risk of falls from unprotected stabilized gully

sides Cordon off gully sides (especially at the deepest and widest areas) from animals and community members to prevent

accidental falls.

Install warning signs in English and 3 major Nigeria languages in strategic locations to alert people to the hazard of

unprotected gully sides

Create awareness amongst local communities


cost

Total Estimated Costs $9,500.00

(N1,520,000)


38

7.4.1 Monitoring and Reporting Procedure

The environmental monitoring activities will be based on direct/indirect indicators of emissions, effluents, and

resource use applicable to the project. Monitoring frequency will be sufficient to provide representative data for

the parameter being monitored. Monitoring data will be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and

compared with the operating standards for necessary corrective actions.

For effective monitoring, the following measures will be taken:

- Monitoring will be conducted by trained Environmental Officers and other relevant personnel;

- Measuring equipment will be accurately calibrated;

- Quality control of sampling undertaken will be ensured;

- Accredited laboratories will be used;

- Certified methods of testing will be employed and where legal specifications exist for testing and sampling

methods, these will be taken into account.

7.4.1.1 Internal Monitoring

Internal monitoring will be carried out at two levels. The first level of monitoring will be carried out by the

Contractor on an ongoing basis as specified in the monitoring plan. The second level of monitoring will be

carried out by the SPMU. Enugu-NEWMAP will need supervision and monitoring of its own in order to ensure

that the mitigation measures and actions specified in the monitoring plan and as bound by the contract is

satisfactorily implemented. This will be the main duties of the Environmental Safeguard Officer (ESO)

described in Box 6.2. Monitoring by the ESO will be done by checking regular monitoring reports to be

provided by the Contractor and by carrying out regular site visits.

7.4.1.2 External Monitoring

External monitoring and supervision will be done by SME, FMEnv, World Bank and other relevant agencies as

may be required. These institutions will check reports received periodically from the SPMU and carry out

inspections and/or audits on their own. Using the monitoring indicators each party will seek to measure the

project’s progress, in a manner that highlights the various objectives in line with national and international

environmental and social requirements.

7.4.1.3 Reporting

Reporting is essential. The following monitoring reports will be required for this project:

Monthly Progress and Monitoring Report: to be prepared by the Contractor's EO or Environmental

representative, providing relevant information on all monitoring activities, and on any specific events, as

the case may be. These reports are to be made available to the SPMU and the FMEnv/SME at their request.

Quarterly Reports: to be prepared by the Contractor, summarizing all observations of the period. Reports

will also be made available to the SPMU and FMEnv/SME accordingly.

Quarterly Report by SPMU: based on the Contractor's reports and on own activities, for the FMEnv and

World Bank. The quarterly monitoring report will contain the following aspects of the ESMP

implementation:

a. Brief introduction to activities

b. Objectives and scope of monitoring

c. Monitoring parameters

d. Field observations and analysis

e. Percentage of safeguard compliance

f. Non-compliance issues, gaps and weaknesses

g. Recommendations for corrective measures

h. Data, analysis results and pictures

Additional Reports according to specific conditions. Most importantly, separate reports will have to be

prepared in the case of incidents irrespective of whether or not these give rise to “accidents” involving

actual injury, fatality, serious environmental impact or other serious damage. The procedure for

investigating and reporting these incidents is described in Annex 5.

7.4.1.4 Record Keeping

Records provide evidence of the ongoing mitigation and monitoring activities and effectiveness of the ESMP.

They are required to track performance and other data necessary to achieve and demonstrate compliance with

the ESMP. Records to be kept will include amongst others:


39

- Complaint records;

- Training records;

- Inspection, maintenance and calibration records;

- Monitoring data and audit results;

- Pertinent contractor and supplier records;

- Identified problems and corrective actions taken;

- Incident reports; and

- Significant communications with regulators.

The effective control of these records is essential to the successful implementation of this ESMP. Procedures

for the identification, collection, indexing, filing, storage, maintenance, retrieval and retention of records will

therefore be established, implemented and maintained.

7.5 Institutional Arrangement

The successful implementation of this ESMP depends on the commitment and capacity of various institutions

and stakeholders to implement the ESMP effectively. Thus, the arrangement as well as the roles and

responsibilities of the institutions and persons that will be involved in the implementation, monitoring and

review of the ESMP are discussed below.

7.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities

7.5.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv)

For this ESMP, the FMEnv through the EIA Department and relevant agencies will play the role of lead

environmental regulator, overseeing compliance requirements, granting consent and also monitoring or

providing supervisory oversight for the project. Specifically, FMEnv will:

- Receive comments (require revisions where necessary), provide approval and needed clearance for the

ESMP and other environmental clearance in collaboration with the SME;

- Review Monitoring Reports from SME;

- Ensure that corrective actions are taken for significant environmental and social impacts;

- Undertake periodic site visits to inspect and verify the nature and extent of impacts and the success or lack

of, of the mitigation measures.

7.5.1.2 State Ministry of Environment (SME)

The SME will be the environmental compliance overseer at the state level. In addition to other statutory

functions, will ensure that all project activities comply with the State environmental laws and requirements and

perform regular compliance monitoring and periodic inspection of all the stages of the project.

7.5.1.3 State Project Management Unit (SPMU)

The SPMU represented by the Project Coordinator (PC) is responsible for the implementation of the ESMP and

ensuring that environmental and social requirements are satisfied. He is to be assisted by the Environment and

Social Safeguard officers in the Unit. Their roles and responsibilities are described in Box 7.1and 7.2

Box 7.1: Roles and Responsibilities of Project Coordinator The Project Coordinator has the overall responsibility for managing the Contractor and ensuring that the environmental and social requirements are met and the ESMP

fully implemented. He will:

Liaise with the FMEnv and World Bank with respect to the preparation and implementation of the ESMP;

Ensure the integration of the required environmental and social measures and obligations in the tender documents and contracts;

Monitor implementation of these measures and take adequate steps in case of non-compliance;

Compile and prepare periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank.

Box 7.2: Roles and Responsibilities of Environmental Safeguard Officer (ESO) The ESO will provide feedback to the PC regarding all environmental matters and will be in charge of carrying out the necessary supervision,

control and monitoring work. He will also ensure that the Contractor adhere to the General Environmental Conditions for Construction Contract (Annex 6). Responsibilities for the ESO include the following:

Review all EA / SA Documents prepared by consultants and ensure adequacy under the World Bank Safeguard policies including the

OP4.01. Ensure that the project design and specifications adequately reflect the recommendations of the ESMP

Co-ordinate application, follow up processing and obtain requisite clearances required for the project, if required.

Prepare compliance reports with statutory requirements. Develop, organize and deliver training programmes for the PIU staff, the contractors and others involved in the project implementation, in

collaboration with the PMU.

Review and approve the Contractor’s Implementation Plan for the environmental measures, as per the ESMP and any other supplementary environmental studies that may need to be carried out by the PIU.

Liaise with the Contractor on implementation of the ESMP / ARAP.

Liaise with various Central and State Government agencies on environmental, resettlement and other regulatory matters.


40

Continuously interact with the NGOs and Community groups that would be involved in the project.

Establish dialogue with the affected communities and ensure that the environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated and implemented in the project.

Review the performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic environmental monitoring reports; provide a summary of the

same to the Project Coordinator, and initiate necessary follow-up actions Provide support and assistance to the Government Agencies and the World Bank to supervise the implementation.

7.5.1.4 The World Bank

The World Bank performs the following roles:

Ensures that its safeguard policies are complied with;

Recommend additional measures for strengthening the ESMP and implementation performance;

Responsible for the final review and clearance of the ESMP;

Ensures that environmental safeguards are taken care of during World Bank supervision mission.

7.5.1.5 Contractor

The Contractor will appoint an Environmental Officer, Site Engineer or Independent Consultant that will be

responsible for onsite implementation of the ESMP and coordination of the environmental activities of the

contractor. The responsibilities of the Contractor’s Environmental Representative include the following:

Formulation of detailed environmental management plans;

Ensure that all site staff including all subcontractors comply with the ESMP

Supervision of implementation of all the measures and preparation of required Monitoring Reports;

Regular inspection of site to ensure adherence to management actions of the ESMP;

Preparation of work plans for environmental management in line with the ESMP;

Provide inputs into the regular environmental report to be prepared by ESO;

Maintain records of environmental incidents as well as corrective and preventive actions taken;

Ensure any changes during construction process that may have a significant environmental and social

impact are communicated to ESO in time and managed accordingly;

Ensure ESO is sufficiently informed on Contractor’s monitoring results.

Annex 5 gives detailed general environmental management conditions during civil works while the roles and

responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of this ESMP are outlined in Table 7.2. Table 7.2: Institutional Responsibilities

S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities 1. Federal Ministry of

Environment Implementing authority, has the mandate to:

Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of NEWMAP across the States

Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programmes

Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities;

Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the projects 2. Federal Ministry of

Environment/EIA Department

and NESREA

Lead role - provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of draft ESMP report (in liaison with State Ministry of Environment),

receiving comments from stakeholders, public hearing of the project proposals, and convening a technical decision-making panel, Project

categorization for EA, Applicable standards, Environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation process and

criteria

3. State Ministry of Environment Environmental compliance overseer at the State level

Lead role - provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of draft ESMP report (in liaison with Federal Ministry of Environment)

Site assessment and monitoring of ESMP implementation

4. State Government MDAs

(Ministry of Land and Urban

Development, etc.,

Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Acquisition and compensation and other resettlement issues,

Other MDAs come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or

implicated projects.

They participate in the EA processes and in project decision-making that helps prevent or minimize impacts and to mitigate them. These

institutions may also be required, issue a consent or approval for an aspect of a project; allow an area to be included in a project; or allow

impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions or conditions, monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight

5. World Bank Assess implementation

Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management plan and implementation performance.

6. Service Provider/ Contractor Compliance to BOQ specification in procurement of material and construction

7. Site Engineers/Supervisors Provide oversight function during construction and decommissioning

8. Local Government Provide oversight function across subproject in LGAs for ESMP compliance

Liaising with the PMU to verify adequacy of resettlement location and provide approval for such sites, providing additional resettlement

area if the designated locations are not adequate, provide necessary infrastructures in relocated areas, engage and encourage carrying out

comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed project, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.

9. Local Community Promote environmental awareness

Assist and Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision of approval for such sites

Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/ encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign

for the proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.

10. CDA Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing community members;

11. NGOs/CSOs Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to

evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of

volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide

support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts

and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns

12. Others/General Public Identify issues that could derail the project and support project impacts and mitigation measures, Awareness campaigns


41

Table 7.3 Monitoring Plan S/

N

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/

Parameters

Method of

Measurement

Sampling

Location

Frequency of

Monitoring

Responsibility Cost of

Monitoring

Dollars (Naira)* Implementation Supervision

A PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Land Acquisition Prepare and implement as necessary ARAP before

mobilizing to site

Ensure full involvement of community during

preparation and implementation

ARAP Document

Minutes of meting/

Report of

implementation with

signatures showing

community

participation

Sighting

Interview

Host

Community

(Nsude)

Once (Before

commencement

of project)

Project Coordinator

(PC)-NEWMAP

Social Liaison

Officer (SLO) -

NEWMAP

Community Liaison

Officer (CLO)

Enugu State Ministry of

Lands and Urban

Development (ESML)

World Bank (WB)

--

1 Conflicts and crises over

land resettlement and

benefits

Mobilization of Equipment to

Site Develop and implement a Traffic Management Plan

(TMP). Traffic control measures to include: strict

enforcement of speed limits, use of appropriate road

safety signages and signalers and minimization of

movement at peak hours of the day.

Ensure submission of TMP is a condition in the

procurement document for the contractor

Train drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety

TMP Submitted

Traffic flow

Safety signages &

signalers installed at

strategic locations

No of Complaints from

residents and other road

users

No of Road Traffic

Accidents (RTA)

No of Drivers Trained

Sighting

Visual

Observation

Complaint

Register

Police/FRSC

Report

Interviews/

Training Records

Along

transport

corridor

(Imezi-Owa

Road)

Construction

Site

Daily

Once

Contractor

Environmental

Safeguard Officer

(ESO)-NEWMAP

Police

Federal Road Safety

Corps (FRSC)

Enugu State Transport

Management Agency

(ESTMA)

6,875.00

(1,100,000)

(For monitoring

relevant

parameters related

to Pre-

Construction

Activities)

2 Traffic congestion and

increased risk of road

traffic accidents and

injuries as a result of

movement of heavy

equipment

3 Occupational accidents

and injuries from the use

of machineries and

equipment

Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for

workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and

instruction; Provision of PPE to workers; Emergency

contingency plans; Education of workers;

Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid

onsite

HSE Plan Submitted

Workers using PPE

First Aid Provision

No of accidents and

injuries

HSE Statistics {First

Aid Cases (FAC), Lost

Time Injuries (LTI), etc}

Sighting

Routine/

Unannounced

Inspection

HSE Report

Construction

Site

Daily Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME, FMEnv,

NESREA

6,250.00

(1,000,000)

(For monitoring

relevant

parameters related

to Pre-

Construction

Activities

Site Clearing Suppress dust emissions by appropriate methods such

as spraying water on soil

Maintain vehicles in good working condition

Ensure exhaust fumes from vehicles conform to

applicable National standards and specifications

Suspended Particulates

(TSP, PM10, or

smaller), SO2, NOx, CO,

THC

Vehicle Exhaust

Measurements

Records of maintenance

for all machineries and

equipment

In-Situ

Measurement

Sighting

Construction

Site and

surrounding

area

Daily Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA (State)

WB

15,785.00

(2,525,000)

(Air Quality

Measurement

Equipment

4 Air quality deterioration

from release of dusts and

gaseous emissions from

exposed soil surfaces and

vehicles

5 Noise and vibration from

the use of machineries and

motorized equipment

Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to

reduce their noise levels

Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust

mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation

Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion

engines

Noise Levels (Not to

exceed 90dB(A)

No of Complaints

Records of Equipment

Maintenance

In-Situ

Measurement

Sighting

Complaint

Register

Construction

Site (high

activity areas)

and to some

extent transport

corridor

Daily Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

6,250.00

(1,000,000)

(Noise Level

Monitoring

equipment)

6 Vegetation loss from land

clearing Limit clearing strictly to necessary areas so as to

minimize the destruction of flora and fauna.

Re vegetate areas likely to be impacted with

indigenous plant species immediately

Clearly Defined

Boundaries

% of Vegetal Density

Loss/Vegetal cover

Diversity of indigenous

and exotic plant species

Visual

Observation

Visual Estimate

of Cover

Framed

Quadrants

Construction

Site

Once during site

clearing and

quarterly

afterwards

Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

Enugu State Min. of

Agriculture and Rural

Development

(ESMARD)

1,250.00

(200,000) 7 Disturbance/Destruction

of flora and fauna habitat

(ecosystem) and

displacement/destruction


42

S/

N


Parameters

Method of

Measurement

Sampling

Location

Frequency of

Monitoring


Monitoring


of fauna due to site

clearing

8 Exposure of soil to

erosion and loss of

quality from devegetation

Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the extent

possible

Protect all vegetation not required to be removed

against damage

Re vegetate exposed soil quickly

% of Vegetal Loss

Ratio of

Natural/Cultivated

Cover

Visual Estimate

Project area

where

vegetation was

cleared

Once during site

clearing and

quarterly

afterwards

Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

ESMARD

Refer to A7

9 Generation of vegetal

wastes and other cleared

materials from

devegetation and site

clearing activities

Prepare and Implement Waste Management Plan

(WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy

principles of avoid-reduce- reuse- recycle- disposal.

Ensure proper handling, stockpiling and disposal of

wastes (e.g cleared vegetation, timber, rubbles, etc.)

WMP Submitted

Contractor’s

Compliance to WMP

Waste Handling and

Disposal of Wastes

Sighting

Visual

Observation

Waste Tracking

Report

Construction

Site

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

Enugu State Waste

Management Agency

(ESWAMA)

1,250.00

(200,000)

10 Surface water

contamination as a result

of sediment run off from

exposed soils

Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other

similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run-

offs of sediment/silt to surface water

Surface Water Quality

(pH, TDS, TSS, BOD,

COD, Turbidity, THC,

Heavy Metals)

In-

Situ/Laboratory

Measurements

Discharge

point, mid-

stream &

downstream of

Ajali River

Once during Pre-

Construction

Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

WB

6,250.00

(1,000,000)

(Water Quality

Kits and

Laboratory Tests)

11 Risk of occupational

diseases such as

respiratory and eye

disorder, noise related

problems, stings and bites

as a result of exposures to

occupational hazards.

Implement site specific HSE plan

(See A3)

Contractors Compliance

Workers Using PPE

HSE Statistics (FAC,

LTI, etc)

Routine

Inspection

HSE Reports

Construction

Site

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMENV

Refer to A3


Site Structures






engines


exceed 90dB(A)


Maintenance

In-Situ

Measurement

Sighting

Construction

Site (high

activity areas)

and to some

extent transport

corridor

Daily Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

Refer to A5



motorized equipment

during construction of site

structures

13 Generation of

construction wastes Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP)

Promote waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and

recycling as applicable

Ensure proper handling, and disposal of wastes

(especially contaminated soil, concrete, oils, grease,

lubricants, metals, etc.)

Contractors Compliance

to WMP

Waste Handling and

Disposal

Visual

Observation

Waste Tracking

Report

Construction

Site

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

ESWAMA

Refer to A9

14 Risk of noise related

problems amongst

workers from exposure to

excessive noise.

Implement site specific HSE Plan and Noise Control

plan for workers to include use of hearing protective

devices (See A3)

No of workers using

hearing protective

devices (ear plugs)

Workers with noise

related problems

Routine

Inspection

HSE Report

Construction

Site

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

Refer to A3

Sub-Total 43,910 (7,025,000)

B CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Excavation , Borrowing,

Filling, Back filling and

Compaction

Suppress dust emissions by appropriate methods such

as spraying water on soil especially in windy

conditions

Minimize stockpile height and cover to avoid

dust/particulate emissions

Excavate in batches to minimize dust emissions

Carry out backfilling and compaction quickly to

Suspended

Particulates (TSP,

PM10, or smaller),

SO2, NOx, CO, THC

In-Situ

Measurement

Construction

Site, area of

high activity

and

surrounding

Daily (during

high activity

period and

weekly thereafter)

Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

WB

9,375.00

(1,500,000)

(For monitoring

relevant

parameters related

to these activities)

1 Air quality deterioration

from dusts generated

during excavation ,

borrowing, filling,


43

S/

N


Parameters

Method of

Measurement

Sampling

Location

Frequency of

Monitoring


Monitoring


backfilling and

compaction activities

prevent dusts from exposed loose soil


the use of heavy duty

vehicles during

excavation, borrowing,

backfilling and

compaction activities






engines


exceed 90dB(A)

No of Complaints


Maintenance

In-Situ

Measurement

Complaint register

Visual Observation

Construction

Site (high

activity areas)

Daily Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP SME

FMEnv

NESREA

Refer to B1

3 Gullying and soil erosion

from exposure of soil to

rain and wind

Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the extent

possible

Protect all vegetation not required to be removed

against damage

Apply best engineering practices to minimize soil

structure damage and adhere strictly to design

specifications

Work on exposed areas and re vegetate quickly

Control off-site storm & flood water before it reaches

areas being excavated to prevent run-off of sediment.

This can be achieved by construction of temporary

drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or

screens




% of Vegetal Loss

Compliance with

Design Specification

Ratio

Natural/Cultivated

Cover

Evidence of drainage

channels, retention

basins, silt fences etc

Visual Estimate/

Observation

Excavated

Area

Once during

project activity

and quarterly

afterwards

Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

Refer to B1

4 Slope instability and

landslides arising from

excavation in active areas

of the gully

5 Generation of Spoils Reuse excavated materials immediately as fill, or

stockpile for later use or dispose off appropriately

Ensure stockpile and disposal areas are stable and

protected against erosion and not interfere with run off

or subsequent construction activities. Stockpile to be

covered and stored in a sealed and bonded area in

order to prevent run-off

As part of the WMP, prepare and implement Spoil

Handling Management (SHM) Sub-Plan that will

identify how spoil will be handled, stockpiled, reused

and disposed

Spoil Handling

Management Sub-

Plan Submitted

Contractors

compliance

Visual Observation Construction

Site

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

ESWAMA

Refer to B1

625 .00

(100,000)

6 Predisposition of soil to

erosion resulting from

improper abandonment of

borrow pit

Develop and implement Site Reclamation Plan to

ensure that site is rehabilitated and restored to a safe

and stable state

Site Reclamation Plan

Submitted

Contractor’s

Compliance

Sighting

Visual Observation

At the worksite

and material

borrow area

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

Refer to B1

7 Water pollution due to

sedimentation and

siltation from runoff from

spoils

Control off-site storm and flood water before it reaches

areas being excavated to prevent run-off of sediment.

This can be achieved by construction of temporary

drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or

screens




Implement SHM Sub-Plan

Surface Water Quality

(pH, TDS, TSS,

BOD, COD,

Turbidity, THC,

heavy metals)

Contactor’s

Compliance to SHM

Sub-Plan (see B5)

In-Situ/ Laboratory

Measurements

Visual Observation

Discharge

point, mid-

stream and

downstream of

Ajali River

Construction

Site

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

WB

Refer to B1

3,750.00

(600,000)

(Water Quality

Laboratory Tests)

8 Damage to existing

underground public utility

cables and pipes during

excavation works and


Use utility survey maps to identify existing

underground facilities before excavation works to

prevent damages and disruption of services

Where a need for shut down of service is necessary, it

should be as temporal as possible to avoid significant

Complaints to Utility

Service Providers

Complaints Register

Visual Observation

Construction

Site (excavated

areas)

Daily during

excavation

Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

Enugu State Water

Corporation

(ESWC)

Refer to B1


44

S/

N


Parameters

Method of

Measurement

Sampling

Location

Frequency of

Monitoring


Monitoring


adverse effect on the people

9 Health and safety risks

associated with falls,

injuries & drowning of

humans/ animals in

improperly abandoned

borrow pits

Implement Site Reclamation Plan

Take appropriate measures to ensure borrow pits are

secured where borrow pit is likely to pose significant

risk after rehabilitation e.g. stock proof fencing in

concert with signages

Contractor’s

Compliance

Warning Signages

No of Incidents

Visual Inspection

Incident Reports

Construction

Site and

material

borrow area

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

Refer to B1


accidents and injuries

from the use of

machineries & equipment

Implement site specific HSE plan (see A3) HSE Statistics (FAC,

LTI, etc)

# Accidents/Injuries

Workers using PPEs

HSE Reports

Routine Inspection

Construction

Site

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

Refer to B1

Civil Engineering /Cement

Works Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to





engines


exceed 90dB(A)

No of Complaints


Maintenance

In-Situ

Measurement

Complaint Register

Visual Observation

Construction

Site (high

activity areas)

and to some

extent transport

corridor

Daily Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

12,500.00

(2,000,000)

(For monitoring

relevant

parameters related

to Civil

Engineering

Works)



motorized equipment

12 Soil contamination and

loss of soil quality from

waste water and spills of

oil and other petroleum

products from leakages

and/improper handling.

Implement WMP including measures to control oil

spillages.

Proper maintenance of equipment to avoid oil

spillages.

Refueling and maintenance of vehicles should conform

to best practices to ensure there are no spillages or

leakages.

Soil Quality Test

(Biological,

Chemical and

Physical Properties

such as Nitrate, pH,

Heavy Metals)

Contractor’s

Compliance

Evidence of leakages

of oil and fuels

In situ / Laboratory

Measurement

Visual Observation

Spot Check

Soil Quality

Sample Points

Construction

Site

Monthly

Daily

Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

WB

1,250.00

(200,000)

(Soil Quality

Laboratory Test)

Refer to B11

13 Waste generation from

cement and concrete

works such as cement

bags and metal scraps etc.

Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP)

Promote avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling;

Enhance proper handling and disposal of wastes

(especially contaminated soil or water, concrete,

demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, metals,

etc.)

Contractors

Compliance

Waste Handling, and

Disposal

Visual Observation

Waste Tracking

Report

Construction

Site

Weekly Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

ESWAMA

Refer to B11

1,250 .00

(200,000)

14 HIV/AIDS and other

STDs arising from

interactions amongst the

workforce and the host

community.

Provide education , guidance and counseling on

HIV/AIDS and other STDs for workers

Provide condoms to construction staff

No of workers

educated on IV/AIDS

& other STDs

Interview

Construction

Site

Once (before start

of construction)

CLO ESO-NEWMAP

Refer to B11


accidents and diseases

such as noise related

problems, respiratory and

eye disorders from

exposure to health and

safety hazards.

Implement site specific HSE plan (see A3) Contractors

compliance

Workers using PPE

HSE statistics (FAC,

LTI, etc)

Routine Inspection

HSE Reports

Construction

Site

Daily Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA (State)

Refer to B11

Transportation of

Construction Materials Implement the Traffic Management Plan (see A2)

Train drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety

Contractor’s

Compliance to TMP

Visual

Observation

Along

transport

Daily

Contractor ESO-NEWMAP

Refer to B11


45

S/

N


Parameters

Method of

Measurement

Sampling

Location

Frequency of

Monitoring


Monitoring


16 Injuries from accidental

discharge of sand and

stones during

transportation to site

Cover trucks vehicles conveying sand, stones, etc.

Complaints from

residents and other

road users

No of Road Traffic

Accidents (RTA)

No of Drivers Trained

Complaint

Register

Police/FRSC

Report

Interviews/

Training Records

corridor

Construction

Site

Once (during

construction)

FRSC

ESTMA

Police

9,375.00

(1,500,000)

(For monitoring

relevant

parameters related

to this activity

Operations of Site

Installations Implement the Waste Management Plan

Promote waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and

recycling;

Ensure proper handling and disposal of wastes

(especially oils, grease, lubricants, sanitary wastes,

metals, etc.)

Contractors

Compliance

Waste Handling and

Disposal

Visual Observation

Waste Tracking

Report

Construction

Site, base

camp,

workshops and

storage areas

Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP

ESWAMA

4,375.00

(700,000)

17 Waste generation from

site office & maintenance

activities such as used

containers, scraps and

office waste

18 Underground water

pollution from spillages

and leakages from oil

storage tanks.

Implement measures to control oil spillages &

procedures for storage handling of hazardous wastes

and raw materials (e.g. batteries, chemicals, fuels).

Ensure refueling, maintenance as well as storage of

diesel and oil conforms to best practices to ensure

there are no spillages or leakages

Ensure fuel storage tanks are leak-proof and checked

daily. The tanks should be installed in a bonded area

and should be replaced in cases of leakage;

Store oils in original drums and kept on top of

impermeable surface preferably in contractors store

Written Spills &Leaks

Response Procedures

Evidence of bond

around storage tanks

Visual Signs of

leakages of oils/ fuels

Underground Water

Quality (pH, TDS,

TSS, BOD, COD,

Turbidity, THC,

Heavy Metals)

Visual Observation

Spot Check

Lab Measurement

Storage Area

Water Quality

Sampling Point

Weekly

Monthly

Contractor

ESO-NEWMAP

SME

FMEnv

NESREA

WB

Refer to B11

4,500.00

(720,000)

(for Ground Water

Quality

Laboratory Test)


accidents and injuries

from activities carried out

in site offices and

workshop including

maintenance works

Implement site specific HSE plan (see A3) Contractors

Compliance

Workers using PPE

HSE Statistics (FAC,

LTI, etc)

Routine Inspection

HSE Reports

Site Offices

and Workshops

Weekly

Contractor ESO-NEWMAP

Refer to B17

Sub-Total 47,000 (7,520,000)

C OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

Maintenance of Erosion

Control Structures Develop and implement HSE Manual

Train maintenance and other workers on HSE

Provision of PPE to workers

HSE Manual

Submitted

HSE statistics

Contractors

Compliance

Training Records

Workers using PPE

Sighting

HSE Reports

Routine Inspection

Project Site Monthly

PC-NEWMAP SME -

1 Occupational accidents

and injuries as a result of

falling and tripping during

routine maintenance

Watershed Land Management Ensure contingency plan is in place to address

emergency situation at the twin water reservoirs

Ensure routine maintenance of the twin water

reservoirs

Use of automatic water tank level controller

Implementation of

Contingency Plan

Maintenance

Records/Logs

Sighting

Visual Observation

Ajali Water

Works

Annually ESWC PC-NEWMAP -

2 Reoccurrence of gully

erosion due to damage to

erosion control structures

as a result of uncontrolled

outflow from water tanks

3 Land dispute /communal

clash due to influx of

people to take advantage

of reclaimed land

Implement existing administration and land ownership

system in place in the community

Host

community

(Nsude)

As required CLO ES ML

Nsude Community

Head

-

Grand Total Cost of Monitoring 90,910.00

(14,545,600) Conversion Rate = 1:160


46

Funding Arrangement

Reporting

Mo

nit

ori

ng

& s

up

erv

isio

n

7.5.2 Institutional Arrangements

The proposed institutional arrangement for the ESMP implementation is shown in Figure 7.1

Enugu State Govt

FMEnv

SME

Reporting

SPMU

(PC, ESO, SLO)

Reporting

Contractor

(Environmental Officer/ Site Engineer/

Independent Consultant)

World Bank and Other Financing

Agencies

External Monitoring

Figure 7.1: Institutional Arrangement for ESMP Implementation

7.5.3 Capacity Building and Training

Training is essential for ensuring that the ESMP provisions are implemented efficiently and effectively. Based

on the assessment of the institutional capacities of the different agencies that will be involved in the

implementation of the ESMP, the following broad areas of capacity building have been identified and

recommended for the SPMU and other agencies for effective implementation of the ESMP.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);

Environmental and Social Management Plan;

Environmental Monitoring and Audit;

Pollution Control Management;

Environmental Reporting;

Constriction HSE.

The type of trainings proposed to be organized during the project period and estimated cost is given in Table

7.4. The costs estimates are based on the assumption that the training program will be held in Enugu; resource

persons are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants

will come from institutions at the federal and state levels.

7.5.3.1 Training of Contractor Personnel

The Contractor will be required to provide sufficient training to his workforce in order to ensure they are fully

aware of the relevant aspects of the ESMP and are able to fulfill their roles and functions. This training will be

a requirement of contract for the Contractor. Specific training should be provided for workers that have specific

tasks associated with the implementation of the ESMP. Training should include:

Training on General Environmental Awareness to foster the implementation of environmentally sound

practices.

Induction Courses

Refresher Courses

Daily Tool Box Talks. Table 7.4: Proposed Training Programme for the Implementation of ESMP

Capacity Building Activity Proposed Topics Target Audience Duration Estimated Budget $

(N)

Module 1:

Training on Environmental and

Social Management Plan

Implementation

Overview of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Process

Overview of Anticipated Impacts of Project

Environmental Pollution & Control

Environmental and Social Management Plan

Environmental Performance Monitoring – Monitoring

Mitigation Measures in ESMP

Environmental Reporting

Relevant staff of FMEnv (EA,

EFCZM), Officers of SPMU, SME,

ESWAMA, and other relevant

MDAs LGA departments, NGOs,

CBOs.

8 days 30,000

(4,800,000)

Module 2:

Training on Construction HSE Introduction to Construction HSE

Overview of Health and Safety Hazards in Construction

Incidents: Causation, Investigation & Reporting

Excavation Safety

Construction Site Inspection

Personal Protective Equipment

Relevant staff of FMEnv (EA,

EFCZM), Officers of SPMU, SME,

ESWAMA, and other relevant

MDAs LGA departments, NGOs,

CBOs.

5 days 18,750

(3,000,000)

TOTAL 13 days

$48,750

(N7,800,000)


47

7.6 Implementation Schedule

The activities related to environmental management and monitoring have to be integrated in the overall

construction schedule. The main steps are shown in Table 7.5. As discussed, most of the environmental

management actions are standard or "good housekeeping" measures applicable to construction projects. These

have to be observed throughout the construction activities and are shown as one overall activity. The key

elements of the implementation schedule presented in Table 7.5 include the following:

- Inclusion of environmental and social requirements in bid documents and contract;

- Review and approval of Contractor’s ESMP;

- Preparation and submission of construction schedule;

- Implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures;

- Environmental Auditing; and

- Monitoring and reporting of ESMP implementation.

Table 7.5: Tentative ESMP Implementation Schedule S/N Activity Responsibility Pre-Construction Construction Operation &

Maintenance

Environmental & Social Management 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1 Clearance and formal disclosure of ESMP NEWMAP

2 Inclusion of Environmental & Social Requirements in

Bid Documents

NEWMAP

3 Inclusion of ESMP in Contract Documents NEWMAP

4 Review and Approval of Contractor’s ESMP FMEnv

SME

5 Implementation of ARAP NEWMAP

6 Environmental/ ESMP Trainings Contractor/ HSE Consultant

7 Implementation of Mitigation Measures Contractor

8 Supervising ESMP Implementation NEWMAP

9 Environmental Auditing FMEnv, SME

10 Monitoring and Reporting on ESMP Implementation Contractor, NEWMAP SME,

FMEnv

Construction

1 Competitive Bidding for Contract Contractor

2 Contract Awarded and Signed NEWMAP

3 Preparation and Submission of Construction Schedule Contractor

4 Contractor Mobilizes to Site* Contractor

5 Finalizing Site Layout Plan of Construction Contractor

6 Site Clearing Contractor

7 Installation of Equipment and Site Structures Contractor

8 Excavation , Borrowing, Filling, Backfilling and

Compaction

Contractor

9 Civil Engineering /Cement Works Contractor

10 Transportation of Construction Materials Contractor

11 Operations of Site Installations Contractor

12 Vegetation Contractor

13 Maintenance of Erosion Control Structures Contractor

* Construction cannot begin until ARAP is implemented

7.6.1 Contractual Measures

It has been mentioned that most of the mitigation measures, since they are to be implemented during the

construction period, will be the obligation of the Contractor. For this it is important that the measures as

described in this ESMP be included in the tender documents, with appropriate flexibility to adjust these

measures to site circumstances, and that the potential contractor will have to prepare their proposals taking into

account these measures.

To ensure compliance, the requirements will be translated into a suite of environmental specifications that are

written in the same language style and format as the rest of the contract document, thereby ensuring that the

environmental and social controls integrate seamlessly into the tender document and are presented in a familiar

form to the Contractor. This approach will ensure that that obligations are clearly communicated to contractors

and that submitted tenders have taken into account and budgeted for the environmental and social requirements

specified in the ESMP.

It will also have to be stated clearly in the tender documents, that non-inclusion of these measures in the

proposal will lead to a disqualification of the proponent. Likewise, the contract with the successful bidder

should contain these environmental management measures as firm conditions to be complied with


48

7.7 Cost Estimates

To effectively implement the mitigation and monitoring measures recommended in this ESMP, necessary

provision will have to be made. The cost of these measures have been estimated and included in the ESMP.

The estimated costs include the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices,

cost of capacity building, cost of environmental monitoring and cost of mitigation by Enugu-NEWMAP. The

cost of mitigation by the Contractor will be included in the contract as part of the implementation cost by the

Contractor. The total estimated cost for the ESMP implementation and monitoring is US$149,160

(N23,865,600). Details of cost estimations are given in Table 7.6.

Table 7.6: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP

S/N Item Responsibilities Estimated Budget Dollars Naira

1 Mitigation Contractor To be included in contract cost ENUGU-NEWMAP 9,500 1,520,000

2 Monitoring ENUGU- NEWMAP, SME, ESMANR,

ESWC, ESWAMA, ESML, FMEnv,

NESREA, FRSC, ESTMA, Police, WB

90,910 14,545,600

3 Capacity Building ENUGU-NEWMAP 48,750 7,800,000

Total 149,160 23,865,600

7.8 ESMP Disclosures

After review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and host LGA

offices as well as the World Bank Info Shop. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project

activities; impacts anticipated and proposed environmental management actions.


49

CHAPTER EIGHT: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

8.1 Introduction

Public consultation is a germane instrument for assuring social inclusion and sustainable development in public

projects. As a requirement by both World Bank and the Federal Ministry of Environment for development

project such as this, public consultation began at the early stage of the project during the preparation of the

ESMF and RPF and shall be a continuum throughout the entire project cycle. During this assignment, public

consultation was helpful not only in the identification and participation of the relevant stakeholders and

community but also in ensuring that they assume ownership and drive the smooth conduct of the ESMP

preparation by making suggestions and volunteering information on the history of gully erosion in the

community, nature of social/community organization and women participation, perceptions about the project,

envisaged impacts and mitigations, expectations from the project, community needs, stakeholder and

community commitment and responsibilities towards project successful implementation.

8.2 Approach for Identification and Participation of Stakeholders

The existing documents prepared by NEWMAP such as the PAD, PIM, ESMF and RPF clearly stated the

stakeholders to be identified in the project stakeholders including the MDAs at the Steering Technical

Committee. The ESMF and RPF expressly underpinned the need to constitute a site committee and of the

essence of working in collaboration with community association and NGOs. Therefore, with facilitation

support from NEWMAP-PMU stakeholders identified and consulted included: Participating State MDAs,

Traditional Rulers, Community Leaders, Community Association Members, Women Groups, Youths and

NGOs/CBOs. Consultation was carried out through meetings held at two – levels, viz;

At Stakeholder Level: The forum was used to engage the various MDAs on the project, shared thoughts

on their participations and capacity to implement their tasks. It helped to evaluate capacity strengths and

weaknesses with a view to ensuring that gaps are filled within the context of NEWMAP project

implementation and supervision responsibilities. Participants comprised of representatives from the SME,

ESMLUD, ESWC, ESMARD and POVINAA NGO. The attendance sheet is attached as Annex 2.

At Community Level: The essence of the community consultation which was held in the project

community was amongst other things to accord the people of the area the right due them as primary

beneficiaries of the project. It served as a platform to identify the various social strata in the community,

elicit information, questions and concerns relevant to the project, ascertain the nature of impacts of the

project from the community perspective and livelihood based issues that might be supported by the present

project or other future development projects. Participants at the community meeting comprised of the

traditional ruler, community leaders, women, youths, site committee members and community association

members. The attendance sheet is attached as Annex 6.

8.3 Summary of Public Consultation

The proceedings of the consultations took the following form:

- Introduction of project to stakeholders and community members.

- Sensitization on environmental and social safeguards.

- Entertainment of questions and comments from stakeholders.

- Addressing concerns raised by stakeholders.

Tables 8.1 and 8.2 present summary of the proceedings and outcome of the two fora:

Table 8.1: Summary of Stakeholders Meeting with MDAs and Community

Venue of Meeting Enugu NEWMAP office, NO. 73, Coal City Garden Estate, GRA

Date of Meeting March 14, 2014

Participation Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Land & Urban Development, Enugu State Water Corporation, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, ESEPC, POVINAA NGO, NEWMAP PMU, Consultants, Ameke Ngwo Community and Nsude

Community

Introduction The Project Coordinator NEWMAP gave an overview of the agenda and led the introduction of Consultants and stakeholders present at the meeting.

The Consultant explained the objectives of the project and the World Bank and Federal Government policies on environmental

and social safeguards as it relates to the project. They admonished stakeholders to ask questions, express their concerns, perceptions about the project and inputs they would want project sponsors to factor in for project implementation. The

importance of having desk officers from the MDAs was reiterated by the consultant and was corroborated by the representative

of the Permanent. Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, who said that bureaucracy, could disrupt the pace or success of the project if specifications for persons needed as desk officers for the project is not given.


50

Questions and Concerns 1. Engr. Calistus and Christian Ukwuani from Ngwo community asked about the choice of the sites at Ajali in Nsude and

Ngwo in Ameke for remediation since they are not the only sites threatened by the erosion. They advocated for site inspections to be carried out to unravel more threatening sites.

2. They observed that the cattle rearers have over time been a continuous menace, vandalising the pipelines carrying

effluents from the Coca-Cola Bottling Company in order to provide drinking water for their cattle 3. Concern was also raised about overgrazing by the herdsmen in the farms and green areas that had been reserved to check

erosion. It was mentioned that the influx of cattle and the rearers from the neighbouring Benue and Nassarawa States as a

result of the deadly clashes between the herdsmen and farmers had increased the number of erosion sites. 4. Representative of the Water Corporation said that Nsude is not enjoying water supply from the Corporation because of

the threats their facilities are under. He said that the effluents from Coca-Cola is washing off the sand fast, exposing their

underground pipes and fast approaching the twin tanks, making distribution of water to other parts of Enugu impossible. He also said that efforts in the past to repair the pipes with concrete conveyance method and PVC have proved abortive

because of the soil structure which is loose.

5. The Consultant asked the representative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources about species to be planted since the engineering and vegetation must go hand in hand during this Project. He further suggested that non-edible (non-

graze able) species be planted in order to check the problem of overgrazing.

6. He also asked the representative of the State Water Corporation about what contingency plans are in place in the advent of another emergency.

7. The LAP consultant asked the representative of the Ministry of Environment if there is a State law to ensure compliance

with pollution abatement by industries.

How questions and concerns

were resolved

The concerns and questions were addressed in the following manner:

1. Inventory of erosion threatened sites in the State are known. The number of sites for intervention is constrained by

funding. The two sites approved for intervention are big active sites and therefore accorded high priority. 2 & 3. The issues of activities of herdsmen and overgrazing will be brought to the fore of government to enforce existing

laws on overgrazing and vandalization of public facilities. Community members should be watch wards by reporting cases to

government through their community heads. 4. A multiple-approach response to gully erosion check including cutting & filling, bio-engineering and gabion construction

have been developed to ensure sustainability of the project The Project Coordinator responded by assuring the

stakeholders that the World Bank is a very reputable organisation that does not compromise on standards and is very familiar with jobs of this nature having handled similar jobs in Brazil, etc., and that issues of soil stabilisation will be

taken into consideration while undertaking any intervention.

5. The representative of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources admitted the need to plant species such as chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver grass) but also stated that there are edicts concerning overgrazing and

grazing limits and that there was a need for a meeting between the Ministry and the cattle rearers in order to educate them

on those laws.

6. Emergency shut-down and repairs are carried out by the Water Corporation immediately in the advent of emergencies.

7. The drafted laws available were yet to be passed into law by the Enugu State House of Assembly. The Ministry of

Environment currently depends on existing Federal laws.

Commitment and recommendations

a. The representative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources promised that his Ministry will recommend and encourage planting soil stabilizing plant species and that these species could be given to farmers to be spread along

erosion prone sites. He also stressed that the Forestry division of the Ministry works hand in hand with the Ministry of Environment.

b. Other MDAs present promised to be responsive to their functions to NEWMAP

c. The Consultants informed the stakeholders that further awareness on ESMP& LAP including training will be recommended for effective project implementation.

d. It was informed that their inputs are highly regarded and will be mainstreamed into the Reports, while stating that the

Reports (ESMP/LAP) will be disclosed/displayed in the public domain for their view and comments.

Table 8.2: Summary of Public Consultation with the Nsude (Ajali Works) Community Meeting Date 15th March, 2014

Meeting Venue Primary Health Centre Field, Nsude

Attendance The meeting was attended by the traditional ruler, Community leaders, Women , Youths, Site Committee Members,

Community Association Members and the Consultant

Preamble The President General of Nsude Development Union welcomed the participants and thanked them for responding to the call for

the community forum. He said that the meeting was a continuation of the stakeholder’s meeting held in Enugu involving

stakeholder MDAs, Enugu NEWMAP and the host communities of the erosion devastating communities, particularly those from sites selected for intervention. He informed the community of the outcome of the meeting held in Enugu, stating that the

Nsude community made a presentation in the meeting which informed the need for the Consultant’s planned visit to have a

closer meeting with the community. He asked the community to receive the consultant in their midst and use the opportunity to interact with him on issues that affect them.

The Consultant told the community that the State government in partnership with international funding partners is concerned

with the plight of the community who has experienced gully erosion that had ravaged the area and depleted the available land. The essence of the intervention is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce long term erosion vulnerability in the area.

Although the planned intervention does not involve displacement of persons, or significant land take, the project sponsors are

mindful of the impact of expropriation and wants to ensure that where land take is required the right process that recognizes the right of land owners and users is followed.

Overview of Ajalli site land

ownership and effect of project on socio-cultural

ordinance of the community

An elder of the community, Chief (Hon) E. O. Nweze stated that the Ajali erosion site is located in Ugwuto Nsude and that the

Ajali water work is sited in a community land ceded to government in 1974 for Ajali water work project. He regretted that despite ceding their land in expectation of portable water from government, the community still suffers from acute lack of

portable water while facing gully erosion devastation caused by poor management of washout water from the storage reservoir.

There is however, no effect of the project on any historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artifacts, native religious sites of the Nsude community.

Perception of community

about the project

Many speakers from the community stated their delight for the planned intervention and hoped that this is not another dream

chase promise based on their previous experiences.

Concerns and questions raised 1. Members of the community were surprised that only the Ajali site was listed for intervention in Nsude living out other

sites which are also of high priority to them. They want NEWMAP to come to their aid in other erosion threatened sites in


51

the community

2. They observed that the cattle rearers have over time been a continuous menace, vandalising the pipelines carrying effluents from the Coca-Cola Bottling Company in order to provide drinking water for their cattle

3. The community complained about lack of drinking water and the high cost of buying water for domestic use. They want

the abandoned reservoir in Amagu Nsude to be put to use. 4. They stated that government had made many unfulfilled promises in the past about solving erosion problems in the area,

and wanted to be assured that it will not be like the previous promises.

5. They want all issues discussed to be documented and copied to them. 6. The community wants their youths and women to be assisted by the project through employment and other livelihood

support programs.

How concerns were addressed 1. The community was informed that the number of sites for intervention is constrained by funding. The two sites approved

for intervention in the State are big active sites and therefore accorded high priority. They were however, asked to bring an imagery of the concerned sites for presentation to the government for their consideration in future interventions.

2. The issue of activities of herdsmen and overgrazing will be brought to the fore of government for appropriate rapid intervention;

3. As concerning lack of drinking water, it is envisaged that the present intervention will be followed with rehabilitation of

the water work since the gully erosion incidence is the key set back 4. The community was informed that World Bank is an organisation that does not compromise on standards and its

reputation hence, will not identify with unfulfilled project promises

5. The Consultant assured them that the entire Reports will be disclosed at strategic places including within their domain for their assessment,

6. The NEWMAP informed the community that their youth and women will be given consideration for job engagement

during construction

Commitment of the community to project

sustainability

The community promised to be part of the project implementation by undertaking the following:

Providing security for the contractor personnel and equipment,

Ensuring compliance with the prohibition of disposal of solid waste into the drain ways

Providing information at any point about the community that may aid the consultants/contractors in carrying out their

works.

8.4 Community Concerns and Perceptions

8.4.1 Community Perception of Project Intervention

The community reiterated that previous measures for handling erosion in the Ajali water work land had failed

because of the peculiar fragile nature of the area. As a result of the fragile nature of the soil any little run-off

creates gully. They advised that in addition to creating embankment and drainage, NEWMAP should consider

finding bio-natural measures of combating erosion (such as a forestation) that will help soil stabilization of the

area. The community also frowned at the activities of migrant herdsmen in the area, whose grazing activities

are also linked to soil fragmentation. The herdsmen according to them sometimes break public water

conveyance pipes to provide drinking water to their cattle. They want the government to take a strong

stand/policy that will prohibit cattle grazing in the community lands.

8.4.2 Community Perception of Impact of the Gully Erosion in the Project Area

The impacts enumerated by members of the community attributed to the gully erosion include:

Devastation of community farm land;

Depletion of land and alteration of land use;

Destruction of public utility such as water conveyance pipes and its attendant untold water hardship;

Threat to live and community fragmentation

Leaching of soil nutrients and low productivity of crops

Increase in cost of leasing of land for farming and other purposes

8.4.3 Perceived Development Needs of the Community and Expectations from the Project

Community members expressed their expectations from the project as follows:

The abandoned water reservoir at Amagu-Nsude should be rehabilitated and made functional;

Supply of sand to the contractor;

Employment/empowerment of youths and women in the area.

Future expectations of the community from NEWMAP/government of the State in respect of development are:

Construction of the 25km stretch Native Authority road from Owa to Enugu Ngwo;

Erosion control at Ekpe Okpulor Nsude, Amagu and Umuaka Nsude.

Renovation of public primary schools in the area

8.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism

Although public consultation is embarked upon to ensure social sustainability and to eliminate crises, it is not

inconceivable to expect complaints or grievances related to this project. As a proactive measure, a grievance

address mechanism has been addressed in the ESMF of the project.


52

8.6 Recommendations

The following recommendations were drawn from the views expressed by stakeholders.

a. Priority should be given to local workers during the implementation phase. This would likely lead to

fewer social/public health problems at the community levels.

b. Enugu NEWMAP should keep in view the critical erosion sites threatening the community with a view

to considering them for intervention in the possible additional financing of the project. In the meantime

State government should be informed about these inventoried critical sites for its action.

c. There is need to continue to carry the community along during project implementation and to mobilize

them to provide community security for personnel working on site.

d. The issue of activities of herdsmen and overgrazing should be brought to the fore of the State

government for appropriate rapid intervention.

e. There is need to rehabilitate the Ajali water works to provide potable water to the people of the project

area to mitigate the sufferings of the people in the area of water need, especially women. This will also

improve hygiene and reduce potential public health crises.

f. Site committee members should be drawn from the community and trained on how to supervise,

maintain and manage the project during and after the intervention phase to ensure sustainability even

beyond the project cycle.


53

REFERENCES

African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 7(9), pp. 891-898, September 2013

David Smith and Clive Careen (2008). Managing the Environment the ISO 14001 Way

Enugu State Government (2012): Enugu State Government Mandates, Structure, Organization and

Functions of Public Service

EPA (2010): Guideline for Stockpile Management: Waste and waste derived products for recycling

and reuse

FEPA (1991): S.I.15 - National Environmental Protection Management of Solid and Hazardous Waste

Regulation

FEPA (1991): Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria

FMEnv (2005): National Erosion and Flood Control Policy.

James C. Nwafor (2006): Environmental Impact Assessment for sustainable development - The

Nigeria perspective

Lochner, P. (2005): Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No ENV-S-C 2005-

053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of

Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.

Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project (2011) – Environmental and Social Management

Framework

Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project (2011) – Resettlement Policy Framework

UNEP (2002): Environmental Impact Assessment, Training Resource Manual

World Bank (1999 ): Environmental Management Plan , OP 4.01 - Annex C

World Bank (1996): Environmental Performance Monitoring and Supervision Update No 14

World Bank (1999): Environmental Performance Indicators

World Bank (2009): Little Green Data Book


54

ANNEX 1

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE PREPARATION OF ESMP

1.0 Background

2.0 Objective and Scope of the Consultancy

The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Ajali

Water Works sub-project in Enugu State intervention sites.

The consultant will work in close collaboration with the engineering design consultants and NEWMAP State Project

Management Unit’s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the

sequencing of the technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to receive the draft

technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical variants of the proposed activities and also in return

inform the technical design consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental

situation on the ground.

In this intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design.

These sub-watersheds are an average of four square kilometres in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account

the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or

managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The consultant will assess natural resources and

infrastructure potentially affected during project implementation and operation and selects the management strategies

needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated.

3.0 Tasks of the Consultant

(a) Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies;

(b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions;

(c) Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed

during a heavy hour-long rainfall);

(d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in

consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may

reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;

(e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management

in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may

reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;

(f) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the

mitigation measures described above (in a-e);

(g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation

and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action,

financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each

implementing agency;

(h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies

responsible for implementation;

(i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and

coordination with overall project implementation plans; and

(j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform

accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

(k) The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments

at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels.

4.0 Other Issues to be addressed in the ESMP

The following socio-economic issues shall be addressed in the ESMP:

A summary of the impacted communities for the project: location, access, population (number, demographic and

social characteristics); economy (employment rate, income distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy) and

housing. Concern is the ability to provide work force, service new development and absorb and adjust to growth

(worker/family).

A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups, determined through thoroughly documented

discussions with local communities. These meetings and discussions must be documented and should show how

issues and problems raised are or will be resolved.

Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artifacts, native

religious or harvest sites of the affected communities and identification or development of mechanisms for handling

chance findings.


55

Information will be gathered from field surveys and secondary data sources (interviews, structured questionnaires, in-

depth interviews and focus group discussions).

5.0 Outline and Substance of the ESMP Report

The ESMP Report shall be presented in a concise format containing all studies, processes, analyses, tests and

recommendations for the proposed intervention. The report shall focus on the findings, conclusions and any recommended

actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used. The ESMP report will include

the following topics, organized in a suggested outline that can be adjusted for local needs:

Cover page

Table of contents

List of acronyms and their definitions

Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Introduction

Description of the proposed intervention

Rationale for ESMP

Map

Chapter 2: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management

Discussion of the World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity

Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks

Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment

Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions

Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Characteristics and Consultation with Stakeholders

Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access,

existing community structures – at watershed, community, household, and individual levels

Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area

Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons

Other topics as relevant

Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives

Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project

Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection, including short description of likely

future scenario without intervention;

Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project

Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), including:

Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures

Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities

Capacity building plan

Public consultation plan

Description of grievance redress mechanism(in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation

Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities

Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project

Costs of implementing the ESMP

Chapter 7: Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion

Annex 1: List of Persons Met

Annex 2: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies

Annex 3 : General Environnemental management conditions for the contracts, civil Works/ Constructions

Annex 4: References

Annex5: Summary of the database of information collected for ESMP

Annex6: Maps

Annex7: Photos


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ANNEX 2

STAKEHOLDERS ATTENDANCE SHEET


57

ANNEX 3

SUMMARY OF TRIGGERED WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD

POLICIES

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). This policy requires environmental assessment (EA) of

projects/investments proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound

and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of

each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of ESMP process. Proposed projects

are classified into one of four categories (A, B, C, and FI) depending on the type, location, sensitivity

and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. The Ajali

Water Works gully erosion site rehabilitation project is classified as ‘Category B” according to the

World Bank categorization and as “Category II” according to the Nigeria EIA requirement, implying

that the potential environmental and social impacts will be minor, site specific and manageable to a

reasonable level. This ESMP has been prepared in response to OP 4.01.

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both

result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking land

resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income

sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or

(b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in

adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. For the proposed project, land will need to

be acquired during civil works. Precisely, about 8m of land is expected to be taken from the edge of the

gully (this land would have otherwise been claimed by the gully if left unrepaired). An ARAP is

therefore expected to be prepared as a stand-alone document in order to plan and define management

procedures for resettlement.

Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats like other measures that protect and

enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. This policy seeks to

ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the

conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which

natural habitats provide to human society. OP 4.04 is triggered because the project will be implemented

near natural habitats and as such necessary measures to minimize any adverse environmental and social

impacts will have to be considered. However, the project is not going to be implemented in a critical

natural habitat nor will it involve significant conversion or degradation of natural habitat. It is

noteworthy to state that the natural habitat has been modified largely by farming, grazing and

deforestation. Ultimately, the proposed project will help restore the natural habitats through the

prevention of continual degradation from erosion.

Disclosure of Information (OP 17.50). This policy requires that all safeguards policy documents

prepared for projects funded by the Bank be disclosed to the public at two levels: (1) In-Country

disclosure at domains accessible to stakeholders, (2) At World Bank infoshop.


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ANNEX 4

HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE ESMP OF NEWMAP: SOCIO-ECONOMICS Brief Introduction of the intervention

Section A : Household Composition

Please report the household composition. Please note: A “household” includes all members of a common decision making unit (usually within one residence) that are sharing the same household resources. These include dependents who are away from home.

PID* Name of hh member above 15

years old

Age Relationship to

household head1

Gender

1=male 2=female

Level of

education2

Primary

Activity3

Number of

years in school

1

2

3

4

5

6

* PID = Personal identification number 1 Relationship to head: 1=head, 2=spouse, 3=child, 4=siblings, 5=other family member, 6=non-family member, 99=others 2 Level of education: 1=no formal education, 2= adult literacy training, 3=some primary education, 4=completed primary education, 5=some secondary

education (incl. junior secondary school), 6=completed secondary education, 7=post-secondary education, 8=Koranic education, 99=others 3 Primary activity: 1=crop production, 2=livestock production, 3= fisheries, 4=forest production and/or harvesting 5=Agricultural Trading business

6=Non-Agricultural Trading business 7 = Transportation business 8 = Agricultural processing 9 = Formal private employment 10= Construction 11 =

Mining/quarrying 12 = Public sector employment/ 13 = Domestic duties 14 = student In school (any type), 15=Retired, 16= unemployed, 17=handcraft, 18=artisans (incl. mechanics), 19=traditional medical practitioners 99=Others (specify

A 2. Children below 16 years

Total Female Male

1. Household members 0 - 5 years old

2. Household members 6 -10 years old

3. Household members 10-15 years old

12. How much do you spend on food on average every day in your household ----------------------------- 13. How much did your household spend on food in the last seven days ------------------------

Section B : Sources of income and livelihood

1. What is your regular source of income ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------

2. How much did you earn in the last one month ---------------------------------------------------------- 3. If you are in a wage employment, how much do you receive monthly --------------------------------

4. Did you receive any financial or in-kind support from relatives, friends or charitable organizations in the last 12 months? Yes=1, No = 2

_________ 5. 2. If yes, complete the following table. If no, proceed to other sources of income

Source of financial support 1. Total amount (cash) received in the

last 12 months (Naira)

2. Value of in-kind support received in the

last 12 months (Naira)

1. Relatives & family members away from home

2. friends

3. charitable organizations from outside this community

4. Mutual support groups (local)

5. other sources financial support (specify)

Other sources of income (This excludes wage and salary employment, including agricultural employment on others farms)

Non-farm activities

6. Did you engage in non-farm income activities in the last 12 months? Yes = 1, No = 2 _______ 7. If yes, How much did you realize --------------------------------------------------------------

8. Do you have access to credit facilities? Yes = 1, No = 2

9. What are your sources of credit facilities? 1 Relatives, friends & family members-------- (2) Microfinance Banks -------------------------- (3) Commercial Banks ---------------------------- (4) Cooperative association -------------------

10. Number and value of household non-productive assets (NB Value is seeking for the estimated value of the assets in their prevailing state as at

time of the survey)

Number Present Value (Naira)

1 House (main house)

2 Others buildings (i.e. others huts, kitchen)

3 Furniture

4 Furnishings e.g, mat, mattress

5 Household Appliances e.g Kettle, Flat iron, etc

6 Electronic Equipment e.g., Radio, Cassette, TV

8. Non-commercial vehicle (e.g. saloon car)

9. Satellite dishes

10. Others household assets


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Land access & holding (hectares) in the last 12 months

1. Area irrigated 2. Rainfed area 3. Land under non-agricultural

uses

1 Total land owned (ha)

2. Total Value of the land owned (Naira)

3 Total land rented in (ha)

4.Total land rented out (ha)

5 Rental rate (Naira/ha per season)

6 Total land borrowed in (ha)

7 Total land under cultivation (ha)

Section C: Availability of Amenities Especially Portable Water

1) How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in this community? Please use the most applicable of the phrases provided:

Amenities Non-existent Existent but inadequate Adequate but unreliable Adequate and Reliable

Roads to your locality

Roads within your locality

Schools in the locality

Public health institutions

Portable water

Public electricity

Communication facilities (postal

service, telephone)

Public recreation facilities

2. What are the major sources of water available to your household?

i. River …………………… vi. Borehole_ (commercial)__________ ii. Pond ……………………… vii. Borehole (private)_______

iii Rain water …………………….. viii. Commercial tanker________

iv Public pipe-borne water …………ix. Water Vendor v Mono pump ………………………x. Well water_________

xi Package water xii Others (specify)

3. What is the primary source of electricity/light to your town/community?

i. Hurricane lamp iv. State Government Utilities board

ii. Private generators v. Company/Companies operating in your community iii. Community generators vi. NEPA (National grid)

4. What is the main fuel used for cooking?

i. Firewood v. Electricity

ii. Charcoal vi. Crop residue/ saw dust iii. Kerosene/oil vii. Animal wastes

iv. Gas viii. Others (specify)

5. Indicate the types of educational infrastructure in your locality/community

Types Exists (yes/no) Near from my house

(yes/no)

Private/public In good

condition

(yes/no)

Nursery

Primary

Secondary

Islamic school

Technical/Vocational

Adult Education Centre

School for handicapped

Teacher training

College of Education

Tertiary Institutions

6. Indicate types/ of health care institutions in your community

Types Exists (yes/no) Near from

my house

(yes/no)

Medical personnel

always available

(yes/no)

Drugs in stock most

times (yes/no)

Hospital (public)

Hospital ((private)

Maternity

Dispensary

Health center

Private clinic

Patent medicine store

Pharmacy (chemist)

Traditional healing home


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7. What is the occupancy status of the dwelling used? (i) Owns the dwelling ------------ (ii) Rents the dwelling------------ (iii) Pays nominal/subsidized rent ------------ (iv) Uses without paying rent----------------

-- (v) Nomadic or temporary dwelling ----------------

8. What type of document do you have to back your occupancy status? (i) Certificate of occupancy Leasehold---------- (ii) Freehold----------- (iii) Tenancy agreement------------- (iv) Receipt for payment----------------- (v) None-----------------

SECTION D: GULLY /EROSION AND IMPACTS

1 Are you concerned about the menace of gully/erosion in Ajalli site? Yes …………… No………………

2. If yes does it pose a threat to your source of livelihood? Yes…… No……….

3 Are you worried about any/or all of the following due to the gully spread? (tick as applicable)

a. depletion of land for agriculture and housing b. sub-merging and destruction of houses

c. destruction of public utility facilities such as water pipelines

d. leaching and low agricultural productivity

4. Do you think that the proposed erosion control work will affect the archeological/cultural property and right of your household or community?

Yes……… No………….

6. Is your land/farm located within the Ajalli erosion site? Yes……..No………..

7. Is any portion of your land or house endangered by gully erosion in any other part of the community? Yes…………No……… 8. Aside the Ajalli erosion site are there other erosion site also critical in your community? Yes…. No ………

9. If yes can you state the name of the site (s) a. ……………………………………………………………..

b……………………………………………………………….

10. How do you suggest that the erosion problem in this community can be arrested?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. Do you have any expectation from this project/contractor during implementation? Yes….No ………

12. If yes, please list your expectations

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………


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ANNEX 5

GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION

CONTRACTS General

1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and

Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work

strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for

execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance

requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating

equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing

activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for

the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities.

(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out.

(d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation

channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

(e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the

biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.

(f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of

works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.

(g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products or any

other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc.(i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking

water facilities are provided in construction workers camps.

(j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation.

(k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant

adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of

monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and

unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to

oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out

similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption

resulting from implementation of any works.

Worksite/Campsite Waste Management

6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain

spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations.

7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system

in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally.

9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the

potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis.

11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result

in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality.

Material Excavation and Deposit

12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas.

13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land.

14. New extraction sites:

a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas.

b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources,

borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence

of government authorities having a mandate for their protection.

d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted.

e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with

shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.


62

15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than

two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile

areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings.

17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of the general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.

18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or

national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.

Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention

19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and

loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.

22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes.

23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired.

25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that

could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.

27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural

regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape.

29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.

30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The

choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.

Water Resources Management

32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities.

33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority.

34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities.

35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system.

36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses.

37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to

prevent erosion.

Traffic Management

39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access

roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.

41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions.

Blasting

42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE.

43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels.

Disposal of Unusable Elements

45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed

of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will

be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old

pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned.

47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.

Health and Safety

49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be

sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS.

50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.

Repair of Private Property

52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own

cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify

the Client from subsequent claims.

53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor

through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation.


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Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS-MP)

54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements

of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:

For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.

For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s EHS performance.

55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:

a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions

specified in an EMP;

a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;

a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and

the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s

EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.

EHS Reporting

57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is portrayed below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:

EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;

Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);

Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;

Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and

Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done

individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is

advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. A sample format for an incident notification is shown below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client.

Training of Contractor’s Personnel

59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general

conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to

those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:

EHS in general (working procedures);

emergency procedures; and

social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues).

Cost of Compliance

60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this

Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact.

3. Example Format: EHS Report

Contract: Period of reporting:

EHS management actions/measures:

Summarize EHS management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), EHS training, specific design and work measures taken, etc.

EHS incidents:

Report on any problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include

relevant incident reports.

EHS compliance:

Report on compliance with Contract EHS conditions, including any cases of non-compliance.

Changes:

Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects.

Concerns and observations:

Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings and visits.

Signature (Name, Title Date):

Contractor Representative

4. Example Format: EHS Incident Notification EHS Incident Notification

Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer

Originators Reference No:.........................................................................................................

Date of Incident:................................................................. Time:........................

Location of incident:...................................................................................................................

Name of Person(s) involved:.......................................................................................................

Employing Company:....................................................................................................................

Type of Incident:........................................................................................................ ....................

Description of Incident:

Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)

Immediate Action:

Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation

Signature (Name, Title, Date):.....................................................................................................

Contractor Representative


64

ANNEX 6

STAKEHOLDERS ATTENDANCE SHEET AT COMMUNITY LEVEL