aities kai kostos plithwrismou
TRANSCRIPT
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, . 2
()
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, . 5
,
( ) ().
, . 6
( )
(quantity
theory of money)
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, . 7
,
Locke, Hume ,
,
, . 8
(m, kgr, ..)
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, . 9
;
,
,
, . 10
,
r
( ) :
MVP
V:
P:
:
M:
=
==n
i
ii NNPqpPY1
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, . 11
1.
(
)
V
2. (
)
3.
-
4.
, . 12
(1960 = 100)
1,500
1,000
500
01960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
(M2)
V
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, . 13
MVPQ
=
V
QPM
, . 14
( ) .
P
,
1/P, 1/P.
,
.
0
1
()
()
()
()
1/2
1/4
3/4
1
1.33
2
4
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, . 15
,
0
1
()
()
()
()
1/2
1/4
3/4
1
1.33
2
4
, . 16
A
0
1
()
()
()
()
1/2
1/4
3/4
1
1.33
2
4
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, . 17
, . 18
A
0
1
1/2
1/4
3/4
1
1.33
2
4
1.
...
MS1 MS2
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, . 19
A
0
1
1/2
1/4
3/4
1
1.33
2
4
1. ...
MS1
2.
..
MS2
B
, . 20
A
0
1
1/2
1/4
3/4
1
1.33
2
4
1.
...
MS1
2.
MS2
B
3.
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, . 21
,
, . 22
(V=PQ)
/+V/V =P/P+Q/Q V=0, = P/=, =/=
, =Q/Q= ,
+=
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, . 23
=Q/Q=0
=
, . 24
Fisher (Fisher effect),
= +
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, . 25
(% / )
0
6
10
15
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
3
12
, . 26
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, . 27
50%
.
, . 28
4
(b)
19251924192319221921
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
(. 1921 =
100)
(a)
19251924192319221921
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
(. 1921 =
100)
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, . 29
4
c)
1
100
1
10
1
100
10,000
100
19251924192319221921
d)
(. 1921 =
100)
100
10
100,000
1
10,000
1,000
19251924192319221921
(. 1921 =
100)
, . 30
, .
.
, .
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, . 31
.
Q V
, . 32
1. (demand pull
inflation)
,
q
S
D1
D2P1
P2
P P
q
D1
D2
S
P2
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, . 33
.
, . 34
2. (cost push inflation)
(
)
:
P1
P2
P
q
D
S1
S2
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, . 35
(1) (2)
,
, . 36
3. (structuralinflation)
, . ( )
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, . 37
4. (importedinflation)
.
, ( )
, . 38
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, . 39
()
(Shoeleathercosts and Menu costs)
( )
, . 40
()
1.
a.
b. ( )
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, . 41
()
c.
.
, . 42
()
2. a. (Shoeleather costs).
, . ( ) .
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, . 43
()
b. (Menu costs).
, . 44
()
3.
a.
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, . 45
()
b.
, . 46
()
4.
.
,
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, . 47
1()
2()
4% 4%
0 8
( + )
4 12
25%
(.25 x )
1 3
(.75 x )
3 9
( -)
3 1
, . 48
()
5.
, ( )
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, . 49
()
6.
,