airport terminal design (lecture note)
TRANSCRIPT
Week 6: Airport Terminal Design
ZEIT 3805: Airport Operations and Systems
By Sarah Shuchi, PhD
2
• Introduction to airport terminal design• Configuration of terminal buildings • Overall design of a passenger terminal
- Passenger building: specific facilities
- Terminal design principles• Traditional vs modern design concept
Lecture outline
3
INTRODUCTION TO AIRPORT TERMINAL
4
Introduction
Main functions of airport terminals
• To provide a convenient facility from ground transport to air transport, and vice-versa.
• Airport terminal is a complex system
Domestic airport
Regional airport
International airport
Airports
Arriving Departing
Transit
Passengers
Need to handle 6-7% per annum growth. How to handle this rapid growth?
5
• Three primary components of an airport complex - Landside, terminal building and airside facilities
Introduction
Components of an Airport terminal
Air side facilities Land side facilities
Terminal Building
• Runway• Apron• Taxiway• Gate• Control tower
• Curb front pedestrian facilities • Public transportation (including
bus and rail)• Parking facilities• Entry exit roadways
Passenger movement Baggage handling
• Passengers embark and disembark from the aircrafts.
Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam
In 1920
In 1967
7
Introduction
Development of Heathrow Airport
Heathrow (now)
8
TERMINAL CONFIGURATIONS
History of Terminal Configuration
Unit Terminal Concept Unit Terminal
Combined Unit Terminal
Multiple-unit terminal
10
Terminal Configurations
Five basic types of configurations
Terminal configuration
Finger pier Satellite (with or without pier),
Midfield (linear or X-shaped)
LinearTransporter
11
Pier/Finger Pier Terminal configuration
• Widely adopted, introduced in 1950s.
• High aircraft capacity and simplicity in design.
• maximize the number of A/C parking spaces with fewer infrastructures.
• Preferable when the level of transfer traffic is low.
New York/LaGuardia Airport
Brisbane International Airport
12
Finger pier (disadvantages) Terminal configuration
• Long walking distances.
• Add constraints with the mobility of aircraft movement in the apron
Osaka, Kansai Airport
Washington Reagan
Techniques to tackle these issues
• Short finger piers
• Incorporating people movers
13
Satellite Terminal configuration
• Extension of T-shaped finger piers.
• A single terminal to process passengers.
• Connected to this are numerous concourses that lead to one or more satellite structures.
Satellite layout Tampa
Terminal 1, Paris/de Gaulle
Disadvantages• Requires high quality
transportation system.
• High capital, maintenance and operating cost
14
Linear Terminal configuration
• A linear building with relatively thin structure.
• Centralized passenger processing.
• Also can be curvilinear.
Dallas forth- Worth International Airport
Linear configuration at Darwin International Airport
Disadvantages• Longer walking distances for transfer
passengers.
• Primarily applicable for low-activity
• Requires duplication of terminal facilities/amenities
15
Transporter Terminal configuration
• Passengers are transported to and from the building to the parked airplane.
• Specially designed buses carry passengers between the terminal and the aircraft.
• Minimizes walking distances.
• Airplane taxiing time to and from the runway is decreased
Disadvantages
• This is an expensive option for airport operators.
• Inconvenient delays for short haul passengers.
Washington/Dulles Airport
16
Midfield concourse Terminal configuration
Pittsburgh Airport
• Independent passenger buildings.
• Typically between two parallel runways and separated from the other passenger buildings by major taxiways.
• Two basic shapes: linear and x-shaped.
Denver International Airport
17
O’Hare International Airport, Chicago
Terminal configuration
Hybrid Configurations
Melbourne International Airport, Australia
• Combination of different configuration types.
• Meet variety of existing needs
• Adapt easily to future needs
• Maximize quality of service
18
Terminal configuration
• Design requirements are normally defined in terms of :
Importance of selection
Number of aircrafts
Passenger numbers
Major Operational problems
Financial loss
Variety of traffic
Need of several stakeholders
Commercial services
• High cost of restoration• Limited options for alteration
• The building eventually closed in 2001 when American Airlines bought TWA
• Radical and compact plan
19
Terminal configuration
Importance of selection
• And also causes operational difficulties for example, Kansas City Airport.
Kansas City Airport
• Particularly not suitable for transfer passengers.
• Major airline moved to St. Louis after economic deregulation.
20
Terminal configuration
• Passenger building widely separated• Massive economical losses• Cost of underground ‘people mover’ is
high.
Stansted Airport, UK
Importance of selection
21
• There is no single solution, there are many factors involved.
• Depends on the specific circumstances, the site, the types of traffic and the needs of several stakeholders.
Terminal configuration
Evaluation of Configuration
• Which configuration is the best?
Key considerations
Walking distances
Aircraft taxiing around the buildings
FlexibilityTraffic pattern
Priorities of stakeholders
22
Overall Design of Passenger Terminal
• Efficient design requires careful consideration of the followings:
Terminal design
Sharing of facilities
Multifunctional and common used facilities- Reduces overall design load Provides flexibility
Performance objectives
Economic objectives
Quality of service or economic efficiency?
Management of operations
Role of hub airport
Shifting loads among various functions
Design of Passenger building
Design standards for any particular part of a passenger building are not universal.
24
QueuesTerminal design
• Rule of thumb: 0.6 m per person
• Snake queue: more efficient• Wise use of space
Straight queue or snake queue?
25
Check-in facilitiesTerminal design
• Airport Check-in are service counters found at commercial airports handling commercial air travel.
Typical check-in counters
Self check-in kiosks at Canberra Airport
Standards are changing.• Electronic ticketing and self check-in
reduces processing time.
Halifax Stanfield International Airport, Canada
26
Security and border checkpoints Terminal design
• The most important aspect of airport operations.• Dramatic changes after 9/11.• Led to many changes in design and operation of terminals.
27
Heathrow hassle, Terminal 5• Passengers were unable to check-in baggage and 68 flights had to be
cancelled.• Inadequate car parking space.• Shortage of BAA security staff.• Inadequate training.
Baggage handling systemTerminal design
A type of conveyor system installed in airports that transports checked luggage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swjVnmJ8v3Q
IATA Check-point of the Future
29
A more or less standard process has evolved over the years for designing passenger terminals at airports. It consists of four steps:
1) Forecasting traffic levels for peak hours;
Passenger Terminal Design principlesTerminal design
2) Specification of level-of-service (LOS) standards;
3) Flow Analysis and determination of space requirements
4) Configuration of server and space.
30
Forecasting Terminal design
• Basic concept: Estimate past trends and project forward.
• To produce peak-hour demand scenarios for the design day.
Design day = Average week day of the peak month
15 to 20 percent variation with real data Forecast is unreliable/uncertain
Constantly changing situation
Technological
Deregulation
Political Economic
Industrial
31
• These standards provide the basis for translating the forecasts into an architectural program.
• LOS is higher when passengers have more space.
Specification of LOSTerminal design
Adapted from IATA, 1995
LoS F
LoS C
32
• When planning terminal processing facilities and corresponding passenger queuing areas, TWO important variables jointly dictate the new LoS.
New LoS new conceptTerminal design
• The new LoS framework is reflected in a space-time concept to be used for defining the LoS at processing facilities and corresponding waiting areas.
Minimum Space Maximum waiting time
33
The passenger flow in the terminal can be subdivided in three sub-processes:
Passenger flowTerminal design
Departure Arrival Transfer
Disembark Customs Baggage claim
Customs and quarantine Depart airport
Arrival Passenger activities
Passenger entry
Check-in
Security Check
Liquids Aerosol & Gels
ScreeningCustoms & Immigration Boarding
Departure passenger activities
34
Flow AnalysisTerminal design
SimulationCAST Terminal - Passenger Terminal Simulation
• Multi-agent simulator to analyze various terminal layouts and strategies.
• Determine the number of facilities required.
• Optimization of capabilities in the early planning stages.
Queuing theory Computer simulations
Graphical analyses
35
Configuration of Space requirementsTerminal design
• Formulas for translating number of traffic into space requirement is arithmetically simple.
Design load for an activity
Level of Service (LoS)
Dwell time
- Depend on design peak hour/ design hour- Airport facilities are designed to
accommodate the loads
• LoS standard ‘C’ is generally used.• LoS ‘C’ for design year is LoS ‘A’ at the
opening time.
• Typical length of time passengers stay in a waiting for service.
• It indicates how fast a space can be reused by another passenger.
36
Major design considerationsTerminal design
Passenger FlowWalking distance
Level of Service
Way-findingAmbience
Processing timeAmenities
Retail experience
Efficient public transportation
Security
What are the key factors to build efficient and attractive terminal building?
Traditional vs new design concept
37
Traditional vs New conceptWhy new design concept?
38
LOS Standards
Standard design: Traffic forecast Flow analysis Service space
Rigid structure
Long term point forecast
Established clients
Flexible structure
Forecast uncertainty
Variable clients
Low-cost carrier terminals
39
Designed with the needs of low cost airlines in mind.
Terminal building:• Simple boxy warehouse-like design.• Low-height ceilings.• Baggage handling is much simplified
Amenities:• Fewer choice in terms of restaurants, duty-free.• Decoration being mostly airline ads.
40
Modular airport• Simple geometry • Modular approach• Allow room for extension
Southampton Airport
Flexible design concept
Madrid Barajas Airport
• Open plan design• Easy removable partitions
Vancouver Airport
41
Design development
Business Process Model analysis
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Activity analysis
Design evaluation
Identify design factors
Areas of uncertainty
Step 1Spatial layout
Physical structure
Operational
Strategic
TacticalLayers of change
Alternate layouts
Evaluate alternative layouts
Automation of layout generation
Identify passenger processing activity
Spatial adjacency obtained
Grouping passenger
activity
Determine spatial
allocation
Develop preliminary layout
Custom plug-in to create input model
Floor plan generator
Parametric spatial layout
Flexibility level
Flowgraph model
Flexible design parameters
Grasshopper model
Research outcome
42
Shuchi, S; Drogemuller, R and Buys, L (2016), A conceptual design framework to incorporate flexibility in airport terminals, Journal of Airport Management (Accepted) Shuchi, S (2015), A novel concept for airport terminal design integrating flexibility, PhD thesis, Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4000, Australia. Shuchi, S; Drogemuller, R & Kleinschmidt, T (2012), Flexible airport terminal design: towards a framework, Proceedings of the IIE Asian Conference 2012, Tang, Loon Ching & Watson, Gregory H. (Eds.), Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, NUS, Singapore, pp. 348-356. Shuchi, S & Drogemuller, R (2012), Using process models to support design of airport terminals, Proceedings of ECPPM 2012: eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, Gudnason, Gudni & Scherer, Raimar (Eds.), CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Reykjavik, Iceland, pp. 213-220. Shuchi, S & Drogemuller, R (2012), Process based synthesis to evaluate design flexibility in airport terminal layout, Proceedings of ANZAScA Conference, Skates, Henry (Ed.), Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, pp. 1-8. Shuchi, S and Drogemuller, R (2012); Airport information modelling, presentation at the Airports of the Future Grand Showcase, 30-31 May, Brisbane Airport Corporation (BAC), Australia. Shuchi, S and Drogemuller, R (2011); Flexible design framework for airport design, presentation at the Airports of the Future Project Grand Showcase as part of the ‘The Second International Colloquium on Airports and Spatial Development’, 9 - 11 February, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4000, Australia.
Publications
43