airport markings and lighting
TRANSCRIPT
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Airport Markings and Lighting
Dr. A. A. TraniAssociate Professor of Civil Engineering
Associate Director of NEXTOR
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VAApril 21, 2003
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Outline of this Presentation
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A human factors problem
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How important are markings
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Why standardized markings
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Various marking schemes
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Lights
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Approach light types
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Signage
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A Human Factors Problem
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Cockpit visibility is an issue during approach and landing operations
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Aircraft usually fly a 3 degree approach slope but the actual fuselage deck angle might be 7-10 degrees with the horizontal
Visibility Cone
Runway
Aircraft
Flight Path
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Aircraft Approach Attitude
Consider the aircraft attitude during the landing roll on why markings are important
B727-200Flare
TouchdownMarkings
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Runway Markings
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For detailed information refer to FAA Advisory Circular 150/5340-1H
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There are six basic runway markings:
• Runway designation
• Centerline
• Threshold markers
• Touchdown zone
• Side stripes
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Two runway ends can have different runway markings
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When runways intersect use runway marking precedence rules (see page 3 in AC 150/5340-1H)
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Runway Markings (FAA)
There are three basic runway marking arrangements
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Runway Markings
Touchdown Marks (1000 ft.)
Threshold Marks
Runway Identification Number
Runway Edge Marks
Runway Centerline Marks
Runway Turnoff
Runway Shoulder
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Table for Runway Markings
Source: FAA AC 150/5340-1H
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Runway Designation Markings
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Designates the runway magnetic azimuth (remember to divide by 10)
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White color
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Runway Designation Markings
Runway Number
Threshold Markers
150 ft
Runway CL Marks
20-30 ft
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Runway Threshold Markings
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Two configurations:
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Configuration A - Fixed number of threshold stripes (8)
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Configuration B - Variable number of threshold stripes
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Runway Aiming Point Markings
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Provide guidance on where to land on the runway
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Typically start 1,020 ft. from the runway threshold (an allowance of +/- 200 ft. is possible if runway intersections are to be avoided)
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Two large rectangular markings (150 x 30 ft.)
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White color
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For narrow runways reduce the width proportionately. No reduction in length is needed.
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Runway Aiming Point Markings
Threshold Markers
Aiming Point Markers
1,020 ft.
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Runway Touchdown Zone Markings
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Identify touchdown zone areas
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Groups of one, two and three rectangular bars
Runway Number
150 ft
Runway TD Markers
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Runway Side Stripes Markings
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Delineate the runway from surrounding terrain
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Part of the usable runway
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36 inches in width for runways 100 ft. or wider
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18 inches if runway width is less than 100 ft.
• Extend to the displaced threshold (if available)
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Runway Side Stripe Markings
Runway CL Marks
CL Taxiway
Runway Side Stripe Markings
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High-Speed Exit Markings
Runway CL Marks
CL Taxiway
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HS Exit Markings
HS exits deserve special attention because they are seldom used at the design speed by pilots
REDIM 3520 Geometry35 m/s Design Exit Speed20 Degree Exit Angle
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Holding Line Markers
• Delineate positions on taxiways where pilots are expected to hold short of the runway
• Also used in Landing and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) - operations in intersecting runways
Source: Table 4 in FAA AC 150/5340-1H
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Taxiway Markings
Taxiway markings provide guidance during good and bad weather conditions (note the yellow markings)
Cessna 650
Taxiway Centerline
Holding LineMarks
Markings
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Approach Lights
• Provide navigation guidance to the runway
• Vertical and lateral guidance
• Several types of approach lighting systems have been developed
• Check technical specifications at Honeywell web site at http://airportsystems.honeywell.com/airfieldlighting/productfamilies/approachlights
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Approach Lights Categories
• ALSF I and II - single and three intensity lighting system (typically 2,400 ft. or longer)
• MALSF - medium intensity lighting system (1,400 ft.)
• ODALS - Omnidirectional approach lighting systems
• SSALR - high-intensity lighting system (2,400 ft.)
• MALSR - medium intensity system (2,400 ft.)
• MALS - medium intensity system (1,400 ft.)
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Typical Approach Lights
The approach lights provide roll guidance during landing (very important during low visibility operations)
2000 ft3000 ft
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Sample View from the Cockpit
Another sample of precision approach lights as viewed from 1000 ft (note the color of these lights)
HS Exits
Touchdown Lights
Runway EndIdentififierLights (REIL)
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Detail of High Speed Exit Lights
HS exit lights are shown in more detail in this figure
REIL
HS Exit Lights
Touchdown Lights
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Placement of Runway Touchdown Lights
Runway lights are flushed on runways to avoid damage to the aircraft landing gear
26 inches
MountingSupport
17” inchPCCRunway
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Runway Light Fixtures (RLF)
RLF are frangible structures located near the runway or taxiway shoulders
Shoulder
Light Fixture
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Apron Lights
Apron areas need to be properly lighted to help pilots guide aircraft under adverse weather conditions
UPS Boeing 747
PW JT9D-7REngine
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Apron Lights (Deicing Crane)
Deicing sections near runways or aprons have to be properly lighted to avoid ground collisions
245 ft
Adjustable DeicingCrane at UPS
Facility
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Airport Signs
Airport signs are very important to provide guidance on runways, taxiways and apron areas
36 inches
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Runway Length Markers
Remaining runway markers are very critical to pilots during takeoff roll manuevers
In this case theremaining runwayis 6,000 ft long