AirpidemicA case study of Pasir Gudang on air pollution

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Irfan Wazir 12 years old

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• 207 people got affected and hospitalized

• Approximately 30% are children

• Methyl Mercaptan • Acrylonitrile• Hydrogen Sulfide• Hydrogen Cyanide

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20-Jun 21-Jun 22-Jun 23-Jun 24-Jun 25-Jun 26-Jun

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No. of Victims (2nd Wave)

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8-Mar 9-Mar 10-Mar 11-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar

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No. of Victims (1st Wave)

Date Date

“Since June 20, more than 700 students from nine schools down with the symptoms.”

-The Star Malaysia (July 3, 2019)

Problem Statement

There is a need to eradicate the recurring incidents of airborne pollution caused by illegal dumping of Toxic chemicals in Pasir Gudang in order to improve the quality of life of the community.

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Objectives

To decrease the amount of airborne pollution

To build a more sustainable community

To increase awareness for Pasir Gudang’s community

To prevent recurring incidents

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Problem Analysis

Incidence Rate

Government

Community

Private Companies

Identifying possible sources of leverage

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Year

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Increasing incidence rate

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2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Year

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Decreasing incidence rate

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2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Translation into a simulation model

IndustrialActivity WastetoDispose

ReportedIncidence

Pressureonlocalgovt

Degreeofenforcement

Publicoutcry

Incidencerate

ToxicWaste

Publicawareness

ControlledDisposal

IllegalDisposal

Pollution

Efforttomanage

wastebycompanies

Illegaldisposalrate

Increaseinplants

Incidence Rate

Government

Community

Private Companies

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Number of Reported Cases-Actual vs Simulated Data

Months

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15

30

1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

Incidencerate

# o

f re

po

rted

cas

esReported Cases from Simulation

Model Validation

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Reported Cases from Actual Data

Public awareness puts pressure on local government

Media reports forces government to take action

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Public awareness puts pressure on local government

Months

0

0.45

0.9

1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

Publicawareness Publicoutcry

Pressureonlocalgovt Degreeofenforcement

Months

0

0.45

0.9

1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

Publicawareness Publicoutcry

Pressureonlocalgovt Degreeofenforcement

Months

0

0.45

0.9

1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

Publicawareness Publicoutcry

Pressureonlocalgovt Degreeofenforcement

1st event

2nd event

3rd event

4th event

Deg

ree

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Media coverage

Targets of Solid Waste Disposal in Malaysia (Agamuthu et al., 2009)

YearMethod 2002 2006

(%) (%)Recycling 5.0 5.5Composting 0.0 1.0Sanitary landfill 5.0 34.1Others (dumping, etc) 90.0 59.4Total 100.0 100.0

High incidence of illegal dumping

Months

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200

400

1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

IllegalDisposal ControlledDisposal

Months

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0.45

0.9

1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

Publicawareness Publicoutcry

Pressureonlocalgovt Degreeofenforcement

Proper Disposal

Illegal dumping

Deg

ree

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Months

0

0.5

1

1.00 50.75 100.50 150.25 200.00

Publicawareness Publicoutcry

Pressureonlocalgovt Degreeofenforcement

Maximum level

Deg

ree

Months

0

0.45

0.9

1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

Publicawareness Publicoutcry

Pressureonlocalgovt Degreeofenforcement

Months

0

0.45

0.9

1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

Publicawareness Publicoutcry

Pressureonlocalgovt Degreeofenforcement

Scenario Analysis: What if we improve publicawareness and law enforcement?

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Media coverage

Months

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0.5

1

1.00 50.75 100.50 150.25 200.00

Illegaldisposalrate

Degreeofenforcement

Efforttomanagewastebycompanies

Deg

ree

Effects of targeting public awareness and law enforcement

ILLEGAL DUMPING IS DECREASED BUT NOT ELIMINATED

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NEED TO INVOLVE PRIVATE COMPANIES IN SOLUTION

GOVERNMENT + COMMUNITY + PRIVATE COMPANIES

Effect of solution

Months

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15

30

1.00 50.75 100.50 150.25 200.00

Incidencerate

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Current situation

Months

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15

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1.00 30.75 60.50 90.25 120.00

Incidencerate

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Framework for Man-made

Disaster Risk Reduction

(MDRR)

Community Education /Awareness

CivilSociety

Organisations

PrivateCompanies

Government

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Relating Problems to the MDRR Framework

Low Public Awareness• Training of

environment experts in private companies• Education through

sustainability camps

Community Education /Awareness

CivilSociety

Organisations

PrivateCompanies

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Relating Problems to the MDRR Framework

Poor enforcement and lack of robust laws• Increase penalties• Increase reporting and

transparency•Offering incentives for

compliance

CivilSociety

Organisations

PrivateCompanies

Government

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Relating Problems to the MDRR Framework

Lack of collaboration between stakeholders•Capacity building

within the community•Dialogues between

community, private companies and government

Community Education /Awareness

CivilSociety

Organisations

PrivateCompanies

Government

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Usage of Media

Leverage on Media• Force multiplier•Pressure and follow

through Government and Private Companies• Effect change faster

GovernmentPrivate

Companies

CommunityCivil

Society Organisations

Regional, National,

International and Social

Media

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Response and Actions Taken

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Solution Proposals Planned Activities

Expertizing Company Representatives

1. Education Seminar

2. Quarterly Regular Monitoring

3. Quarterly Regular Meeting

Knights of Nature Sustainability Camp

1. Sustainability Camp

2. Engagement Session with Students

Community Capacity Building 1. Microgrant Funding

2. Community Reflection and Learning Session

3. Stakeholder Dialogue Session

Proposal 1

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Expertizing Company Representatives

Government Community

Objectives

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To raise company’s level of awareness

To create sense of ownership

To develop company initiatives

In-House Training

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Planned Activities Contents

Education Seminar 1. Waste management training2. Law regulation training3. Management skills training

Regular Quarterly Monitoring 1. Waste disposal monitoring2. Publication of performance report

Regular Quarterly Meeting 1. Open dialogue sessions2. Feedback sharing from community

leaders

Proposal 2

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Knights of Nature Sustainability Camp

Objectives

To improve awareness among the teachers

To enhance communications skills & confidence level

To inculcate culture of Learning & Thinking Together

To train the trainer

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Knights of Nature Sustainability Camp

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Planned Activities Contents

Sustainability Camp 1. Teambuilding2. Workshop - SDG3. Case study

Engagement Session with Students 1. Tree planting exercise2. Emergency response exercise3. Recycling project4. Waste disposal management

Proposal 3

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Community Capacity Building

Community

Government

Objectives

To build community ownership

To promote effective communication among stakeholders

Community Capacity Building

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Planned Activities Contents

Micro grant funding 1. Fund approval for community2. Activity implementation3. Report preparation

Community reflection and learning sessions

Sharing session among NGO and community

Reflection and dialogue sessions Open dialogue with NGO and community leaders

$ 8,000Teachers

Students

$ 2,900Company RepresentativeCommunity Leaders

$ 1,100Community LeadersDepartment of EnvironmentCompanies

Budget Participant

Sustainability Camp

In House Training

Community Capacity Building

Activity

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is giving a fund of USD14,000 for all three proposals

Aug. ‘19 Nov. Feb May Aug. ‘20

Sustainability Camp

In-House Training

Community Capacity Building

MonitoringActivity Evaluation35

Government Regulation

and Enforcement

ConclusionGroup Study’s

Sphere of Influence

CommunityPrivate

Companies

Civil Society Organisations

Regional, National,

International and Social Media

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Lasta DewiAlankar Kaushik

Che Nor Asyura Che KamarudinSouksavanh Phasavath

Charlle SyGuo Jun Tan

Miki Ueshima